#5675. ܸäñ ([2024-11-09-1]) ³ԡ줫ܸؼѤ줿Ϥޤޤ롥Ƚʣñ⤢뤬ʲ2Ĥʸäޤ (548) ꡥ
ڰʳشطۥ륳롤֥顼ȡơƥ롤ꡤ륭顤եϥȥȥȡ
ʪ̾ۤۥ饹ҡååסࡤåס֥ꥭӡ롤ԥȡڥۡݥסޥɥ
³ơƣ (179--80) ɲä롥
ڰءشطۥƥ (ether)֥顼 (oblaat) (extract)륷 (calcium)ե (kamfer, kampher) (cholera)ڥ (pest) (mes)ҥ (morphine)
ڲءʪŷʸۥƥ쥹 (telescoop) (lens)ԥ (brandpunt)ѥ (kompas)륫 (alkali)륳 (alcohol) (soda)쥭ƥ (eletriciteit)
طۥ (kofij)ӡ (bier)å (siroop)å (kop)ޥ (diamant) (gom)֥ꥭ (blik)ڥ (pen)ڥ (pek)ݥ (pomp) (lamp)å (doek)å (jak)ۥå (hoek)
ڷطۥ٥ (sabel)ԥȥ (pistool)ɥ (ransel)
ʹߤܸ˼Ѥ줿ñȻ¾ƱΤΤ뤬ʾΤΤϥ줫μѤǤ뤳Ȥαդ
顡ܸˡ١˼Ҥӡ2017ǯ
ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ
ǯθǡѸˤˤ륪 (dutch) ΰ֤ŤѤäƤƤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])
#4444. Ѹĺ15 ([2021-06-27-1])
#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1])
#4446. Ͻ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤðʳαƶ --- TH-stopping 3ñΥ ([2021-06-29-1])
ȤθܿȤСѸˤΤߤʤ餺ܸˤǤפʥơޤǤ롥ܸˤ륪ѸˤĤơޤܸɴŵ٤Ƥߤ1027ڡˡֹͻθפꤹ1ꡤǥ줫μѸ줬Ƥ롥ɤǤߤ褦
ͻäθϤۤȤɤ٤ƥǤ롥Ĺˤ륪ͤȤǰפˤ롤ǰפ˴ϢѸ줪ӹ˲ˤäƤˤʤäؤ˵ʳصѤѸǤ롥
ǰפ˴ϢѸˤϡȤС
ǥIndiëʡˡådoekˡܡȥboterХˡ饹glasˡ륯kurkˡåסkopˡ֥ꥭblikˡסlamp
ʤɤ롥شطѸȤƤϡ
֥顼ȡoblaatˡmesѶˡ륭kalkˡʡkinaޥꥢˡեsaffraanˡ襸jodiumˡ륫alkaliˡ륳alcoholˡ쥭ƥelectriciteitˡȥthermometerˡlens
ʤɤ롥
ȵѴطǤϡ
饤ХdraaibankסˡХȡbeitel϶ˡݥסpompˡkraanɤΥå
ʤɤ롥
ΥθˤʸüΤ⤢뤬ʤ¿θ줬ߤޤ³ƻȤƤ롥
Ѹоȸ (contrastive_language_history) Ȥ⡤ȤθܿϤäܤƤ褤ȥԥåǤϤʤ
ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ

1026ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼֥
ǯ١1Υָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ֤ƤޤѸθ츻ŵȤʤ顤1ǯ֤ƤäѸûˤɤäƤȤǤȾνմƴη6ꡤϽꡤȾ郎Ȥޤ嵭̤ꡤ91026ڡˤˡ7ֺ¤ޤ7ϡֱѸ졤ե˿פꤷ褤Ѹû˾˶ʥѥȤͿե줬о줷ޤ
ޤ⺣ǯ٤ϡīֺ¤ȤΩơҤηؤդ٤ˤϢֱܵѸˤįեפɮƤƤޤhellog ǤϢܵҲ𤹤٤ furansu_rensai ʸϤƤޤīֺ¤ͽˤʤȻפޤΤǡɤȤ
ѸȥեȤθܿˤĤƤϸԤʤ꤬ۤ¿īֺ¤1ǥСΤʤΤǤ¿夲ĥåʤФƹֺ¤פߤޤ
ܥֺ¤ϳƲΩ⤤ΤǡޤǤȾ6ػäݤˤ餺7餴äƤޤäʤ֤Ǥޤ6ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲεˬ䤯
#5625. ī륷ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽвפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])
ɶǤ̻äΤۤ饤äǽǤθ1֤Ρָƨۿפ⤴ѤǤޤʳäƤäܺ٤Ȥߤɤ
ܥֺ¤ǤϱѸθ츻ŵˤ˻ȤƤޤȤ櫓رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ˰͵ƤޤƱŵϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ

ʰʲ嵭2024/10/19(Sat))
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

928ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷʸƨۿ
ߡī㡼֥
2ָ928ڡ17:30--19:00ī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ6ȤʤֱѸ졤θȸפ֤ޤ
8245ǤϡֱѸ졤ƥȽвפꤷơűѸʤ뤤ϤλˤˤƥθŪƶܤޤ8Ⱦ11ȾˤƤΥ˾ơťΥɸ (old_norse) ȸűѸθܿˤĤƲ⤷ޤ
ȤϾ嵭λ˳ưʥӥпȤγ±ؤޤϥ֥ƥˤ⽱褷䤬ƥ꽻褦ˤʤޤη̡ťΥɸȤȸűѸäͤȤδ֤Ǹܿޤ
ťΥɸ줫μѸϡѸ900ۤɻĤäƤޤпϤۤ礭櫓ǤϤޤܸ䵡ǽʤɹ٤ǻѤ줬¿ޤޤƤΤܤ٤ħǤֺ¤Ǥ϶ŪʸťΥɸ줫μѸ夲θ츻ɤ߲Ƥޤ
ťΥɸȱѸܿǻ̩ʤΤǤξ줬ޥ²°ƤꡤᤤطˤäȤ䡤ξ̱²μҲŪʸήοȿǤƤȹͤޤγư̤ťΥɸȤܿϡѸθäˡʤƼ¤ʸˡˤ¿ʱƶͿޤѸλѤǡŪʸܿνϴDzǤޤ
ܥֺ¤ϳƲΩ⤤Τǡ6滲äǤޤäʤ֤ǤޤɶǤ̻äΤۤ饤äǽǤθ1֤Ρָƨۿפ⤴ѤǤޤʳäƤäߤɤ
ʤܥֺ¤ϡָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפꤷƤȤꡤȤ櫓رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤ˻ȤޤƱŵϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ

ʰʲ嵭2024/09/21(Sat)
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

Baugh and Cable ˤѸˤθŵŪ̾Voicy heldio ˤ1᤺ɤƤͭˤäȷ³Ǥܲ4Ϥ "Foreign Influences on Old English" ʸűѸؤ¾줫αƶˤäƤޤ5455ϡѸˤǤϰ̤̣ʰƤȸ줫αƶȤƤޤϥͤȥȿͤܿʤΤä⤷Ƥ54 "The Celtic Influence" ˤĤơαʸǤޤƥȤǤʤ⡤ؿСαʸȤĤġֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (54) The Celtic Influenceİ1ץ̵ǻİǤޤˡ
54. The Celtic Influence. Nothing would seem more reasonable than to expect that the conquest of the Celtic population of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons and the subsequent mixture of the two peoples should have resulted in a corresponding mixture of their languages, that consequently we should find in the Old English vocabulary numerous instances of words that the Anglo-Saxons heard in the speech of the native population and adopted. For it is apparent that the Celts were by no means exterminated except in certain areas, and that in most of England large numbers of them were gradually assimilated into the new culture. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that at Andredesceaster or Pevensey a deadly struggle occurred between the native population and the newcomers and that not a single Briton was left alive. The evidence of the place-names in this region lends support to the statement. But this was probably an exceptional case. In the east and southeast, where the Germanic conquest was fully accomplished at a fairly early date, it is probable that there were fewer survivals of a Celtic population than elsewhere. Large numbers of the defeated fled to the west. Here it is apparent that a considerable Celtic-speaking population survived until fairly late times. Some such situation is suggested by a whole cluster of Celtic place-names in the northeastern corner of Dorsetshire. It is altogether likely that many Celts were held as slaves by the conquerors and that many of the Anglo-Saxons chose Celtic mates. In parts of the island, contact between the two peoples must have been constant and in some districts intimate for several generations.
̤ˤϡͤϥȿͤ䤷ˤʤɤȸ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤºݤˤδŰ٤ϰˤäƤۤʤäƤ岼طϤäȤƤճŸƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ
űѸȥȸθŪطϤɤΤ褦ʤΤäΤǤ礦ϼ55 "Celtic Place-Names and Other Loanwords" ʥȸ̾¾μѸˤǼ夲ƤޤֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (55) Celtic Place-Names and Other Loanwordsɤ
heldio ΥΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ε#5560. 727ڡˤī뿷ֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤ ([2024-07-17-1]) ǤΤ餻̤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספ֤ޤⶵӥ饤ˤ¿ˤä꤬Ȥޤ
űѸȸѸθä٤ĤġȤ櫓űѸΥޥŪħܤȤʤäƤޤűѸŪطʤä塤űѸˤϼѸŪʤषǤȤ߹碌ʣ줬˭Ǥ뤳ȤĴޤȤ櫓ʣ (compounding) kenning ʱŪʣˤȸƤФ˭ɽ¿ޤȸȤθܿ˿줿塤#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼Ϻܤ줿 Beowulf 1ʸ夲űѸñθ츻1ĤҤȤġرѸ츻ŵ٤dzǧƤޤ
ʲեեåǹֺ¤ƤƤޤ
ѸûˤˤƥեƥαƶǤ뤳Ȥϡޤ˿ƾҲ𤷤ƤȤäƤѤ줿ñοñ̤˵ڤӡ礭̤αƶˤȤɤޤʤ絬ϼѤη̤ȤơѸäμ⡤ѸʹߤˡѲμŪѲˤĤơDurkin (224) פ3ŦƤ롥
The derivational morphology of English was (eventually) completely transformed by the accommodation of whole word families of related words from French and Latin, and by the analogous expansion of other word families within English exploiting the same French and Latin derivational affixes (especially suffixes).
Not only was a good deal of native vocabulary simply lost, but many other existing words showed meaning changes (especially narrowing) as semantic fields were reshaped following the adoption of new words from French and Latin.
The massive borrowing of less basic vocabulary, especially in a whole range of technical areas, led to extensive and enduring layering or stratification in the lexis of English, and also to a high degree of dissociation in many semantic fields (e.g. the usual adjective corresponding in meaning to hand is the etymologically unrelated manual)
1ܤϡñβ² (word family) (word_formation) ΤΤαѸŪʤΤեƥŪʤΤؤäȤ˿Ƥ롥2ܤϡ줬ˤʤäꡤ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ФꤷΤ¿¤ŦƤ롥3ܤϡŪ٤ι⤤äؤդäꡤó (lexical_stratification) Ȥ˴ط롥
ñ㲽ɤǼС(1) Ѽ(2) ̣Ѳ(3) óؤȯȤäȤ餬ե졦ƥ줫̼ѤαѸû˾μŪյǤ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
#5268. ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˡ ([2023-09-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤νϤˤơɸѸѤҲ첻βǤѸνѼǤ줫αƶưۤʤȯѤ㤬Ƥ롥
ޤֻҲ줫αƶפƤߤ褦 (12)
| Ҳ | ѸѼ |
|---|---|
| [θ] [ð] [t] [d] ѡʻĺˤʤ | ɱѸ [th]ʱѸ졤եԥѸ졤ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ졤ܤαѸ졤αѸ졤ߥޡαѸ |
| [θ] [ð] [s] [z] ѡʻˤʤ | ɥĤαѸ졤٥˥αѸ졤ڹαѸ [s]ܤαѸ졤αѸ |
| [f] [p] ѡʿξĺˤʤ | եԥѸ졤ڹαѸ [ph]αѸ졤ߥޡαѸ |
| [v] [w] ζ̤ʤ | ɥĤαѸ졤եɤαѸ졤ɱѸ졤üԤαѸ졤αѸ |
| 첻ơź | ѸѼ |
|---|---|
| 첻Ĺ첻ˤʤ | ޥѸ졤ɱѸ |
| 첻ûñ첻ˤʤ | ʱѸ졤եԥѸ졤ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ |
| Ҳθ첻 | ڹαѸ졤ܤαѸ졤Ρ̱ѡ |
| Ĺ첻û첻ζ̤ʤ | եԥѸ졤ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ졤ڹαѸ졤٥˥αѸ |

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
֤ǡμͭӥ Mond ˴ƤϤμ5ۤɲޤǤͭޤ
(1) ɸɽʤѸüԤˤϡܿͤɰդʤΤǤ礦
(2) Ū˸ơָѲάפʤΤǤ礦
(3) ֥饸YouTubeʤɡ͡ʥǥ̤ƱѸˤ츻˴ؤȯƤä㤤ޤΥǥȤ˥ץ䥳ץȤѤƾƤޤ
(4) ʤ͡ϡʤĿͺϤɡ˥ꥹեʤɤΥȤ̥ŪɤȤ䥤ɤΥȤ̥ϤʤɤȤΤǤ礦
(5) Ѳϡɤ٤®٤ǵޤ㤨СդɽϡɤΤ餤٤ޤΤʤΤǤ礦
Mond ˴Ϥμ¿ͤǤܸȽȤӤȤμ䤬Ωޤ (1) (4) Υ°뤫ȻפޤͤˤȤä̤¸ߤǤꡤޤ˻פ줬ˡ¾θ٤ƤðۤäƤΤȺФƤޤȤФеޤȤ櫓ؤ̤οޤä¾ӤȤˡκΩäħܤդȤ¿̻֤ޤ
Ĺǯؤ˿Ƥи鴶뤳Ȥϡ̻ϱˤƹԤ뷹ȤȤǤΤ˳ơθˤϸͭħΤǡǤܸ㳰ǤϤʤΤǤܸΤߤ˴ѻħȤΤϡۤ¿櫓ǤϤʤźνϤϤ褽ĤΤǤѤʵ˴ؤľϡ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤȳ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ
5μΤ3ġ(1), (2), (4) ϡ֤äƤߤСˤޤĤ (language_myth) ˴ؤä褦˻פޤŪʹͻ̤ơβǤΤȤ⥨ƥǤ͡
Ѹˤˤ֥ȸ첾 (celtic_hypothesis) ˤĤơޤǤĤεǼ夲Ƥ
#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])
#1254. ѸäդθѲϽդߤäƤ뤫 ([2012-10-02-1])
#1342. ظƶؤȽ ([2012-12-29-1])
#1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1])
#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])
#3755. ֥ȸ첾פȲơ ([2019-08-08-1])
#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ ([2020-03-09-1])
#4528. ꥹμϰ˻Ĥ3Ĥȯ ([2021-09-19-1])
#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1])
#5129. ʹԷ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2023-05-13-1])
ǯΡ֥ȸ첾פǤϡʼ˸ðʳΡθबȽ줫ѸذưǽˤĤƸƤʤƤHickey (505) ˤꥱȸαƶ꺻ƤƤߤ褦ƹܤˤĤơܤƤϰ衦Ѽʸ˸륿ߥʤɤϥХХǤ뤳ȡޤܿˤ餺ŪװΤߤ⤷Τ뤳ȤʤɡɤˤդɬפǤ롥
Table 3. Possible transfer features from Celtic (Brythonic) to English
1. Lack of external possessor construction Morphosyntactic 2 Twofold paradigm of to be 3. Progressive verb forms 4. Periphrastic do 5. Northern subject rule 6. Retention of dental fricatives Phonological 7. Unrounding of front vowels
1 ϡѸ My head is sore. Τ褦Τ̤ʤɤ˴ؤƽͭʤɽThe head is sore. Τ褦˴Ѥʤˡؤ
2 ϡűѸʼ˥ȥˤˤ be ư줬첻뤤 s- ǻϤޤȡb- ǻϤޤ2ηʻ¸Ƥؤ
3 ϡ#5129. ʹԷ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2023-05-13-1]) ȡ
4 ϡ#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])#3755. ֥ȸ첾פȲơ ([2019-08-08-1]) ȡ
5 ϡ#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1]) ȡ
6 ϡth = [θ] ȤŪʻҲޤǻĤäƤ¤ؤ
7 ϡűѸ˱߿첻 [y, ø] äȤؤ
Hickey ΰꥹȤˤĤƤϡ#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
ϢơVoicy heldio #715. ȸ첾ɤ
Hickey, Raymond. "Early English and the Celtic Hypothesis." Chapter 38 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 497--507.
ƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿκˤϡ -er/-est դŪˡ more/most ֤Ūˡ롥줾ֶӡפȡֶӡפȸƤǤˤĤƤϡhellogheldio¾Ǥ͡˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ#4834. ӵ顦Ǿˡ ([2022-07-22-1]) ˴ϢޤȤƤΤǻȤ줿
ѸޥˤǤϡӤӤؤѲƤ²˰̤˴ѻ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) Ĭή˱äȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ѲϡӹʸΩȤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤȤ館롥
Heine and Kuteva ˤܿ˴ؤҲ𤷤Ѹ䤤ĤθˤŪ˶Ӥȯã1װȤơޥȤθܿطƤΤǤϤʤȤѸ줬եƥαƶΤȤ˶ӤȯãȤ⼫ΤϸŤ餢ꡤ嵭ΥǤƤ̤Ǥ롥Heine and Kuteva ϡѸΤߤʤ餺¾θˤƤܿθ̤ȤܿŪװäȤϸ鷺Ȥ "an accelerating factor" (96) ȹͤ뤳ȤϲǽǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ѹޤ4Ĥλ㤬Ƥ (96)
a. Analytic forms were still rare in Northern English in the fifteenth century, while in Southern English, which was more strongly exposed to French influence, these forms had become current at least a century earlier . . . .
b. In German, the synthetic comparative construction is still well established, e.g. schön 'beautiful', schön-er ('beautiful-COMP') 'more beautiful'. But in the dialect of Luxembourg, which has a history of centuries of intense contact with French, instances of an analytic comparative can be found, e.g. mehr schön ('more beautiful', presumably on the model of French plus beau ('more beautiful') . . . .
c. The Dutch varieties spoken in Flanders, including Algemeen Nederlands, have been massively influenced by French, and this influence has also had the effect that the analytic pattern with the particle meer 'more' is used increasingly on the model of French plus, at the expense of the inherited synthetic construction using the comparative suffix -er . . . .
d. Molisean has a 500-years history of intense contact with the host language Italian, and one of the results of contact was that the speakers of Molisean have given up the conventional Slavic synthetic construction by replicating the analytic Italian construction, using veče on the model of Italian più 'more' as degree marker. Thus, while Standard Croatian uses the synthetic form lyepši 'more beautiful', Molisean has più lip ('more beautiful') instead . . . .
Τ褦ʥǤϡȯãȯãϡܿˤäɬ ("propel") 줿ȤϸʤΤΡ® ("accelerate") ȤϸΤǤϤʤȤΤ Heine and Kuteva θǤ롥
Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.
ܿ (contact) ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) δؤˤĤơHeine and Kuteva ʸϢȤƤ롥¿ΰˤϡ줬ܵν°³ȤƤѤȤħ롥㤨СѸľܵʸ Who came? Фơܵʸ I don't know who came. ʤɤǧ뤬ǤƱ who ѤƤ롥ħϡѸˤȤɤޤ餺 Ȥ "Standard Average European" ȸƤФפʰ²θ췲ˤǧ롥Ūˤϡ²ǹͭƤ롤²ȤƤħȹͤ롥
̣ȤˡħϡŪܤƹԤʤƤˤѻ롥Ĥޤꡤǻ̩ʸܿФƤȤܤˤơ줬ܵν°³ȤƤѤȤΤϡˤΩǤϤʤȤθܿ (trigger) ȤʤäʸˡǤ뤳Ȥ롥
Heine and Kuteva (95) ϡԸȤĤļΤ褦ʻƤ롥
a. Basque on the model of Spanish, Gascon, and French . . . .
b. Balkan Turkish on the model of Balkanic languages . . . .
c. the North Arawak language Tariana of northwestern Brazil on the model of Portuguese . . . .
d. the Aztecan language Pipil of El Salvador on the model of Spanish . . . .
줬¤ǤСֿܿʡ (propel) ʸˡλȤȤˤʤ
Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.
ε#5133. ư ([2023-05-17-1]) ³ԡHeine and Kuteva (87) ư (linguistic transfer) μʼΤ褦ʬषƤʤǤλѤƤˡ
Contact-induced transfer Borrowing Replication Lexical replication Grammatical replication Contact-induced grammaticalization Restructuring Loss Rearrangement
Heine and Kuteva ˤСѸ䤽ظˤƶϡWeinreich äƤ (86) replication Ȥ "kinds of transfer that do not involve phonetic substance of any kind" ΤȤǤꡤŪ "structural borrowing" "(grammatical) calquing" ȸƤФƤΤ롥 replication ˤϡǸä˴ؤΤꡤ¾ʸˡỤ̄¤˴ؤΤ롥Ԥ replication ϡܼŪˤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ˱äΤȤʤ뤬ǤʤΤ restructuring ȤѸƤƤʤƤ˺ʬˡοޤϡΤ褦ʸư˴ؤ븫ΤǤ롥
ܿ (contact) ˴ؤ (typology) ͡ʤΤƤƤ Heine and Kuteva ʬ⤿ؤŪǤ롥¾ʲεʤɤȤ줿
#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])
#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])
#1781. ܿ ([2014-03-13-1])
#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])
#2008. ܿάˡ ([2014-10-26-1])
#2009. ؤˤܿġ2ѡѡ ([2014-10-27-1])
#2079. fusion mixture ([2015-01-05-1])
#4410. ܿη̤˴ؤ礭ʸޡ ([2021-05-24-1])
Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.
Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, 1953. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
ABؤबư뤳Ȥ "linguistic transfer" ʸưˤȸƤǤܿ (contact) ˤˤ˵븽ݤǤꡤŵŪʸ1Ĥμ (borrowing) Ǥ롥ǤϤʤΰ̣ự (semantic_borrowing) ⤢СŪñ̤طư⤢롥ǡηϡˤΰưŪܤΰư⤢뤫⤷ʤ "linguistic transfer" ȤäƤ⡤ʼबΤ
Heine and Kuteva (87) ϡ5θưǧƤ롥
a. form, that is, sounds or combinations of sounds,
b. meanings (including grammatical meanings) or combinations of meanings,
c. form-meaning units,
d. syntactic relations, that is, the order of meaningful elements,
e. any combination of (a) through (d).
ΰưȼ a c ϡʿСּѡ (borrowing) Ǥ롥b d ϲΰưȼʤưǤꡤԸˤʤäơʣ (replication) ȸƤǤ绨ĤˤСѤϤŪʹܤΰưǡʣϤŪʹܤΰưǤ롥ʤߤ e Ϥ٤ƤΤäѤǤ롥θưϡճȤ狼䤹ȻפäƤ롥
Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.
#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1]) ǻȤ Filppula and Klemola ʸɤƤ롥ƱʸǤϡѸˤ be + -ing ΡֿʹԷ (progressive form) ȯãʤλѸȤˤؤΥȸαƶˤΤǤϤʤȤ֥ȸ첾 (celtic_hypothesis) Ƥ롥
ޤ̣¤ȤơΥȷǹԤʤƤѸѼǤϡɸѸϤ˿ʹԷѤȤŪˤ Irish English, Welsh English, Hebridean English, Manx English ˤơɸŪˤϿʹԷˤȤư줬ФпʹԷѤ뤳ȡưưʹԷˤ뤳Ȥˤ꽬꤬뤳ȡwould used (to) ˿ʹԷ³Ūưɽ蘆뤳ȡdo will ˿ʹԷ³ˡߤ뤳Ȥ𤵤Ƥ롥Filppula and Klemola (212--14) ꡤ줾ʸ
There was a lot about fairies long ago [...] but I'm thinkin' that most of 'em are vanished.
I remember my granfather and old people that lived down the road here, they be all walking over to the chapel of a Sunday afternoon and they be going again at night.
But they, I heard my father and uncle saying they used be dancing there long ago, like, you know.
Yeah, that's, that's the camp. Military camp they call it [...] They do be shooting there couple of times a week or so.
ϸΥѼαѸ˸ʹԷ¿ѤȤݤΤǤꡤ¤ȤƼ롥ȸ첾ϡѸˤʹԷȯãΤΤؤΥȸαƶˤΤȤȤԤȸԤܤƤ¦̤ۤʤäƤ뤳ȤդǤ⡤Filppula and Klemola (218--19) ϡ5Ĥʤ顤ȸ첾ٻʰ PF "progressive forms" ؤˡ
(i) Of all the suggested parallels to the English PF, the Celtic (Brythonic) ones are clearly the closest, and hence, the most plausible ones, whether one think of the OE periphrastic constructions or those established in the ME and modern periods, involving the -ing form of verbs. This fact has not been given due weight in some of the earlier work on this subject.
(ii) The chronological precedence of the Celtic constructions is beyond any reasonable doubt, which also enhances the probability of contact influence from Celtic on English.
(iii) The socio-historical circumstances of the Celtic-English interface cannot have constituted an obstacle to Celtic substratum influences in the area of grammar, as has traditionally been argued especially on the basis of the research (and some of the earlier, too) has shown that the language shift situation in the centuries following the settlement of the Germanic tribes in Britain was most conductive to such influences. Again, this aspect has been ignored or not properly understood in some of the research which has tried to play down the role of Celtic influence in the history of English.
(iv) The Celtic-English contacts in the modern period have resulted in a similar tendency for some regional varieties of English to make extensive use of the PF, which lends indirect support to the Celtic hypothesis with regard to early English.
(v) Continuous tenses tend to be used more in bilingual or formerly Celtic-speaking areas than in other parts of the country . . . .
ȸ첾Ϥǯδ֤ŪȤʤäƤޤɤβˤȤɤޤȤäƤ褤ŪʱѸ˵Ҥ˰ФꤸܿνܤƤ줿Ǥϡس˹ƤɾǤ롥
Filppula, Markku and Juhani Klemola. "English in Contact: Celtic and Celtic Englishes." Chapter 107 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1687--1703.
ܲΩѴˤƴݤϡ֥륿˥塡͡餬۶ŸǤŴ֤318611ޤǤȤʤäƤޤ

γŤεȤ館شλΥߤǤϡֱѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥פơޤȤơͽǡ5դ˲ݳưȤƥߤγŸˬͽǤ塤ܥ֥Ǥ Voicy heldio Ǥ⡤ط꤬ۥФƤ뤫Ȼפޤܵɤߤγ⡤ҥ֥륿˥Ÿˤ˴ؿƤФȡ
ե֥륿˥ǤϡȸɤΥ֥ȥ (Breton) ŪäƤޤϰζǤե˲ƤȤ¤ޤϥ֥ƥ̤ΥʡǡȷϽ줬Ѹ˰ƤΤʿŪʾǤ
ȽʬۤˤˤĤƤϡ#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1])#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1])#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])#3113. ͤ˥ɤΤ ([2017-11-04-1])#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1])#4491. 1300ǯäɤδѸ첽 ([2021-08-13-1]) ޤ celtic εȤƤޤ Voicy heldio ǤϡϢ#692. ȸɤҲ𤷤ޤۿƤޤ
ŸˬޤǤΡֱѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥פΤͽϡȤưʲ3Ǥ
1. ŪˤߤѸγȥȽν̾
2. Ѹǽ줿֥ȥ (Breton lai)
3. Ѹȥȸθܿ
ī Voicy heldio ǤϡܵƱͤƤǤ٤ꤷƤޤ#693. ѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥ --- ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸ơǤҤİ
ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥ŸסӤ줫1ۤɤƤֱѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥פȤơޤˤĤơҤܤ
Ѹ줬ˤ̤¿θܿ (contact) ƤȤϡѸˤδŪμǤ롥ܿκפϡˤǾäƤޤäΤ⤢뤬ߤޤǻĤäƤΤ¿פΤʤܤ䤹ΤϼѸäʸˡȯʤɸðʳǤܿΥѥȤ뤳ȤǰƬ֤Ƥ
ѸθܿˤûΤϻζȤSchneider (334) ˤ븷8ʻ¤٤Ƥˤͤˤʤ롥
continental contacts with Latin, even before the settlement of the British Isles (i.e., roughly between the second and fourth centuries AD);
contact with Celts who were the resident population when the Germanic tribes crossed the channel (in the fifth century and thereafter);
the impact of Latin through Christianization (beginning in the late sixth and seventh centuries);
contact with Scandinavian raiders and later settlers (between the seventh and tenth centuries);
the strong exposure to French as the language of political power after 1066;
the massive exposure to written Latin during the Renaissance;
influences from other European languages beginning in the Early Modern English period; and
the impact of colonial contacts and borrowings.
褯ФƤ8ȻפȤƤϤ3ۤդä1ĤϡŪʱѸˤǤ礭夲ʤΤΡѸʹߤĹˤ錄äƷ³ȤܿǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1]) 䤽δϢȤ줿
2ܤϡ嵭ǤϥͥθܿȤƥƥʽաˤΤߤƤ뤬ŵꥷʽաˤθƥۤΩʤΤϻ¤ͥʹߡꥷαѸؤΥѥȤ礭#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1]) ӡ#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥȡ ([2021-07-02-1]) ȡ
ǸܸüԤȤƤΤҤܤǤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤19ȾʹߡѸ줬ܸȰճǻܿƤ¤θ줿ˤĤƤϡ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1])#3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])#4140. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸΡ֤ġפȡ֤ɤΤ餤ס ([2020-08-27-1]) ȡ
Schneider 8ˡ3äǤθ11δ
Schneider, Edgar W. "Perspectives on Language Contact." Chapter 13 of English Historical Linguistics: Approaches and Perspectives. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton. Cambridge: CUP, 332--59.
ѸûˤĻפȡˤƿ줬Ƴ줿ƤȤ礭ĬήĤळȤǤ롥ƳˡȤơ绨Ĥ (1) (borrowing) (2) (word_formation) 2ͤ褦Ѥ¾ˤñڤ뤳ȤǤ롥ϴ¸ǡʤ줬츻ŪˤǤѸǤˤȤˤ (derivation)ʣ (compounding)ʻž (conversion)û (shortening) ʤɤβФƿñФȤǤ롥
űѸ˸ˤ뿷Ƴ硥ƥťΥɸ줫μѤ¿ä
Ѹեƥ줫οƳ硥³
Ѹƥ䥮ꥷ줫οƳ硥ޤǤ˱ѸƱƤ¸ǤѤ⾯ʤʤ
ѸѸ硥ν줫μѤϷ³Ƥ롥
ˤäƼѤȸΥȤѲƤ̣绨ĤˤСűѸϸнšѸϼнšѸʹߤξԤΥХٲƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥줾λطʤˤͥʤɼҲʸŪʽΤбƤ롥
嵭Ϥޤ绨ĤĬήǤ롥ѤȸΥȤѲäѤСѸˤ̤ƾξˡѤƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ޤϤޤɸѸθûˤˤߤĬήǤ뤳Ȥˤդפ롥¾αѸѼθûˤͤʤС㤨ХɱѸʤɤ ESL (= English as a Second Language) ǰƬ֤ʤС塦ǤϸϤν줫θäΥץåȤϵʤ˭٤㤷ܿλʪȤ⤤Ѹ١Υԥ䥯쥪ǤϤɤդ˸ܿξʤĶǰޤƤѸѼθûˤˤⶽ̣ͯ
Ѹûˤ˴ؤ hellog Ǥ¿夲ƤˤפƤΤΤΤߤʲ˼
#873. ѸοˤʣΥХ ([2011-09-17-1])
#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])
#1956. Hughes αѸάǯɽ ([2014-09-04-1])
#2966. Ѹä (2) ([2017-06-10-1])
#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-17-1])
#4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1])
#4716. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פΥȡֱѸäˡפޤ --- ˤ˥λ ([2022-03-26-1])
δñѸ in English٤10椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ19ϡ֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡפǤ

ñΥǤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȱ֤ޤäƤޤˤ100%ε§ʤǤʵ§ʤȤǡͽ¬ǤȤΤ¤ʤΤǤϤǤϤޤ
㤨Сnature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤפȤ̣Ȥޤ hellog ǡ#3652. nature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤ ([2019-04-27-1]) εƤޤλϤȤƤ⤪⤷ΤǺϢܵΤʤǤ夲Ǥ
ñʥεϥΥޥǤθűѸǤϡȤΰ֤ϸ§Ȥ1˸ǡΤʵ§ޤΥޥ˻ϤޤѸ³Ѹˤơեƥ줫̤ñ줬ѤƤޤμѸϡħѤơɬ1˥Ȥ⤿ʤΤ¿äᡤˤѸΥηϤϺ˴٤뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ϢܵǤϡդλפߺդƲ⤷ޤ10ƥȤ˼äƤФȻפޤ
ѸΥȰ֤ˤĤƤϡhellog εå stress γƵɤߤ
δñѸ in English٤9椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ18ϡ֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΡפǤ

Ѹˤ ask -- inquire -- interrogate Τ褦줬¿ޤ¿ξ硤äγؽϰŵ˿ԤȤΤϻ¤ǤΤǡ줬¿ȤΤϱѸؽ礭ʾɤȤʤޤϱѸ˸¤ääǤϤʤܸǤֿҤͤסּ䤹סֿ䤹פʤˤϻ礫ʤ櫓ʤΤǡɤäɤäǤϤΤǤŪˤϱѸؽԤˤȤäƹ⤤ϡɥˤϤޤ
ѸˡʤƼ¤ܸˤ줬¿Τϡˤ̤͡ʸܿƤǤѸˤȤäƤȤ櫓פܿϥեȥƥǤѸϡ̣ɽ魯Ǥ˼ˤäƤˤ⤫餺ƱΥեñƥñѤƤȤаޤޤ̤Ȥơ줬Ѥ߽Ťͤ졤ؤΤ褦ؾȤʤäƺ˻ĤäƤΤǤθäؤϡŵŪ˲ءαѸס֥եס֥ƥפ3ؤѤ߾夲ƤΤǡѸäΡ3ع¤פȸƤǤޤ
3ع¤ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ֤ⷫ夲Ƥޤå lexical_stratification γƵɤߤ
ϢܵǤϡˤʬ褦˰פ⤷ƤޤҼ˼äƤФȻפޤ
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