ܸǡֲȭפȤСʸŪѸʤĤĤΤΡֳ졤úФƻȤ˼סʡشȹ켭ŵϻǡ١ˤǤ뤳Ȥܥ֥ɼԤˤλ褦ܸñȤƱѸ˼Ѥ줿 hibachi ϡʤȥӤ⥵ӤʤС٥塼ƻؤѸȤʤ겼äƤȤ¸LDOCE 22ˤС"a small piece of equipment for cooking food outdoors, over burning charcoal" Ȥ̤Ǥ롥
ȤϤΡֲȭפѶ hibachi ȤƱѸѤƤȤΤ϶ä٤ȤΤ褦ʿ㤤ϡºݤˤϸ֤θμѤˤƤФФߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʸͭñ줬̤ʸ˸ƵۼƤȤΤϤޤäӻǤ롥ֲȭפ hibachi Τ褦ʴطɽ魯Τ "false friends" (Fr. "faux amis") Ȥ̾ĤƤۤɤΤ褦ʻ֤ФƼѸθüԤĤ뵤ʬʤǤʤθˤäޤƤޤС⤦٤ȤΤˤѤΤʤ餤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡߤͤȤۤʤ
߿ʹȤܤȤơsenpai ڡפ뤫⤷ʤֱѸƳ2021Τ˺ꥢåפ줿ƥ֡ڡ٤Ѹˤʤäɤ̣ȻפޤǤϡܸȯαñ줬夲Ƥ롥
Ʊƥˤ褦ˡsenpai ڡפϡѤκǽˤƤϡܸθ¤ˡֳعҤʤɤμҲĤˤƼʬǯοͤ䡤ʬ餽δĶ˿Ȥ֤Ƥ͡פ̣ΤȤƼѤƤ褦俷֡ŵŪʳرΤξޥˤ˻ҤڤΤ褦ˡ˼ʬε˵ŤƤʤ͡פȯãĤĤȤν̤פ˻̤ senpai ڡפȸƤ֡ͭʷϵƤΤ餷ñ senpai ϡ䥢˥եγˤƿΥơĤġäˡȯãƤ褦ʤΤ
äȤ⡤senpai Ȥ䤽οȴФơ깭Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ɤʬʤޤפʱѸ켭ˤϿƤ餺ܸ줫μѸκüλȤhibachi Ȼ褦ʸŸɤäƤΤŸڤߤǤ롥
Ϣơ#142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬۡ ([2009-09-16-1]) ⻲ȡ
friend ȤñѸŪ˹ͻȤɤʤǤ礦줬ȤƤ⤪⤷ΤǤұѸ˥ƥͧãͤζϢֱѸƳ2021ˤƱѸ˥ƥĤϤƤޤΤΤϺˤɽ줿ΤǤ3ڡۤɤûʸϤΤʤ friend Ȥ˥ڥ뤬ͤޤäƤޤ
friend ʹƺǽ˻פ⤫٤ϡͧãפǤ礦θˤϤۤˡ͡ (cf. boyfriend, girlfriend)̣ٻԡסֿפʤɤθ⤢ޤ͡ʸϡֿפ̣ΤȤޤȤޤ٤ʻȤʬϤ褽ʸ̮˰¸ʤʤȤʤΤʤΤǤ
friend ¿ϡθ줬ĸλʹߡ̣Ѳ֤Ƥ̤Ȥޤΰ̣ѲȤΤϡӥեȥեѥäڤؤȤ⡤Ťξ˿Ѥ߽ŤʤȤפȤΤۤ¿ΤǤĤޤꡤAB˥եȤȤϡAξ˸BդäȤ¿ΤǤfriend ⤽Τ褦ʸǤ
嵭ƥǤܽҤƤ뤳ȤǤfriend ΰ̣ѲˤĤơΰ̣Ѳò Room μŵꡤƱιѤƤ
friend ('one joined to another in mutual benevolence and intimacy' [Johnson])
In Old English, 'friend' meant 'lover', a sense exploited by Shakespeare in Love's Labour's Lost (1588), where Berowne says to Rosaline:
O! never will I trust to speeches penn'd
Nor to the motion of a school-boy's tongue,
Nor never come in visor to my friend,
Nor woo in rime, like a blind harper's song.
Something of this sense survives in modern 'girlfriend' and 'boyfriend'. From the twelfth century, too, 'friend' was frequently used to mean 'relative', 'kinsman', so that the Ordynarye of Cristen Men (1502) tells of 'All the sones & doughters of Adam & of Eue the which were our fyrst frendes', and in Shakespeare's Two Gentlemen of Verona (1591) the Duke, speaking to Valentine of his daughter Silvia, says:
But she I mean is promis'd by her friends
Unto a youthful gentleman of worth.
Even today, someone can speak of his or her 'friends', meaning relatives. ('I'm going to stay the night with friends.')
嵭ƥƤȴϢơfriend ֻȯꤪӥˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤĤơεåȡ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
ε#4371. ͤʤΡɥԡʥåġͥޥᡤ ([2021-04-15-1]) ǡѸˤơּʤפɾƤ뿢ʪ夲ѸܸȤʪФǧۤʤ뤳Ȥ롤ʸӤưʪˤƤϤޤ롥褯ΤƤ褦ˡƱưʪǤäƤ⡤ѸܸǤɽݤƤλۤʤ롥
㤨СǤȶưʪɽ魯ñ dog 夲褦ޤǤʤָܸפαѸСǤ롥Τ褦˲ůʤñˤ¤Ϥ⤷ߤͤޤäƤΤ˰̣δϡǤǤ롥dog ¿ (polysemy) ʤΤǤ롥
إ¼ŵ٤ˤСdog 10θġ¿ԽäĤġ10绨Ĥ˼
1. ; ̲ʤưʪԥߎޥ̤ʤɡաͺ; ͺ˻ưʪprairie dog, dogfish ʤɡա
2. Ը ʤʡϤ; ¯¯ ̩, ڤ, ; ¯ ̥ϤΤʤνϽ, ֥; *¯ , ; ¯ ; ԤΤΤäơդ礦!
3. *¯ Բʤ, ʤ, ʤĤΡʪ, 餱, ˶, (), ܤ, ݤ, Ω, ,
4. Ը , Ӥ餫
5. Ŵ(ʤ), , Ĥƻ; ڶ Ĥ߶, å; Լ֤Ρػߤᡥ
6. [pl] *Ը ۥåȥɥå (hot dog)
7. [the ?s] *Ը ɥå졼 (greyhound racing)
8. ¯ [euph] ʵ (dog-doo)
9. ŷ [the D-] 縤 (the Great Dog), (the Little Dog)ꥦ, ŷϵ (the Dog Star, Sirius)
10. ڵ (parhelion, sun dog), ̸ (fogbow, fogdog)
嵭ʬ̤ꡤñ dog ϰ̤˥ͥƥʴްỤ̄ (connotation) ġλ¤ǧˤϡѸʸη뾽Ȥ⤤ѸΤȤ虜 (proverb) ߤȤ褤#3419. Ѹ줳Ȥ虜Υɡ ([2018-09-06-1]) ǤϾ̤˥Ƥ뤷ºݤˡ#3420. ɤʣޤѸ줳Ȥ虜ΰ ([2018-09-07-1]) 餳Ȥ虜ƤߤȡBetter be the head of a dog than the tail of a horse/lion. Ȥ We may not expect a good whelp from an ill dog. Τ褦ˡޤɤ̣ˤϻȤƤʤ
ʤȤͤߤΤϡֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤƳˤdog ϸʤΤȤƥĤåפ줿Ǥ롥
ܥ֥Ǥ⡤dog ̻Ụ̄Ѳ䶦Ū¿ˤĤơʲεǴŪ˿ƤͤޤǤˡ
#683. semantic prosody ([2011-03-11-1])
#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1])
#2101. Williams ΰ̣Ѳ ([2015-01-27-1])
#2187. ΰ̣եǤ ([2015-04-23-1])
ɸʬ˴ؿijȶƤΤǡܵǼóݤνñΰ̣Ѳ̣ˤĤ´ԤʤȻפΤǤСޤΰ̣ѲζȡΥѥΤɬפ롥Ĥޤ̻Ūʰ̣Ѳפɬפ롥ξǡ⤽̣Ȥϲ̣ȤϸŪˤɤФΤȤŪ䤤ؿʤȤ褤ԤϡֶŪʰ̣פγؽǤ롥
̾ϱñΰ̣˴ؤơֶŪʴؿ̻ŪʴؿءפȿʤΤʤ⤷ʤΤǤС˥ɥåʽϩȻפ뤬ȶʥ߳ˤ̻ŪŪʴؿԤƤͤ⤤Τǡष̻ŪʴؿʶŪؿءפȽ¤٤Ƥ
Ρ̻ŪʴؿΤ --- ñΰ̣ѲˤĤƤΤ
߷ ⡡رñ --- ¿Ọ̇̄Ѳ鸫١ҡӡ2016ǯ.
δ졡8ϡ̣ѲѲס˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3 ԡˡīҽŹ2018ǯ151--69ǡʼ̣Ǥcf. #3283. ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡϤǤޤ ([2018-04-23-1])
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.ʤ긵ˤƤcf. #4243. ñΰ̣Ѳμŵ --- NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings ([2020-12-08-1])
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
Waldron, R. A. Sense and Sense Development. New York: OUP, 1967.
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975. ܽ p. 191ʹߤ褯̣ѲȤʤäƤ
ΡŪʴؿΤ --- ̣Ȥϲؤ֤Τ
졼̡ ءοǡϰ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ2013ǯ
ԡˡذ̣١īҽŹ2012ǯ
ԥ롦 ƣ ذ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ1990ǯ
Hofmann, Th. R. Realms of Meaning. Harlow: Longman, 1993.
Ogden, C. K. and I. A. Richards. The Meaning of Meaning. 1923. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.
Saeed, John I. Semantics. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
Ullmann, Stephen. The Principles of Semantics. 2nd ed. Glasgow: Jackson, 1957.
伫ȤδؿФ꤫顤嵭ǧθŪʰ̣ȤȤŪʰ̣˴ؤȤʤäƤʤ餺ˡ̣ˤĤƹηŪ˳ؤӤϡһ¾ԡˤθұѸʸ7ذ̣٤Ȥ줿
˰졤 塤 ŵ ԡˡذ̣١ұѸʸꡡ7ҡ2005ǯ
quite ̣ŪǤ뤳ȤˤĤơ#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1])#4235. quite a few ϡ¤餲ʤǸǵž ([2020-11-30-1])#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥˤϡִˡ (fully, absolutely) ΰ̣ǡ̤ξˤϡ֤ (fairly, rather) ΰ̣Ѥ뤫ոǤСMaximizer ȤƤ Compromizer ȤƤѤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤɬǤ롥
quite Maximizer ȤơִˡפΤߤ̣Ƥ19 Compromizer ȤƤΡ֤פθȯãOED quite, adv., adj., and int. ƤߤȡʬIII˸Ԥ夲ƤꡤФ1805ǯȤʤäƤ롥
Room μŵˡΰ̣ѲȤεˤĤƼΤ褦ʲ⤬äΤǡѤ롥
quite (fully, absolutely; fairly, rather)
This word is notoriously tricky for foreign learners of English, who find it difficult to decide which sense to use, or which is meant. 'I was quite alone' means that I was absolutely alone, but 'I am quite tired' means that I am fairly tired, not very. And if she is 'quite ill', is she very ill or only slightly indisposed? The original meaning of 'quite' in English was the 'absolutely' one, which dates from the fourteenth century. As John Skelton wrote in his charming poem Phyllyp Sparowe (1529):
Comfort had he none
For she was quyte gone.
And as Robert K. Douglas wrote in his Non-Christian Religious Systems (1879): 'A man should be quite certain what he knows and what he does not know'. Quite. Yet it was in the nineteenth century that the now common sense of 'fairly' for 'quite' arose. It developed out of a special usage of the word, from the eighteenth century, that meant 'actually', 'really', implying that what the writer or speaker said was really so. For example, Fielding, in Tom Jones (1749), wrote that a certain widow was 'quite charmed with her new lodger', meaning that she really was charmed (not simply satisfied), and in one of his essays (1848), the astronomer Sir John Herschel wrote that: 'A ship sailing northwards passes quite suddenly from cold into hot water', meaning that the change really was sudden, not gradual, as one might expect. So when Thoreau, in his narrative account Walden (1854), wrote: 'Perhaps I have owed to this employment and to hunting, when quite young, my closest acquaintance with Nature', which did he mean, 'surprisingly young' (as in the earlier sense) or 'fairly young' (as in the new sense)? It is not always so easy! What has actually happened is that the earlier use of 'quite' (meaning 'really') has come to be associated with certain adjectives, such as 'different', 'separate', 'right', 'wrong', 'sure' and so on, while with other, less 'definite' adjectives the modern sense is the commoner. But it is still quite difficult to determine on occasions, and one needs to be quite certain which of the two senses is meant.
ˤʤäƤ quite a few 19ȾνФäquite ξ嵭ΰ̣ѲȴطƤΤʤΤ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
ޤΤƤʤȻפ NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings Ҳ𤷤ޤñΰ̣ѲòŵǤ긵֤ƤʤȤ¿Ǥñ줴Ȥˤΰ̣ѲĴ٤褦ȻפСޤ OED Τ̤ǤOED Ϥޤ˾̤¿ơäĴ٤ˤŬʤȤ¿Ǥ͡ܤ䤯ˤѤȤȤˤʤ꤫ͤޤʤȤ˼֤Ƥʼŵ1Ĥ Room ԡˤμǤ̣Ѳ˾ʤäԤޤƤޤ꤬䡥
ΥץåȤ passion ȤεˤĤƴؿޤΰ̣ϡ־ǮפϤ֡ʥꥹȶ̤Ρ˼פ⤢ޤּư (cf. passive) ⤢ޤߤˤɤطΤǤ礦ȤȤθ츻ϥƥ patī (to suffer) ǤǦ֤餳ּפʤΤǤꡤǦФΡ־ǮפȤʤ櫓ǤּưȡפθǼǤǤ礦Ūʶɽ魯Τ츻Ǥ͡
ζǮŪɽ路줬Ѥ뤦ˡֶˡ§פˤꡤñʤ֤פؤȼޤäƤޤߤǤ He has a passion for golf. Τ褦줿̣Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤޤ
Ǥϡ嵭ΰ̣Ѳμ passion (200--01) äƤߤޤ礦ʲΤ褦ˤޤ
passion (strong feeling, especially of sexual love; outbreak of anger)
The earliest 'passion' was recorded in English in the twelfth century, and was the suffering of pain, and in particular the sufferings of Christ (as which today it is usually spelt with a capital letter). This is therefore the meaning in the Bible in Acts 1:3, where the word was retained from Wyclif's translation of 1382 down to later versions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (in the Authorized Version of 1611: 'To whom also he shewed himself alive after his passion'). In the fourteenth century, the sense expanded from physical suffering to mental, and entered the emotional fields of strongly experienced hope, fear, love, hate, joy, ambition, desire, grief and much else that can be keenly felt. In the sixteenth century, there was a kind of polarization of meaning into 'angry outburst' on the one hand, and 'amorous feeling' on the other, with the latter sense of 'passion' acquiring a more specifically sexual connotation in the seventeenth century Finally, and also in the seventeenth century, 'passion' gained its inevitably weakened sense (after so much strength) as merely 'great liking for' (as a 'passion' for riding or growing azaleas).
ֶˡ§פθƤ빥ȤäƤ褵Ǥ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
#4183. ֵΥ˥եŶס ([2020-10-09-1]) ǰѤ Meillet ϡνʸˤợѲ (semantic_change) ˴ؤҲؤʸĴƤ롥ñϼҲĤȤѤۤʤΤǤꡤñΰ̣ҲĤȤδؿ˱äѲѰۤ뤳ȤȤʤΤ褦ˤƳƼҲĤʰ̣ΤĤμҲĤᤵȤμҲĤΩ줫ߤСñΥꥸʥΰ̣ˡ̣դää褦ˤߤĤޤꡤǼºݤ˵äƤ뤳Ȥϡ̣ѲΤΤǤϤʤ¾μҲĤΰ̣ (semantic_borrowing) ʤΤȤƶǤ롥
Meillet ϡԸϤƤ̣ѲγΤʸȤΤФȤϤǤʤ1Ĥ˶ᤤΤȤо嵭λ¤ȼƤ롥ΡּҲġפָ줬ѤĶפȤƴˤ᤹Сΰ̣Ѳϡۤʤ̣ۤʤѰ (register) ֤ǰư뤳ȤˤäΤ뤳ȤǤ롥ϡ̣ѲҲŪΩ줫ߤΤˤۤʤʤMeillet (27) ⤷ƤʬѤƤ
Il apparaît ainsi que le principe essentiel du changement de sens est dans l'existence de groupements sociaux à l'intérieur du milieu où une langue est parlée, c'est-à-dire dans un fait de structure sociale. Il serait assurément chimérique de prétendre expliquer dès maintenant toutes les transformations de sense par ce principe: un grand nombre de faits résisteraient et ne se laisseraient interpréter qu'à l'aide de suppositions arbitraires et souvent forcées; l'histoire des mots n'est pas assez faite pour qu'on puisse, sur aucun domaine, tenter d'épuiser tous les cas et démontrer qu'ils se ramènent sans aucun reste au principe invoqué, ce qui serait le seul procédé de preuve théoriquement possible; le plus souvent même ce n'est que par hypothèse qu'on peut tracer la courbe qu'a suivie le sens d'un mot en se transformant. Mais, s'il est vrai qu'un changement de sens ne puisse pas avoir lieu sans être provoqué par une action définie --- et c'est le postulat nécessaire de toute théorie solide en sémantique ---, le principe invoqué ici est le seul principe connu et imaginable dont l'intervention soit assez puissante pour rendre compte de la pluplart des faits observés; et d'autre part l'hypothèse se vérifie là où les circonstances permettent de suivre les faits de près.
Meillet ξ嵭ιͤˤĤƤϡ#1973. Meillet ΰ̣Ѳ3Ĥθ ([2014-09-21-1]) ǤŦޤϢȤơ#2246. Meillet "tout se tient" --- Ҳˤ ([2015-06-21-1])#2161. Ҳ¤Ѳϸ칽¤ľܤȿǤʤ ([2015-03-28-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Meillet, Antoine. "Comment les mots changent de sens." Année sociologique 9 (1906). 1921 ed. Rpt. Dodo P, 2009.
ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) εǤϡζ٤ޤ̣ɺ (bleaching) ˤʤ롥켫Τ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ΰǤ⤢뤬Τ褦˰̣ޤäɺĤơηФƿʰ̣䵡ǽǤȤĤޤŪʰ̣Ѳ³Ȥ⤷Meillet ̣Ѳ̾ʸ "Comment les mots changent de sens" (p. 7) ǡ˿Ƥ롥
En ce qui concerne spécialement le changement de sens, une circinstance importante est que le mot, soit prononcé, soit entendu, n'éveille presque jamais l'image de l'objet ou de l'acte dont il est le signe; comme l'a si justement dit M. Paulhan cité par M. Leroy, Le langage, p. 97: « comprendre un mot, une phrase, ce n'est pas avoir l'image des objets réels que représente ce mot ou cette phrase, mais bien sentir en soi un faible réveil des tendances de toute nature qu'éveillerait la perception des objets représentés par le mot ». Une image aussi peu évoquée, et aussi peu précisément, est par là même sujette à se modifier sans grande résistance.
뵭 (sign) ˤĤơ˥եޤȡˤʤäζ뤫Τ褦ˡưפ̤ΰ̣䵡ǽǤΤȤ˥եΩ줫ߤȡ˳μ¤ǶǤʡ˥եˤߤȤȤˤʤ
ȴϢ۵Τϡ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1]) κǸ˿줿ȤǤ롥ؼоݤϤäƤ뤬襷˥ե⤿ʤͭ̾ˤ顤Υ˥ե褦ȤѤǧȤȤϡֵΥ˥եŶפȤǤƤӤʤ붽̣ݤǤ롥
Meillet, Antoine. "Comment les mots changent de sens." Année sociologique 9 (1906). 1921 ed. Rpt. Dodo P, 2009.
ɸ2ĤΡָդΤפ뤤ϰ̣βϡ褵ޤޤ졤ƤФкƱƤ
ؿԡǧθإɻŵ٤ˤȡȡפ륷ͥɥ (synecdoche) ϡطȼδطˤ˴Ťžʰ̣Υˤǡ̳ǰDz̳ǰؤꡤ̳ǰǾ̳ǰؤΤ (238) Ȥ롥ŵȤơʲΤ褦ʤΤ롥
ָ˹Ԥä
ߤäƤ
ƬΩäƤ
John would have a drink with his wife.
դϲǤ
ŹǤ⤦
One has to earn one's bread.
ͥɥȤϲʬä褦ʵΤΡȡִȡפȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) Ȥζ̤Ǥ롥ºݡξԤϤФкƱƤƱŵ (239) ꡤζ̤ˤĤƲ⤷ƤսѤ褦
ȤϡΤʬδطӤȡȼδطӤ˴ؤơ˾塤Фк𤬸졤롼צ (Le groupe 1970) ʤɤϡΤʬδط (a part of whole)Ӥȡȼδط (a kind of class)Ӥ̤ˤ⤫餺ξԤȤȤư礷ƤޤäԸؤȽդޤơƣ (1978[1992]) ϡϢθǡΤʬδطӤȤڤΥƴȤȤȼδطӤ˴ŤȤȤȰͤºݡȤϡ A ʬ a δطˤơʬ a A ΰǤäơa A ˤϤʤʤ㤨СֲդΤȤ˴˹ԤפȸȤʬȤƤΡִפΤȤƤΡֿʹ֡פؤִפϡ켫ΤǤϡֿʹ֡פǤϤʤФȤϡ̳ǰ B Ȳ̳ǰ b δطˤơb ϡǤ1Ĥ B ˤ롥㤨СֵŹǤפˤơ֤פְʪפؤȤ֤פ⡤켫ΡְʪפǤäơǡΤʬδطȡȼδطϡܼŪ˰ۤʤ롥鸫Ƥ⡤ΤʬδطӤ˴ŤȤȤȤȼδطӤ˴ŤȤȤȤξԤ̤뤳ȤϡʤΤȸäƤ褤
ˡͤȤ#2191. ȥåΤޤȤ ([2015-04-27-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ͥɥȥȥ˥ߡȻ褦
| ̾ | ̾ | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ͥɥ (synecdoche) | ŷפǡ֤ŷפ̣礬褦ˡȼδ֤δطˤȤŤựϰϤ̤ɽˡ | Ǯ롥ƤĻָ˹Ԥ | |
| ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) | ֤פ֤פؤ褦ˡǤΤΤȤΤܴطˤȤŤƻؼ٤ꤵɽˡ | 餬Ѥ롥ձΤ椯̬Ȼ |
synecdoche ʢ Gk sunekdokhḗ receiving together) ̽͡ȡˡ (METONYMY) ΰʬޤüʤΤˤäΤޤϰŪʤΤɽ魯ȡʬΤɽ魯Ȥä part for whole, L pars prō tōtō ȤȤ롥blade (= sword), hand (= workman), rhyme (= poetry), roof (= house), sail (= ship), seven summers (= seven years)
Ǥϥͥɥϥȥ˥ߡΰȤȤˤʤäƤꡤԤΤʬδطɽ魯ȤؿѸؼŵ (1221) ΰѤ³褦
ߤϼ˾嵭ΰ̣ѤƤ뤬ϤäȹǰͭƤѸǡM. Joseph (1947a) ϥꥶ٥īγǰȤƾҤΤΰʳ˼Τ褦ʤΤƤ롥(a) Τʬؤ (whole for part, L tōtum prō parte): creature (= man). (b) 郎°ɽ魯 (species for genus): our daily bread (= food); gold (= wealth). (c) Τʬʬɽʬɽ (L merismus, partītiō): They first undermined the ground-sills, they beat down the walls, they unfloored the lofts---Puttenham (= A house was outrageously plucked down). (d) ʤɽ魯: the marble (= the statue of marble). (e) ̾ǸĿͤؤ (antonomasia): the Bard (= Shakespeare). (f) ¾ʪʪʪǶʪɽ魯ɽȤȤߤʤȤǤ褦ά͡
ࡤޤǥͥɥ礷Ʋ᤹ȡȥ˥ߡΤΤˤʤäƤޤǤϤʤ
Ǹ McArthur (1014) synecdoche ߤƤ
In rhetoric, a figure of speech concerned with parts and wholes: (1) Where the part represents the whole: 'a hundred head of cattle' (each animal identified by head alone); 'All hands on deck' (the members of a ship's crew represented by their hands alone). (2) Where the whole represents the part: 'England lost to Australia in the last Test Match' (the countries standing for the teams representing them and taking a plural verb).
ؿѸؼŵ٤Ʊ͡ΤʬδطܤȤͿƤ롥¤Ͽ
סԡˡؿԡǧθإɻŵ١ҡ2013ǯ
ƣ ס 졤 硡إȥåŵ١罤ۡ2006ǯ
졡ܸΥȥå١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2002ǯ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Joseph, Sister Miriam, C. S. C. Shakespeare's Use of the Arts of Language. New York: Columbia UP, 1947.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
hellog 饸20ȤʤޤѤʵȤ⡤äȶä⤷츻Ǥֵҿ͡פ̣ guest ȡּ͡פ̣ host ϡʤȿո (antonym) ǤʤƱ츻ʤΤǤ2Ÿ (doublet) ȤޤˡԻĤˤĤơ4ǯȤѸεˤΤͤǤĸ (Proto-Indo-European) λˤޤ̤äƲ⤷ޤʲβɤ
2Ĥαñ夲ˤޤظˤϤ褽5ǯˤ錄ˤäΤǤо줹⡤ĸ˻Ϥޤꡤƥ졤ե졤ޥĸ졤ťΥɸ̲ˡƱѸ¿̤Ǥ
츻ؤ˸ؤ̥ϤϡΤ褦˲Ǥʤ褦ˤߤñظˤƤ뤳ȤǤƱ츻줫顤Ĺˤ錄벻Ѳ̣Ѳ̤ơ츫ȴطΤʤ¿ñ줬Ť뼰ƤȤ¤⡤ʤȤⶽ̣ȤǤˤĤơܤ##170,171,1723,1724εå
衤¤ʤɶλˤϡȤޤƤܲΥʲҤǤϸβѤΤǤˤĤ䤬褦ˤפ
ȤСѸǤС#4105. Ƽ˲űPCʪۡ ([2020-07-23-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡBLMưȤδϢǿͼﺹ̤θɽ̤ˤ줿ꡤŪִȤ֤Ƥ롥ϸ̩ˤХʲҤľŪʱƶˤΤǤϤʤ¸μҲ꤬ʲ¤ʰΤʤȯ̤ȤߤʤʤСŪˤϴͿƤȤ롥
ܸǤϡ͡ʥʴϢɽû֤Τޤ夷ƤȤϡȩȤ˴725ڡˤ俷ʹī̡11̡ˤˡ֥ʻθդפꤹýǺܤƤи˵Ȥ⤷֤ϰռ˰ǤƤߤ롥
3̩8︺10ߵաGo To ȥ٥롤PCRSkypeWHOZoomĿġӥ٥ΥޥޥӥޥӥСġʡܡ⡤åС塼ȡ饤ȡ饹롼 (COVID-18)ƥۡࡤڥ١㡼ءƥɥ饤֥롼˥塼Ρޥ롤ѥǥߥåեɡ饤֥ϥ⡼ȥޥååٹⴶϩˤߡٶ۵ޤưθươƤ롤ͷٻҲŪΥʥ롦ǥˡޥؾǡ«©иάͼͺݡǰ졤ܿǧץꡤܿȲġ㤴ꡤǥ롤2ȡ֤ۡ륫饪ž䡼顼ȡǻܿ㤤ᡤԵޤγм͡ʬй̵ѵҡγٹ
ʶˤηˡȤƤϡѸ줢ꡤѤꡤϸ줢ꡤάȡʤʤ˿ˡä䤫褷Ƥ롥ʶˤȤϡ¸θʶˤ˿ʸդä줿ꡤ˥奢ѲȤ̣Ѳλ¿ΰѤƸ̣δܤֵǤΤǤϤʤȤ鴶
Geeraerts ˤ롤Ѹˤǧθ (cognitive_linguistics) Υܤ⤯ͤꡥ sore Ūʰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ˤơmetaphor, metonymy, prototype ʤɤǧθŪѸ졦ǰȶ㤬ʷƳƤ롥
Ѹ sore θűѸǤ sār ϡꤹǤ¿äűѸˤƱ prototypical ʸϡ٤ξ夫餫 "bodily suffering" Ū줷ߡˤäθ濴Ȥơ⤿餹ȤƤγŪ "bodily injury, wound" ʽˤŪ "illness" µˤθȥ˥ߡˤȯãƤ"emotional suffering" Ū줷ߡˤθ⡤ΤؤΥե̤ȯãƤΥեطʤˤϡ츻Ūˤ̵طǤ뤬Ū sorrow ʸűѸ sorgˤȤϢۤѤƤ
űѸ sār 嵭¿ϡʲγơθǤʸˤ꼨 (Geeraerts 622)
(1) "bodily suffering"
þisse sylfan wyrte syde to þa sar geliðigað (ca. 1000: Sax.Leechd. I.280)
'With this same herb, the sore [of the teeth] calms widely'
(2) "bodily injury, wound"
Wið wunda & wið cancor genim þas ilcan wyrte, lege to þam sare. Ne geþafað heo þæt sar furður wexe (ca. 1000: Sax.Leechd. I.134)
'For wounds and cancer take the same herb, put it on to the sore. Do not allow the sore to increaase'
(3) "illness"
þa þe on sare seoce lagun (ca. 900: Cynewulf Crist 1356)
'Those who lay sick in sore'
(4) "emotional suffering"
Mið ðæm mæstam sare his modes (ca. 888: K. Ælfred Boeth. vii. §2)
'With the greatest sore of his spirit
Τ褦ˡűѸ sār'' ϡޤ (1) "bodily suffering" θ prototype ȤĤġȥ˥ߡեˤä (2) -- (4) θŪѤƤȤäȤ³Ѹ1297ǯˡޤ "bodily suffering" ̣ pain Ȥեñ줬ѤƤ롥Ĺ餯ƱôƤ sore ϡο pain ˤäƼϰϤå뤳Ȥˤʤäɤ줿櫓ǤϤʤprototypical ʸ (1) "bodily suffering" (2) "bodily injury, would" ؤȥեȤ뤳Ȥˤ̿ΤǤ롥ơԤθѸ sore prototype Ȥʤä¾θषθŪʾΤ˳ΩΤ϶Ѹˡ
Geeraerts, Dirk. "Cognitive Linguistics." Chapter 59 of A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 618--29.
ε#4088. űѸǡǯפ̣ winter ([2020-07-06-1]) Τ˼դĴ٤Ƥ顤ѸΤ⤷ɽ˹Ԥäa girl of eighteen summers ˧18Ф̼ˡa child of ten summers 10ФλҶˡa youth of twenty summers 20ФǯˤʤɤǤ롥
űѸ winter ʣĹǯɽ魯ΤѤΤ̾ä顤an old man of eighty winters ȬϩϷ͡ˤΤ褦ʡϷǯפɽ魯ɽޤƤ櫓Ǥ롥εǤϡǯΤʤ1ǤߡǯפȤʬΤΥȥ˥ߡѤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿ǡֿ winter ϷǯפȤե¸ߤ뤳Ȥְ㤤ʤȡŪˡֿ summer ǯפȤեˤޤƤ뤳Ȥ⡤ۤԲIJǤϤʤsummer ϡʬΤΥȥ˥ߡϤΤޤޤˡȤ櫓ǯǯФΥեȤƿΤǤ롥
ºݡOED summer, n.1 and adj. θ4ˤȡǯСפ̣νФϡűѸǤϤʤäȸθѸǤ롥ȤȤ˰Ѥ롥
4. In plural. With a numeral or other quantifier, as two summers, five summers, etc.: used to measure a duration or lapse of time containing the specified number of summers or years; esp. used to denote a person's age. Now chiefly literary and rhetorical.
Frequently applied particularly to younger people, perhaps with intended contrast with WINTER n.1 2, although cf. e.g. quots. 1821, 2002 for application to older people.
c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1686 Þus he countes hym a kow þat watz a kyng ryche, Quyle seven syþez were overseyed someres, I trawe.
1573 T. Bedingfield tr. G. Cardano Comforte ii. sig. E.ii Wee maruaile at flees for theyr long life, if they liue two Sommers.
. . . .
a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) i. i. 132 Fiue Sommers haue I spent in farthest Greece.
ǯ summer ˡϡäƸűѸ winter ˡȤĤġեȥȥ˥ߡŪ (correlative analogy) ̤Ѹ˺Ф줿ˡȤȤˤʤŪѤˤĤƤϡ#1918. sharp flat ([2014-07-28-1]) ȡˡ¿Ūʳǰե (conceptual metaphor) Ǥ⤢롥
Ȥǡ summer winter ȤǤȤСȤƤϡֲơפȲᤷƤ褤ΤΤ褦ˤߤ뤬¤ϡֽաפǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ȤΤϡּǯνաפΤۤᤷ䤹#1221. ˡ ([2012-08-30-1])#1438. Sumer is icumen in ([2013-04-04-1]) Ǹ褦ˡŪˤ summer ϲƤФǤʤդؤߤȿ (antonymy) ϲƤʤΤդʤΤʤȤͤǤ롥
űѸμȤǡ winter ߡפ˲äơǯפ̣뤳ȤФФäȤ˿줿Ūˤϡ#3317. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ˤߤ Hengest Horsa ([2018-05-27-1]) ǰѤǯ嵭449ǯεҤ1ʸˤĤƲ⤷ƤȤǤ롥
Martiānus and Valentīnus . . . rīcsodon seofon winter. (= Martianus and Valentinus ruled seven years.)
ǯ嵭ǤϤΤ褦Ԥǯʤɤ褯ڤ뤬Τ褦ʾ硤ǯΤ winter Ȥ̾줬ФлȤ롥̾ΰʣʡгʷбñη֤ƱȤʤ뤿ᡤβսǤ7ǯ֡פΰդˤ⤫餺֤ winter ȤʤäƤʤǤϴ֤ɽ魯ŪгʡפˡѤƤ롥cf. #783. home ̾Ūгʤ ([2011-06-19-1])ˡѸ year θűѸǤ ġēar ʤ̾ñʣƱˤѤ뤳Ȥ¿winter Ʊͤˤ褯ѤΤǤ롥
ߡפäơǯפɽ魯Ȥ嵭λȤ顤¿γֻŪס𤢤ꤹפʤ¿ȿäȤȤǡʲˤ⤦ܤ⤷Ƥ
Τ winter 1ǯ (year) 뵨1ĤˤʤϤǤϡߤۤȤ1ǯ̵˲ᤴȤǤꡤߤäǯФȤȯãΤ롥ťΥɸťɸǤ⡤ƤꡤʿŪǤ롥ʸ˴Ťȥ˥ߡιȤ롥
ǯפ̣ winter ѤɽϡűѸ줫ѸФơḽѸǤŪ뤤ϸɽȤƷߤǤ롥ĤƤߤȡmany winters ago ʲǯˡˡan old man of eighty winters ȬϩϷ͡ˡpass two winters abroad ʳ2ǯᤴˤʤɤȤʤ롥
Ѹ줫ϡMED winter (n.) ǧǤ뤬the age of fifti winter, fif-tene winter of age, o fif-tene winter elde, of eighte-tene winter age, the wei of five hundred winter, fourti winter, yeres and winteres ʤˤȤޤʤ
ʤư winter ѸǤȯãֱߤפ̣롥ޤǤѤȤʤäƤʬƻ wintered 1600ǯޤǡǯϷפΰ̣ѤƤˡ䥹åȥ˸¤褦ߤǤ2ФεϡӤؤ twinter (n., adj.) ȤĤäƤ롥
ܸǤִפιߤߤ˰äзο롥ǡִսФפȤɽ⤢롥ˤäƤɤεɽ˼뤫ϰۤʤȤƤ⡤μΥȥ˥ߡ̸Ṳ̄ˤߤΤ
Ϣơɽ魯ˤĤƤϡ#1221. ˡ ([2012-08-30-1]) ȡ
#4060. ʤפ̣ spirit ־αפ̣Τ ([2020-06-08-1]) ȡ#4061. sprite spright ([2020-06-09-1]) εǡƥ spīrāre ©ˤ spīritus ©ˤͳ褹ȤƤ spirit, sprite/spright 䤽ܤƤ©ʤˡפȤŪʸͤСեȥ˥ߡˤꡤȤظŸ뤳Ȥ䤹ºݤ˸캬ͥåȥ˹
spiritual, spiritualist, spirituous ˻Ϥޤդ¿Ƭȼưʤ䤽̾ˤϤ¿inspire ϡ©פǤ롥סֳ赤Ϳפθȯãconspire θϡְ˸ƵۤפֶŤ롤פrespire ϡַ֤©פʤָƵۤפ̣롥perspire ϡ?̤ƸƵۤפθȯ롨ʬ礹פθtranspire ϡ֡ʿʪΤʤɤǴ̤ơ˿ʬȯפ֤߽Ф̩ʤɤϳ롤Τ錄פȤʤäaspire ϡƴΤΤ˸äƤ©ĤǮ˾פȯãexpire ϡ֡ʺǴΡ©ǤФפֽλ롨©䤨פȤʤäǸ suspire ϲ©륤ǡ֤©Ĥפ
ʡ Partridge θ츻ŵγսɤäƤȡ̣Ÿ֤ηϩ褯狼롥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ饤֡1992ǯ
Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.
ɸΥˤĤƤϡǤˡ#4035. stay at home stay home --- Ѹˤδ ([2020-05-14-1])#4036. stay at home stay home --- ѥĴ ([2020-05-15-1])#4037. stay home ν --- EEBO Online corpus ([2020-05-16-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥʤ⡤ξԤλȤʬˤĤ Fowler's Usage and Abusage θ줾ǧƤ
home (adv.). Idiomatic uses are very numerous, esp. when home is accompanied by a verb of movement (come, go home; I'll see you home; my son will be home soon; drive the nail home; pressed his advantage home; etc.). When the sense is 'in his or her own home' the British preference is to use at home (he stayed at home; is Jane at home?) and the American home by itself.
home, be. To say that a person 'is home' for 'is at home' is American rather than British usage. The British use the expression, though, where movement is involved: 'We're nearly home.'
εdzǧŪʷаޤȡ嵭ζŪʵҤȤϤ褯ƱƤξȤŪʿ̤ΤǤϤʤʤ˵ŪǤˡꥹѸǤ home ñȤȤѤ˾ˤƤ⡤ưŪʸܤǤꡤŪʸǤϻȤˤȤȤŪˤߤжѸʹߡ home ưŪʸŪʸؤỌ̇̄ĥƤΤηϥꥹѸǤϤޤߤȤȤˤʤ
#4036. stay at home stay home --- ѥĴ ([2020-05-15-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡꥫѸǤ stay home οĥϤޤ20ȾФ˻ϤޤäΤǤꡤŪħǤˤϰ㤤ʤ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
ε#3999. want αѸ --- 츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2020-04-08-1]) ǡwant ַ礤ƤעɬפǤעߤפȤ̣ѲФƤȤ̣ѲȤäƤ͡ʥפ롥Ṭ̌ A ̣ B ˴˼ä뤳Ȥ⤢С̣ B Ṭ̌ A Ѥ餺Ĥꡤ̤Ȥξΰ̣¤ΩäƤȤ⤢롥Ԥξ硤̻ŪˤߤʣθѤƤɽǤ뤷ŪˤߤФθ¿ (polysemy) ɽǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥want ϤޤˤθԤǤꡤΡߤפȤŪͥˤϰ㤤ʤǤŤַ礤Ƥפθ⡤˸ŤɬפǤפθĤäƤ롥
ʲŤᤫʸ⤢뤬(1)--(3) Ǥϡַ礤Ƥפθ(4)--(6) ǤϡɬפǤפθǧ롥
(1) She wants courage. ˤͦʤ
(2) The time wants ten minutes to four. 410ʬ
(3) The sum wanted two dollars of the desired amount. ʤζۤϴ˾ۤ2ɥʤä
(4) This dirty floor wants a scrub. ʤα줿Ϥɬפ롥
(5) This CD player wants repairing. ʤCDץ졼䡼Ͻɬפ롥
(6) Your hair wants to be cut. ʷȱӤϴɬפ롥
(5) Τ褦ư̾줬³ʸϡ̣ŪˤϼȤȤʤ need ˡƱǤcf. #3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1])ˡ
̾ want ƱͤǡŤɬספθŪʤĤäƤ롥The homeless are in want of shelter. ʥۡ쥹ϱϪΤƤ롥ˤǤϡwant need ֤ƤѤ롥ޤַ˳פθ for want of . . . ?ΤˡˤȤ˻ĤäƤ롥 for lack of . . . ȸ뤳ȤǤ롥Mother Goose Ƹ (nursery rhyme) ˡζ֤Ȥͭ̾ʤΤ롥
For want of a nail the shoe was lost. ţʤΤŴǤƤʤ For want of a shoe the horse was lost. ŴǤƤʤΤϤʤ For want of a horse the rider was lost. ϤʤΤǵΤʤ For want of a rider the battle was lost. ΤʤΤ襤ʤ For want of a battle the kingdom was lost. 襤ʤΤǹǤӤ And all for the want of a horseshoe nail. ٤ƤŴţʤä
¿γؽϤФʤθ줬¿ʤΤͤƤߤȤ⤷˰̣ѲФƤǡŤξ˿ѤƤǽ⤤Ȥ櫓̣Ѳ˶μŵФ֤ƤǤ롥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
⤷ȱѲäǺǤѽФɽ I want to . . . ⤷ʤʤȤȥ٥ѲäǤϡǫ I'd like to . . . ¤Ǻǽɽ1ĤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ줵Ȥʤк¤ѤΤǤϤʤȻפۤɤδɽǤ롥ºݡ#2096. SUBTLEX-US Word Frequency List ([2015-01-22-1]) ˤä٥ꥹȤˤСwant Ϥʤ62̤Ǥ롥Ķ٤ñȤäƤ褤
¤Ϥ want Ȥѽиܤǡʤ¿ΤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥ǤϤ뤬want αѸˡפŸ뤳ȤǽʤΤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ǡ鲿ˤ錄äơwant αѸˡפΥϤ롥Ȥʤ뺣ϡwant θ츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ (semantic_change) ܤ롥
want ϸ츻ŪˤФ⤽ʱñǤϤʤۤɹ٤ñ줬ѸǤʤȤΤ϶ä¤Ǥ롥ưϸťΥɸ (old_norse) μѸʡ#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1]) ȡˡťΥɸư vanta ?礤Ƥˤͳ褹뤬켫Τϥޥĸ *wan-ˤϰĸ *wā ˤΤܤ롥礱Ρַ礱פ̣ wane 䡤ƥ vānus (empty) ͳ褹 vain ⤳ΰ캬ͭƤ롥ϡַ礱ƤפǤ롥
ťΥɸư vanta ѸǤ wante(n) ȤƼƤ줿λ1200ǯΤȤǤ롥ǤθϤϤַ礤ƤפǤꡤۤƱ̾ȤƼ줿ݤθַ˳פäĤޤꡤϡߤפθϤʤѸˤַ礤Ƥפ̣ˤȤɤޤä
Ѹ⽪˶Ť15ȾˡɬפǤפθ礱ƤʤΤСͤϤɬפȤ뤫ΰ̣Ѳϡե il me faut ʸϡֻˤ?礱Ƥפֻˤ?ɬפפΰ̣Ѥˤˤ㤬ߤ롥ѸȡϢư̾ˤɬספθää³ơΤɬפȤʤСͤϤߤΤƻǡߤפθդä뤳Ȥˤʤä礱ƤСɬפȤˤߤ褦ˤʤȤϢϡƼʰ̴طǤ롥ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ˤ̣ѲȤäƤ褤
ȤǡΡߤפȤǤνФ OED ˤ1621ǯΤȤǤ롥want to do ˻äƤϽ㤬1698ǯǤ롥˳ΤνиȤȤǤС18ԤʤФʤʤäȤäƤ褤ߤǤĶĤۤ٤ι⤤ȤʤäƤ뤬ˤϤ餯300ǯۤɤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ȥäλ¤
ʥ륹ҤǥɤȤʤäƤ뽸Ĵ̣֥饹סϺɱ꤬324ΥĥǡϢɽΥʸѤ˵ꤲƤ
θˤĤƸ츻Ĵ٤ƤߤθϥޥϤǤϤʤʵȻפäƤΤȤäclay Ǵڡˡcleat ʳߤ, clout ۡ, clot ǴڤʤɤβˤʤɤȤ츻Ū˴طǴڤΤ褦ʤ٤ĤΡפȤĸθ캬ˤΤܤȤ
OED cluster, n ˤȡűѸǤνФθϡ֥֥ɥ˼פǤ롥ƥ botrum ȤƻȤƤ롥ǽ3褦
a800 Corpus Gloss. 318 (O.E.T. 45) Botrum, clystri.
c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 139/7 Bacido, botrus, clyster.
c1000 Ælfric Deut.'' xxxii. 32 [sic]Ðæt biteroste clyster.
θ塤Ѹ줫Ѹˤơоݤ֥ɥ˸¤餺¾βʪ˼˹ꡤ¾οʪʤɤˤ礷ˡưʪʹ֡ʪʪˤĥ줿Τ褦ʻؼоݤγϡΰ̣ѲǤϤ褯ߤѥǤ롥䷲佸ĤǤвǤȤƤޤȤФʤΤŵŪʶɽȤΤϤ롥a cluster of cottages, a small cluster of people, a cluster of stars, clusters of grapes, flower cluster ʤɤǤʡַפɽˤĤƤϡ#1868. Ѹ͡ʡַס ([2014-06-08-1]) ȡ#1894. Ѹ͡ʡַסܸ͡ʡֱס ([2014-07-04-1]) ȡˡ
ؤǤϡҲϢˤĤ consonant cluster Τ褦˻Ȥ (cf. #3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1])) ƺΥ륹ҤΤ褦µξˤĤƤθϡ1910ǯ˽ФƤ롥OED ꤽνޤʸ4ĵƤ
Medicine. A number of cases of the same (usually uncommon) disease grouped closely together with regard to time or place (or both).
1910 Rep. Microbiol. Lab. 1909 (New S. Wales Govt. Bureau of Microbiol.) ii. 51 A cluster of cases of apparently fly-borne typhoid occurred round the house.
1943 Lancet 7 Aug. 170/2 The measures necessary to combat an outbreak of cholera include..tracing each case or cluster of cases to its source.
1968 Fresno (Calif.) Bee 4 Aug. a12/7 Cancer clusters occur only now and then.
2009 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 30 Apr. a14/3 Each time a [bird flu] cluster appears, the public health authorities try to cull all the local poultry, vaccinate birds in a large ring around that, and drop the 'Tamiflu blanket' on people-dosing everyone in the area.
Ǹʸ11ǯΡĻե륨פ˴ؤΤΥ륹Ҥǿ̵ʸޤƤޤȤˤʤ롥쵤٤ޤäƤ뤳ȤǰʤܸΡ֥饹פꡥ
ñ danger ʴˤϡʩǡֻۡϡˡפ̣ dangier, dongier ѤΤ켫ΤƱ¯ƥ *dominiāriu(m) ˤΤܤȤ롥ˤƱΥƥ dominium ˡ dominus ʼ͡ˤˤޤǤΤܤ롥⤦⤵Τܤȡ츻Ǥ domus ʲȡɡˤȤܸǤ롥ΤȤƤСֲȤμ͡עֻۡϡˡעִפΤ褦˰̣Ѳ뤲ƤȤˤʤ롥
ѸǤ danger νФϡѸ1200ǯνƻޥ˥奢 Ancrene Riwle ǤꡤǤϡֻۡϡˡפΰ̣ѤƤ롥Ťǥ to be in danger of ϡ?λ۲ǡפ̣cf. ʩ estre en dangier "to be in the power, at the mercy, of someone"ˡΡִפȤȯŸŪǧΤϡѸ1378ǯ Piers Plowman Ǥ롥
ƻ dangerous Τɤäаޤ⡤̾ danger ȤۤܥѥǤ롥ѸǤνФϤϤ Ancrene Riwle ǤꡤۼԤˤ꤬ʤȤơְˤʡפ̣줬ѸˤƸŪʡִʡפΰ̣ȯãƤ롥̾ˤƻˤ衤ʩ줫Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ϡֻۡϡˡפ̣ƤΤѸδ֤ˤˤơִפΰ̣ȯŸΤ
åץ (198--99) ˤ dangerous θ츻Ọ̇̄Ѳηаޤϼ̤Ǥ롥
(Dangerose) Ȥ̥̾ŪʵؿͤĤƥѥٳԻԥ˥μޡ (Damase) ˤĤѤȤͤϥ롦ޥ (Mans) Υƥ (Thigh) Ȥ̾37ʶˤ⤫餺Ʊμ礬ϤäƤȡ㤷äʤǤ졤˰ޤȾƻࡦȾŮξ֤Ϲòᤷʶ˿ȤꤲƵθ塤ääϹäƤޤäǥեͤϴΤȡ"Ceci sent la Dangerose." ʥΤ褦ˤȸäե dangereux, dangereuse ʴʡˤȤ롥
ηäϡdanger ʴˤΰŪǧƤ츻٤ȿ˷礱롥danger ϡdominion ʻ۸ˤƱ츻ǡƥ dominium ʻۡͭˤ顤ƥ dominarium ʻۡϡˡťե dongier ʸϡۡˤФѸ˼줿in danger of ȸСΰ̣ϡָϤ۸λפΤޤޤˤפǤäкΡִפΰ̣ϡμФ̱˶ƤƤ롥ϼԤϤޤۼԤˡִפ⤿餹Τä
Ѥ1ϡåץιߤָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ŪʰäȤƲˤƤȤơ2ǽҤ٤Ƥ̣Ÿ¤˶̣ϼԤΡֻۡϡˡפϡʤ̱ˤȤäƤΡִפǤȤȤϤΤۼԤƤơֵ̤⤤פְˤפΤǤ롥٤СǻŤԤˤȤäơִʡ¸ߤȤʤθΰ̣ѲϡĤǤۡϤȤϴʤΤȤȤפƤ롥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
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