hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 / page 2 (2)

prototype - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2018-12-21 Fri

#3525. Ū칽ʸ¿ [construction_grammar][polysemy][prototype]

ʸʸˡǤʸŪ¿ (constructional polysemy) Ȥͤ롥Ʊιʸۤʤ뤱ɤطʣΰ̣ȷӤĤƤؤ濴Ūʰ̣ηỤ̄зʤ¿ (polysemy) ƤȤªʸʸˡˤץȥ (prototype) ˤۤʤʤ
S V O1 O2 ȤŪ칽ʸ¿ˤȤ濴Ụ̄ϡgive ιʸɽ褦ˡS (= agent) O1 (= recipient) O2 (= patient) ǽưŪ˼褯ư뤳ȤǤ롥濴Ụ̄ȤƤϡpatient ˶ŪʪꤵƤ뤬ŪسȤ teach Τ褦ư줬˲äʲ濴Ụ̄ Goldberg (38) οޤˤ꼨

Constructional Polysemy of Double Object Construction

濴Ụ̄¿¤򤫤ưΩΤüԤε̳ͿΤݾڡס«פʤɤ̣뺸BǤ롥षưΩʤȤȡֵݡפ̣뱦CȤʤ롥ư̤λǵ뤳ȤȤˤϡD롥ޤưֵפΤǤϤʤֲǽˤפȼ㴳ȡֵġפɽ魯E롥Ǹˡưΰտޤްդˤϡ¦FΤ褦ưιʸ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤ롥
Τ褦˸ΰ̣Ǥʤʸΰ̣⡤ץȥˤä濴ŪʤΤŪʤΤؤƤ̤ȤƶŪ¿ӤӤ褦ˤʤȤΤconstructional polysemy ΥݥȤǤ롥

Goldberg, Adele E. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995.

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2018-04-13 Fri

#3273. Lehman ˤʸˡμ١6 [grammaticalisation][category][tense][future][prototype]

̻ŪǤ춦ŪǤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ˤ硤ꤢƤ㤬ɤ١ʸˡפ餷ΤʸˡŪפʤΤȽǤबɬפǤ롥Τ褦ʴꤹ뤳ȤϡʸˡͿ뤳Ȥˤۤʤ餺麤ʲǤ뤳ȤؤʤΤ褦ʴࡤʤѥ᡼ȤƤϡLehmann ƤŵŪʤΤȤƤ롥ϤΤΡȤƽפǤ롥Hopper and Traugott (31) Lehmann Υѥ᡼Τ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǡѤ褦Ϣطμ (paradigm) 3طμ (syntagm) 3Ǥ롥

   Of relevance on the paradigmatic axis are:
   1. the "weight" or size of an element (Lehmann refers to "signs"); weight may be phonological (Lat. ille 'that' has more phonological weight than the French article le that derives from it) or semantic (the motion verb go is thought to be semantically weightier than the future marker go) --- "Grammaticalization rips off the lexical features until only the grammatical features are left" (1995: 129);
   2. the degree to which an element enters into a cohesive set or paradigm; e.g., Latin tense is paradigmatically cohesive whereas English tense is not (contrast the Latin with its translation in amo 'I love,' amabo 'I will love,' amavi 'I have loved');
   3. the freedom with which an element may be selected; in Swahili if a clause is transitive, an object marker must be obligatorily expressed in the verb (given certain semantic constraints), whereas none is required in English.
   Of relevance on the syntagmatic axis are:
   4. the scope or structural size of a construction; periphrasis, as in Lat. scribere habeo 'write:INF have:1stSg', is structurally longer and weightier and larger than inflection, as in Ital. scriverò, 'I shall write';
   5. the degree of bonding between elements in a construction (there is a scale from clause to word to morpheme to affix boundary, 1995: 154); the degree of bonding is greater in the case of inflection than in that of periphrasis;
   6. the degree to which elements of a construction may be moved around; in earlier Latin scribere habeo and habeo scribere could occur in either order, but in later Latin this order became fixed, which allowed the word boundaries to be erased.


Ѹʸˡݤ˾Ȥ餷Ƥߤ褦㤨СѸˡư will ˤ̤פȯãϤɤΤ餤ʸˡŪ#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1]) 褦ˡˡư will ȯãʸˡŵ1ĤȹͤƤ뤬嵭2鼨̤ꡤѸ will ˤ̤פϢطδ顤ۤ cohesive ȤϤʤ褦ˤפ졤ɤޤǻȤʸˡƥ꡼ȤưΤ䤬Ĥ롥󡤤 Yes/No ǤϤʤ٤ǤꡤץȥŪ򤹤ɬפϤ6ĤΥѥ᡼򤹤٤ʻʸˡפȤƤޤȡ¿ȤƤޤȤˤʤ롥

Lehmann, Christian. Thoughts on Grammaticalization. Munich: Lincom Europa, 1995.
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2016-09-01 Thu

#2684. ֱפΥץȥװ̣ [prototype][semantics]

ץȥ (prototype) ˴Ṭ̌Ǥϡΰ̣ʣΰ̣ħ̵ͭ«ͤȤŪʰ̣ȯۤæựħ٤κǧᡤ̣Ȥϰ̣ŵͿ褦Ȼߤ롥ץȥϡ̸ϤᴶŪʪŪʰ̣ĸäŬѤ졤̤򤢤ƤǤϿŪҲŪǤĸäؤŬѤǤΤռ顤Coleman and Kay ϡѸ lie ʱˤ˥ץȥװ̣ʬϤä
Coleman and Kay (43) ĴμȵŸñ㤫Ǥ롥ʸηˤ褯ޤȤƤΤǡѤ롥

We have argued that many words, and the word lie in particular, have as their meanings not a list of necessary and sufficient conditions that a thing or event must satisfy to count as a member of the category denoted by the word, but rather a psychological object or process which we have called a PROTOTYPE. In some cases, a prototype can be represented by a list of conditions; but these are not necessary conditions, and the evaluative logic according to which these conditions are found to be satisfied, or not, is in general one of degree rather than of simple truth and falsity. . . .
   In particular, we formulated (on the basis of the sort of introspection usual in semantic and syntactic research) a prototype for the word lie, consisting of three elements: falsity, intent to speak falsely, and intent to deceive. Stories were then constructed which described speech acts embodying each of the eight possible combinations of these three elements; these were presented to subjects, to be judged on the extent to which the relevant character in the story could be said to have lied. The pattern of responses confirmed the theory. The stories containing and lacking all three elements received by far the highest and lowest scores respectively. Further, in comparing each pair of stories in which the first contained all the prototype elements of the second plus at least one more, the majority of informants always gave the higher lie-score to the first. Of the nineteen comparisons of this type, each of which turned out as predicted, eighteen produced proportions significant at the .01 level. We then compared each pair of stories which differed in the presence of exactly two elements, to see if these comparisons yielded a consistent pattern with respect to the relative importance of the prototype elements. A consistent pattern was found: falsity of belief is the most important element of the prototype of lie, intended deception is the next most important element, and factual falsity is the least important.


䤫˷Фlie lie Ǥ뤿κǤפʥѥ᡼ʥץȥǡˤϡüԤȯƤ򵶤ȿƤפȤǤꡤˡüԤ򵽤ȤƤפȤǤꡤǸˡȯƤºݤ˵ǤפȤ³νû졤⤤Τۤɱ餷Ǥꡤ㤤ۤɱäݤʤȤȤˤʤ롥ɤ餬Ǥꡤɤ餬ǤʤΤȽǤϸĿͤˤäƤˤäƤɤưץȥŪʱǤ뤫ǧȡΰæٹ礤˴ؤƤϡüԤδ֤Ǥ褽ФפȤȤͤߤ줿
ץȥװ̣Υå󥹤εͤޤäʬ䤹Ǥ롥

Coleman, L. and P. Kay. "Prototype Semantics: The English Word lie." Language 22 (1980): 26--44.

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2016-06-26 Sun

#2617. "colloquial" Ȥ쥸 [register][medium][componential_analysis][prototype]

"colloquial" Ȥ쥸 (register) ˤĤƹͤƤ롥ȤƤϡָ(), äդΡäΡΤΡĥʤפۤɤͿ졤ϢȤƤ "conversational", "spoken", "vulgar", "slangy", "informal" ʤɤ󤲤롥Ū "literary" ȤѸ줬ꤵƤ뤳Ȥ¿̵ʿͤθոɽƻǤϤʤषΤͤäǻȤդȤްդĤγؽԱѱѼ񤫤Ѥ褦

(of words and language) used in conversation but not in formal speech or writing (OALD8)
language or words that are colloquial are used mainly in informal conversations rather than in writing or formal speech (LDOCE5)
(of words and expressions) informal and more suitable for use in speech than in writing (CALD3)
Colloquial words and phrases are informal and are used mainly in conversation (COBUILD)
used in informal conversation rather than in writing or formal language (MED2)


ɽȤƤ a colloquial expression, the colloquial style, a colloquial knowledge of Japanese, colloquial speech ʤɤͤˤʤ롥
嵭顤"colloquial" ŵŪˡ (mode of discourse) ȤƤäաʲˤ° (style (tenor) of discourse) ȤƤϷĥʤΤ°Ȥ (cf. #839. register ([2011-08-14-1])) "colloquial" ϸ§ȤʳŪƻ (gradable adjective) Ǥꡤɽ "colloquial" Ǥ뤫ݤŪ˷ꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤Τäդ񤭸դȤΤ°ϥǥǤϤ뤬񤭸դؤ "colloquial" ɽ뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤ (ex. The passage is written in a colloquial way.) ޤˤĤƤϷĥٹ礤ϥʥǤ뤫顤"colloquial" "uncolloquial" ζϤȤ꺤Ǥ롥ɭ"colloquial" ΰ̣ΤΤȥȤ2°Ȥ߹碌ˤäʬʬ (componential_analysis) ŪȤϡץȥ (prototype) ȤΤդ路褦˻פ롥
ץȥפȤƤβ᤬Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ#611. Murray θ ([2010-12-29-1])#1958. Hughes θ ([2014-09-06-1]) Ǽʡ֥쥸פɤؤƤ褵ˤˤäƤ⼨롥˵󤲤Ƥ "colloquial" ۤ "dialectal", "literary", "formal" ʤɤΥ쥸Ѹΰ̣⡤٤ƥץȥŪˤȤ館ƤΤ褵

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2014-11-28 Fri

#2041. ɸ졤 [pragmatics][discourse_marker][interjection][terminology][prototype]

˸ǤϡμήɸؤϼŪȤߤʤ褦꤬ɽΩġɸ (discourse marker) (interjection) (insert) ȸƤФ⡤ǯˤ狼˵ӸӤ褦ˤʤäѸ˸Ǥ⡤well please um 褦䤯ޤȤ˰褦ˤʤä
θˤ͡ʬλꡤ줷ƾΤʤᤷ˻ͽǻȤƤѸ󤷤Ƥߤȡ"discourse marker" "interjection" Τۤˤ "discourse particle", "mystery particle", "implicit anchoring device" ʤ͡Ǥ (Jucker and Taavitsainen 55) θηϲ褦ȤߤΰĤ Jucker and Taavitsainen (56) ˤ "Inserts and pragmatic noise" οޤ롥ԹǾѤΤʲ˼

Inserts and Pragmatic Noise

οޤˤ "Inserts", "Pragmatic noise", "Discourse markers", "Primary interjections", "Secondary interjections", "Words", "Vocalisations" ʤɤѸ줬ФƤꡤ줾ζܤۣ˼Ƥ뤬 Jucker and Taavitsainen θŪʽǽץȥŪˤߤƤ뤫Ǥ롥
ޤޤ礭ʬ롥ޤΤ褽¦ Inserts ϡ¾ʻεǽͭƤΤ¿¼Ūʰ̣ƤͭƤ롥Ф뱦¦ Pragmatic noise ϡ¾ʻεǽ⤿¼Ūʰ̣ǡäѤŪпŪòȤ롥ơ¦ Inserts ǤץȥŪ Inserts Ǥ뺸ü Discourse markers ȡŪʱ Interjections ʬ롥 Interjections ⡤ƱȤ¾ʻˤⶡ뤫ݤˤä Secondary interjections Primary interjections ʬ롥ΤȤƺؤΥǡνΤɽƤΤ狼ʤüˤ Ha ha he he ʤɤ Vocalisations Ȥ褦Τʤθꤵ줿ɽߤ롥
interjections 3ʬ򸫤ƤYuk! ouch! ʤɤδŪ (emotive) ʤΡaha!, Oh!, Well! ʤɤǧŪ (cognitive) ʤΤϹ碌ɽŪ (expressive) ʴȸƤФ롥ˡʹ˶Ưؼꡤդ¥ꡤưǽŪ (conative) ʴȤ shh!, eh?, hey!, ho!, Look! 롥Ǹ˸Ū (phatic) ʴȤơŤǤĤ mhm!, uh-huh! ʤɤ̤ (Jucker and Taavitsainen 57--58)
ϸѸˤʬǤϤ뤬Ѹ˸ˤ⤪褽ΤޤƤϤޤŪʶʬ

Jucker, Andreas H. and Irma Taavitsainen. English Historical Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

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2014-09-17 Wed

#1969. ΰ̣ʬʬϤ [componential_analysis][semantics][semantic_field][pragmatics][cognitive_linguistics][prototype]

ε#1968. ΰ̣ʬʬϡ ([2014-09-16-1]) Ƴ componential_analysis ˤϡŪطŪŪ¤򥹥ޡȤķкŪ˵ҤǤȤ뤬Ūˤ¿ʲȽäƤ Bolinger ˼Ȥư͵򤷤ʤ顤󤲤롥

(1) ŪʬʬϤǽʰ̣ϸ¤ƤꡤʬθäˤϤޤŬѤǤʤΤǤϤʤȤ䤬롥 bachelor, spinster, woman, wife ʤɤ˴ؤ̣ˤߤγǰŪطɽˤϡ[MALE], [FEMALE], [UNMARRIED], [MARRIED] ʤкŪˤ [MALE], [MARRIED]ˤʤŪʬѤкѤࡥƱͤˡ²̾ (kinship terms) ʤĤ줿̣Ǥϡ̤˸ϤȯƤΰ̣ϤäȳƤ뤷Τʤθôط򾯿ʬǡݡºݤˤ¿ʬäƤƤŪΤʬϤΤ϶ˤƺǤ롥㤨Сbird ΰ̣ˤơsparrow, penguin, ostrich ϡ줾ɤΤ褦ʬʬϤиߤδط򥹥ޡȤ˼̸ bird [+CAN FLY] ǧʤС̸ penguin Ϥʬ򥭥󥻥뤷 [-CAN FLY] ȤʤФʤʤޤ̤β̸ ostrich Τ [CAN RUN FAST] ʤɤȤʬǧ٤ʤɤȤ뤫⤷ʤ

(2) 1Ĥθ¿ɤΤ褦ɽ뤫Ȥ꤬롥bachelor ˤϡȿ˻ҡפΤۤˤ⡤ּ㤤ΡסֳػΡסΤʤåȥפθ⤢롥Ū˵ҤˡϤBolinger (557) ϡKatz and Fodor ʬϤƼƤ롥

Componential Analysis of

Katz and Fodor ϡ(Human), (Animal) ʤɤΤäդǼ̣ʬ "marker" ȸƤӡ[who has never married] ʤɤγѤäդǼ롤θ˸ͭΰ̣ʬ "distinguisher" ȸƤǶ̤distinguisher ϡͭðۤǤȤƤʾʬϤ뤳ȤΤǤʤǤȤƤΤǡɤΤȤʬʬϤDzڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤǧƤޤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롪ˡɤΥ٥ޤǤ marker ǡɤΥ٥뤫餬 distinguisher ˤĤƵҴŪ뤳Ȥ񤷤㤨Сּ㤤ΡפȡΤʤåȥפϡȤˡּ㤤פȤ̣ʬͭƤȹͤΤǡ(Young) Ȥ marker 򤯤ФȤǽǤ롥ºݡKatz and Fodor ϼΤ褦ʬʬϤƤȤƽФƤ (Bolinger 559)

Componential Analysis of

ʤȡɤޤǤ marker 䤷Ƥdistinguisher 򲼤زؤɤ뤳ȤǽȤʤäƤ롥㤨Сּ㤤ΡפȡֳػΡפϤ줾쵳٤ȳذ٤Τʤǡ㤤̡פΰ̣ʬͭƤΤǡ(Hierarchic), (Inferior) ʤɤ marker ꤹ뤳ȤǤȤ⤤롥Ⱦж marker 䤷Ƥȡ㤨 Bolinger (563) Ƚ˼Ƥ褦ˡΤ褦ʤФʬϤǽȤʤäƤ롥

Componential Analysis of

distinguisher ʬ򹭤ʬʬϤμˡΤΤβͤ뤷marker 䤷ƤСΤ褦ˤФ̤ˤʤäƤޤ

(3) "Henry became a bachelor in 1965." Ȥʸ bachelor θϡֳػΡװʳˤϤꤨʤȤüԤΤäƤ롥֡ʰ٤뺧ȤΤʤȿ˻ҡפˤʤʥơѤˤȤϤǤʤ1965ǯˤϵ٤ϤʤäHenry Ͽʹ֤顤¾θϼưŪӽ롥Ȥ櫓1965ǯ˵٤ϤʤäȤɴʻŵŪμϡ̣ʬȤळȤŬΤ褦˻פ롥semantics pragmatics ζܡŪμɴʻŵŪμζܤȤˤʤäƤ뤬Katz and Fodor ʤʬʬϤٻ̣ԤϤ̤ȤǤʤ

(4) ʬʬϤǤϡʬ̵ͭץ饹ޥʥȤΩפˤƤꡤ١Ϣ³Ρ濴ȼաץȥ (prototype) ȤäǰळȤǤʤޤʬʬϤϤޤŪʬϤʤΤǡȤʤɰ̣ưŪʲ򰷤ȤǤʤʤʤΤˡKatz and Fodor ϡװ̣ɸ֤뤳ȤǤΤ

嵭ϡо줷ǧΰ̣ˤäƲλͿƤ椯ȤϤʬʬϤΤĵҤΥޡȤȷкϡ礭̥ϤǤ³Ƥ롥ΰ̣Τ٤Ƥʬ«Ȥɽ뤳ȤϺȤƤ⡤ΰ̣ˤƴϢäȤΰƱطȤŪˤƤϡϤȯʬϤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ

Bolinger, D. "The Atomization of Meaning." Language 41 (1965): 555--73.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-27-1]

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2014-09-12 Fri

#1964. ץȥ [prototype][phonology][phoneme][phonetics][syllable][prosody][terminology][semantic_change][family_resemblance][philosophy_of_language][onomasiology]

ǧθؤǤϡץȥ (prototype) ιͤŻ뤵롥ꥹȥƥ쥹Ūʥǥʥƥ꡼Ѥ˵褷 Wittgenstein (1889--1951) եǥʥʲ²Ū (family resemblance) ˴Ťƥ꡼Ѥ򼨤Τ1ĤθήȤơץȥפǧθؤˤƽפʥɤȤȯŸƤץȥˤȡƥ꡼ (feature) ̵ͭȤ߹碌ˤäɽΤǤϤʤ (attribute) ٤Ȥ߹碌ˤäɽΤǤ롥Ǥ뤫顤Υƥ꡼濴˰֤Ť褦ʺǤդ路ŵŪ⤢Сդ˰֤Ť뤢ޤŵŪǤʤ⤢ȹͤ롥㤨СĻפȤƥ꡼ˤơĥХ濴ŪʥץȥŪˤȤߤʤ뤬ڥ󥮥祦ϼŪץȥŪˤǤ롥ϲʳŪμˤӮưʪΤƤꡤŵŪʥƥ꡼ѤˤСĻפǤϤʤȤ뤬ץȥΥƥ꡼ѤˤС¤ʤŪʡĻפǤȤߤʤȤǤ롥Τ褦ˡ֡餷פ٤100%0%ޤǤϢ³ΤʤƤꡤɤ餬Ǥꡤɤ餬ǤʤΤϤǤʤȤߤ롥
ͤƤߤСʹ֤Ū˻ʪץȥפδߤƤ롥֤ǤʤǤʤܤˤƤɤ餫ǺΤϡץȥŪ֤ȲΤäƤꡤ줫󤤼Ūʿդˡ֤Τ󤲤ʤȸСܸüԤǤСŵŪ͹إݥȡ󥴡ȥޥȡʤɤ֤롥Ʊͤˡ#1962. ǰ ([2014-09-10-1]) ˤ FURNITURE, FRUIT, VEHICLE, WEAPON, VEGETABLE, TOOL, BIRD, SPORT, TOY, CLOTHING 줾ŵŪ󤲤ʤȤȡ¿αѸüԤ褽פ롥
Ѹ FURNITURE Ǥμ¸ߤƤߤ褦E. Rosch ϡ200ͤΥꥫͳˡ60Ĥβȶ̾Ϳ줾줬ɤΤ餤ֲȶ餷פ17ޤǤ7ʳɾ1Ǥȶ餷ˤǼ򽸷פȡȶŵδФäۤɶͭƤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤäRosch ("Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 104 (1975): 192--233. p. 229) Ĵ󤷤 Taylor (46) ɽƸ褦

MemberRankSpecific score
chair1.51.04
sofa1.51.04
couch3.51.10
table3.51.10
easy chair51.33
dresser6.51.37
rocking chair6.51.37
coffee table81.38
rocker91.42
love seat101.44
chest of drawers111.48
desk121.54
bed131.58
bureau141.59
davenport15.51.61
end table15.51.61
divan171.70
night table181.83
chest191.98
cedar chest202.11
vanity212.13
bookcase222.15
lounge232.17
chaise longue242.26
ottoman252.43
footstool262.45
cabinet272.49
china closet282.59
bench292.77
buffet302.89
lamp312.94
stool323.13
hassock333.43
drawers343.63
piano353.64
cushion363.70
magazine rack374.14
hi-fi384.25
cupboard394.27
stereo404.32
mirror414.39
television424.41
bar434.46
shelf444.52
rug455.00
pillow465.03
wastebasket475.34
radio485.37
sewing machine495.39
stove505.40
counter515.44
clock525.48
drapes535.67
refrigerator545.70
picture555.75
closet565.95
vase576.23
ashtray586.35
fan596.49
telephone606.68


ץȥϡѲεҤˤ̤ȯ롥㤨Сθΰ̣ѲϡĤƼŪä濴ŪʸȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤȤǤ롥ξ硤ΰ̣ΥץȥפABذܤäɽǤʸ䲻ʤ¾ѲˤĤƤƱͤ˥ץȥפδ뤳ȤǤ롥
ޤץȥפϡ#1961. ܥ٥ ([2014-09-09-1]) 䴰Ūʴطˤ뤳ȤŦƤץȥפϡ줬Ϳ줿ȤбŵŪʰ̣ؼоݤפ⤫٤뤳ȤΤǤǽϤѤ˴ط롥ܥ٥Ƥϡ̣ؼоݤͿ줿ȤбŵŪʸפ⤫٤뤳ȤΤǤǽϤѤ˴ط롥Ԥ semasiologicalԤ onomasiological ʻǤ롥

Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.

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2014-09-11 Thu

#1963. ʸʸˡ [bnc][construction_grammar][syntax][cognitive_linguistics][prototype][web_service][speech_act][generative_grammar]

ʸʸˡ (construction grammar) ϡλȾδ֤ȯŸƤǧθؤ˴ŤʸˡǤ롥Lakoff, Fillmore, Goldberg, Kay ʤɤˤäƤ
ʸȤªΤΤϡˤĹ롥¤ؤǤ뤵Ƥήʸפιͤ⡤ض̤ƹΤƤ롥ʸˡоˤꡤιʸʸв졤ŪӸݤȤư褦ˤʤä
1970ǯȾǧθؤˤꡤʸñ˷ŪʴǤϤʤǽỤ̄Ūʴ饢ץ褦ˤʤäιʸϡع¤ΤǤϤʤ켫Ȥλʤˤΰ̣ľܹ׸ñ̤ǤȤͤ㤨СMe write a novel?! Ȥ츫˳Ūʹʸϡ켫ΤȼαΧʼȽ徺ĴΥȥ͡ӤӤˤȼ֤פްդ롥ޤThere's the bell! Τ褦ʹʸϡͺؤ夲ưȤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿γФľפɽ魯ȤäʸʸˡǤϡʸΤΤ̣ѡΧʤɤꤷƤª롥
ʸ̣ʤɤꤷƤȤäƤ⡤εζѰۤ롥㤨СIs A B? ιʸŵŪ˼ȯù԰٤ɽ魯Is that a fact? ϡ̾ǤϤʤüԤζäɽ魯ʤŪȯù԰ (indirect speech_act) Τ褦ˡʸʸˡϡʸȤΰ̣δطץȥŪ˹ͤɬפȼĥ롥ޤ귿ʸȤʤȡΤʤθ¾ΤΤ˸򴹤Ǥʤʤʤɡ̣ŪŪͻ̤Τʤʤ륱⤢롥㤨СThanks a lot, Thanks a million ȯŸ Thanks a billion ϲǽ*Thanks a hundred ԲǽȤʤ롥day in day out, month in month out ϲĤminute in minute out century in century out ԲĤǤ롤 (Taylor 225--28)
ʸʸˡϾ嵭Τ褦ʸˡؤΥꥢȤƤǯǤʸˡ¦Ǥ⹽ʸʸˡȿΤȿʬʤɤȯŸƤƤ롥ʸħˤʤäƤȤ
ʸʸˡȤߤ BNC ʸ˹ʸդǡ١http://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/ ǸƤꡤΥ󥿡եꥢǤ롥ܤ٤Ѹ칽ʸϿƤ롥

Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.

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2014-09-09 Tue

#1961. ܥ٥ [lexicology][semantics][cognitive_linguistics][prototype][glottochronology][basic_english][hyponymy][terminology][semantic_field]

ε#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1]) κǸǡָóؤϡʸŪҿ㤵١̣ˡιȤäشطˤפȽҤ٤ؤǤϡФСִŪʸáפˤʤ뤬äƴŪȤ뤫ˤĤƤ͡Ω줬롥ľŪˤϡŪʸäȤϡŪѤ졤٤ǡҶˤ˽äǤȺѤޤ뤳ȤǤΤˤ礭ƤʤȻפɤޤǤܸäǧ뤫Ȥ䡤̸줴Ȥ˰ۤʤΤʤΤ뤤̸Ūˤ٤ŪʤΤʤΤȤ⤢ꡤפ褦񤷤ơޤǤ롥㤨СػŪˤϡ#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1]) 󾧤 Swadesh ֻøäФơȽä줿Ȥ⤢äŪŪǾ줿 Basic English (cf. #960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1])#1705. Basic English ǽ񤫤줿ä ([2013-12-27-1])) ȤδܸäˤĤƤ⡤ǰܤ줿Ȥä
ŪʸäȤȤǤ⤦1۵Τϡǧΰ̣ǤФм夲ܥ٥ (Basic Level Category) Ǥ롥Ūʴط1Ĥˡǰ (conceptual hierarchy) 뤤ݴط (hyponymy) ȤΤ롥㤨СֲȶפȤ̣ (semantic_field) ͤƤߤ롥ֲȶפȤŪʥƥ꡼βˡ֤פִפΥƥ꡼ꡤ줾βˡɪݤס֥ǥåפٶס֥ѥǥפʤɤ롥˾ˤⲼˤ⡤Ʋˤ⤳Τ褦ʸôطäƤꡤֲȶפΰ̣˵ʸåͥåȥŸƤȤΤ̣ιͤǡֲȶס֤סɪݤפȤ3ʳݴطˤĤܤȡǤ̤Υ٥ϿΡ֤פȹͤ롥֤ä줿顤˺¤ꤿʡפֲ̤ȶ˺¤ꤿʡפŪƤ뤷ɪݤ˺¤ꤿʡפ̾ʸ̮ǤԼ˺٤롥֤פȤ٥뤬ŪŪ礦ɤ褤٥ȤФ롥Ǥϡ֤פ Basic Level Category ƤȤ롥
Ǥϡ Basic Level Category ϲˤäƷޤΤTaylor (52) ϡץȥθ Rosch ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤Τ褦ʵǽŪٻƤ롥

Rosch argues that it is the basic level categories that most fully exploit the real-world correlation of attributes. Basic level terms cut up reality into maximally informative categories. The basic level, therefore, is the level in a categorization hierarchy at which the 'best' categories can emerge. More precisely, Rosch hypothesizes that basic level categories both

   (a) maximize the number of attributes shared by members of the category;
and
   (b) minimize the number of attributes shared with members of other categories.


֤פϡ۲͡ʼΤ㤨Сɪݤפ֥ǥåפ¿ζ̤ (a) ˤʤޤ֤פϡִפ͡ʼδ㤨Сٶפ֥ѥǥפȶͭϾʤΤǡ(b) ˤʤϡ֤פ濴ˤƹͤƱ褦ˡֲȶפ뤤ϡɪݤפ濴˹ͤ (a) (b) ˤʤɤ򸡺Ƥߤȡ֤פۤɤˤξʤ
Basic Level Category θäϡǧŪ˽פȹͤƤ롥ޤŪ˺Ǥ褯Ȥ졤Ҷˤäƺǽ˽졤ͤǤ®ȿ뤳ȤΤƤ롥δäȤ
ܸä̤θˤĤƤϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1])#1874. ٸθݼ ([2014-06-14-1])#1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿

Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.

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2013-07-17 Wed

#1542. ³ȤƤ for [conjunction][syntax][prototype][coordinator][subordinator]

³ȤѤ for ˡ롥ʸŪǤϤ뤬ƤФŪʺ­Ū˽Ҥ٤ȤѤ롥񤭸դǤ for ˥ޡߥ󡤥åʤɤζ֤졤ڤٻߤȼʸ򤤤Ĥ󤲤褦

It was just twelve o'clock, for the church bell was ringing.
We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.
I believed her --- for surely she would not lie to me.
He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
She remained silent, for her heart was heavy and her spirits low.
The man was different from the others, with just a hint of sternness. For he was a coroner.


for ϡͳҤ٤ŵŪʽ°³Ǥ because, since, as ʤɤˡʬŪ˽Ťʤ롥ºݤʤɤǤ "I did it for they asked me to do it." ʤɤľܤͳҤ٤ because ˶ᤤ⤢롥Ĥǡbecause ʤɤν°³ȤŪۤʤꡤ椨ष³Ȥʬव뤳Ȥ⤢롥
㤨Сfor Ƴ˻äƤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ (ex. * For he was unhappy, he asked to be transferred.) ޤit is . . . that ζĴʸζĴΰ֤ for äƤ뤳ȤϤǤʤbecause A and because C ʤɤ and ˤ֤Ǥ뤬for A and for B ʤɤȤϤǤʤľ just, only, simply, chiefly ʤɤ֤ȤǤʤ
for ³餷̿񤤤򼨤ȤΤǤ롥㤨СŵŪ³ or ǤϡI may see you tomorrow or may phone later in the day. ʤɤȼ줬Ʊ硤2ˤϾάǤ뤬for ǤϾάǤʤ (ex. * He did not want it, for was obstinate)
Quirk et al. (927--28) ϡ°³³ʬŪʴϤʤȤʤ⡤Ūˤ for ԤʬहΤŬڤȹͤƤ롥if because Τ褦 prototypical ʽ°³ǤϤʤΤΡprototypical ³Ǥ and or γ֤Τۤ礭ȽǤƤ롥Quirk et al. (927) ˤŪ6ȡ̤齾°ؤϢ³򼨤ɽʲ˵󤲤褦ɽΡ֡ޡפϾˤäƤϳܤʤäꤹ뤳Ȥ򡤡֡ߡפ (and) yetand ʤɤ֤ǤդǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤

(a) It is immobile in front of its clause.
(b) A clause beginning with it is sequentially fixed in relation to the previous clause, and hence cannot be moved to a position in front of that clause.
(c) It does not allow a conjunction to precede it.
(d) It links not only clauses, but predicates and other clause constituents.
(e) It can link subordinate clauses.
(f) It can link more than two clauses, and when it does so all but the final instance of the linking item can be omitted.

Table 13.18 Coordination--conjunct--subordination gradients
Coordination--Conjunct--Subordination Gradients


ʤOED MED ˤȡŪˤ³ȤƤ for ϡűѸ줫Ѹؤβϴ˽ФƤ롥


1123 Peterb.Chron. (LdMisc 636) an.1123: Ac hit naht ne beheld, for se biscop of Særes byrig wæs strang.
c1150 Serm. in Kluge Ags. Lesebuch 71 Hwu sceal þiss gewurðen, for ic necann naht of weres gemane.
1154 Anglo-Saxon Chron. anno 1135, On þis kinges time wes al unfrið..for agenes him risen sone þa rice men.


ñΤ³ȤѤ for ȤȤơűѸǤ ðe ȼä³첽 forþam, forþan, forði 줿13ˤ for that ʤɤ compound connective ⸽줿³ȤƤϼŪǤϤΤΡƳȸŤˤäƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-07-27-1] [2023-03-02-1]

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2009-09-10 Thu

#136. 졦̱²̾Τ -i (2) [suffix][lexicology][prototype][map]

[2009-09-09-1]˰³̱²̾ -i ꡥ-i ѸθùܤȤưäƤ褤Ȥä򤷤⤷äƤ褤ȤˤƤ⡤ϤȤʤ롥
ϡƤΤΤIJ餫ξˤäղä롥ŵŪˤϴΤβ֤ξŪʾǤ롥㤨С̤̱²̾ -ese ǤСΤ /n/ ޤޤƤ뤳Ȥ¿ ( ex. Cantonese, Chinese, Japanese, Milanese, Pekinese, Taiwanese, Viennese ) ξ硤Ȥȸ᤮⤷ʤΤ褦ʷ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ŪʾȤƤϡ[2009-09-07-1]ˤ褦ˡ -ish Ͽ̸Ȥղä뷹Ǥ롥ޤ㳰ȤϤ-ish ̾ƻդΤ§Ǥ롥ˤȤŪ¤äƤ롥
Ȥ̱²̾Τ -i ξϡ郎ʣðۤǤ롥Τˡϰ̾ΤղäȤŪʾϤ롥ˡڤϤʤΤΡ餯 *Lebanoni, *Libyai, *Moroccoi ʤɤȤϲŪʾ˥֥åʤȿ¬ ( Bauer 253 )ϤǤϤʤ졦פȤؤäƤΤǤ롥äξ郎ȯǤΤФξϤޤǸ쳰ξǤ롥ðۤǤ롥
ŪʾȤΤϡ¸㤫ȽǤ¤ꤳΤ褦ʾ郎ꤵƤ褦ȤΤΤǡ夳ξۤ줬ǽꤹΤǤϤʤ绨ĤˤäƲϿޤα⤬ -i ˤȤä prototype ϰǤȸ롥ߤ鳰ǽϤ뤬󤯳гۤ -i ŬѤǽ㤯ʤȹͤ롥

Geographical Area for Suffix -i

ʾ塤Bauer (254) ˼Ƥ븫⤷ƻвƤߤprototype -i ղä줦ŪΰŬѤȤȯۤ⤷Ȼפä

Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983. 253--55.

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