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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-11-12 Tue

#5678. ܸäñ (2) [dutch][japanese][loan_word][lexicology][contrastive_language_history][contact]

#5675. ܸäñ ([2024-11-09-1]) ³ԡ줫ܸؼѤ줿Ϥޤޤ롥Ƚʣñ⤢뤬ʲ2Ĥʸäޤ (548) ꡥ

ڰʳشطۥ륳롤֥顼ȡơƥ롤ꡤ륭顤եϥȥ󡤥᥹ȥȡ
ʪ̾ۤۥ󥭡饹ҡååסࡤåס֥ꥭӡ롤ԥȡڥ󥭡ۡݥסޥɥ

³ơƣ (179--80) ɲä롥

ڰءشطۥƥ (ether)֥顼 (oblaat) (extract)륷 (calcium)ե (kamfer, kampher) (cholera)ڥ (pest)᥹ (mes)ҥ (morphine)
ڲءʪŷʸۥƥ쥹 (telescoop) (lens)ԥ (brandpunt)ѥ (kompas)륫 (alkali)륳 (alcohol) (soda)쥭ƥ (eletriciteit)
طۥ (kofij)ӡ (bier)å (siroop)å (kop)ޥ (diamant) (gom)֥ꥭ (blik)ڥ (pen)ڥ (pek)ݥ (pomp) (lamp)å (doek)å (jak)ۥå (hoek)
ڷطۥ٥ (sabel)ԥȥ (pistool)ɥ (ransel)

ʹߤܸ˼Ѥ줿ñȻ¾ƱΤΤ⻶뤬ʾΤΤϥ줫μѤǤ뤳Ȥαդ

顡ܸˡ١˼Ҥ޿ӡ2017ǯ
ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-11-09 Sat

#5675. ܸäñ [dutch][japanese][loan_word][lexicology][contrastive_language_history][contact]

ǯθǡѸˤˤ륪 (dutch) ΰ֤ŤѤäƤƤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡʲεǼ夲Ƥ

#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])
#4444. Ѹĺ15 ([2021-06-27-1])
#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1])
#4446. Ͻ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤðʳαƶ --- TH-stopping 3ñΥ ([2021-06-29-1])

ȤθܿȤСѸˤΤߤʤ餺ܸˤǤפʥơޤǤ롥ܸˤ륪ѸˤĤơޤܸɴŵ٤򳫤Ƥߤ1027ڡˡֹͻθפꤹ1᤬ꡤǥ줫μѸ줬Ƥ롥ɤǤߤ褦

ͻäθϤۤȤɤ٤ƥǤ롥Ĺˤ륪ͤȤǰפˤ롤ǰפ˴ϢѸ줪ӹ͸˲ˤäƤˤʤäؤ˵ʳصѤѸǤ롥
ǰפ˴ϢѸˤϡȤС

ǥIndiëʡˡådoekˡܡȥboterХˡ饹glasˡ륯kurkˡåסkopˡ֥ꥭblikˡסlamp

ʤɤ롥شطѸȤƤϡ

֥顼ȡoblaatˡ᥹mesѶˡ륭kalkˡʡkinaޥꥢˡեsaffraanˡ襸jodiumˡ륫alkaliˡ륳alcoholˡ쥭ƥelectriciteitˡ᡼ȥthermometerˡ󥺡lens

ʤɤ롥
ȵѴطǤϡ

饤ХdraaibankסˡХȡbeitel϶ˡݥסpompˡkraanɤΥå

ʤɤ롥
ΥθˤʸüΤ⤢뤬ʤ¿θ줬ߤޤ³ƻȤƤ롥


Ѹоȸ (contrastive_language_history) Ȥ⡤ȤθܿϤäܤƤ褤ȥԥåǤϤʤ

ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-11-12-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-17 Thu

#5652. 1026ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ7ֱѸ졤ե󥹸˿פΤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][lexicology][vocabulary][oe][french][norman_conquest][contact][voicy][heldio][furansu_rensai][mindmap]


asacul_20240427.png



1026ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼󥿡ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼󥿡֥

ǯ١1Υ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ򳫹֤ƤޤѸθ츻ŵ򻲾Ȥʤ顤1ǯ֤ƤäѸûˤ򤿤ɤäƤȤǤȾνմƴη6󤬽ꡤ󤫤ϽꡤȾ郎Ȥޤ嵭̤ꡤ91026ڡˤˡ7ֺ¤ޤ7ϡֱѸ졤ե󥹸˿פꤷ褤Ѹû˾˶ʥѥȤͿե󥹸줬о줷ޤ
ޤ⺣ǯ٤ϡīֺ¤ȤΩơҤηؤդ󤹡٤ˤϢֱܵѸˤįե󥹸פɮƤƤޤhellog ǤϢܵҲ𤹤٤ furansu_rensai ʸϤ񤤤Ƥޤīֺ¤ͽˤʤȻפޤΤǡɤȤ
Ѹȥե󥹸ȤθܿˤĤƤϸԤʤ꤬ۤ¿īֺ¤1ǥСΤ񵷤ʤΤǤ¿夲ĥå󥹤ʤФƹֺ¤פߤޤ
ܥ꡼ֺ¤ϳƲΩ⤤ΤǡޤǤȾ6ػäݤˤ餺7󤫤餴äƤޤäʤ֤Ǥޤ6ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲεˬ䤯

#5625. ī륷꡼ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷꡼ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤ򳵴ѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷꡼ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷꡼ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷꡼ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷꡼ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])

ɶǤ̻äΤۤ饤󻲲äǽǤθ1֤Ρָƨۿפ⤴ѤǤޤʳäƤäܺ٤Ȥߤɤ
ܥ꡼ֺ¤ǤϱѸθ츻ŵˤ˻ȤƤޤȤ櫓رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ˰͵򤷤ƤޤƱŵ򤪻ϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ



ʰʲ嵭2024/10/19(Sat))



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-03-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-09-14 Sat

#5619. 928ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפΤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][lexicology][vocabulary][oe][old_norse][germanic][contact][voicy][heldio]


asacul_20240427.png



928ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼󥿡ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷʸƨۿ
ߡī㡼󥿡֥

2ָ928ڡ17:30--19:00ī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ6ȤʤֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפ򳫹֤ޤ

8245ǤϡֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פꤷơűѸʤ뤤ϤλˤˤƥθŪƶܤޤ8Ⱦ11ȾˤƤΥ󥰻˾ơťΥɸ (old_norse) ȸűѸθܿˤĤƲ⤷ޤ
󥰤ȤϾ嵭λ˳ư󥸥ʥӥпȤγ±ؤޤϥ֥ƥˤ⽱褷䤬ƥ󥰥꽻褦ˤʤޤη̡ťΥɸȤ󥰤ȸűѸä󥰥ͤȤδ֤Ǹܿޤ
ťΥɸ줫μѸϡѸ900ۤɻĤäƤޤпϤۤ礭櫓ǤϤޤ󤬡ܸ䵡ǽʤɹ٤ǻѤ줬¿ޤޤƤΤܤ٤ħǤֺ¤Ǥ϶ŪʸťΥɸ줫μѸ夲θ츻ɤ߲򤤤Ƥޤ
ťΥɸȱѸܿǻ̩ʤΤǤξ줬ޥ²°ƤꡤᤤطˤäȤ䡤ξ̱²μҲŪʸήοȿǤƤȹͤޤ󥰤γư̤ťΥɸȤܿϡѸθäˡʤƼ¤ʸˡˤ¿ʱƶͿޤѸλѤ򤹤ǡŪʸܿνϴDzǤޤ

ܥ꡼ֺ¤ϳƲΩ⤤Τǡ6󤫤滲äǤޤäʤ֤ǤޤɶǤ̻äΤۤ饤󻲲äǽǤθ1֤Ρָƨۿפ⤴ѤǤޤʳäƤäߤɤ
ʤܥ꡼ֺ¤ϡָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפꤷƤȤꡤȤ櫓رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤ˻ȤޤƱŵ򤪻ϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ



ʰʲ嵭2024/09/21(Sat)



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-08-18 Sun

#5592. 󥰥ͤȥȿͤܿᤰ [bchel][celtic][contact][anglo-saxon][oe][heldio]


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh and Cable ˤѸˤθŵŪ̾Voicy heldio ˤ1᤺ɤƤ꡼ͭˤäȷ³Ǥܲ4Ϥ "Foreign Influences on Old English" ʸűѸؤ¾줫αƶˤäƤޤ5455ϡѸˤǤϰ̤̣ʰƤȸ줫αƶȤƤޤϥ󥰥ͤȥȿͤܿʤΤä⤷Ƥ54 "The Celtic Influence" ˤĤơαʸǤޤƥȤ򤪻Ǥʤ⡤ؿСαʸ򻲾ȤĤġֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (54) The Celtic Influenceİ1ץ̵ǻİǤޤˡ



54. The Celtic Influence. Nothing would seem more reasonable than to expect that the conquest of the Celtic population of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons and the subsequent mixture of the two peoples should have resulted in a corresponding mixture of their languages, that consequently we should find in the Old English vocabulary numerous instances of words that the Anglo-Saxons heard in the speech of the native population and adopted. For it is apparent that the Celts were by no means exterminated except in certain areas, and that in most of England large numbers of them were gradually assimilated into the new culture. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that at Andredesceaster or Pevensey a deadly struggle occurred between the native population and the newcomers and that not a single Briton was left alive. The evidence of the place-names in this region lends support to the statement. But this was probably an exceptional case. In the east and southeast, where the Germanic conquest was fully accomplished at a fairly early date, it is probable that there were fewer survivals of a Celtic population than elsewhere. Large numbers of the defeated fled to the west. Here it is apparent that a considerable Celtic-speaking population survived until fairly late times. Some such situation is suggested by a whole cluster of Celtic place-names in the northeastern corner of Dorsetshire. It is altogether likely that many Celts were held as slaves by the conquerors and that many of the Anglo-Saxons chose Celtic mates. In parts of the island, contact between the two peoples must have been constant and in some districts intimate for several generations.


̤ˤϡ󥰥ͤϥȿͤ䤷ˤʤɤȸ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤºݤˤδŰ٤ϰˤäƤۤʤäƤ岼طϤäȤƤճŸƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ
űѸȥȸθŪطϤɤΤ褦ʤΤäΤǤ礦ϼ55 "Celtic Place-Names and Other Loanwords" ʥȸ̾¾μѸˤǼ夲ƤޤֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (55) Celtic Place-Names and Other Loanwordsɤ
heldio Υ꡼ΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-07-28 Sun

#5571. īֺ¡ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤޤȤ [asacul][notice][lexicology][vocabulary][oe][kenning][beowulf][compounding][derivation][word_formation][celtic][contact][borrowing][etymology][kdee]

ε#5560. 727ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤ ([2024-07-17-1]) ǤΤ餻̤ꡤī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספ򳫹֤ޤⶵӥ饤ˤ¿ˤä꤬Ȥޤ
űѸȸѸθä٤ĤġȤ櫓űѸΥޥŪħܤȤʤäƤޤűѸŪطʤ򤵤ä塤űѸˤϼѸŪʤषǤȤ߹碌ʣ줬˭Ǥ뤳ȤĴޤȤ櫓ʣ (compounding) kenning ʱŪʣˤȸƤФ˭ɽ¿ޤȸȤθܿ˿줿塤#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼Ϻܤ줿 Beowulf 1ʸ夲űѸñθ츻1ĤҤȤġرѸ츻ŵ٤dzǧƤޤ
ʲեեåǹֺ¤Ƥ󤷤Ƥޤ

űѸθäõ 1 űѸλ 449ǯ󥰥ͤΥ֥ƥ 597ǯꥹȶƳ 8󥰤ο 1066ǯΥޥʸűѸν 2 űѸθ 3 97%ͭá3%Ѹ ѸδܸäȾűѸ쵯 ƥ줫μѸ450--600 3 űѸθ ʣ礬˭ Ƭϼ˰̣ѲʻѲ kenning ʱŪʣ㡧ֳڡס ƬǹѤ 4 űѸؤΥȸαƶ ȸ줫ΰŪʼѸϾʤ ꥹȶ̤ưνѸ 㡧assʥСˡcrossʽ͡ˡcurseʼˡdunʰſΡ ̾ˤ礭ʱƶ㡧Cumberland, Exeter 5 Beowulf : Wyrd oft nere unfǣgne eorl, onne his ellen dah. ֱ̿ϤФлह٤̿ˤʤͦΤߤ ͦΩĻˡ wyrdʱ̿ˡĸθ캬 *wer-ʲ󤹡ʤˤ顤weird ȴط oftʤФСˡŪ often ȶ unfǣgneʻह٤̿ˤʤˡfey Ƭ un- ղ eorlߡˡϡֵ²סˡߡפò onneʡλˡ<>ʥˤѸ <th>֤ ellenͦˡѸѸȤʤ dahɤ/ˡűѸ "dugan" 顤doughty ȴϢ

5824γ֤ȤʤޤֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פꤷơűѸΥƥȤܿܤޤߤɤ¿ΤäԤƤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-10-04-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-02-04 Sun

#5396. ե󥹸ȥƥ줫̤θüѤϱѸβɤѤ [lexicology][french][latin][loan_word][word_formation][lexical_stratification][contact][semantic_change][derivation]

Ѹûˤˤƥե󥹸ƥαƶǤ뤳Ȥϡޤ˿ƾҲ𤷤ƤȤäƤѤ줿ñοñ̤˵ڤӡ礭̤αƶˤȤɤޤʤ絬ϼѤη̤ȤơѸäμ⡤ѸʹߤˡѲμŪѲˤĤơDurkin (224) פ3ŦƤ롥

The derivational morphology of English was (eventually) completely transformed by the accommodation of whole word families of related words from French and Latin, and by the analogous expansion of other word families within English exploiting the same French and Latin derivational affixes (especially suffixes).
Not only was a good deal of native vocabulary simply lost, but many other existing words showed meaning changes (especially narrowing) as semantic fields were reshaped following the adoption of new words from French and Latin.
The massive borrowing of less basic vocabulary, especially in a whole range of technical areas, led to extensive and enduring layering or stratification in the lexis of English, and also to a high degree of dissociation in many semantic fields (e.g. the usual adjective corresponding in meaning to hand is the etymologically unrelated manual)


1ܤϡñβ² (word family) (word_formation) ΤΤαѸŪʤΤե󥹡ƥŪʤΤؤäȤ˿Ƥ롥2ܤϡ줬ˤʤäꡤ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ФꤷΤ¿¤ŦƤ롥3ܤϡŪ٤ι⤤äؤդäꡤó (lexical_stratification) Ȥ˴ط롥
ñ㲽ɤǼС(1) Ѽ(2) ̣Ѳ(3) óؤȯȤäȤ餬ե󥹸졦ƥ줫̼ѤαѸû˾μŪյǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-07 Sat

#5276. ѸˤҲ첻 --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˤνϤ [world_englishes][vowel][diphthong][consonant][contact][substratum_theory][phonetics][phonology][variety][th][we_nyumon]

#5268. ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˡ ([2023-09-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤νϤˤơɸѸѤҲ첻βǤѸνѼǤ줫αƶưۤʤȯѤ㤬󤲤Ƥ롥
ޤֻҲ줫αƶפ󤲤Ƥߤ褦 (12)

ҲѸѼ
[θ] [ð] [t] [d] ѡʻ໤ĺˤʤɱѸ [th]ʱѸ졤եԥѸ졤󥬥ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ졤ܤαѸ졤󥴥αѸ졤ߥޡαѸ
[θ] [ð] [s] [z] ѡʻ໤໤ˤʤɥĤαѸ졤٥˥αѸ졤ڹαѸ [s]ܤαѸ졤󥴥αѸ
[f] [p] ѡʿ໤ξĺˤʤեԥѸ졤ڹαѸ [ph]󥴥αѸ졤ߥޡαѸ
[v] [w] ζ̤򤷤ʤɥĤαѸ졤եɤαѸ졤ɱѸ졤üԤαѸ졤󥴥αѸ


/θ, ð/ ΰۤʤ¸ˤĤƤϡ#4666. Ѹǰˤ th-sound ([2022-02-04-1]) ⻲ȡ
ˡ첻줫αƶפ󤲤 (12)

첻ơźѸѼ
첻Ĺ첻ˤʤޥѸ졤ɱѸ
첻ûñ첻ˤʤʱѸ졤եԥѸ졤󥬥ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ
Ҳθ첻ڹαѸ졤ܤαѸ졤󥴥Ρ̱ѡ͸
Ĺ첻û첻ζ̤򤷤ʤեԥѸ졤󥬥ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ졤ڹαѸ졤٥˥αѸ


ܸüԤˤѸȯʤ⤤ĤޤޤƤ뤬ܸüԤ˸¤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤ狼궽̣ץȤϤΤ褦ʰǤƤΤϤؤ󤢤꤬Ǥ͡


 ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ



ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-09-18 Mon

#5257. Ƕ Mond Ǥβ5 [mond][sobokunagimon][politeness][simplification][contact][heldio][youtube][hel_education][phonetics][prestige][speed_of_change][language_myth][link]

֤ǡμͭӥ Mond ˴󤻤ƤϤμ5ۤɲޤǤ󥯤ͭޤ

(1) ɸɽʤѸüԤˤϡܿͤɰդ򼨤񤬾ʤΤǤ礦
(2) Ū˸ơָѲάפʤΤǤ礦
(3) ֥饸YouTubeʤɡ͡ʥǥ̤ƱѸˤ츻˴ؤȯƤä㤤ޤΥǥȤ˥ץ䥳󥻥ץȤѤƾ󶡤Ƥޤ
(4) ʤ͡ϡʤĿͺϤɡ˥ꥹե󥹤ʤɤΥȤ̥ŪɤȤ䥤ɤΥȤ̥ϤʤɤȤΤǤ礦
(5) Ѳϡɤ٤®٤ǵޤ㤨СդɽϡɤΤ餤٤ޤΤʤΤǤ礦

Mond ˴󤻤Ϥμ¿ͤǤܸȽȤӤȤμ䤬Ωޤ (1) (4) Υ°뤫ȻפޤͤˤȤä̤¸ߤǤꡤޤ˻פ줬ˡ¾θ٤ƤðۤäƤΤȺФƤޤȤФеޤȤ櫓ؤ̤οޤä¾ӤȤˡκΩäħܤդȤ¿̻֤ޤ
Ĺǯؤ˿Ƥи鴶뤳Ȥϡ̻ϱˤƹԤ᤮뷹ȤȤǤΤ˳ơθˤϸͭħΤǡǤܸ㳰ǤϤʤΤǤܸΤߤ˴ѻħȤΤϡۤ¿櫓ǤϤʤźνϤϤ褽ĤΤǤѤʵ˴ؤľϡ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤȳ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ
5μΤ3ġ(1), (2), (4) ϡ֤äƤߤСˤޤĤ (language_myth) ˴ؤä褦˻פޤŪʹͻ̤ơβǤΤȤ⥨ƥ󥰤Ǥ͡

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-05-23 Tue

#5139. Ѹˤˤơ֥ȸ첾פ꺻Ƥ [celtic_hypothesis][contact][borrowing][substratum_theory][syntax][be][progressive][do-periphrasis][nptr][th][vowel][voicy][heldio]

Ѹˤˤ֥ȸ첾 (celtic_hypothesis) ˤĤơޤǤĤεǼ夲Ƥ

#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])
#1254. ѸäդθѲϽ񤭸դߤäƤ뤫 ([2012-10-02-1])
#1342. ظƶؤȽ ([2012-12-29-1])
#1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1])
#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])
#3755. ֥ȸ첾פȲơ ([2019-08-08-1])
#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ ([2020-03-09-1])
#4528. ꥹμϰ˻Ĥ3Ĥȯ ([2021-09-19-1])
#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1])
#5129. ʹԷ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2023-05-13-1])

ǯΡ֥ȸ첾פǤϡʼ˸ðʳΡθबȽ줫ѸذưǽˤĤƸƤʤƤHickey (505) ˤꥱȸαƶ꺻ƤƤߤ褦ƹܤˤĤơܤƤϰ衦Ѽʸ˸륿ߥ󥰤ʤɤϥХХǤ뤳ȡޤܿˤ餺ŪװΤߤ⤷Τ뤳ȤʤɡɤˤդɬפǤ롥

Table 3. Possible transfer features from Celtic (Brythonic) to English

1.Lack of external possessor constructionMorphosyntactic
2Twofold paradigm of to be 
3.Progressive verb forms 
4.Periphrastic do 
5.Northern subject rule 
6.Retention of dental fricativesPhonological
7.Unrounding of front vowels 



1 ϡѸ My head is sore. Τ褦Τ̤ʤɤ˴ؤƽͭʤɽThe head is sore. Τ褦˴Ѥʤˡؤ
2 ϡűѸʼ˥ȥˤˤ be ư줬첻뤤 s- ǻϤޤȡb- ǻϤޤ2ηʻ¸Ƥؤ
3 ϡ#5129. ʹԷ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2023-05-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ
4 ϡ#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])#3755. ֥ȸ첾פȲơ ([2019-08-08-1]) 򻲾ȡ
5 ϡ#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1]) 򻲾ȡ
6 ϡth = [θ] ȤŪʻҲޤǻĤäƤ¤ؤ
7 ϡűѸ˱߿첻 [y, ø] äȤؤ

Hickey ΰꥹȤˤĤƤϡ#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
ϢơVoicy heldio #715. ȸ첾ɤ



Hickey, Raymond. "Early English and the Celtic Hypothesis." Chapter 38 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 497--507.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1] [2023-05-28-1]

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2023-05-22 Mon

#5138. Ӥȯãȸܿ [comparison][adjective][suffix][superlative][contact][synthesis_to_analysis][latin][french][grammaticalisation][german][dutch][french_influence_on_grammar]

ƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿκˤϡ -er/-est դŪˡ more/most ֤Ūˡ롥줾ֶӡפȡֶӡפȸƤǤˤĤƤϡhellogheldio¾Ǥ͡˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ#4834. ӵ顦Ǿˡ ([2022-07-22-1]) ˴Ϣ󥯤ޤȤƤΤǻȤ줿
Ѹޥ󥹽ˤǤϡӤӤؤѲƤ²˰̤˴ѻ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) Ĭή˱äȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ѲϡӹʸΩȤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤȤ館롥
Heine and Kuteva ˤܿ˴ؤҲ𤷤Ѹ䤤ĤθˤŪ˶Ӥȯã1װȤơޥ󥹽ȤθܿطƤΤǤϤʤȤѸ줬ե󥹸ƥαƶΤȤ˶ӤȯãȤ⼫ΤϸŤ餢ꡤ嵭ΥǤƤ̤Ǥ롥Heine and Kuteva ϡѸΤߤʤ餺¾θˤƤܿθ̤ȤܿŪװäȤϸ鷺Ȥ "an accelerating factor" (96) ȹͤ뤳ȤϲǽǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ѹޤ4Ĥλ㤬󤲤Ƥ (96)

a. Analytic forms were still rare in Northern English in the fifteenth century, while in Southern English, which was more strongly exposed to French influence, these forms had become current at least a century earlier . . . .
b. In German, the synthetic comparative construction is still well established, e.g. schön 'beautiful', schön-er ('beautiful-COMP') 'more beautiful'. But in the dialect of Luxembourg, which has a history of centuries of intense contact with French, instances of an analytic comparative can be found, e.g. mehr schön ('more beautiful', presumably on the model of French plus beau ('more beautiful') . . . .
c. The Dutch varieties spoken in Flanders, including Algemeen Nederlands, have been massively influenced by French, and this influence has also had the effect that the analytic pattern with the particle meer 'more' is used increasingly on the model of French plus, at the expense of the inherited synthetic construction using the comparative suffix -er . . . .
d. Molisean has a 500-years history of intense contact with the host language Italian, and one of the results of contact was that the speakers of Molisean have given up the conventional Slavic synthetic construction by replicating the analytic Italian construction, using veče on the model of Italian più 'more' as degree marker. Thus, while Standard Croatian uses the synthetic form lyepši 'more beautiful', Molisean has più lip ('more beautiful') instead . . . .


Τ褦ʥǤϡȯãȯãϡܿˤäɬ ("propel") 줿ȤϸʤΤΡ® ("accelerate") ȤϸΤǤϤʤȤΤ Heine and Kuteva θǤ롥

Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.

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2023-05-20 Sat

#5136. 줫ܵν°³ --- 줬˵ڤܤƶ [contact][grammaticalisation][interrogative][conjunction][linguistic_area][syntax]

ܿ (contact) ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) δؤˤĤơHeine and Kuteva ʸϢȤƤ롥¿ΰˤϡ줬ܵν°³ȤƤѤȤħ롥㤨СѸľܵʸ Who came? Фơܵʸ I don't know who came. ʤɤǧ뤬ǤƱ who ѤƤ롥ħϡѸˤȤɤޤ餺 Ȥ "Standard Average European" ȸƤФפʰ²θ췲ˤǧ롥Ūˤϡ²ǹͭƤ롤²ȤƤħȹͤ롥
̣ȤˡħϡŪܤƹԤʤƤˤѻ롥Ĥޤꡤǻ̩ʸܿФƤȤܤˤơ줬ܵν°³ȤƤѤȤΤϡˤΩǤϤʤȤθܿ (trigger) ȤʤäʸˡǤ뤳Ȥ򼨺롥
Heine and Kuteva (95) ϡԸ򻲾ȤĤļΤ褦ʻ󤲤Ƥ롥

a. Basque on the model of Spanish, Gascon, and French . . . .
b. Balkan Turkish on the model of Balkanic languages . . . .
c. the North Arawak language Tariana of northwestern Brazil on the model of Portuguese . . . .
d. the Aztecan language Pipil of El Salvador on the model of Spanish . . . .


줬¤ǤСֿܿʡ (propel) ʸˡλȤȤˤʤ

Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.

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2023-05-18 Thu

#5134. ưμʼ޼ [contact][borrowing][grammaticalisation][terminology][typology]

ε#5133. ư෿ ([2023-05-17-1]) ³ԡHeine and Kuteva (87) ư (linguistic transfer) μʼ򼡤Τ褦ʬषƤʤǤ󼨤λ򾯡ѤƤˡ

Contact-induced transfer  Borrowing
 
  Replication  Lexical replication

 Grammatical replication  Contact-induced grammaticalization
 
  Restructuring  Loss

 Rearrangement



Heine and Kuteva ˤСѸ䤽ظˤƶϡWeinreich äƤ (86) replication Ȥ "kinds of transfer that do not involve phonetic substance of any kind" ΤȤǤꡤŪ "structural borrowing" "(grammatical) calquing" ȸƤФƤΤ롥 replication ˤϡǸä˴ؤΤꡤ¾ʸˡỤ̄¤˴ؤΤ롥Ԥ replication ϡܼŪˤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ˱äΤȤʤ뤬ǤʤΤ restructuring ȤѸ򽼤ƤƤʤƤ˺ʬˡοޤϡΤ褦ʸư˴ؤ븫ΤǤ롥
ܿ (contact) ˴ؤ෿ (typology) ͡ʤΤƤƤ Heine and Kuteva ʬ⤿ؤ󼨺ŪǤ롥¾ʲεʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])
#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])
#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1])
#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])
#2008. ܿάˡ ([2014-10-26-1])
#2009. ؤˤܿġ2ѡѡ ([2014-10-27-1])
#2079. fusion mixture ([2015-01-05-1])
#4410. ܿη̤˴ؤ礭ʸޡ ([2021-05-24-1])

Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.
Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, 1953. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-28-1]

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2023-05-17 Wed

#5133. ư෿ [contact][borrowing][grammaticalisation][semiotics][semantic_borrowing][syntax][word_order][terminology][typology]

ABؤबư뤳Ȥ "linguistic transfer" ʸưˤȸƤǤܿ (contact) ˤˤ˵븽ݤǤꡤŵŪʸ1Ĥμ (borrowing) Ǥ롥ǤϤʤΰ̣ự (semantic_borrowing) ⤢СŪñ̤طư⤢롥ǡηϡˤΰưŪܤΰư⤢뤫⤷ʤ "linguistic transfer" ȤäƤ⡤ʼबΤ
Heine and Kuteva (87) ϡ5θưǧƤ롥

   a. form, that is, sounds or combinations of sounds,
   b. meanings (including grammatical meanings) or combinations of meanings,
   c. form-meaning units,
   d. syntactic relations, that is, the order of meaningful elements,
   e. any combination of (a) through (d).


ΰưȼ a c ϡʿСּѡ (borrowing) Ǥ롥b d ϲΰưȼʤưǤꡤԸˤʤäơʣ (replication) ȸƤǤ绨ĤˤСѤϤŪʹܤΰưǡʣϤŪʹܤΰưǤ롥ʤߤ e Ϥ٤ƤΤäѤǤ롥θư෿ϡճȤ狼䤹ȻפäƤ롥

Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-18-1]

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2023-05-13 Sat

#5129. ʹԷ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾 [celtic][borrowing][syntax][contact][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][progressive][verb][irish_english][aspect]

#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1]) ǻȤ Filppula and Klemola ʸɤƤ롥ƱʸǤϡѸˤ be + -ing ΡֿʹԷ (progressive form) ȯãʤλѸȤˤؤΥȸαƶˤΤǤϤʤȤ֥ȸ첾 (celtic_hypothesis) Ƥ롥
ޤ̣¤ȤơΥȷǹԤʤƤѸѼǤϡɸѸ⹭Ϥ˿ʹԷѤȤŪˤ Irish English, Welsh English, Hebridean English, Manx English ˤơɸŪˤϿʹԷˤȤư줬ФпʹԷѤ뤳ȡưưʹԷˤ뤳Ȥˤ꽬꤬뤳ȡwould used (to) ˿ʹԷ³Ūưɽ蘆뤳ȡdo will ˿ʹԷ³ˡߤ뤳Ȥ𤵤Ƥ롥Filppula and Klemola (212--14) ꡤ줾ʸ򼨤

There was a lot about fairies long ago [...] but I'm thinkin' that most of 'em are vanished.
I remember my granfather and old people that lived down the road here, they be all walking over to the chapel of a Sunday afternoon and they be going again at night.
But they, I heard my father and uncle saying they used be dancing there long ago, like, you know.
Yeah, that's, that's the camp. Military camp they call it [...] They do be shooting there couple of times a week or so.


ϸΥѼαѸ˸ʹԷ¿ѤȤݤ򼨤ΤǤꡤ¤ȤƼ롥ȸ첾ϡѸˤʹԷȯãΤΤؤΥȸαƶˤΤȤȤԤȸԤܤƤ¦̤ۤʤäƤ뤳ȤդǤ⡤Filppula and Klemola (218--19) ϡ5Ĥ󤲤ʤ顤ȸ첾ٻʰ PF "progressive forms" ؤˡ

(i) Of all the suggested parallels to the English PF, the Celtic (Brythonic) ones are clearly the closest, and hence, the most plausible ones, whether one think of the OE periphrastic constructions or those established in the ME and modern periods, involving the -ing form of verbs. This fact has not been given due weight in some of the earlier work on this subject.
(ii) The chronological precedence of the Celtic constructions is beyond any reasonable doubt, which also enhances the probability of contact influence from Celtic on English.
(iii) The socio-historical circumstances of the Celtic-English interface cannot have constituted an obstacle to Celtic substratum influences in the area of grammar, as has traditionally been argued especially on the basis of the research (and some of the earlier, too) has shown that the language shift situation in the centuries following the settlement of the Germanic tribes in Britain was most conductive to such influences. Again, this aspect has been ignored or not properly understood in some of the research which has tried to play down the role of Celtic influence in the history of English.
(iv) The Celtic-English contacts in the modern period have resulted in a similar tendency for some regional varieties of English to make extensive use of the PF, which lends indirect support to the Celtic hypothesis with regard to early English.
(v) Continuous tenses tend to be used more in bilingual or formerly Celtic-speaking areas than in other parts of the country . . . .


ȸ첾Ϥǯδ֤󵯤ŪȤʤäƤޤɤβˤȤɤޤȤäƤ褤ŪʱѸ˵Ҥ˰ФꤸܿνܤƤ줿Ǥϡس˹׸ƤɾǤ롥

Filppula, Markku and Juhani Klemola. "English in Contact: Celtic and Celtic Englishes." Chapter 107 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1687--1703.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-23-1]

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2023-04-24 Mon

#5110. ΩѴۡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸Ƥͽ [museum][seminar][khelf][celtic][breton][voicy][heldio][breton_lai][contact][literature][linguistic_imperialism][language_death][brittany_exhibition]

ܲΩѴˤƴݤϡ֥륿˥塡͡󡤹餬۶Ÿ񤬳ǤŴ֤318611ޤǤȤʤäƤޤ


ƴݤϡ֥륿˥塡͡󡤹餬۶



γŤεȤ館شλΥߤǤϡֱѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥פơޤȤơͽǡ5դ˲ݳưȤƥߤγŸˬͽǤ塤ܥ֥Ǥ Voicy heldio Ǥ⡤ط꤬ۥФƤ뤫Ȼפޤܵɤߤγ⡤ҥ֥륿˥Ÿˤ˴ؿ󤻤ƤФȡ
ե֥륿˥ǤϡȸɤΥ֥ȥ (Breton) ŪäƤޤϰζǤե󥹸˲ƤȤ¤ޤϥ֥ƥ̤ΥʡǡȷϽ줬Ѹ˰ƤΤʿŪʾǤ
ȽʬۤˤˤĤƤϡ#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1])#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1])#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])#3113. 󥰥ͤ˥󥰥ɤ᤯Τ ([2017-11-04-1])#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1])#4491. 1300ǯä󥰥ɤδѸ첽 ([2021-08-13-1]) ޤ celtic ε򻲾ȤƤޤ Voicy heldio ǤϡϢ#692. ȸɤҲ𤷤ޤۿƤޤ
ŸˬޤǤΡֱѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥פΤͽϡȤưʲ3Ǥ

1. ŪˤߤѸγȥȽν̾
2. Ѹǽ񤫤줿֥ȥ󡦥 (Breton lai)
3. Ѹȥȸθܿ

ī Voicy heldio ǤϡܵƱͤƤǤ٤ꤷƤޤ#693. ѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥ --- ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸ơǤҤİ



ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥ŸסӤ줫1ۤɤƤֱѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥פȤơޤˤĤơҤܤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-02-28 Tue

#5055. Ѹˤˤܿ --- 8+3 [contact][loan_word][borrowing][latin][celtic][old_norse][french][dutch][greek][japanese][link]

Ѹ줬ˤ̤¿θܿ (contact) ƤȤϡѸˤδŪμǤ롥ܿκפϡˤǾäƤޤäΤ⤢뤬ߤޤǻĤäƤΤ¿פΤʤܤ䤹ΤϼѸäʸˡȯ񵭤ʤɸðʳǤܿΥѥȤ뤳ȤǰƬ֤Ƥ
Ѹθܿˤû󤹤ΤϻζȤSchneider (334) ˤ븷8ʻ¤٤Ƥˤͤˤʤ롥

continental contacts with Latin, even before the settlement of the British Isles (i.e., roughly between the second and fourth centuries AD);
contact with Celts who were the resident population when the Germanic tribes crossed the channel (in the fifth century and thereafter);
the impact of Latin through Christianization (beginning in the late sixth and seventh centuries);
contact with Scandinavian raiders and later settlers (between the seventh and tenth centuries);
the strong exposure to French as the language of political power after 1066;
the massive exposure to written Latin during the Renaissance;
influences from other European languages beginning in the Early Modern English period; and
the impact of colonial contacts and borrowings.


褯ФƤ8ȻפȤƤϤ3ۤդä1ĤϡŪʱѸˤǤ礭夲ʤΤΡѸʹߤĹˤ錄äƷ³ȤܿǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1]) 䤽δϢ򻲾Ȥ줿
2ܤϡ嵭Ǥϥͥ󥹴θܿȤƥƥʽ񤭸աˤΤߤ󤲤Ƥ뤬ŵꥷʽ񤭸աˤθƥۤΩʤΤϻ¤ͥ󥹴ʹߡꥷαѸؤΥѥȤ礭#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1]) ӡ#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥȡ ([2021-07-02-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ǸܸüԤȤƤΤҤܤǤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤19ȾʹߡѸ줬ܸȰճǻܿƤ¤θ줿ˤĤƤϡ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1])#3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])#4140. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸΡ֤ġפȡ֤ɤΤ餤ס ([2020-08-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ
Schneider 8ˡ3äǤθ11δ

Schneider, Edgar W. "Perspectives on Language Contact." Chapter 13 of English Historical Linguistics: Approaches and Perspectives. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton. Cambridge: CUP, 332--59.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-02-18-1]

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2022-12-01 Thu

#4966. ѸûˤĬήȻ [lexicology][word_formation][neologism][esl][world_englishes][contact][borrowing][loan_word][link]

ѸûˤĻפȡˤƿ줬Ƴ줿ƤȤ礭ĬήĤळȤǤ롥ƳˡȤơ绨Ĥ (1) (borrowing) (2) (word_formation) 2ͤ褦Ѥ¾ˤñڤ뤳ȤǤ롥ϴ¸ǡʤ줬츻ŪˤǤѸǤˤȤˤ (derivation)ʣ (compounding)ʻž (conversion)û (shortening) ʤɤβФƿñФȤǤ롥

űѸ˸ˤ뿷Ƴ硥ƥťΥɸ줫μѤ¿ä
Ѹե󥹸ƥ줫οƳ硥³
Ѹƥ䥮ꥷ줫οƳ硥ޤǤ˱ѸƱƤ¸ǤѤ⾯ʤʤ
ѸѸ硥ν줫μѤϷ³Ƥ롥

ˤäƼѤȸΥȤѲƤ̣绨ĤˤСűѸϸнšѸϼнšѸʹߤξԤΥХ󥹤ٲƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥줾λطʤˤͥ󥹡ʤɼҲʸŪʽΤбƤ롥
嵭Ϥޤ绨ĤĬήǤ롥ѤȸΥȤѲäѤСѸˤ̤ƾξˡѤƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ޤϤޤɸѸθûˤˤߤĬήǤ뤳Ȥˤդפ롥¾αѸѼθûˤͤʤС㤨ХɱѸʤɤ ESL (= English as a Second Language) ǰƬ֤ʤС塦ǤϸϤν줫θäΥץåȤϵʤ˭٤㤷ܿλʪȤ⤤Ѹ١Υԥ䥯쥪ǤϤɤդ˸ܿξʤĶǰޤƤѸѼθûˤˤⶽ̣ͯ
Ѹûˤ˴ؤ hellog Ǥ¿夲ƤˤפƤΤΤΤߤʲ˼

#873. ѸοˤʣΥХ󥹡 ([2011-09-17-1])
#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])
#1956. Hughes αѸάǯɽ ([2014-09-04-1])
#2966. Ѹä (2) ([2017-06-10-1])
#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-17-1])
#4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1])
#4716. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פΥȡֱѸäˡפ򽪤ޤ --- ˤ˥꡼λ ([2022-03-26-1])

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2022-09-17 Sat

#4891. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ19֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][stress][prosody][french][latin][germanic][gsr][rsr][contact][borrowing][lexicology][hellog_entry_set]

δñѸ in English٤10椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ19ϡ֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ10



ñΥǤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȱ֤ޤäƤޤˤ100%ε§ʤǤʵ§ʤȤǡͽ¬ǤȤΤ¤ʤΤǤϤǤϤޤ
㤨Сnature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤפȤ̣Ȥޤ hellog ǡ#3652. nature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤ ([2019-04-27-1]) ε񤤤ƤޤλϤȤƤ⤪⤷ΤǺϢܵΤʤǤ夲Ǥ
ñʥεϥΥޥǤθűѸǤϡȤΰ֤ϸ§Ȥ1˸ǡΤʵ§ޤΥޥ˻ϤޤѸ³Ѹˤơե󥹸ƥ줫̤ñ줬ѤƤޤμѸϡħѤơɬ1˥Ȥ⤿ʤΤ¿äᡤˤѸΥηϤϺ˴٤뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ϢܵǤϡդλפߺդƲ⤷ޤ10ƥȤ˼äƤФȻפޤ
ѸΥȰ֤ˤĤƤϡhellog εå stress γƵɤߤ

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2022-08-15 Mon

#4858. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ18֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Ρ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][lexicology][synonym][loan_word][borrowing][french][latin][lexical_stratification][contact][hellog_entry_set][japanese]

δñѸ in English٤9椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ18ϡ֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ9



Ѹˤ ask -- inquire -- interrogate Τ褦줬¿ޤ¿ξ硤äγؽϰŵ˿ԤȤΤϻ¤ǤΤǡ줬¿ȤΤϱѸؽ礭ʾɤȤʤޤϱѸ˸¤ääǤϤʤܸǤֿҤͤסּ䤹סֿ䤹פʤˤϻ礫ʤ櫓ʤΤǡɤäɤäǤϤΤǤŪˤϱѸؽԤˤȤäƹ⤤ϡɥˤϤޤ
ѸˡʤƼ¤ܸˤ줬¿Τϡˤ̤͡ʸܿƤǤѸˤȤäƤȤ櫓פܿϥե󥹸ȥƥǤѸϡ̣ɽ魯򤹤Ǥ˼ˤäƤˤ⤫餺ƱΥե󥹸ñƥñѤƤȤаޤޤ̤Ȥơ줬Ѥ߽Ťͤ졤ؤΤ褦ؾȤʤäƺ˻ĤäƤΤǤθäؤϡŵŪ˲ءαѸס֥ե󥹸ס֥ƥפ3ؤѤ߾夲ƤΤǡѸäΡ3ع¤פȸƤǤޤ
3ع¤ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ֤ⷫ夲Ƥޤå lexical_stratification γƵɤߤ
ϢܵǤϡˤʬ褦˰פ⤷ƤޤҼ˼äƤФȻפޤ

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