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semantic_change - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-06-26 Mon

#5173. 2021ǯٽش khelf ˤָΰ̣Ѳץȡ --- פФΤ褦˾Ҳ [khelf][semantic_change][notice][voicy][heldio]

khelf logo    khelf banner
ʤΥȥХʡ khelf С



#5165. khelf αѸ˳ưֱѸ˥ƥ50פkhelf κŵפء ([2023-06-18-1]) Ǥ⤷褦ˡܲ khelfʷѸ˥եˤǤϡkhelf κŵפ򳫺Ǥīۿ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơ䤬 khelf СȤȤϢ³̤ȤǤϡ621ʿˤۿ#751. ¿ spring θ츻Ọ̇̄ȯã with ڤ & ߷ --- khelf κŵ5ơȴϢơĤƤ khelf ưεŤʻ񻺤1ľҲ𤷤ޤ



2021ǯٽشˡָΰ̣ѲפˤĤƤäؤܤȡ khelf ƤޤƱΥեʡϡرΥ濴Ȥ뾯ΥСָΰ̣ѲפˤĤƥ饤ɤ˹ֵȤ٥ȤǤϥʲҤκǥ饤Ǥμ»ܤȤʤޤ˹ʥ쥯㡼˻ž夬ޤͤǽֵä顤ϹԤʤäפޤʣ̾͡ʳ٤饢ץ餳νǤǤ
줫1ǯ7ۤɷФޤҤäפФƾ嵭 heldio ۿˤƼ夲ޤΤǡΥ֥Ǥơָΰ̣ѲץȡפҲ𤷤ޤֵ饤ɤ˸ƤޤΤǡΰ̣ѲˤĤƤäؤǤФȻפޤ42MBۤɤνŤPDFեǤΤ֤Ƥ⽼¤Ƥޤ̣Ѳ෿װ˻ϤޤꡤǧθءδΥץˤϰ̣ѲθˡˤޤǸڤƤޤ


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2023-04-07 Fri

#5093. heldio İ2023ǯǡ [voicy][heldio][hel_education][notice][semantic_change][instagram][note][start_up_hel_2023]

ǯ٤ȤȤǻβǥξҲ򤵤Ƥޤ2ǯۤ2021ǯ62ī6ˡץåȥե Voicy ˤֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)򱿱ĤƤޤ10ʬ١ʼ¤ϤĹޤˤDZѸˤۿƤޤȤ hellog-radio ƤΥץȤǡ̤ "heldio" ̾ΤƤޤޤǡľϡָءץǤ٥󥭥󥰤5̰³ơꥹʡƤƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ܥ֥βǤȤ٤ΤǤ֥Ǥ͡ʿϤƤheldio ǤϤȤ櫓ꥹʡռӡʬ䤹ä򤹤褦˿ƤޤåȡϤФֱѸˤδ֤ˡפǤȤ櫓ǯäƤϡVoicy Υ̤ꥹʡ֡ӥѡʥƥȤΥߥ˥赤ŤƤꡤѸˤؤ¤˳ȤäƤޤܥ֥Ȥ⤷ФϢưƤϤƤޤΤǡİȤ򽬴ˤƤйǤ
㤨Сī6ۿ#676. ̣Ѳ෿ --- ̲ü첽塤Ǥ



ޤѸ˸ԤȤ̡ʤɤ⡤ߤƤޤºݡ11:20ֱ֡Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå2023ǯ47ꤷϤͽǤ

ơѡʥƥheldio İפ Tips Ҳ𤷤ޤ

ǿޤ᤿ϡΥڡǤȤ hellog-radio Ʊڡβˤޤ
ַͳǥ֥饦İǤޤü Voicy ץ̵ˤѤǤץǥȤեƤޤȡΤؤλʤɤղŪʵǽѤǤޤܵ򻲾ȡˡ
Voicy ץʤɤθǽָĤפꡤˡheldio ̣ѲפʤɤǤǤȡ褽Ϣ󤬥ҥåȤޤ
ϡ#676פʤɤֹǴƤޤΤǡֹ椬ʬäƤСheldio 676פʤɤǤ٤ޤ
Υȥ롤ƥץΥȥ롤ϥå奿ʤɤǡʤ٤ɤ¿ϿƤޤΤǡθˤѤޤƱɤ hellog ΤۤǸȡФ¿εҥåȤޤΤǡǤܤؤ֤ȤǤޤ
ܥ֥ȴϢ heldio ˤĤƤϡꥢǤޤ
#4996. ǯ1ǯ֤Ǥ褯İ줿 --- Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ ([2022-12-31-1]) ɬǤ
note Ǥ⡤ޤֺ (2023/03/06--12) 褯İ줿 heldio ʤɤȤƲξҲ򤷤Ƥޤ
īˤĤơŪ˴Ϣ򥤥󥹥 @chariderryu Υȡ꡼ˤƿΤ餻ƤޤϢӤʤİ򤬿ޤޤΤǡѤ
ꥹʡζϤˤꡤΥ˴ϢֹꤲƤƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȥ櫓 @nyaokitako0808 Υ󥹥Ȥ⡤Ʊݤξǽ¤ƤޤʤĤ⡤꤬Ȥޤˡ
ƳΰͤҤȤ⡤ؤλƴϢζͭˤϤΤۤɤꤤޤİƤ⡤αѸ褬ܤڤʤȻפޤ

ʾ塤ǯٳϤΡhelסʡѸ˳ưˤǤ

qrcode_for_downloading_voicy_at_app_store


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2023-04-06 Thu

#5092. ɸؤȱѸˡ˸ؤ [trademark][goshosan][youtube][voicy][heldio][link][semantics][semantic_change][metaphor][metonymy][synecdoche][rhetoric][onomastics][personal_name][toponymy][eponym][sound_symbolism][phonaesthesia][capitalisation][linguistic_right][language_planning][semiotics][punctuation]

ޤǤˡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) YouTube ְʼδѸظإ̤ͥơʣˤ錄޽ءˤɸ (trademark linguistics) ˤĤ̤Ƥޤ

ΡVoicy

#667. ޽¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ329
#671. ޽¤Ȥ --- ɸεŪͻ42
#674. ޽¤Ȥ --- ɸŪˡ45

ΡYouTube

#112. ɸθ --- ޽¤о322
#114. ޥƤ뤳ȡƤʤȡƤȤϲ̣뤫 --- ޥμҲỤ̄ --- ޽¤μȡ329
#116. ǤϤʤɸ޽¤󤬸ؤڤǥץ45
#118 412ͽˤ³ʸ嵭2023/04/12(Wed)#118. ޽¤󤬿ꤹˡءɸ --- ѥˡؤء

ɸθؤȤΤϻˤȤäƤߤäΤǤ¤Ū򰷤äƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤϢʬ¿ΰ褬ȤȤ褯ʬޤ伫ȤδؿϱѸˡ˸ؤǤδͤƤ¿ޤפĤΤվ񤭤ǵ󤲤Ƥߤޤ

ΰ̣ѲȤΥᥫ˥ࡥä , metonymy, synecdoche ʤɡ rhetoric Ȥɤ
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ̡̾ (personal_nameeponym ʤɡ餬ˤư̾βΤȤꡥ
ΰ̣ѡʲ˴ؤ벾ȤƤ "Onymic Reference Default Principle" (ORDP) ˤĤƤϡ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ
(semiotics) ̤νꡥ
ħ (sound_symbolism) Ȳ (phonaesthesia)
񤭸դˤʸʸޥΡåΤ (cf. capitalisation)
ïȥ뤹ΤȤȻۤȸμҲŪꡥ츢 (linguistic_right) ײ (language_planning) Υơޡ

٤󤲤Ƥȥ꤬ʤǤ򵡤˾ɸθؤ¸ߤǰƬ֤ƤȻפޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-09-1]

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2023-04-04 Tue

#5090. ̾١¤ eponym Ǥ̾١¤ϲȸƤ֡ [eponym][toponymy][onomastics][personal_name][etymology][metonymy][semantic_change][word_formation][lexicology][terminology]

ε#5089. eponym ([2023-04-03-1]) ǡetymon ̾ (personal_name) Ǥ褦ʸˤĤƹͻetymon ȤѸˤĤƤϡ#3847. etymon ([2019-11-08-1]) 򻲾ȡˡȤǡ̾ȤȤ˸ͭ̾ (onomastics) νפʹͻоݤȤʤΤ̾ (place-name, toponym) Ǥ롥ȤСͽۤΤϡetymon ̾Ǥ褦ʸ¸ߤǤ롥ºݡ̾Ȥ٥ǹͤǤ japan ʼˡchina ʼˡturkey ʼĻˤʤɤ˻פ⤫֡cf. heldio #626. ƫ china ȼ japan --- Ϥʤɽ魯ñ줿#625. Turkey --- ȥ륳ȼĻδطˡ
Τ褦̾˴Ťƺ줿¿櫓򲿤ȸƤ֤٤eponym Ϥޤǿ̾١¤Ϳ줿̾Ǥ롥toponym place-name бѸǤꡤϤ̾פ˸ꤷѤƤۤ𤬾ʤCrystal (165) ϡΤ褦˾ʻơ"eponymous places" ȸƤ֤ȤˤƤ褦ʤǤ⾯ʬ꤯ȤϤ뤳ȤǧᤶʤˡCrystal 󤷤Ƥ "eponymous places" ƷǤ褦

alsatian: Alsace, France.
balaclava: Balaclava, Crimea.
bikini: Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands.
bourbon: Bourbon County, Kentucky.
Brussels sprouts: Brussels, Belgium.
champagne: Champagne, France.
conga: Congo, Africa.
copper: Cyprus.
currant: Corinth, Greece.
denim: Nîmes, France (originally, serge de Nîm).
dollar: St Joachimsthal, Bohemia (which minted silver coins called joachimstalers, shortened to thalers, hence dollars).
duffle coat: Duffel, Antwerp.
gauze: Gaza, Israel.
gypsy: Egypt.
hamburger: Hamburg, Germany.
jeans: Genoa, Italy.
jersey: Jersey, Channel Islands.
kaolin: Kao-ling, China.
labrador: Labrador, Canada.
lesbian: Lesbos, Aegean island.
marathon: Marathon, Greece.
mayonnaise: Mahó, Minorca.
mazurka: Mazowia, Poland.
muslin: Mosul, Iraq.
pheasant: Phasis, Georgia.
pistol: Pistoia, Italy.
rugby: Rugby (School), UK.
sardine: Sardinia.
sherry: Jerez, Spain.
suede: Sweden.
tangerine: Tangier.
turquoise: Turkey.
tuxedo: Tuxedo Park Country Club, New York.
Venetian blind: Venice, Italy.


ǤꥹȤĹƤΤȤưʤʤɤΥ뤬¿ݤǤ롥

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2023-04-03 Mon

#5089. eponym [eponym][personal_name][onomastics][etymology][metonymy][semantic_change][word_formation][lexicology]

eponym ȤϿ̾˴Ť¤줿ΤȤǤ롥ѸζˤĤƤϡ#2842. ͭ̾줫ޤ줿 ([2017-02-06-1])#2849. macadamia nut ([2017-02-13-1])#3460. ֥ Earl Grey ([2018-10-17-1])#3461. ٴ bobby ([2018-10-18-1]) ǵ󤲤Ƥޤeponym ϡ#5079. ɸ (trademark) θŪʰ񤷤 ([2023-03-24-1]) ȤطοǤ롥McArthur αѸѸ켭ŵˤС̤ꡥ

EPONYM [19c: from Greek epṓonumos named on]. (1) A personal name from which a word has been derived: John B. Stetson, the 19c US hatter after whom the stetson hat was named. (2) The person whose name is so used: The Roman emperor Constantine, who gave his name to Constantinople. (3) The word so derived: stetson, Constantinople. The process of eponymy results in many forms: (1) Such simple eponyms as atlas, which became popular after the 16c Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator put the figure of the titan Atlas on the cover of a book of maps. (2) Compounds and attributive constructions such as loganberry after the 19c US lawyer James H. Logan, and Turing machine after the 20c British mathematician Alan Turing. (3) Possessives such as Parkinson's Law after the 20c British economist C. Northcote Parkinson, and the Islets of Langerhans after the 19c German pathologist Paul Langerhans. (4) Derivatives such as Bowdlerize and gardenia, after the 18c English expurgator of Shakespeare, Thomas Bowdler, and the 19c Scottish-American physician Alexander Garden. (5) Clippings, such as dunce from the middle name and the first element of the last name of the learned 13c Scottish friar and theologian John Duns Scotus, whose rivals called him a fool. (6) Blends such as gerrymander, after the US politician Elbridge Gerry (b. 1744), whose redrawn map of the voting districts of Massachusetts in 1812 was said to look like a salamander, and was then declared a gerrymander. The word became a verb soon after. Works on eponymy include: Rosie Boycott's Batty, Bloomers and Boycott: A Little Etymology of Eponymous Words (Hutchinson, 1982) and Cyril L. Beeching's A Dictionary of Eponyms (Oxford University Press, 1988).


eponym ϸ츻ŪˡʰǤ˿̾˴ŤƤ졤etymon ̾Ǥ褦ʸȤơޤǸ츻ŪʴƤ뤳ȤդĤޤˤ̤θФꡤ̣ѲФꤷޤޤ졤ȤʤäƤϷ֤̣ˤƥꥸʥο̾͡ˤǤʤۤɱΥƤޤäƤ륱⤢ȤȤ츻ŪŤƤȤüСeponym Ϥ¾ΰ̤θȤۤѤʤ񤤤򤷤ƤȤΤǤϤʤ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-04-04-1]

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2023-03-30 Thu

#5085. ޽¤Ȥ Voicy ̤ǡ־ɸءפƳƤޤ [trademark][heldio][voicy][terminology][sociolinguistics][youtube][onomastics][semantic_change][sociolinguistics][goshosan]

ؤΩ줫ɸ (trademark) 򸦵椷Ƥؤ޽ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ̤ޤͻҤϡȤƤİޤ#667. ޽¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲǤ



hellog ȤƤΤ褦ˡ#5078. ˡ (forensic linguistics) ([2023-03-23-1])#5079. ɸ (trademark) θŪʰ񤷤 ([2023-03-24-1]) ǴϢ夲ξǺ̤פȤǤ
̤Υѡ1ȤȤǡ޽ꤵ󼫿ȤΤҲ𡤾ɸμҲˤ¸ߴɸϸͭ̾ʤΤǤʤΤɸϱѸDzȤΤȤäƳŪȤʤޤơǸϡ־ɸΰ㤤ϲפȤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ塤ѡ2ѡ3³ƤɸˤĤƤεɤɤ󿼤ޤäƤޤΤǡɤڤߤˤƤƤ
޽ꤵˤϡ轵 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפˤ⤴б餤ƤޤǤ⾦ɸ (trademark linguistics) ˴Ϣ˸ڤƤޤΤǡҤİYouTube Ǥ⤹Ǥ2ʬƤޤ轵3󤬸ͽǤ

#112. ɸθ --- ޽¤о322
#114. ޥƤ뤳ȡƤʤȡƤȤϲ̣뤫 --- ޥμҲỤ̄ --- ޽¤μȡ329

⤳򵡤˾ɸȤȶоݤŪ˹ͤƤߤޤ󤫡ͭ̾ (onomastics) ȸϤȤޤ̣Ѳ (semantics) ȤϢΤǽʬ˱Ѹ˥ޥȤʤΰǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-09-1]

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2023-03-24 Fri

#5079. ɸ (trademark) θŪʰ񤷤 [trademark][onomastics][eponym][semantic_change][prototype]

εǾҲ𤷤#5078. ˡ (forensic linguistics) ([2023-03-23-1]) Ϲˡȸפ򰷤ʬȤȤ館Ƥ褤1Ĥ˾ɸ (trademark) 롥ɸˤϥԡ饤ȤͿ졤ˡŪ˼뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬б뾦ʤޤ˿͵ȡɸŪ (generic) ̾졤Ĥޤ̾˶ŤƤ롥ˡŪ˼ƤȤϤҲ¿ˤ̾ȤѤ褦ˤʤСˡΧȤƼҲδѤ˹碌ѲƤʤɸŪˡҲŪˤɤΤ褦˰֤Ť뤫ϼºŪǤ롥
McArthur Ѹ켭ŵ򻲾Ȥȡtrademark ŪǤ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥

TRADEMARK, also trade mark, trade-mark, [16c]. . . . A sign or name that is secured by legal registration or (in some countries) by established use, and serves to distinguish one product from similar brands sold by competitors: for example, the shell logo for Shell, the petroleum company, and the brand name Jacuzzi for one kind of whirlpool bath. Legal injunctions are often sought when companies consider that their sole right to such marks has been infringed; the makers of Coke, Jeep, Jell-O, Kleenex, Scotch Tape, and Xerox have all gone to court in defence of their brand (or proprietary) names . . . . Although companies complain when their trademarks begin to be used as generic terms in the media or elsewhere, their own marketing has often, paradoxically, caused the problem: 'Most marketing people will try hard to get their brand names accepted by the public as a generic. It's the hallmark of success. But then the trademarks people have to defend the brand from becoming a generic saying it is unique and owned by the company' (trademark manager, quoted in Journalist's Week, 7 Dec. 1990).
   There is in practice a vague area between generic terms proper, trademarks that have become somewhat generic, and trademarks that are recognized as such. The situation is complicated by different usages in different countries: for example, Monopoly and Thermos are trademarks in the UK but generics in the US. Product wrappers and business documents often indicate that a trademark is registered by adding TM (for 'trademark') or R (for 'registered') in a superscript circle after the term, as with English TodayTM, Sellotape®. The term usually differs from trade name [first used c.1860s] by designating a specific product and not a business, service, or class of goods, articles, or substances: but some trademarks and trade names may happen to be the same. Everyday words of English that were once trademarks (some now universal, some more common in one variety of English than another, some dated, all commonly written without an initial capital) include aspirin, bandaid, cellophane, celluloid, cornflakes, dictaphone, escalator, granola, hoover, kerosene, lanolin, mimeograph, nylon, phonograph, shredded wheat, zipper. Trademarks facing difficulties include Astroturf, Dacron, Formica, Frisbee, Hovercract, Jacuzzi, Laundromat, Mace, Muzak, Q-Tips, Scotch Tape, Styrofoam, Teflon, Vaseline, Xerox. The inclusion of such names in dictionaries, even when marked 'trademark' or 'proprietary term', indicates that their status has begun to shift. Trademark names used as verbs are a further area of difficulty, both generally and in lexicography. One solution adopted by publishers of dictionaries is to regard the verb forms as generic, with a small initial letter: that is, Xerox (noun), but xerox (verb).


ɸΰ֤ŤŪѰۤŪѲȤʤСѲ˸ؤȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ־ɸαѸˡפȤΤʤʤ⤷ʥơޤǤϤʤ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-04-03-1] [2023-03-30-1]

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2023-02-01 Wed

#5028. ѸεˤΤ餤 [youtube][notice][semantic_change][lexicology][metonymy][calendar][french]

˸줿 YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥκǿϡʥȥ뤬ĹƤߤޤ֤ĤƱѸˤϡֲơפȡߡפʤäֽաפֽפϤɤäƤޤ줿Ǥ20ʬۤɤưȤʤäƤޤɤ



αѸεϡܥ֥ޤ̤ΥǥDz٤֤ⷫ夲ƤΤǡä˿ȥԥåǤϤޤ­ŪʾϢޤơ͡ʳ٤ܤƤޤΤǡǥ󥯤ƤȻפޤ

hellog #1221. ˡ ([2012-08-30-1])
hellog #1438. Sumer is icumen in ([2013-04-04-1])
hellog #2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1])
֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤʡϢܡָѸѸˤλͤ4
hellog #2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1])
hellog #3448. autumn vs fall --- Johnson Pickering ([2018-10-05-1])
Voicy heldio #69. winter ϡߡפǤʤǯפɽ魯
Voicy heldio #532. إ˥¼ŵ6ǤνǵǰˡֱѸQ&Aץ spring ä򤷤ޤ
Voicy heldio #533. ˡ



⤦1ĴϢƥե󥹸ˤ뵨˻ˤĤơƲΤȤФΥΥ꡼ˤ򤭡ե󥹸ʸˡʥե󥹸춵顡ʸˡɡˡ39󡡥ե󥹸ε̾θ츻ϤʤˡǤ

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2022-12-05 Mon

#4970. splendid θ [semantics][metaphor][metonymy][adjective][oed][semantic_change][polysemy][synonym][genius6]

#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) ӡ#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1]) splendid ȤߤƤ֤θˤĤƤϸߤ˽ŤʤȤ¿Τ⤽ɤΤ褦ʸΤߺǤ̤ηƻǤ splendid ܤƸγȤǧƤ
ȯ䤵줿Фإ˥¼ŵ6ˤȡΤ褦3ĤθͿƤ롥

(1) ԤšФ餷ʬΤʤ (excellent, great) || a splendid idea Ф餷ͤ / a splendid achievement Ωɤʶ / We had a splendid time at the beach. ӡǤФ餷ᤴ
(2) ݤͿ (magnificent); ڤ || a splendid view į / a splendid jewel ڤС
(3) ԤšաδŪˡϤФ餷绿


splendid ϡε ([2022-12-04-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡ츻ȤƤϥƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹롥ηƻ splendidus 17˱Ѹ첽֤Ǽޤ줿ȤȤǤ롥ϡ뤤ƤפۤɤѸǤνиϤषŪʸֹڤʡʡפǤ롥ǤϡξˤʤäƤǧ롥ˡФơְʡסͭ̾ʡס֤줿ˤ褤פθ⼡ȸƤ롥19ȾγǤ in splendid isolation ָɤΩפɽ蘆Ƥ褦Ūʸˡ⡤᤯17˳ǧ롥Τ褦ʸ̻ŪȯŸȶŪȤϡ᥿ե (metaphor)ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy)ɲ (amelioration) (pejoration) ʤɤδǤͤޤǤ OED θʬ󤲤Ƥ

1.
   a. Marked by much grandeur or display; sumptuous, grand, gorgeous.
   b. Of persons: Maintaining, or living in, great style or grandeur.
2.
   a. Resplendent, brilliant, extremely bright, in respect of light or colour. rare.
   b. Magnificent in material respects; made or adorned in a grand or sumptuous manner.
   c. Having or embodying some element of material grandeur or beauty.
   d. In specific names of birds or insects.
3.
   a. Imposing or impressive by greatness, grandeur, or some similar excellence.
   b. Dignified, haughty, lordly.
4. Of persons: Illustrious, distinguished.
5. Excellent; very good or fine.
6. Used, by way of contrast, to qualify nouns having an opposite or different connotation. splendid isolation: used with reference to the political and commercial uniqueness or isolation of Great Britain; . . . .

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2022-11-13 Sun

#4948. history ϡˡפǤ⤢ʪפǤ⤢ [etymology][french][loan_word][semantic_change]

ϡѸؤ˥ե󥹸ؤˤϤߤ꤫Ȼפޤե󥹸 histoire ϡˡפȡʪפξΰ̣ޤѸǤ history ˡ, story ʪפ2ĤΰۤʤñʬƤʬôϤä̤Ƥޤ
ưפǤȻפޤhistory story θ츻ƱǤե󥹸 histoire, estoire ͳ褷켫Ȥϥƥ hitoria˥ꥷ hístoríā ̤ޤ캬ȤƤ *weid- "to see" ˤޤ̤ޤ
ޤѸ story ϡ13˥ե󥹸 estoire ڤꤿΤǤȤȤϡʪספʤɤΰ̣Ѥ졤16鸽Ūʡʪפΰ̣ޤѸǤϡŪ "story" "history" ΰ̣ζ̤ΤǤϤʤä褦Ǥ
츻Ʊ history ȤϡϤե󥹸줫14Ⱦ˱ѸäƤޤʤƥűѸǤʸڤƤΤǡ̤β;Ϥ⤢ޤˡΰ̣ϡʪפǤꡤ15ˤʤäƤˡפθʬƤޤ
ޤȤСˤơŪˤϥꥷ hístoríā ̤Ū˾ۤʤ2Ĥñ줬ե󥹸ͳDZѸäƤơˡסʪפξѤƤȤѸˤợȷ֤ʬѸ history story ȤۤʤñỌ̇̄夷ȤȤǤ
ˤϻ¤˴Ťʪ1ǧǤޤ٤Ƥʪ줬ˤȤϸ¤ޤ󡥤ϸǤϾQŪȯۤǤŤˤʪζܤä褦ǤŪˤѤǤΤե󥹸 histoire ȤȤˤʤꤽǤ

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2022-09-25 Sun

#4899. magazine ϡֲˡפä [etymology][arabic][french][false_friend][semantic_change][italian][spanish][portuguese][borrowing][loan_word]

ʩ "false friends" (= "faux amis") ŵ1Ĥ˱Ѹ magazine ʻˤʩ magasin Źˤ롥餫˴طƤ褦˸Τ˰̣ޤǰ㤦ΤǡξؽƤ̿äƤޤȤʤե󥹸ˤֻפ̣ magazine ȤñϤˡ
OED ˤ츻򤿤ɤäƤߤ褦ñϤȤ򤿤ɤȥӥǡҸˡפ̣ mákhzan ˹Ԥ夯ʣ makhāˊzin ޤࡼͤΥ٥ꥢȾ翯η̡ڥݥȥäҸˡפ̣륹ڥ almacénݥȥ armazém ϡƬ˥ӥ괧 al-, ar- դǼѤ줿ΤǤ롥ڥǤνФ1225ǯᤤ
ñ줬̾롼ȤФơ괧ʬ줿ǡ1348ǯ˥ꥢ magazzino Ȥơ1409ǯ˥ե󥹸 magasin ȤƼޤ줿1389ǯ maguesin ⤢ˡơѸϥե󥹸ͳ16ȾˡҸˡפ̣뤳ñäФ1583ǯǡ˽ФƤꥹͤμΤʤ Magosine ȤֻǸƤ롥

1583 J. Newbery Let. in Purchas Pilgrims (1625) II. 1643 That the Bashaw, neither any other Officer shall meddle with the goods, but that it may be kept in a Magosine.


Ѹäᤤʳ顤ΡҸˡפǤϤʤҸˡˡפʤɤηỤ̄ȯãƤꡤҸˤ˳Ǽ¢ʪפΤΤ̣褦ˤʤä
ΰ̣Ѳ⤸˵ä1639ǯ˷طΥȥȤơĤޤפۤɤΰ̣ "Animadversions of Warre; or, a Militarie Magazine of the trvest rvles..for the Managing of Warre." Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥ַμҸˡפۤɤΤĤʤΤ
ơ1塤Ĥ˻䤿Τֻפΰ̣Ф롥1731ǯ˻ΥȥȤ "The Gentleman's magazine; or, Trader's monthly intelligencer." ǧ롥ֻפΰ̣ȯãϱѸȼΤΤǤꡤ줬ե󥹸1650ǯ magasin Ȥơ1776ǯ magazine ȤƼޤ줿ʤߤˡե󥹸ǤΡŹפΰ̣ϥե󥹸ǤȼȯãΤ褦
ʩδ֤Ԥä褿ꤷơ˳Ƹȼΰ̣Ѳ뤲ʤɤơǤϤ䤳ˤʤäƤ롥ֻפˤŹפˤ衤ǻʽȤüȯȤϡĴ٤ƤߤޤǤޤäΤʤääǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-10-1]

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2022-08-01 Mon

#4844. ̤ɽȯѥ [tense][future][grammaticalisation][auxiliary_verb][cognitive_linguistics][semantic_change]

ѸŵṲ̄ɽǤϡwill, shall, be going to Τ褦ʡʽ˽ư (auxiliary_verb) Ѥ롥褯ΤƤ褦ˡɽϸϸŪʰ̣äƤˤ̤ơ̤פɽ魯褦ˤʤäƤĤޤꡤŵŪʸˡ (grammaticalisation) λʪǤ롥
will, shall γ˿Ūʰ̣Ϥ줾ְջ֡סֵ̳פǤꡤbe going to Τϡ֡ؤΰưפǤ롥ޤޱѸǤϡְջ֡סֵ̳ס֡ؤΰưפͳ褹̤ɽ줾ȯãƤ褦ˤߤ뤬θϤƤ⡤3ŵṲ̄ɽǤʤΤǤ롥Bybee (123) ϡڤ뤿ˡ͡ʸ̾󤲤Ƥ롥Ū˴طΤʤδ֤ǡƱȯãǧȤΤݥȤǤ롥

a. Volition futures: English, Inuit, Danish, Modern Greek, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, Sogdian (East Iranian), Tok Pisin
b. Obligation futures: Basque, English, Danish, Western Romance languages
c. Movement futures: Abipon, Atchin, Bari, Cantonese, Cocama, Danish, English, Guaymí, Krongo, Mano, Margi, Maung, Mwera, Nung, Tem, Tojolabal, Tucano and Zuni; and French, Portuguese, and Spanish.


Bybee (123) ϡʸˡȯãϩ򼡤Τ褦˰̲Ƥ롥

volition
obligation> intention > future (prediction)
movement towards


ҤȤӤˡ̤פȯã櫓ǤϤʤְտޡŪפȤʳޤȤפǤ롥Ū򼨤 to ⤷Фָ̤ȸ뤬ȯãϩطƤ
Ѹ̤ɽˤĤƤϡ#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])#2209. ĸˤư̤ޡ ([2015-05-15-1]) ޤ future γƵɤ

Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-16-1]

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2022-07-19 Tue

#4831. رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰 --- βǤ [khelf][hel_education][hel_contents_50_2022][link][hel_herald][sobokunagimon][notice][prescriptive_grammar][prescriptivism][caxton][printing][semantic_change][loan_word][french][latin]

711 khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ2ȯԤ줿Ȥϡ#4824. رѸ˿ʹ2 ([2022-07-12-1]) ǤΤ餻ޤ24̤4αѸ˥ꤵƤޤôԤ碌Ȳ2022ǯ7泰Ȥư̸ޤɤ

رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰



伫Ȥ⺣ΥȴϢƤˤĤƵƤޤΤǡʲ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ­ŪˤȤ

ΡQ1 Ƥ뵬ʸˡΩǯˤĤơ

hellog #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])
hellog #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1])
hellog #4753. ֱʸˡפ250ǯۤ˵Ū˺夲줿 ([2022-05-02-1])
YouTube ֱʸˡʤߤʤ󡪶ˤȿͤ18εʸˡȤǤڰʼδѸظإͥ # 19 ۡ
heldio 18ȾФ˱ʸˡ夲 Robert Lowth ȤϤäԡ

ΡQ2 ƤǰλϤޤäǯˤĤơ

hellog #241. Caxton αѸ1475ǯ ([2009-12-24-1])
hellog #297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
hellog #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
hellog #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
hellog #1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
hellog #3243. Caxton ֻɸಽˤɤΤ褦˹׸ ([2018-03-14-1])
hellog #3120. ²˱Ѹΰʪ뤳Ȥˤ Caxton ([2017-11-11-1])
hellog #3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ ([2017-11-12-1])
hellog #337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
hellog #4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges ե󥹸ȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 ([2021-11-30-1])
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá

ΡQ3 Ƥ뿩̾ˤĤơ

ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#23. äư󡩡
hellog #85. It's time for the meal --- time meal δط ([2009-07-21-1])
hellog #221. dinner ([2009-12-04-1])

ΡQ4 Ƥưʪפ̣ñˤĤơ

ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#4. deer ̣Ѳء̣ѲѸˤء
hellog #127. deer, beast, and animal ([2009-09-01-1])
hellog #128. deer Ρưʪפΰ̣ϤĤޤǻĤäƤ ([2009-09-02-1])
hellog #1462. animal νǯˤĤơ ([2013-04-28-1])
heldio #117. ưʪפ̣ deer, beast, animal

ι泰ޤرѸ˿ʹ2ˤĤơոۡޤ顤khelf ĥå @khelf_keio ꤪ󤻤ȤΥեꤤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-21-1] [2024-03-04-1]

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2022-07-06 Wed

#4818. standard ΰ̣Ѳ [terminology][oed][standardisation][semantic_change][prestige]

ε#4817. standard θ츻 ([2022-07-05-1]) ˰³OED standard Ȥܤ롥ϡñȤƤ standard ɤạ̈Ѳεפ򤿤ɤꤿ  *
褦ˡstandard Ѹ˽Фݤˤϡַפ̣ƤθϸߤǤĤäƤ롥θ塤15ˤʤȡ̹դδñ̡פθOED Ǥ A. III θˤȯã󥰥ΥޥƥǤǤȯãƤΤ褦ǡѸȤƤ⤳ڤꤿȤȤ餷OED ǤϡΤ褦롥

The senses of branch A. III. originally arose in Britain. The first of these senses, denoting a legal weight or measure (see A. 15) is attested slightly earlier in Anglo-Norman and Latin than it is in English; compare (in this sense) post-classical Latin standardus (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources), Anglo-Norman estandard (a1280 as estaundart); this use may be a development of the sense 'military flag or banner' (see sense A. 1), with the royal standard taken as the symbol of royal authority, e.g. to impose the legal norms (compare also later sense A. 4).


ΰѤθȾʬŪǤ롥ַפȡָפζϡֲξħפǤ뤳ȤȤ
ơ褤˴ؤ standard θĤޤɸפо줹뤬ȤƤ϶äۤ٤1904ǯФǤ롥OED θ23ȤνѤ롥

23. A language variety of a country or other linguistic area which is by convention generally considered the most correct and acceptable form, esp. for written use. Cf. sense B. 3d.
. . . .
   1904 Life 18 Feb. 167/1 Each one of these variations in tone and pronunciation is bound to give us some day a conglomerate which will not be pure in inflection or pronunciation unless we have a single, spoken standard, to which all who call themselves educated will seek to conform.


嵭ϡɸפ̣̾ȤƤνǤꡤƤƻɸŪʡפθˤĤƤСB. 3d θȤ1᤯1806ǯ˽ФƤ롥

d. Designating a language variety of a country or other linguistic area which is by convention generally considered the most correct and acceptable form (esp. for written use), as in Standard English, Standard American English, Modern Standard Arabic n., etc.
   A standard language variety is often associated with or prescribed in various ways by formal institutions, including government, language academies, and education and national media.

   1806 G. Chalmers in D. Lindsay Poet. Wks. I. 141 The Scottish dialect was formed, as the various dialects of England were formed, by retaining antiquated words and old orthography, while the standard English relinquished both, and adopted novelties.


ַסָפήθȡ˴ؤɸʸˡפθȯãطʤˤϡֹ񲦤θҤ˻٤줿ͣϡסֹ̱äƽ٤ޤפȤäܵФǤ롥⤷ΰ̣ѲΥ롼ȤȤСˤĤƤ standard ϡ顤ñʤɸפȤ⡤ȥåץ󿧤ζֵϡפ˶ᤤ촶ȼäƤΤǤϤʤȵ롥ݡФǤʤǤˤäƤϡֵϡפץץ󤷤ƤΤ standard θ촶
Ϣơ#4777. ɸױѸΰ̣ --- ֳ̤Ѹפ֤餤Ѹءס ([2022-05-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

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2022-06-06 Mon

#4788. ѸƱ۵줪ղõ [homonymy][polysemy][sound_change][semantic_change][lexicology][youtube][tag_question][pragmatics][voicy][homophony][homography][sobokunagimon]

ľ YouTube Voicy Ǽ夲򤽤줾Ҳ𤷤ޤ

(1) YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ29ƤޤֱѸܸȤǤƱ۵줬Ǥ륫饯꤬Ǥ



ѸˤܸˤƱ۵ (homonymy) ¿ǤƱ۵줬ŪƤޤаޤϤ褽3ѥʬव롤ȤǤ1ĤϡۤʤäƤ줬Ѳˤȯ줷ƤޤäȤѥ󡥤⤦1ĤϡƱ줬̣ѲˤۤʤȤߤʤ褦ˤʤäȤѥ󡥤ˤ⤦1Ĥϡ¾줫äƤѸ줬¸θƱäȤѥǤ
ѸƱ۵äΤꤿȤϡ#2945. ְ㤨䤹ƱָΥڥ ([2017-05-20-1])#4533. OALD10 դ¥ƤƱָΰ ([2021-09-24-1]) εǤ2ѥȤƵ󤲤 flower flour ˤĤƤ Voicy #2. flower ʲ֡ˤ flour ʾʴˤƱ츻İ
ޤǤФƤڹˤ֥ƥӷפ֥饸פȤ̾ʶ̤ˤĤƤϡ#1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])#2919. ܸƱ ([2017-04-24-1])#3023. ˥ۥ󤫥˥åݥ󤫡 ([2017-08-06-1]) Ǥ⿨Ƥޤ
˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܥͥؤΥͥϿꤤޤ

(2) īVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤơꥹʡ󤫤餤ղõ (tag_question) ˴ؤ˲Ƥߤޤ#371. ʤղõǤϹꡦ꤬Ҥä֤ΤǤ --- ꥹʡ󤫤μǤʤʤǡ̤ԴʲǤƤޤ󤬡Ҥİ



ɤʸɽ魯̿ιꡦñǤϤʤä̿˴ؤȡä꤬ͽۤʹȿȤȤ߹碌ʤʣʸȤʤäƤ褦ǤޤԤ١ȤʤäƤȹͤޤŪˤϤԤƤΤǤϤʤȤߤƤޤ̤ǤΤǡͤ³ƤȻפޤʤǽҤ٤ƤޤǤ󻲹ͤˤΤϼ Quirk et al. Ǥ
嵭 Voicy ϥ־ǤİǤޤʲɤǤ륢ץ̵ˤȤȤŬİǤޤVoicy ֱͥѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Υե碌ƤꤤޤޤؤΥȤ⤪󤻤

qrcode_for_downloading_voicy_at_app_store



콵֤λϤޤǤڤѸ˥饤դ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2022-03-30 Wed

#4720. butcher ΰ̣Ѳ --- ͺ䥮עעֵԻԡ [semantic_change]

326ꥫΥХǥΤΥסΤ butcher ɽƤǤ롥OALD8 ˤ butcher ˤ3Ĥθ롥

1 a person whose job is cutting up and selling meat in a shop/store or killing animals for this purpose
2 butcher's (plural butchers) a shop/store that sells meat
3 a person who kills people in a cruel and violent way


ХǥѤ3ΤΡСֵԻԡפǤcf. ǯΰ쥹顼֥ɡ顦֥å㡼ˡ
butcher ϸΰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ŵ󶡤ƤƤ롥#473. ̣ѲŵŪʥѥ ([2010-08-13-1]) #2102. Ѹˤˤ̣γȽ̾ ([2015-01-28-1]) Ǥ⼨̤ꡤϡͺ䥮פǤ롥顤ͺ䥮˸¤餺ȼԡʤפؤ褦˰̲Ȥˡоݤʹ֤ˤޤǵڤӡֵԻԡפȤʤä
촴ʬ buck ͺפƱǤ롥ĸ̤Ť촴ޥ̤ƸűѸǤϡͺפΰ̣Τۤˡͺ䥮פΰ̣ǤѤ줿θ촴ϥե󥹸ˤꡤǤϤäѤͺ䥮פΰ̣Ѥ줿
ťե󥹸νǤϡưĤ bucher, bouchier ʤɤʸڤ졤ȤȤϸ¤ʡͺ䥮פΰ̣äȻפ뤬12ʹߤϰ̲˻ȼԡפΰ̣Ѥ褦ˤʤäΰ̣ʳ13bocher ηDZѸ˼ѤƤ
ѸǤϡ˰̣̲ơֿͤεԻԡפȤʤäν MED bocher n. θ3 "One who slaughters human beings" βˤ뼡ΤΤǤ롥

c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264) 750: But bochours ben þei [your gods] echon, ȝour body to dismembre.


butcher ˤĤƤϡ̣ѲȤϰۤʤ#754. ̤Ƚա ([2011-05-21-1]) #4033. 3Ż <tch> ʬۤˡ ([2020-05-12-1]) Ǥ⿨Ƥ롥

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2022-03-25 Fri

#4715. Ūʴɽ魯ƻ졦϶Ĵˤʤ䤹 [mond][sobokunagimon][intensifier][adjective][adverb][semantics][semantic_change][link]

ϥݥŪʵǿ̣ʤƤߤޤ󡥤Ǥ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) δʤΤǡǤ夲뼡Ǥ
MondȤ䥵ȤˤơѸˤ˴ϢΤ˲ȤȤԤʤäƤޤǶμȤơζ̣䤤󤻤Ƥޤ

ʤˤȤդˤ
äȤۤɶ
³Ƥ롥ʡ
Ȥ2Ĥΰ̣ޤԤΰ̣ǼѤƤݤǤѸ¾θˤ⼺ĤḤ̂ñϤΤǤ礦


ϡޤ˸źθŪʰ̣ѲΥѥ˴ؤǤո (intensifier) ϡȤ줹ȶդ긺äƤΤʤΤǡ˶դɽ魯ɽ˵ΤǤʶոΥϡȤΤǤŵ1ĤŪʴפǤݤޤˤ줷Ȥۥ顼ѸϡɤƤ⶯Ĵˤʤ䤹ΤǤ͡ϡʤ10äۤɹͤʬȻפޤδ10³顤äȻޤ͡
嵭μơʴDzޤ

ȤƤȶǤ⤷Ŧ꤬Ȥޤ֤פ2Ĥΰ̣ȤΤϡ줾ߤ餫Ǥ͡㤨С֤ܤĤפȤСֶפΰ̣Ȥ狼ޤ֤͡פȤС³줿פΰ̣Ȥ狼ޤ2Ĥΰ̣򤶤ä̤ʤСֶפϴμࡦ˴ؤ̣ǡ³줿פʪ١̤˴ؤ̣ȤȤˤʤޤŪˤԤԤƤΤǡ̤ؤΰ̣ѲȸäƤƤ褤Ȼפޤ
Ρּ̤ؤΰ̣ѲפȤΤϡʤŪʤ褦ǤȤ櫓ֶסˤס֤ҤɤפȤäŪʴγФɽ魯ƻ졦ϡФдμΤΤ⡤δ٤οӤܤ졤̤Ȥñʤ붯Ĵɽˤʤ겼ȤȤ褯ѥΤ褦Ǥ
ܸΡֶͥסˤס֤ҤɤפΤ褦㤫ʬ̤ꡤʸ̤Ūʼΰ̣Dz᤹ȡष̷⤹褦ɽ⤢ޤ͡Ǥ̤ΰ̣ˤʤ겼äƤȤȤȻפޤ
Ѹ줫㤬Ǥ󤬤ޤterrible/terribly θ촴 terror ֶݡפƱǤΡֶפΰ̣ǻȤ뤳ȤϾʤǤ (ex. a terrible weapon ֶ) ष٤η㤷Ȥ򼨤ζĴȤ in a terrible hurry ˵ޤǡפΤ褦˻ȤȤΤۤ¿Ǥ̤ؤΰ̣Ѳ⤦1ĤǤ͡
ۤˤ amazingly, awfully, desperately, dreadfully, horribly, marvellously, sorelyʤɴ˵ϡĴˤʤ겼㤬¿褦Ǥ
äȤꡤθǤϡμŪʰ̣ϴˤʤäƤޤۤȤɤξ硤Ūʰ̣ǶĴȤѤ˻äΤȻפޤ
θǤ⡤¹ŪʸݤȤΤϡؤ򤤤Ǥ꤬͡Ȥޤ
ϢơѸ˴ؤǤϤޤɮԤˤε


ԤϳؤӤδܤȻפޤ褯褯䤦ۤŪ񤷤Ǥ⤦1֤ǿǯ٤ϤޤޤȤ櫓Τʤǡ䤦ˡפƤ
ո˴ؤƤϡʲε intensifier ⤴Ȥ

#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])
#1220. Ѹˤ붯γ ([2012-08-29-1])
#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])
#2190. μޤäո ([2015-04-26-1])
#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1])

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2021-12-31 Fri

#4631. Oxford Bibliographies ˤ̣Ѳγ [hel_education][history_of_linguistics][bibliography][semantic_change][semantics][pragmatics][oxford_bibliographies][onomasiology]

ʬ̤줿ȤŪ˥åץǡȤĤľҲ𤷤Ƥ Oxford Bibliographies ꡤ"Semantic-Pragmatic Change" ιܤ򻲾Ȥʤ٤Ƥɤˤϥ֥饤֤ɬסˡʬνäȤ Elizabeth Closs Traugott ˤǡǿι2020ǯ128ȤʤäƤ롥 "Your Best Research Starts Here" ȤŪͽۤ뤫⤷ʤºݤˤŪʿ޽ʸ¿ޤޤƤ롥  *
ϤΥȥѤʬθΤޤҲ𤹤ˤȤɤ롥

Semantic change is the subfield of historical linguistics that investigates changes in sense. In 1892, the German philosopher Gottlob Frege argued that, although they refer to the same person, Jocasta and Oedipus's mother, are not equivalent because they cannot be substituted for each other in some contexts; they have different "senses" or "values." In contemporary linguistics, most researchers agree that words do not "have" meanings. Rather, words are assigned meanings by speakers and hearers in the context of use. These contexts of use are pragmatic. Therefore, semantic change cannot be understood without reference to pragmatics. It is usually assumed that language-internal pragmatic processes are universal and do not themselves change. What changes is the extent to which the processes are activated at different times, in different contexts, in different communities, and to which they shape semantic and grammatical change. Many linguists distinguish semantic change from change in "lexis" (vocabulary development, often in cultural contexts), although there is inevitably some overlap between the two. Semantic changes occur when speakers attribute new meanings to extant expressions. Changes in lexis occur when speakers add new words to the inventory, e.g., by coinage ("affluenza," a blend of affluent and influenza), or borrowing ("sushi"). Linguists also distinguish organizing principles in research. Starting with the form of a word or phrase and charting changes in the meanings of that the word or phrase is known as ???semasiology???; this is the organizing principle for most historical dictionaries. Starting with a concept and investigating which different expressions can express it is known as "onomasiology"; this is the organizing principle for thesauruses.


̣ѲλǤνȤƤϡ3ۤˡ#4544. ñΰ̣ѲỌ̇̄򸦵椷褦Ȼפäݤμóݤʲǡˡ ([2021-10-05-1]) 󤲤Τǡ⻲Ȥ줿
͡ǯhellog?Ѹ˥֥Τդ礤꤬Ȥޤ褤ǯ򤪷ޤ

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2021-10-28 Thu

#4567. ˡưκỤ̄ǧỤ̄Ʊ路Ƥͳ [auxiliary_verb][modality][cognitive_linguistics][semantic_change][conceptual_metaphor][metaphor]

#4564. ˡưκỤ̄ǧỤ̄ ([2021-10-25-1]) ˰³ˡư2ĤˡˤĤơmay ˼ȡ?Ƥ褤פȤĤɽ魯Ụ̄ȡ?⤷ʤפȤǽɽ魯ǧỤ̄롥2Ĥΰ̣ϤʤƱ路ƤΤ
ˤĤƤϱѸؤǤ͡ʬϤƤʤƤSweetser ǧΰ̣˴Ť⤬ܤ롥ˤȡmay κỤ̄ϡּҲʪˤŪʾ㳲ʤפȤȤǤ롥㤨 John may go. ֥ϤäƤ褤פϡŪˡ֥󤬹ԤȤˤŪʾ㳲ʤפ̣롥ۤʤо㳲Ƥ뤫⤷ʤǤϤΤ褦ʾ㳲ʤȤȤ
may ǧỤ̄ϡǧˤŪʾ㳲ʤפȤȤǤ롥㤨СJohn may be there. ֥Ϥˤ뤫⤷ʤפϡǧŪʴ֥󤬤ˤȤˤŪʾ㳲ʤפ̣롥ߤμμ˴ŤСΤ褦˿뤳ȤǤ롤ȤȤ
ĤޤꡤҲʪˤŪʾ㳲ʤפǧοˤŪʾ㳲ʤפ˥ޥåԥ󥰤ƤȤΤξԤϡʲΤ褦ƱΥ᡼ޤ˴ŤƲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥ΤȤŪʾ㳲ʤ鱦̤ȴȤ᡼

              
              
              
              
              
              
      ġġġġġġġġĢ
              
              

Sweetser (60) ϤΥ᡼ޤι¤ˤĤơΤ褦롥

1. In both the sociophysical and the epistemic worlds, nothing prevents the occurrence of whatever is modally marked with may; the chain of events is not obstructed.
2. In both the sociophysical and the epistemic worlds, there is some background understanding that if things were different, something could obstruct the chain of events. For example, permission or other sociophysical conditions could change; and added premises might make the reasoner reach a different conclusion.


ʬϤ must can ʤɡỤ̄ǧỤ̄¾ˡưˤŬѤǤ롥must ˤĤƤ Sweetser (64) βˤꡤ䴰줿

. . . I propose that the root-modal meanings can be extended metaphorically from the "real" (sociophysical) world to the epistemic world. In the real world, the must in a sentence such as "John must go to all the department parties" is taken as indicating a real-world force imposed by the speaker (and/or by some other agent) which compels the subject of the sentence (or someone else) to do the action (or bring about its doing) expressed in the sentence. In the epistemic world the same sentence could be read as meaning "I must conclude that it is John's habit to go to the department parties (because I see his name on the sign-up sheet every time, and he's always out on those nights)." Here must is taken as indicating an epistemic force applied by some body of premises (the only thing that can apply epistemic force), which compels the speaker (or people in general) to reach the conclusion embodied in the sentence. This epistemic force is the counterpart, in the epistemic domain, of a forceful obligation in the sociophysical domain. The polysemy between root and epistemic senses is thus seen (as suggested above) as the conventionalization, for this group of lexical items, of a a metaphorical mapping between domains.


Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-05-1]

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2021-10-25 Mon

#4564. ˡưκỤ̄ǧỤ̄ [auxiliary_verb][modality][cognitive_linguistics][semantic_change][unidirectionality][conceptual_metaphor][metaphor]

must, may, can ʤɤˡư (auxiliary_verb) ˤϡỤ̄ (root sense) ǧỤ̄ (epistemic sense) Ȥ롥̻ŪˤǧŪˤԤԤΤǤ뤳Ȥ顤ԤŪ (root) ȾΤ뤬ǽܤе̳Ụ̄ (deontic sense) ôäƤȤäƤ褤
must ˼Сʸ (1) Ρ?ʤФʤʤפŪʤ뤤ϵ̳Ū˰̣Ǥꡤʸ (2) Ρ?ˤʤפǧỤ̄ȤȤˤʤ (Sweetser 49)

(1) John must be home by ten; Mother won't let him stay out any later.
(2) John must be home already; I see his coat.


ŪˤСỤ̄ϸε̳ġǽϤɽ路ǧỤ̄Ͽˤɬǽɽ魯Sweetser (51) ̤ѸǤС줾 "sociophysical domain" "epistemic domain" ˴ط롥츫ƴطƤȤϻפʤ2Ĥΰ衦ؤθڤƱˡưˤäƤʤƤΤ϶̣
ºݡѸ˸¤餺¿θˤơỤ̄ǧỤ̄ξĸ줬ѻ롥²Ϥ󡤥ࡤեԥ󡤥ɥޥ䡤ե󡦥νǤݤǧ롥⡤ŪԤԤȤ (unidirectionality) ζߤcf. #1980. Ѳ ([2014-09-28-1]))
Ȥȡ϶ǤϤʤ餫ưŤȤȤˤʤǧθؤǤϡ"sociophysical domain" "epistemic domain" δ֤Υ᥿եȤ褦Ȥ롥ΰ̴طǧΰ̴ط˥ޥåԥ󥰤̡Ụ̄ǧỤ̄ΤȤǤ롥

Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-05-1] [2021-10-28-1]

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