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writing - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2018-04-14 Sat

#3274. äդȽ񤭸 (5) [media][writing][punctuation][prosody][linguistics][paralinguistics][link]

äդȽ񤭸դϸ2ǥ줾ͭΡ̣ŪʥǥХ¸ߤ롥Ѹ˴ؤΤȤơStubbs (117) Ĥ󤷤ƤΤǡMilroy and Milroy (117--18) ͳǼ

Speech (conversation): intonation, pitch, stress, rhythm, speed of utterance, pausing, silences, variation in loudness; other paralinguistic features, including aspiration, laughter, voice quality; timing, including simultaneous speech; co-occurrence with proxemic and kinesic signals; availability of physical context.

Writing (printed material): spacing between words; punctuation, including parentheses; typography, including style of typeface italicization, underlining, upper and lower case; capitalization to indicate sentence beginnings and propoer nouns; inverted commas, for instance to indicate that a term is being used critically (Chimpanzees' 'language' is. . . .); graphics, including lines, shapes, borders, diagrams, tables; abbreviations; logograms, for example, &; layout, including paragraphing, spacing, margination, pagination, footnotes, headings and sub-headings; permanence and therefore availability of the co-text.


Τ褦ʥǥХΥꥹȤϡξǥоȤݤˤؤͭѤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤μоȤ¿εǼ夲ƤʤΤǡ礿Τ򻲹ͤΤᡤʲ˼Ƥ

#230. äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1])
#748. äդȽ񤭸ա ([2011-05-15-1])
#849. äդȽ񤭸 (2) ([2011-08-24-1])
#1001. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (3) ([2012-01-23-1])
#1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])
#1665. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (4) ([2013-11-17-1])
#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2301. äդȽ񤭸դĤʤڥȥ ([2015-08-15-1])

Milroy, Lesley and James Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 4th ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
Stubbs, M. Language and Literacy: The Sociolinguistics of Reading and Writing. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.

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2018-02-09 Fri

#3210. 夬ˤĤ졤񤭸դεϿŪäդФȤ񤷤ʤ뤫ݤ [standardisation][evolution][writing][methodology][genbunicchi]

ɸϤդʤΤ˸ؤ evidence ȤƹͤƤߤȤ⤷ΤǤϤʤǰƬ֤ƤΤϱѸǤꡤ٤ƤθƤϤޤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦ʤȤϾʤ̸θˤƤϤޤΤǤϤʤ
̾¸ǽʸ¿ϱʸǤ뤳Ȥ¿ƤʸȤϡ񤭵줿λˤƤȤʸظǤꡤäդ򤽤ΤޤȿǤƤΤȲ᤹뤳ȤϤǤʤ夬ˤĤ졤Ȥ櫓ˤΤΤ褦˸ʸλʸȯãˤϡĤޤ񤭸դäդκṲ̄ޤäƤ褦ʸˤäƤϡ񤭵줿ϿäդμΤФȤäưפˤʤäƤ롥ΤȤơ֤ȤȤˡäդ evidence ؤΥݾڤ褦ˤʤäƤ褦ˤߤ롥
ǶˤơɸȤΤȯãƤ¤롥񤭼ϡȯãƤʸˤơȤϸŪ˳֤Τɸǽ񤯤Ȥ;ʤ롥ȡθԤܤˤƤΤΤʸϡΤ˱ʸ٤äդȿǤƤǽ⤤ȤϤμ줬ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤˤäƶ줿ѼԼäѼ郎ȿǤƤˤʤȤ⤤롥ΰ̣ǤϡΤ褦ʾڵ򤫤ΡǤΡŪäդФȤ񤷤ʤäƤȸΤǤʤΤȤơ֤ȤȤˡǤäդ evidence ؤΥ˸褦ˤʤäƤȹͤ롥
˵³СʸʸΤȤƤ⡤夬ˤĤ pragmatic mode 뤤 informal discourse syntactic mode 뤤 formal discourse ؤȿܤ "syntacticization" ηŦ Givón Τ褦Ԥ⤢ (Schaefer 1277) äդεʤ pragmatic/informal ϡsyntactic/formal ظḽν񤭸դȤƤʤȤϤ롥
嵭Υץ饹ȥޥʥŪ礹ȡŪäդؤΥӥƥϡȤ3ʤ2ⲼȤ餤ΥڡǿʤǤȤϸʤ̸ŪˤΤ褦ʰ뤫ɤϲ⤷ʤ˸ؤ evidence ȤưŪͤơޤǤϤʤ

Schaefer, Ursula. "Interdisciplinarity and Historiography: Spoken and Written English --- Orality and Literacy." Chapter 81 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1274--88.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-08-1]

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2018-01-13 Sat

#3183. ɸ [sogdian][iranian][writing][map][direction_of_writing][aramaic]

21äƤ顤ȤƤ̱²ɿͤθ椬䤫ˤʤäƤƤ롥1999ǯ˻ǿζȯꡤ輼ȯ줿ɤɲˡѻ˲Ȥ͸ųؼԤؿ򼨤ΤäǤ롥ɿͤäƤɸSogdian; θ̾αѸǤνФ1909ǯˤ䡤ɽ줿ʸˤĤƤ⡤ĸ椬ʤǤƤ餷
ɸϸߤǤϻȤʤäƤ뤬Ūˤϵ300ǯ鵪900ǯˤΥǥ (Sogdiana) ǹԤʤƤȤ롥Ūʥǥʤϥ볤ؤ2ϡ (Amu Dar'ya) ȥ (Syr Darya) ˶ޤ줿ϰؤ͸ϥޥ륫ɤǤ롥ߤΡ٥ȥդ롥

Map of Sogdiana

ɸ췲°췲°Ū˶ʥڥ륷ȤϸŪ˳֤꤬롥ɤˤĤƤϡ#1452. ɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-18-1]) ε#1146. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡFortsonǡˡ ([2012-06-16-1]) μޤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ɸϥǥʤˤͥʸǤϤäɿͤȤʤʤäΤɸȤ٤ΤΩʤäɸϥ顼ಽȤȤ˼졤ޥ륫ɤǤ10ޤǤ˥ڥ륷˼ä줿
ɸθ¸ʸȤơ20ν˥ɥĤΥȥեõˤȯ줿ʸ񤬤롥ʸʤɤС313ǯ˽񤫤줿ָʡפ¸ǸŤʸȤƤǯ˸Ť2ΤΤȤʸߤĤä
ɸ줬ɽƤ륽ʸϡʸηƱ22ʸʤäƤνˤĤơ#2449. (2) ([2016-01-10-1]) Ǥϱ񤭤θȤƿ줿ºݤˤϻˤäѲ褦2θŤʸǤϼºݤ˱񤭤äȹͤƤ뤬6ʹߤʸǤϺĽ񤭤̤ȤʤäƤ롥
ʸ˴ؤƶ̣Τϡñ򥢥̤֤äơ򥽥ɸǡַɡפ㤬äȤ꤬ʡפźƤΤ⤢롥Τ褦˷ɤä20ۤɤȸꤵƤ
եϤξή䥰Υַëǥ䥰Υָ (Yagnobi) Ȥ줬ߤǤ12ͤۤɤüԤˤԤʤƤ뤬θŪʥɸȶǤ롥ɸϰζ̸Ūϰ̤ˤä1ĤȤƥ䥰Υָ褬äȤطǤ롥
ɤϡܤȤδϢǤұʪȤΤֿղפδּ̤ӡפʸκפĤƤ롥äΤǤϡָաפ̾ΤĤΡʸտ͡ɱʣտˤήԤƤΡָաפȤϡϥڥ륷ʿ͡ˤؤΤ򤵤ƤǯθˤȤۤܥɡʿ͡ˤؤƤȹͤƤ褤Ȥ륯ɤư̮ΤɿǸפ˽ƤΤΥɿͤäΤǤ롥
ʾ塤ȤƵĤ򻲾ȤƼɮ

˭֥ɿͤθסإɿͤѤȸ ˭ԡˡˡŹ2011ǯ80--118ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-14-1]

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2017-11-09 Thu

#3118. ̵ʸҲ˽ [writing][history][anthropology][literacy]

إ˥åˡ (246--47) ˡ̵ʸʸʸʸפꤹ붽̣बäʸؤǤϰ̤ˡҲʸҲ̵ʸҲʬह뤳ȤԤʤƤ뤬ʬñˤΤǤϤʤȤ⤦1ĤμȤơˤɬפȤפݤ˽Ҥΰջ֤ĤݤȤѥ᡼ΤǤϤʤȡʲp. 247Ĺ˰Ѥ롥

ˤȤδϢǤСʸϿ˻ȤƤƽפʤΤΤǤʸѤϰϤ餤äƤ⡤ʸϿΤäƤٹ礤餤äƤ⡤ʸϿΤߤˤäõǤˤϸ¤Ƥ롥͸ųؤ̱²̸ʸΥޥޡͳءʪʸ̾ϤȤƬʤɤӤ̱²ʪŪˤʤɤʸˤȤŤ椬롥ʸȯ뤤ϺΤơʸˤäƵϿ뤳ȤɬפȤ뤤Ϥΰջ֤äҲȡǤʤäҲȤϡˤˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ㤤򼨤ͤʤФʤʤ
ʸѤƵϿ԰٤ϡľܤηи򤳤ȤФʸȤưռꤷơΤλջ֤ĤȤ̣롥ʸϿƬϤʹ֤ˤä夫ؼĤƤۤʤΤϡ򳰺߲ꤹ԰٤ˤƤǤȤ롥ʸΤʤǤ̤ΰ̣äƤΤϡȤƹ٤ʬᲽ줿å֤뤹פȤǤ뤫Ǥ롥
ʸˡ֤뤹׼Ҳ񤬡ήΤʤѲߡѲ⤿餹ΤѤƤȤջ֤äƤΤˤŪҲ񡤤Ĥޤ꽸ŪʻŤ󤸤ҲϡäΤʤߤߡѲ˾뷹ĤȤ롥Τ褦ŪҲϡܤϤᤤʸҲΤʤǤ̵ŪؤȤƤҤ¸ߤƤꡤޤ̱¯ؼԤθоݤȤʤäƤ
衤¿˳ؼԤʸϿˤȯӤ碌եꥫ˥ʤʸϿޤʤäҲˤΤʤ׼ҲȤߤʤƤΤ⡤иռоݲջ֤˰ռȯߤΤ褦ʸϡޤǤϤ뤬ޤ˰ŪǤ롥ʸϿΤʤҲǤ⡤ļҲΤ褦ˡƬݤˤ벦īˤʤɤ˸ǤҲϡʤˡˤɬפȤ׼ҲǤ롥ơΤ褦ʸϼԤߤȤδطDzռƹ󤹤ɬפΤҲǤϡդԤݤȤФǤijڻդˤäơʸϿ٤Ĺ˸Ρ֥ƥȡפ졤Ƥ
Τ褦ʲȤζĥäɬפȤʤҲ񡤤ĤޤǮӥեꥫΥԥߡʥ֥ƥʤɡˤ̤Υ⡼ʥ̥åȤʤɡˤΤ褦ˡʿʾĤǼġνͷưŪĤǤҲϡ̵ʸҲΤʤǤޤˤɬפȤʤä׼ҲȤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˤߤƤȡʸҲ̵ʸҲȤ̤ŪʤΤǤϤʤȤ狼롥ʸҲΤʤˤ̵ʸŪؤΤƱˡ̵ʸҲˤˤɬפȤפȤ¤ǡʸҲȶ̤ʬΤ顥Τ褦ĤءʤʬϡȤȤˡ٤Ƥʸ¦˵ۼƤΤ˾ޤȤϤʤʹ֤ΤǡˤȤΤĤʤǤнռѲळȤָ롤ʸȯʬȡֺޤǤäƤȡפΤ꤫˰ꤷͤ򸫤̵ʸ˺ʬȤϡ䤦طǿμҲ򤫤ŤäƤ줫⤫ŤäƤ


ǽҤ٤Ƥ롤ʸҲ̵ʸҲζ̤ȡ˽Ҥΰջ̵֤ͭȤ̤򤫤碌ȡΤ褦ʿ޼ˤʤ

 ˤɬפȤ׼ҲˤɬפȤʤ׼Ҳ
ʸҲ(1) ΡʸҲ(2) ˤ򵭤ʤʸҲ
̵ʸҲ(3) ƬΤߤļҲ(4) Ρ̵ʸҲ


θˤСʸҲ (1) Ʊ뤵졤̵ʸҲ (4) Ʊ뤵ƤʸҲǤäƤˤ򵭤ʤ (2) Τ褦ʥ⤢뤷̵ʸҲǤäƤˤ (3) Τ褦ʥ⤢롥ڤ1䤹ȤˤäơñʬˡɾǤ褦ˤʤ
̵ʸȴϢơ#748. äդȽ񤭸ա ([2011-05-15-1])#1277. ʸ⤿ʤοϡ ([2012-10-25-1])#2618. ʸ⤿ʤοϡ (2) ([2016-06-27-1])#2447. οʸηϤο ([2016-01-08-1])#1685. ƬΤĵϤȰҿ ([2013-12-07-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ɰ졤¼󡤷ź ʸ ԡˡإ˥åˡ١̼ҡ1994ǯ

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2017-11-07 Tue

#3116. ʪҤءѥԥ륹 [history][writing][medium]

3--4񵭤ˤˤƽ2Ĥλ郎äʪ (scroll) äƺ (codex) ѥԥ륹 (papyrus) ä (parchment) 줿ȤǤ롥̺ȤλȤˤƷŪѲ⤿餵줿ޤִʪҡפνˤĤơذȤ̿٤ԥڥƥ꡼ (19--20) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ʪҤؤѤäƤ椯ץʳŪʤΤäѲ⤿餷ѥȤ䡤ΰѤȯ˾Ȥ̤ۤ礭ʤΤǤäҤ͵ΤϡäǤ롥΢̤ˤ񤭹뤫顤ʪʤ»ˤ⤷Ĥս꤬äƤ⡤ñ˥ڡκؤǤޤ¢Ѥ߾夲뤫ê¤٤뤫ݴɤǤΤǡɤδ˸ʬĤΤ褦˺Ҿܤϡʪ٤ȡϤ뤫˿޽ۡʼˤǤμ¢ȴưפäΤǤ롥˺Ҥϡɮ̤ΤʬǤդˤޤޤʥƥȤ򹥤ߤν֤ǰˤޤȤ뤳Ȥ⡤ñˤФФˤ֤ؤ뤳ȤǤפ˽ѵ٤ǤΤǤ롥
ҤϼŪǤäФǤϤʤʪ⡤Ϥ뤫줿Ūץǽäʤˤꡤ¿ͤɤǤʪȡǽ餫ɤäɤǤ椯ۤʤҤʤѤѤȤ᤯äƽɤߤǤ롥ɼԤϥƥȤΤս꤫̤βսؤȡ˾ޤޤ˰ưƤ椱뤫顤׺ŸǤ롥ҤϡʪФǤʤŪʼʤ󶡤ΤǤ롥


³ơ֥ѥԥ륹פˤĤƤڤƤ (20--21)

ҷܤͳˤϡǤ䤹ѥԥ륹ؤơΤ뵭ϿΤѤȤ⤢äѥԥ륹ˡ椬Ѥ褦ˤʤäά
Ϥޤ٤⤯ѵˤͥƤᡤʬ̤¿ƥȤ䡤˭ܤʸϤѤ뤳ȤǤ


Τ褦ʵŪ׿ˤꡤ񤯤ȡɤळȤΰյѤäƤäޤʸ񤬵˸ߤޤ¸³뤳Ȥˤʤäޤˡˤǽʤ餷᤿׿äȤ褦
̺ˤĤƤϡ#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1]) ȡ#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) #2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2931. ϸŤӽΤǤϤʤ䤹 ([2017-05-06-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ڥƥ꡼ɥ롼ˡ ʡˡذȤ̿ͥ󥹤ܤ١ҡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-16-1]

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2017-10-14 Sat

#3092. Ĥ䤹񤭸դξڵ򡤾ä䤹񤭸դξڵ [writing][medium][grammatology][archaeology]

񤭸դȯʤʸȯϡ̤ܰΤΤŪʤΤεˤˤĤơNicholas et al. ʵŸƤ롥ʸΥ֥ȥ饯Ȥ褤ˤʤäƤΤǡѤ褦 (459)

A comparison of the evidence for the earliest scripts in different parts of the world suggests that an apparent preponderance of ceremonial; and symbolic usage should not be interpreted too literally. It seems to have more to do with archaeological preservation --- the better survival in archaeological contexts of the durable materials preferred as vehicles for ceremonial texts --- than with any deep-seated differences in the function of the scripts. It may well be that the earliest Chinese, Egyptian or Mesoamerican texts were largely as utilitarian in their application as those of Mesopotamia.


ʸǤϡ嵭ȴϢڤߤƤ롥

Some materials survive better than others, and for various reasons scribes chose relatively perishable substances for utilitarian texts, and more permanent vehicles for more formal ones. They were guided not only by the substance's durability, but also by its value and its convenience. Carving an inscription in stone improves its chance of survival for posterity; furthermore, the material may have been chosen for its intrinsic value (whether aimed at the inscription, or at the object, like a bowl or a statue, on which the inscription is found); and the labour of carving the text on a stone is itself an enhancement of the value of the object. As a general rule, therefore, we may expect surviving inscriptions to be those serving ceremonial purposes and found on durable materials. (472)


The main factor in deciding which script style was to be used was not purely the tools and media used for writing but also the content of the text. Likewise the amount of time devoted to a particular inscription (in turn reflecting the value attached to the text) will have had an effect on the form of the script used, with formality on ceremonial, informality on utilitarian vehicles: thus bones and tortoise-shells, though still formal, have more narrative content and generally have more cursive characters than the bronzes. (477)


The medium based for writing depended largely upon the content of the message. Because of the differential preservation of writing media, formal ceremonial texts, written on more durable substances, dominate in the archaeological record, giving a biased picture of the uses of early writing. The occasional survival of more perishable substances, together with certain other evidence, helps to correct this bias. (478--79)


ơȤ "[T]he stimulus to move from individual symbols or emblems to a coherent writing system is more likely to have come from the needs of administration than from a wish to disseminate propaganda." (479) ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥񤭸դϡޤǼ̤ܰޤƤȤʷ
εϡʪؤˤĤ䤹Фμͻ벽 (taphonomy) ȯۤȹƤ롥#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵ򡤾ä䤹ڵ򡽡ؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ޤʸεȯãθˤäƤν̺νˤĤƤϡ#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1])#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1]) ׻ȡ

Postgate, Nicholas, Tao Wang, and Toby Wilkinson. "The Evidence for Early Writing: Utilitarian or Ceremonial?" Antiquity 69 (1965): 458--80.

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2017-09-29 Fri

#3077. ĹĤˤʸιǤȰŹб [cryptology][semiotics][sign][writing]

ϢĹĽԡˡذŹ٤򻲾ȤƤ뤬ʸˤĤǡŹʳءˤ¿Υ󥹥ԥ졼ͿƤ뤳Ȥ˶äƤ롥ϡ͡ʼΰŹʸιǤȰŹб״طˤʬषĹĤɽ򼨤 (29)

ʸιǤȿͰŪ̾ħ
ʸ̤ʸŹ餷ŹʰŪʰŹ
νؤžּŹ餷ŹʰŪʰŹ
̤ʸʬּŹ餷ʤŹüʰŹ
ΰ̣̤ΰ̣Ѵ뤤ϱ󤷤ɽ졦ʸŹ餷ʤŹüʰŹ
嵭Ȥ߹碌Ź餷ʤŹüʰŹ


(substitution) ϡ#2704. Ź ([2016-09-21-1]) ɽ륿פǡʸ̤ʸѤΤǤ롥žּ (transposition) ϰν¤Ǥʸ̤ν¤ؤ륿פǤ롥㤨СǤñžּŹ1Ĥϡnowhere erehwon ʤɤȵս¤ؤΤǤ롥2ΰŹǤϡǤäŹʸϤƤ̣ʸˤʤΤǤˤ⸫ɤϰŹ餷ʤ롥
ʬּϡν¤Ǥʸ̤ʸΤǡ#3072. ܸζ߸ա ([2017-09-24-1]) ǵ󤲤֥ΥաפʤɤȤʤ롥#3071. Pig Latin ([2017-09-23-1]) ϡžּʬּ碌褦ʰŹǤ롥ϡ̸Τ褦ʸɤ򤷤ƤΤħǤ롥
ʾ3ϡʸ٥ǤꡤǤȤǽ (signifiant) 򤤤뤳ȤˤŹ沽Ǥ롥Фƽ국 (ssignifié) 򤤤륿פΰŹ⤢ꡤ졦ʸʤɤȸƤФ롥ɤȤƤ̸θʤɤʤäƤ뤬θΰ̣̤ΰ̣ѴƤΤǡλ򤷤Ƥʤꡤɤ߲򤯤Ȥ񤷤

Ĺ ԡذŹȤ١̼ҡ2017ǯ

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2017-09-27 Wed

#3075. άȰŹ [cryptology][abbreviation][shortening][acronym][initialism][writing]

άɽϱѸǤܸǤǤ롥#889. acronym 20 ([2011-10-03-1])#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡƬȸƤФ acronym initialism ʤɤϿʹ仨ʤɤ˰Ƥ롥Τάɽϸ˸¸ߤϸŤǧ롥ΤǤϥꥷޤλ̤ꡤεꤳɮפ֤֡®ȤäŪӤˤä⤷ʤ䤬ƽŪŪƿŪˤѤ褦ˤʤäĹ (43--44) ϡŹȤδϢάˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥

άϡΤ褦軰ԤФƿȤ̤ŪѤ졤ȯãƤά줽ΤΤޤ괷ѤƤʤΤǤäꡤάμबäƤȡάɽ򸫤ʤȸΰ̣Ȥʤ礬롥ޤάˤΤ񤭻ߤˤάʽ񤭤ΤޤӤǻߤάȤΡˤˤϡ줬άǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ñ˵դ򴭵褦ʤȤԤʤ줿
ĤϡؤǤƿŪά줬Ѥ뤳ȤˤĤʤΤǤ롥


AIDS EU Ǥ¿οͤƤ˼ŪȤ뤬ǶܤˤĤ褦ˤʤäФ EPAEconomic Partnership Agreement; кϢȶˤ ICBMInter-Continental Ballistic Missile; ΦƻơˤǤϡɬ¿οͤάʤΤؤΤǧƤʤ⤷ʤʥҥȤȸĥ뤳ȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤŹ˶ᤤȤ
ǤϡAIDS EU ϤʤǧΤ䤹ΤȤС֤ѤƤǤ롥ϻ¾ΰŹäǤ⹽鷺˻Ȥ³Ƥˡ¿ο͡졤ǧΤäȤȤǤ롥Ź沽βȤߤ뤳ȤǤ֤ά֤ⷫѤΤǤϡƿθ̤ƤޤȤϤޤǤʤסĹġp. 45ˡ

Ĺ ԡذŹȤ١̼ҡ2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-17-1] [2018-06-08-1]

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2017-09-26 Tue

#3074. ʸϸǧΰŹǤ [cryptology][language][semiotics][saussure][arbitrariness][sign][writing]

̾οͤˤäƤͭƤʤʸؤưŹȸƤ֤ɸΤ褦΢Ȥ館ơʸϸǧΰŹǤפɽ뤳ȤǤ롥ϡߤȤʵžȯۤǤ롥Ĺ (136--37) Ѥ롥

ɽ뤿ˤɤΤ褦ʸѤ뤫ϤɤǤ褤ȤǤäơפϤʸλȤӤƤСȤƤܤ̤ȤǤ롥եǥʥ󡦥ɡ塼ϡֵ԰ȲİפˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ǽϡɽϤǰȾȤϤϡͳФ줿ΤȤƸϤȤСդˤѤҤҲȾȤϤϡͳǤϤʤơݤ줿ΤǤ롥Ҳ罰ϰĤ̤ˤŤ餺ǽ¾ΤΤؤ櫓ˤϤͤ롥̷ޤफ˻פϤ¤ϡʿؤСضɼ٤ȤǤ⤤դ٤˸äơӤޤء٤ȸĤФ顤ؤεۤΤǤʤơ٤äؤסʾӱظظ١
ϤΤޤ޴ŹˤƤϤޤ븶Ǥ롥Ѵ뵭ȤƤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤǤ⤵ĤʤʤСεѤ֤Ϥäѹ뤳ȤϵʤŹΰ㤦ϡȤɽδط軰ԤƿƤ뤳ȤǤ롥
̤ʸּҲǧѤΰŹˡפȸƤ֤ΤϡΤ褦дطˤΤǤ롥


ޤΤ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ (137--38)

륺ϡΡˡ٤ˡʸϡ줬ȯ줿ȤΤϴط̩ͤ̿˻ȤƤפȽ񤤤Ƥ롥ϡΨ㤤֤ʸΤΤ̩ɽǤäȤŪΤˤȤ館դǤ롥


ʸŹŪʵǤȤǤ϶̤Ƥ롥ʺۤ1ĵ󤲤ȤСʸ̾¿οͤ˶ͭƤ뤬ŹϾοͤˤΤƤʤȤȤΤäƤͤοȤѥ᡼ٳ뤹СʸϤʤŹǤꡤŹϤʤʸǤȤ롥ŪʸȰŹؤʤߴطˤΤ쵤ݤ߹᤿롥
Ϣơ#2699. Źؤȸء ([2016-09-16-1])#2700. Źˤ륳ߥ˥ ([2016-09-17-1]) ȡ#2701. ŹȤƤʸ ([2016-09-18-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Ĺ ԡذŹȤ١̼ҡ2017ǯ

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2017-08-28 Mon

#3045. punctuation εǽ¿ [punctuation][writing]

#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1]) ǡCrystal αѸɴʻŵˡ (punctuation) 4ĤεǽҲ𤷤Ʊ Crystal ˡŰŪ Making a Point κǸ˶ᤤȤǡ̤ڤˡεǽ¿⤷Ƥ롥

For a long time, . . . people thought there were only two functions to punctuation: a guide to pronunciation and a guide to grammar. There are far more . . . . There is a ludic function, seen in poetry, informal letters, and many online settings where people are playing with punctuation. There is a psycholinguistic function, facilitating easy processing by writer and reader. There is a sociolinguistic function, contributing to rapport between users. There is a stylistic function, providing genres with some of their orthographic identity. (346)


ƯϡȯʸˡΥɰʳˤ⤢Ȥ㤨СͷӤȤƤζ롥ӥ᡼ʤɤѤ#808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1]) ΰˤߤ褦ʡ硼ȤƤζѤʤɤ
ŪʵǽȤƤϡ㤨ʬݤˡ롼ȤƤɬ⥫ޤɬפʤǤ⡤ĹˤäƤɤ߼βϤΤ䤹θƥޤۤ褤
ҲŪʵǽ뤤ϼҲŪʵǽȤäƤ褤⤷ʤ㤨зӥ᡼ʤɤǴɽ魯 smileys ʸź뤳ȤˤäơȤδطĴԤʤ褦ʥ롥
ʸŪʵǽȤϡ㤨зӥ᡼ΥƥȤͭζˡѤ뤳Ȥˤꡤ줬ӥ᡼ΥƥȤȤ°뤳ȤɸȤ褦ʥؤ
ͤƤߤС϶ˡεǽǤФ꤫褽ֻεǽǤ⤢ȤäƤ褤ˡֻʸʤɤν񤭸դǤϡ줾¤¿¿ͤʵǽ̤ƤΤǤ롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

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2017-08-27 Sun

#3044. űѸˤʬ [punctuation][writing][manuscript][oe][distinctiones]

ѸʬˤĤơʲεˤƤ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1])#2696. ʬ񤭡ɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1])#2970. ʬ񤭤ȯ³񤭤 ([2017-06-14-1])#2971. ʬ񤭤϶ˡΤȯ㥠([2017-06-15-1])
Ūʸȸʬ񤭤ϡűѸǤϤޤˤȯãƤʤäʬ䤹ˡϳΤϺƤˡȤˤƤ⡤λȤϤƤӤƤ餺ˤȯŸӾȤʳˤߤΤǤ롥1ȤơȤȤ <> ѤƤ Bede Historia Ecclesiastica, III, Bodleian Library, Tanner MS 10, 54r. Ƭ4ԤƸ褦Crystal 19ˡ

Bede,

ÞAǷÆSGEWORDENYMB

syx hund ƿyntra7feower7syxtig æft(er) drihtnes
menniscnesseeclipsis solisþæt is sunnanaspru
ngennis

then was happened about
six hundred wintersand sixty-four after the lord's
incarnation(in Latin) eclipse of the sunthat is sun eclipse


ޤ2ʬ񤭤츫Ȥǽκ򼨤ȤʤʻѤƤȤܤޤδФȤƤϡʬ䤹٤Ȥʬ䤬ʤ7 [= "and"] μաˡդʬ䤹٤ǤʤȤʬ䤬̾ GEWORDENYMB ˤߤƬȸ촴δ֡ˤȤⶽ̣
ʬ񤭤硤񤭤ξˤϸȸδ֤ˤɤΤ餤ζ뤫Ȥ꤬ꡤʬ䵡ǽǽ뤬ϡʸΥȥͻ礷ʤ¤˶֤ǤǤƤȤǤƤΤǡͭϤ褦˻פ롥
ϡѸ˸¤餺ν񵭤ˤФи줿ʶˡ1ĤȤäƤ褤ܸǤ⡤üˡäƳƤ롥

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-22-1]

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2017-08-10 Thu

#3027. Ϥι [punctuation][writing][capitalisation][manuscript][printing]

ܸǤλϤ1ƽ񤭻ϤΤϤȤƤ롥ǯεϤȼɤϤƤˤĤƤϡ#2848. ּԤ1ʤס ([2017-02-12-1]) εǿ줿ǤϡѸˤĤƤϤɤ
ѸܤɤǤȤ狼Ȥꡤ̾ϹԤϿʸ٤λԤʤƤ롥ˤ̤κˡ⤢롥㤨СϹԤʤʤˡϤƬʸ¾ʸ礭ơʤȤʣԤι⤵ǡΩʤ "drop capital" λѤ롥ϡμܤˤơƱŪѤ줿礭ʸ˵ġ뤤ϡѼȹͤ뤬俷ʹεǤ褯ܤˤ褦ˡǽ1줫򤹤٤ʸǽ񤯤Ȥˡ⤢롥
⤦1դ٤ϡԤʤ鷺̤Ω⤷ʤ򳫻Ϥ뤳ȤȤȤϡϤ1ˤƤǤ롥Ϥ̾򼨤ԤľǤϡλϤǤ뤳ȤϼǤꡤ̤ʹޤ򤻤Ȥ褤ȤȤܸǤ1ȤɤΧ1򤹤ΤǡѸΤήϤˤŤ󤸤Ƥ뤫Τ褦˴롥
Ĺ餯αѸ񵭤ι˴äƤŪˤϤۤɸŤήǤϤʤ褦Crystal (131) ˤȡ100ǯۤˤϡ1Ȥɤ¾Ʊ褦˿ʸλԤʤΤ̾ä褦ɤΤȤˡ (punctuation) δϡˤϰˤ뤷house style ˤȤ礭٤ιλظǧˤ衤ˡޤŪʤΤǤϤʤȤȤ

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

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2017-07-12 Wed

#2998. 18ޤǰȼ񤭤ֻϰۤʤˤä [spelling][orthography][writing][printing][lmode][johnson]

ε#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1]) κǸ˿줿褦ˡʬ˸Ѹ˶ᤤȴ18ǤʤʬŪ19Ǥˡȼ񤭤ϡʸֻεϤ˴ؤơ2ĤΰۤʤƤȤäƤ褤С2Ĥˡ¸ߤƤʤ⡤ơϸŪʰ̣Ǥοϳ餵̶ǤʵϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤäˡϤ褽ָפǤꡤ񤭤ϡֻפǤ뤫顤ˡϸǻȤʬ٤ŴȤʤäƤΤǤ롥
κۤǤŪ˸ΤϡJohnson μǤֻȡJohnson λŪʤǤֻǤ롥㤨СJohnson ϼǤֻȤϰۤʤꡤʤǤ companiable, enervaiting, Fryday, obviateing, occurences, peny, pouns, stiched, chappel, diner, dos (= does) ֻ񤤤Ƥ (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 42) Τ褦ʾ¾κȤˤĤƤƱͤ˸뤳Ȥ顤Johnson ֤겼äȤ̷򵯤ƤʤɤȤˤϤʤʤषŪʰȻŪʼ񤭤Ȥǰۤʤֻδबꡤ줬뤵ƤȤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ʾϡβ桹ˤȤäƤ򤷤ˤ⤷ʤֻθͤƤߤмΤȤǤ롥Ѹˤֻζʽ¿Ǥ줿ϻҶ˰줿ƥȤɤ褦ˤ뤿ζʽǤꡤҶֻ񤯤Ȥ붵ʽǤϤʤäƥȤֻϡȼԤˤäƴŪ줿ˡȿǤƤꡤҶϤηŪֻɤ׷ֽ񤯡׷ä˼ƤʤäΤ褦ʻҶ񤭤ǽʤǧʤˤϡʤƥȤɽ蘆Ƥˡ§ä֤뤳ȤϤǤʤȤäñޤä֤ʤȤȤˤϤʤʤʤμ˸򤵤뤳ȤۤȤɤʤ
ơξϡֻؤǤҶΤߤʤ餺ʸɤ߽񤭤ͤˤ̤ƤϤޤäȼ񤭤ΩϡΩΤߤʤ餺ֻɤǽϤȽǽϤΩǤ⤢äΤ

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-06-1]

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2017-07-11 Tue

#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> [spelling][graphemics][grammatology][alphabet][printing][lmode][writing][orthography]

18ΰܤΥƥȤɤǤȡ³ <s> ΰۻ (allograph) Ǥ <<ʃ>> ޤˤ˸뤳Ȥ˵ŤλΤ "long <s>" ȸƤФƤꡤޤǤѤƤޤäΤΡѸˤĹˤ錄äƳƤۻΤäTieken-Boon van Ostade (40) ˰Ƥ롡ECCO ʸˤꡤ<<ʃ>> λȤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

. . . WHEREIN / THE CHAPTERS are ʃumm'd up in Contents; the Sacred Text inʃerted at large, in Paragraphs, or Verʃes; and each Paragraph, or Verʃe, reduc'd to its proper Heads; the Senʃe given, and largely illuʃtrated, / WITH / Practical Remarks and Obʃervations


Ƥ狼̤ꡤ٤Ƥ <s> <<ʃ>> ǰƤ櫓ǤϤʤŪˤϸƬ <s> <<ʃ>> ǰ졤Ǥ̾ <<s>> ʤޤƬǤʸξˤ <<S>> Ѥ롥ۤˡIdleneʃs Busineʃs Τ褦ˡ<ss> δĶǤ1ʸܤ long <s> Ȥʤ롥
long <s> 䤬Ѥ˵뤳ȤȤʤäˤƤ18˾äƤäȤŦƤ롥

Long <s> disappeared as a printing device towards the end of the eighteenth century, and its presence or absence is today used by antiquarians to date books that lack a publication date as dating from either before or after 1800. (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 40)


դ٤ϡ1800ǯ򶭤 long <s> äΤϰȤΤˤƤǤꡤ (handwriting) ˤƤϡ⤦Ф餯 long <s> Ѥ³ȤȤǤ롥#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ񤭤Ǥ1850ǯޤǻȤ³ȼ񤭤ȤǻʬۤۤʤäƤȤ long <s> ˸¤餺¾ΰۻΤֻˤƤϤޤ롥δФǤϡˤ񤭤ˤ衤1Ĥζ̤ˡȹͤΤʤȤ1800ǯޤǤϡΤ褦ʴФϵäȤߤʤ٤Ǥ롥
long <s> ˤĤơ#1152. sneeze θ츻 ([2012-06-22-1])#1732. Shakespeare ֤ (2) ([2014-01-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

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2017-07-05 Wed

#2991. 롼ʸ̾˰̣ä餳 [runic][kotodama][alphabet][writing][kanji][grammatology]

롼ʸˤĤơ#1006. 롼ʸѼ ([2012-01-28-1]) Ϥ runic εȤƤˤơ롼ʸϤФѤȷӤĤ졤Ūʥ᡼äƤȤ館뤳Ȥ¿󥰥ʸǻѤƤͻҤ˴դߤȡΥ᡼ɬäƤʤ⤷ʤ5--6Υ롼ʸǽ񤫤줿󥰥ʸСǰʤɤιʤ˹ޤƤ㤬¿äǤϤƤ "X raised this stone in memory of Y" Τ褦û귿礬񤫤ƤˤʸΤΥꥨ󤬾ʤȤΤ롼ʸѤħǤ롥롼ʸȤѤѤ줿ȤѶŪʾڵϡ¤˳
#1009. 롼ʸʸȴطο츻 ([2012-01-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦˸츻Ūˤ⥪Ūʥϴ뤷#1897. "futhorc" acrostic ([2014-07-07-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ͷӤظˤϡ롼ʸ˽ɤλۤΤ褦ʤΤꤵƤ褦ˤפ롥
ʸˤȤСɽʸǤפ⤫֡ϸ§Ȥ1ʸθбƤΤǡΰ̣ľŪ۵䤹ե٥åȤʤɤɽʸȤۤʤäƤ롥
ե٥åȤϡޥ󡦥ե٥åȤˤ襮ꥷե٥åȤˤ衤ʸñɽ魯ΤߤǤꡤŪʰ̣ȼ櫓ǤϤʤΤ˥ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤγʸˤϡ֥ס֥ӡפʤɤ̾ĤƤ뤬ޤ̵̣Ǥʡ#1831. ե٥åȤλҲʸ̾Ρ ([2014-05-02-1]) 򻲾ȡˡޤꥷե٥åȤǤϳʸ alpha, beta ʤɤ̣ͭȤܤ̾ĤƤ뤬̾ɽ路Ƥñϡޤǥ٥̣ͭäΤǤꡤꥷͤˤȤäƶŪˤ̵̣äʡ#1832. ꥷե٥åȤʸ̾ (1) ([2014-05-03-1])#1833. ꥷե٥åȤʸ̾ (2) ([2014-05-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ȥ롼ʸˤĤƤϡʸˡ줿륲ޥˤƶỤ̄ͭ̾դƤĤޤꡤƱͤˡʸľܤ˸Ọ̇̄۵ΤǤ롥椨֤Ƥޥ󡦥ե٥åȤ٤ơŪϤô䤹äȤϤäΤǤϤʤCrystal (180) ꡤƥ롼ʸбΰ򼨤Wikipedia Runes ΰɽ⻲ȡˡ

RuneAnglo-SaxonNameMeaning (where known)
ffeohcattle, wealth
uūrbison (aurochs)
þþornthorn
oōsgod/mouth
rrādjourney/riding
ccentorch
g [j]giefugift
wwynjoy
hhæglhail
nniednecessity/trouble
iisice
jgearyear
ȝēohyew
ppeor?
xeolh?sedge
ssigelsun
ttiw/tirTiw (a god)
bbeorcbirch
eeohhorse
mmanman
llaguwater/sea
ngingIng (a hero)
oeeþelland/estate
ddægday
aacoak
ææscash
yyrbow
eaear?earth
g [ɣ]garspear
kcalc?sandal/chalice/chalk
k~(name unknown) 


Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

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2017-06-15 Thu

#2971. ʬ񤭤϶ˡΤȯ㥠[punctuation][writing][distinctiones]

ε#2970. ʬ񤭤ȯ³񤭤 ([2017-06-14-1]) ˰³ơʬ (distinctiones) ꡥCrystal (17) ϡʬ񤭤ȯ¾ζˡηŪȯã¥ȹͤƤ롥

It's difficult to see how punctuation could have developed in a graphic world where scriptura continua was the norm. If there are no word-spaces, there's no room to insert marks. Writers or readers might be able to insert the occasional dot or simple stroke, to show where the sense change, but it would be impossible to develop a sophisticated system that would keep pace with the complex narratives and reflections being expressed in such domains as poetry, chronicles, and sermons. However, once word-spaces became the norm, new punctuational possibilities were available.


Τˡΰ̴طϤ٤ϤĤ褦ʹ뤫⤷ʤ餯ʬŪˤϤ̤ǤȻפΤΡۤɼʵǤϤʤȤΤϡܸͤƤߤʬȤꡤʬ񤭤夷Ƥʤ񵭤ˤƤ⡤¾ζˡϽʬηŪȯãƤ뤫Ǥϡष¾ζˡʬ񤭤β̤ϤʬŪ˲̤Ƥ롥äơ񵭾εǽȯμȤ顤ʬ񤭤¾ζˡȤʬˡߤ٤϶ʤ褦˻פ롥򤬤Сʬ¾ε椬񤭹ޤäƶˡȯã䤹Ȥ Crystal ϡ̵ȤϷĤʤΤΡɤޤͭʤΤѶŪ˼Ȥ񤷤ΤǤϤʤ
Ǥ⡤ʬ񤭤ϡѼԤˤȤäƺǤľŪǴŪñ̤ǤڤΤǤȤǡ¾ζˡܼŪϰ̤ȼĥ뤳ȤޤǽΤ褦˻פ롥ܸΤ褦ʵθʤ顤ϤäƼĥǤʤȤϡʬ񤭤Ȥˡˤ餺ȸζʬ򼨤餫μʤΩСˤ¾ζˡȯãƤ䤹ȤȤǤϤʤ

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-08-27-1]

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2017-06-14 Wed

#2970. ʬ񤭤ȯ³񤭤 [punctuation][writing][scribe][manuscript][inscription][distinctiones]

񵭤ˤʬ (distinctiones) ˤĤƤϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1])#2696. ʬ񤭡ɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1]) ʤɤȤƤ⡤ʬ񤭤ˤβ߽ФƤȯʤǤꡤᤫ鼫ǼδǤä櫓ǤϤʤȤ򡤺ٳǧƤ
Τν񵭤ˤǤϡʬ񤭰ˡĹ³ (scriptura continua) λ夬äCrystal (3)

Word-spaces are the norm today; but it wasn't always so. It's not difficult to see why. We don't actually need them to understand language. We don't use them when we speak, and fluent readers don't put pauses between words as they read aloud. Read this paragraph out loud, and you'll probably pause at the commas and full stops, but you won't pause between the words. They run together. So, if we think of writing purely as a way of putting speech down on paper, there's no reason to think of separating the words by spaces. And that seems to be how early writers thought, for unspaced text (often called, in Latin, scriptura continua) came to be a major feature of early Western writing, in both Greek and Latin. From the first century AD we find most texts throughout the Roman Empire without words being separated at all. It was thus only natural for missionaries to introduce unspaced writing when they arrived in England.


Ѹν񵭤ˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤűѸޤǤˤϸȸʬ䤹벿餫λŪˡϺ褦ˤʤäƤCrystal (8--9) ˤС͡ˡ¸줿Ȥʰʲΰˤ "Undley bracteate" ˤĤƤϡ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

People experimented with word division. Some inscriptions have the words separated by a circle (as with the Undley bracteate) or a raised dot. Some use small crosses. Gradually we see spaces coming in but often in a very irregular way, with some words spaced and others not --- what is sometimes called an 'aerated' script. Even in the eleventh century, less than half the inscriptions in England had all the words separated.


ͤƤߤС򺣤ΥǥǤ⡤ʬ񤭤μʤʣ롥URLե̾ʸʤɡͳǶ򤱤뷹ˤϡ㤨 "this is an example of separation" ɽȤˡΤ褦ʥꥨ󤬹ͤ (Crystal 8--9 ε⻲ȡˡ

thisisanexampleofwordseparation
this.is.an.example.of.word.separation
this+is+an+example+of+word+separation
this_is_an_example_of_word_separation
this-is-an-example-of-word-separation
thiSiSaNexamplEoFworDseparatioN
ThisIsAnExampleOfWordSeparation


ϡ̣ scriptura continua ɤĤĤȤΤ⤷ʤ³񤭤뤹ܸ񵭤ν֤

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-08-27-1] [2017-06-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-05-08 Mon

#2933. ǯɽ [timeline][history][medium][writing]

󥹥路ػˡ٤ϡ̺ȤƤλˤ򤿤ɤʤ顤̤ȤʸʸʸˤƱ˵ҤƤ롥̺ˤĤƤϡ#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) ʤɤǰäƤϥ󥹥δǯɽ (466--74) ǤȥƥΥҲưƤȤ褯ʬ뤬󥹥θդڤСּҲ񤬥ƥΥ߽ФƤפȤ٤ʤΤ

38000ǯ̥ڥΥ롦ƥƶ˻Ĥ֤ʹ֤ˤǸŤȤƤ
3500ǯ᥽ݥߥг˺ǸŤʸޤ
3300ǯХӥ˥ʸ饯ˤΥ륯ǴĤʸޤ롥ܸʸλϤޤ
3000ǯǯ夬ꤵƤǸŤΥѥԥ륹ʸפΤʤʪ٥åʯ褫ȯ
3000ǯץȤΥҥվݷʸʿʸˤλϤޤ
2500ǯήǤϤʸ񤫤
2400ǯ¸ǸŤΥץȸʸ
2200ǯήƼҤƫҤʸĦ
2100ǯǯ夬ꤵƤǸŤΥѡҤڥ롼ǽ
1850ǯǯ夬ꤵƤǸŤʸ˽񤫤줿ץȸδʪ
18쥿ǽηϤޤ
1400ǯǽùʸ񤫤
1300ǯƼǿ顤äʸ񤫤
1200ǯȯã
1100ǯץȿͤե˥ͤ˥ѥԥ륹͢ФϤ
1000ǯե˥Υե٥åȤޤ
600ǯᥭǥݥƥߥƥʸޤ
600ǯȥꥷĤĢ񤫤
5̤ͤ˻Ȥ
400ǯ˥ե٥åȤꥷǤɸȤʤ
400ǯ줫Ϥȯ
3쥯ɥꥢ˿޽ۤ¤
255ǯ˴ؤϤƤεҤʤ롥ϤѤǴڤ˲줿
252ǯϰȯ줿ǯΤ餫ʺǸŤλ
250ǯޥʸѤ
220ǯȯ̤ɮƻ˻Ȥ
206ǯβī볫Ǥϴ˻椬ȯ
63ǯꥷؼԥȥܥ󤬡ߤݥȥΥߥȥƥ6βܤ˿뤳Ȥؤζä򵭽
31ǯ¸ǽΥᥫʸ
30ǯ񤬥ץȤѥԥ륹泤˹ޤ
1ޤǰŪʽ̤ϹĤѤ
75ǯܸʸǺǸʸ񤫤
105ǯǤϸ촶ε˻ȤᴱѤȯȤƤ
2ǥʥӥǥ롼ʸΥե٥åȤޤ
250ǯ--300ǯǯ夬ۤꤵƤ椬ȥ륭ǽ
256ǯǺǽλ˽񤫤줿ܡȷС٤
297ǯǽΥޥФĦ
394ǯץȤΥҥվݷʸǺǸʸ񤫤
5ܸȼʸηϤȯ
450ǯǯ夬ꤵƤܣݭդ˽񤫤줿ǽμơռܤҤȯ줿
476ǯǸι륹ȥ륹Ѱ̤ˤĤ
500ǯޥͤޥƤʸ񤭤Ϥ
500ǯ--600ǯޥͤȯã
538ǯīȾɴѤβǺ줿ŵʩܤ
610ǯΤħˡܤ
630ǯϥޥɤå
673ǯηʩŵ̤ϤᡤۤɤʤܤǼ̷Фȯˤʤ
8ǰϤޤ
706ǯֿͤå˻
711ǯֿΨ٥٥ͷå饸֥륿볤ۤƥڥ򿯹
712ǯʸؤκǸŤκʡظŻ٤ʸǽ񤫤
720ǯʩοƩȤȤܤǤλλѤ硹Ū˹ޤ
751ǯޥ륫ɤ椬Ϥޤ
762ǯ--66ǯХɤη
770ǯܤξ뤬Ȥäΰʪµʿꤦɴκ
794ǯۤȤ줬Хɤߤ
800ǯץȤǻ椬ϤƻȤ
832ǯඵ̤ꥢ
848ǯӥǻ˽񤫤줿ʷܤ롥ǯ夬ꤵ줿ҤǤϺǸŤȤƤ
850ǯʪ٤Ϥƽ񤭵줿ȿꤵ
868ǯ¸ǸŤνҡض̼С٤줿
889ǯޥͤ٤ƤεϿФǤϤʤѤϤ
ХɤȤν׵Ȥʤ
900ǯץȤ椬
969ǯͷѥɡʻסˤϤƻȤ줿
1041ǯ--48ǯŴǤȤޤƫǺ롥ǯ夬ꤵǸŤβư
900ǯ--1100ǯޥͤإɥ쥹ǥ󡦥ǥå٤
1140ǯඵ̻۲ΥڥΥϥƥФ椬Ϥޤ
1143ǯإ٤ƥ
1164ǯꥢΥե֥ꥢΤǽεϿ
1308ǯƤؿʡ٤μɮ򳫻
1309ǯ󥰥ɤǻ椬ϤƻѤ
1332ǯǻ椬ϤƻѤ
1353ǯܥåإǥ٤ɮ
1387ǯ硼إ󥿥٥꡼ʪ٤μɮ򳫻
1390ǯɥĤ椬˥٥륯ǻϤޤ
1403ǯīƼ¤
1411ǯ椬Ϥޤ
1423ǯ衼åѤǰϤޤäȤ
1440ǯ--50ǯ衼åѤǺǽܡʥ֥å֥åˤ
1456ǯƥ٥륯ưǽΡ٤ΰ
1462ǯޥĤ˲졤ԤΥ
1463ǯåҡĥ뤬ǰ򶽤
1464ǯ޶٤ΥӥƻꥢǺǽΰȤʤ
1469ǯΡز²ؤνʽ٤ͥĥǰ줿ǽνҤȤʤ
1473ǯ롼֥ǥ塼٥åǰ򶽤
1475ǯޤ1476ǯʹϿ٤ե󥹸ǰ줿ǽνҤȤʤ
1476ǯꥢࡦ㥯ȥ󤬥ꥹǺǽΰ򳫤
1494ǯɥޥ̥ƥͥĥ˥ɰ˼򳫤
1495ǯ󡦥ƥȤϡȥեɥ㡼˥󥰥ɤǺǽ¤
1502ǯ--20ǯƥͤιפʪεϿ˻ͽǺܤƤ롥ǯָ޽λäƤ¼⤢
1515ǯ֥ҥȡǥ塼顼å󥰤Ϥ
1519ǯʥ󡦥ƥ٥饯륹ն˾Φƥʸ˲򳫻Ϥ
1520ǯޥƥ󡦥륿Ρإꥹȶβ˴ؤƥɥĤΥꥹȽ²˰Ƥơ٤졤ǯ֤Ǹۤ
1528ǯե󡦥ǡޥ饬㤬轻̱߸ԤȤƥᥭ夷ܤdz䤹
1539ǯڥͤ轻̱ܤ뤿˥ᥭΰ򳫤
1549ǯޥͤο޽ۤڥͤ˾Ƥ
1575ǯڥͤᥭ˺ǽƤ
1576ǯͤ򳫻
1586ǯĤ᤬ɥȥҥȤȯۤ롥˾ǸŤεϿ
1605ǯХƥΡإɥ󡦥ۡơ٤Ǥ
1609ǯνʹȥ饹֥륯ϴ
1627ǯե󥹤Υ顦뤬ȥåϤϤ졤楰ΡȼԤϥ󥰥ɤƨ
1635ǯǥޡ椬
1638ǯѻϤƥꥫؤ⤿餵
1672ǯá򵡤ȯˤꥪɼ򤤻͢񤫤͢йž
1690ǯꥢࡦåƥϥꥫǺǽΩ
1690ǯꥫǺǽοʹإѥ֥å󥷥ܡե󡦥ɡɥ᥹ƥå٤ܥȥϴ
1690ǯꥫΦο̱ϤǺǽλʾޥ塼åĤȯԤ
1698ǯȥޥ꤬ۻӿŪǺǽξؤ߷פ
1702ǯɥإǥ꡼ȡ٤ϴ
1719ǯ͡ȥ̡ե륷硼ɡ쥪ߥ塼뤬ںफ륹Хμˡ
1728ǯޥ塼åĤ椬Ϥޤ
1744ǯϤƤλƸܡؾʤ襤ݥåȥ֥å٤󥰥ɤǽǤ
1744ǯ˥椬Ϥޤ
1767ǯͥåȤ椬Ϥޤ
1768ǯ٥롦ӥ奨뤬ꥫΦ̱ϤǤϤƳ¤
1769ǯ˥塼إΥåɥȥ뤬ꥹΥꥫΦ̱ϤǤϤư¤
1773ǯ˥塼衼椬Ϥޤ
1774ǯǥ޻ե롦ˤǤȯɺؤƻ򳫤
1785ǯɥΩϿʹإǥ꡼˥롦쥸٤ϴǯ塤إॺ٤˻̾ѹ
1790ǯȥޥӥ奤åꥹǤäȤ͵޳ȤȤʤ
1798ǯ˥-륤١뤬Ϣ³浡õ
1798ǯJMWʡ̲Ǽ¸Ϥ
1799ǯͥեȥդͰ
1800ǯۡ׶Ŵΰȯ
1801ǯ祻-ޥ꡼㥫뤬ѥɤˤ뼫ưȯ
1804ǯ֥饤󡦥ɥ󥭥Ĺ־浡¤
1809ǯ󡦥ǥ󥽥󤬱־浡õ
1811ǯե꡼ɥҡ˥ҤưϤΰȯ
1814ǯɥΡإॺ٤˥Ҥξ
1818ǯ祷奢ԥ󤬥ꥫǤϤϢ³浡¤
1820ǯǯꥹɴʾοʹ
1825ǯ祻ա˥ե롦˥ץϤƼ̿Ƥ
1830ǯɺˡˤ꿧ĤΤܤۤ򤤻ǽȤʤ
1833ǯںȤõꥹϿ
1840ǯꥢࡦإ꡼եåܥåȤ夹̿Ϥƺ
1841ǯӥˡǥ륺ɥɻإѥ٤ϴ
1843ǯꥫΥ㡼ɡMۡưϤžȯ
1863ǯꥫȼԤںѥפλѤϤ
1867ǯꥹκڵѥŸ
1867ǯޥ塼åĽΥȥå֥åǹ罰Ѥںѥפ
1867ǯץ饤ȯ
1872ǯꥫ罰񤬥ꥹȥɥĤȴλˤʤ
1874ǯͭҤ¤򳫻ϡ塤ԡͤϻҤȤ³
1890ǯ罰ιĴ˥ѥɼν׵Ѥ
1899ǯǥõȥ󡦥إǥ󤬡Իԡϰΰȯ桤252ǯλȯˤɤѤ
1931ǯ֥ͥå夬ʥԥ塼ȯ
1945ǯ󡦥ե󡦥ΥޥŻҥץߥ󥰤뤿ʿκѤʸȯɽ
1947ǯȥ󥸥٥븦ȯ
1951ǯߥȥ󡦥ɤ֤Ƚ֤˼ơפкܤUNIVAC1ͽ¤
1959ǯޥåפõд


ޡ󥹥ˡ һҡˡػˡˤͤư줿ѡ١ֽŹ2016ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-04-19 Wed

#2914. ܸ÷ŪʸǤ [grammatology][japanese][kanji][writing][medium][history_of_linguistics]

ε#2913. Chinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤ֤٤ ([2017-04-18-1]) Ǽ夲δܸϤ֤äܤʻɷƤ롥⤷ܸϡʸȤդ礤ܤС֤÷θǤ롤ȹ (243) 롥ǰƬˤΤϡֹءסֹۡסֹסָסֹԡפʤɤƱΤȤǤ롥

ܤθؼԤϤ褯ܸϤʤüʸǤϤʤդ줿Ǥ롤ܸ˻ϵˤ⤢롤ȸϡ̾ñʣ̤򤷤ᤵʤȤиΤȤư줬֤ȤäˡΤȤǤ롥Τޤ줿ؤˡܸʬϤ뤫顤ʸˤܤʤؤܤΤϡȸˡỌ̇̄Ǥ롥
̵ϤǤ뤿ˤȤФʸΤŤޤʤа̣ʤȤܤСܸϡǤ餯ĤΡüʸǤ롥
̣ˤʤʤȤΤϡ󡤸ȤƷʻѤǤϤʤܸ÷ŪʸǤ롤ȸ虜ʤ


ǤϡܸΤ褹뤳ȤǤΤϡݡפ롥÷ΤޤĹƤޤäΤǡʻѤˤʤȡܸϡ÷ΤޤƤ椯ۤ¸ˡϤʤ (p. 236) ȹͤƤ롥
ܸˤĤƻξ͡˵뤳ȤǤ䤬⤷Τϡͳβ١θؤ鸫ȡܸϲ̤ʤȤΤʤ̤θʸȤδط򤫤ꤽˤθؤ鸫ȡܸ÷θǤ롤Ȥˡܸ÷⤷Ƥ櫓顤ʸȤδط򤫤ꤽˤθؤΤۤ˸줷Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ĤޤꡤǽפȤߤʤήζؤæĤġ椷ʤʸβͤ򿮤Ƥ롤Ȥɤ롥
ʸϲȶӤĤƤϤ뤬ܼŪΩǥǤ롥ؤϡʸƱ褦˽Ż뤹ɤڤɬפΤǤϤʤ񤭸դμΩˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2339. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (1) ([2015-09-22-1])
#2340. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (2) ([2015-09-23-1])
#2431. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1])
#2508. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Samuels ε ([2016-03-09-1])
#2819. ä濴æĤĤء ([2017-01-14-1])

ˡشܿ͡١ʸ麽սҡ2001ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-04-24-1]

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2017-04-18 Tue

#2913. Chinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤ֤٤ [grammatology][kanji][alphabet][word][writing][spelling]

(43) ˤɤǤơȤɽʸΰĤҤȤĤϡѸʤɤǤȤֻȤǡChinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤŬڤǤ롤ȤܤγФ褦ʻŦˤʤ餵줿

ȤΤϡΰİĤλܸΡ֤פȤ֤פȤ뤤ϱѸ a Ȥ b ȤλΤǤϤʤΰİĤλϡѸΰİĤΡ֤ĤŤסʥڥ󥰡ˤΤǤ롥פ sun ⤷ day ˡַפ moon ⤷ month 롥ѸΰİĤñ줬줾ȼΤĤŤĤ褦ˡΰİĤñϤ줾ȼʸĤΤǤ롥Ǥ뤫餷ơΤȤѸ Chinese characters ʥʸʸˤȸɡष Chinese spellings ʥʸΤĤŤˤȹͤۤ褤
ȤɤѸΥե٥åȤϤäϻǡDzǤ񤱤Τˡϲ⤢뤫ऺȸͤ뤬ȤͤϤʤ餺ХǤ롥Ρפ sun day ˤ롥ַפ moon month ˤ롥 sun moon ΤΤĤŤϡϤİĤܤۤʤΤ줭äȤǤ롥̾ϻ餫餯餤Ǥ롥ѸǤ̾ñοϻ餫餯餤Ǥ롥ʤ餤ʤΤǤ롥ǰİĤδ路ƤΤϰĤΰ̣İĤβǤꡤפˤַפˤ褽βϰĤʤΤ顤षѸΥڥ󥰤䤵⤷ʤ


Τˡθ¿ͥƤ롥ե٥åȤ <a>, <b>, <c> γʸϡǤиФ𴧤䤷ˤ礦ʤ뤤Ϥ꾮ʤˤ餬ŬڤˡȤ߹蘆뤳ȤˤäơƤθλѼԤˤȤäƺǤỤ̄ͭñ̤ȴָפȤʤ롥ָפȤñ̤ˤޤǤäƤμ³֤פȸƤ֤ȤСΤ <sun> <sunshine> <> <> ⤤֤פǤ롥ե٥åȤˤƤˤƤ⡤̤ɸϡָפȤñ̤ɽ魯ȤǤǶ̤ƤΤ顤ǰѸ줹뤳ȤǽǤ롥
ʸκǽפεǽ1Ĥɽ쵡ǽ (logographic function) Ǥ뤳ȤϡǤܥ֥¿βսǽҤ٤Ƥ㤨Сʲε򻲾ȡˡѸֻȴǽŪʴƱǤȤȯۤϡʸɽɽθ§򥵥ݡȤƤΤΤ褦˻פ롥

#284. Ѹֻȴζ ([2010-02-05-1])
#285. Ѹֻȴζ (2) ([2010-02-06-1])
#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1])
#2344. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-27-1])
#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1) ([2015-11-11-1])
#2429. ե٥åȤȤ ([2015-12-21-1])

ˡشܿ͡١ʸ麽սҡ2001ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-30-1] [2017-04-19-1]

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