äդȽդϸ2ǥ줾ͭΡ̣ŪʥǥХ¸ߤ롥Ѹ˴ؤΤȤơStubbs (117) ĤƤΤǡMilroy and Milroy (117--18) ͳǼ
Speech (conversation): intonation, pitch, stress, rhythm, speed of utterance, pausing, silences, variation in loudness; other paralinguistic features, including aspiration, laughter, voice quality; timing, including simultaneous speech; co-occurrence with proxemic and kinesic signals; availability of physical context.
Writing (printed material): spacing between words; punctuation, including parentheses; typography, including style of typeface italicization, underlining, upper and lower case; capitalization to indicate sentence beginnings and propoer nouns; inverted commas, for instance to indicate that a term is being used critically (Chimpanzees' 'language' is. . . .); graphics, including lines, shapes, borders, diagrams, tables; abbreviations; logograms, for example, &; layout, including paragraphing, spacing, margination, pagination, footnotes, headings and sub-headings; permanence and therefore availability of the co-text.
Τ褦ʥǥХΥꥹȤϡξǥоȤݤˤؤͭѤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤μоȤ¿εǼ夲ƤʤΤǡ礿ΤͤΤᡤʲ˼Ƥ
#230. äȤФȽȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1])
#748. äդȽա ([2011-05-15-1])
#849. äդȽ (2) ([2011-08-24-1])
#1001. äȤФȽȤ (3) ([2012-01-23-1])
#1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])
#1665. äȤФȽȤ (4) ([2013-11-17-1])
#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2301. äդȽդĤʤڥȥ ([2015-08-15-1])
Milroy, Lesley and James Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 4th ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
Stubbs, M. Language and Literacy: The Sociolinguistics of Reading and Writing. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.
ɸϤդʤΤ˸ؤ evidence ȤƹͤƤߤȤ⤷ΤǤϤʤǰƬ֤ƤΤϱѸǤꡤ٤ƤθƤϤޤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦ʤȤϾʤ̸θˤƤϤޤΤǤϤʤ
̾¸ǽʸ¿ϱʸǤ뤳Ȥ¿ƤʸȤϡ줿λˤƤȤʸظǤꡤäդΤޤȿǤƤΤȲ᤹뤳ȤϤǤʤ夬ˤĤ졤Ȥ櫓ˤΤΤ褦˸ʸλʸȯãˤϡĤޤդäդκṲ̄ޤäƤ褦ʸˤäƤϡ줿ϿäդμΤФȤäưפˤʤäƤ롥ΤȤơ֤ȤȤˡäդ evidence ؤΥݾڤ褦ˤʤäƤ褦ˤߤ롥
ǶˤơɸȤΤȯãƤ¤롥ϡȯãƤʸˤơȤϸŪ˳֤ΤɸǽȤ;ʤ롥ȡθԤܤˤƤΤΤʸϡΤ˱ʸ٤äդȿǤƤǽ⤤ȤϤμ줬ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤˤäƶ줿ѼԼäѼ郎ȿǤƤˤʤȤ⤤롥ΰ̣ǤϡΤ褦ʾڵΡǤΡŪäդФȤʤäƤȸΤǤʤΤȤơ֤ȤȤˡǤäդ evidence ؤΥ˸褦ˤʤäƤȹͤ롥
˵³СʸʸΤȤƤ⡤夬ˤĤ pragmatic mode 뤤 informal discourse syntactic mode 뤤 formal discourse ؤȿܤ "syntacticization" ηŦ Givón Τ褦Ԥ⤢ (Schaefer 1277) äդεʤ pragmatic/informal ϡsyntactic/formal ظḽνդȤƤʤȤϤ롥
嵭Υץ饹ȥޥʥŪ礹ȡŪäդؤΥӥƥϡȤ3ʤ2ⲼȤ餤ΥڡǿʤǤȤϸʤ̸ŪˤΤ褦ʰ뤫ɤϲ⤷ʤ˸ؤ evidence ȤưŪͤơޤǤϤʤ
Schaefer, Ursula. "Interdisciplinarity and Historiography: Spoken and Written English --- Orality and Literacy." Chapter 81 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1274--88.
21äƤ顤ȤƤ̱²ɿͤθ椬䤫ˤʤäƤƤ롥1999ǯ˻ǿζȯꡤ輼ȯ줿ɤɲˡѻ˲ȤųؼԤؿΤäǤ롥ɿͤäƤɸSogdian; θ̾αѸǤνФ1909ǯˤ䡤ɽ줿ʸˤĤƤ⡤ĸ椬ʤǤƤ餷
ɸϸߤǤϻȤʤäƤ뤬Ūˤϵ300ǯ鵪900ǯˤΥǥ (Sogdiana) ǹԤʤƤȤ롥Ūʥǥʤϥ볤ؤ2ϡ (Amu Dar'ya) ȥ (Syr Darya) ˶ޤ줿ϰؤϥޥ륫ɤǤ롥ߤΡ٥ȥդ롥

ɸ췲°췲°Ū˶ʥڥ륷ȤϸŪ˳֤꤬롥ɤˤĤƤϡ#1452. ɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-18-1]) ε#1146. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡFortsonǡˡ ([2012-06-16-1]) μޤȤ줿
ɸϥǥʤˤͥʸǤϤäɿͤȤʤʤäΤɸȤ٤ΤΩʤäɸϥ顼ಽȤȤ˼졤ޥ륫ɤǤ10ޤǤ˥ڥ륷˼ä줿
ɸθ¸ʸȤơ20ν˥ɥĤΥȥեõˤȯ줿ʸ롥ʸʤɤС313ǯ˽줿ָʡפ¸ǸŤʸȤƤǯ˸Ť2ΤΤȤʸߤĤä
ɸ줬ɽƤ륽ʸϡʸηƱ22ʸʤäƤνˤĤơ#2449. (2) ([2016-01-10-1]) ǤϱθȤƿ줿ºݤˤϻˤäѲ褦2θŤʸǤϼºݤ˱äȹͤƤ뤬6ʹߤʸǤϺĽ̤ȤʤäƤ롥
ʸ˴ؤƶ̣Τϡñ̤֤äơɸǡַɡפ㤬äȤ꤬ʡפźƤΤ⤢롥Τ褦˷ɤä20ۤɤȸꤵƤ
եϤξή䥰Υַëǥ䥰Υָ (Yagnobi) Ȥ줬ߤǤ12ͤۤɤüԤˤԤʤƤ뤬θŪʥɸȶǤ롥ɸϰζ̸Ūϰ̤ˤä1ĤȤƥ䥰Υָ褬äȤطǤ롥
ɤϡܤȤδϢǤұʪȤΤֿղפδּ̤ӡפʸκפĤƤ롥äΤǤϡָաפ̾ΤĤΡʸտ͡ɱʣտˤήԤƤΡָաפȤϡϥڥ륷ʿ͡ˤؤΤƤǯθˤȤۤܥɡʿ͡ˤؤƤȹͤƤ褤Ȥ륯ɤư̮ΤɿǸפ˽ƤΤΥɿͤäΤǤ롥
ʾ塤ȤƵĤȤƼɮ
˭֥ɿͤθסإɿͤѤȸ ˭ԡˡˡŹ2011ǯ80--118ǡ
إ˥åˡ (246--47) ˡ̵ʸʸʸʸפꤹ붽̣बäʸؤǤϰ̤ˡҲʸҲ̵ʸҲʬह뤳ȤԤʤƤ뤬ʬñˤΤǤϤʤȤ⤦1ĤμȤơˤɬפȤפݤ˽Ҥΰջ֤ĤݤȤѥΤǤϤʤȡʲp. 247Ĺ˰Ѥ롥
ˤȤδϢǤСʸϿ˻ȤƤƽפʤΤΤǤʸѤϰϤ餤äƤ⡤ʸϿΤäƤٹ礤餤äƤ⡤ʸϿΤߤˤäõǤˤϸ¤Ƥ롥ųؤ̱²̸ʸΥޥޡͳءʪʸ̾ϤȤƬʤɤӤ̱²ʪŪˤʤɤʸˤȤŤ椬롥ʸȯ뤤ϺΤơʸˤäƵϿ뤳ȤɬפȤ뤤Ϥΰջ֤äҲȡǤʤäҲȤϡˤˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ㤤ͤʤФʤʤ
ʸѤƵϿ٤ϡľܤηиȤФʸȤưռꤷơΤλջ֤ĤȤ̣롥ʸϿƬϤʹ֤ˤä夫ؼĤƤۤʤΤϡ߲ꤹ٤ˤƤǤȤ롥ʸΤʤǤ̤ΰ̣äƤΤϡȤƹ٤ʬᲽ줿å֤뤹פȤǤ뤫Ǥ롥
ʸˡ֤뤹ҲήΤʤѲߡѲ⤿餹ΤѤƤȤջ֤äƤΤˤŪҲĤޤ꽸ŪʻŤҲϡäΤʤߤߡѲ˾뷹ĤȤ롥Τ褦ŪҲϡܤϤᤤʸҲΤʤǤ̵ŪؤȤƤҤ¸ߤƤꡤޤ̱¯ؼԤθоݤȤʤäƤ
衤¿˳ؼԤʸϿˤȯӤ碌եꥫ˥ʤʸϿޤʤäҲˤΤʤҲȤߤʤƤΤ⡤иռоݲջ֤˰ռȯߤΤ褦ʸϡޤǤϤ뤬ޤ˰ŪǤ롥ʸϿΤʤҲǤ⡤ļҲΤ褦ˡƬݤˤ벦īˤʤɤ˸ǤҲϡʤˡˤɬפȤҲǤ롥ơΤ褦ʸϼԤߤȤδطDzռƹɬפΤҲǤϡդԤݤȤФǤijڻդˤäơʸϿ٤Ĺ˸Ρ֥ƥȡפ졤Ƥ
Τ褦ʲȤζĥäɬפȤʤҲĤޤǮӥեꥫΥԥߡʥ֥ƥʤɡˤ̤Υ⡼ʥ̥åȤʤɡˤΤ褦ˡʿʾĤǼġνͷưŪĤǤҲϡ̵ʸҲΤʤǤޤˤɬפȤʤäҲȤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˤߤƤȡʸҲ̵ʸҲȤ̤ŪʤΤǤϤʤȤ狼롥ʸҲΤʤˤ̵ʸŪؤΤƱˡ̵ʸҲˤˤɬפȤפȤ¤ǡʸҲȶ̤ʬΤ顥Τ褦ĤءʤʬϡȤȤˡ٤Ƥʸ¦˵ۼƤΤ˾ޤȤϤʤʹ֤ΤǡˤȤΤĤʤǤнռѲळȤָ롤ʸȯʬȡֺޤǤäƤȡפΤ꤫˰ꤷ̵ͤʸ˺ʬȤϡ䤦طǿμҲŤäƤ줫⤫ŤäƤ
ǽҤ٤Ƥ롤ʸҲ̵ʸҲζ̤ȡ˽Ҥΰջ̵֤ͭȤ̤碌ȡΤ褦ʿˤʤ
| ˤɬפȤҲ | ˤɬפȤʤҲ | |
|---|---|---|
| ʸҲ | (1) ΡʸҲ | (2) ˤʤʸҲ |
| ̵ʸҲ | (3) ƬΤߤļҲ | (4) Ρ̵ʸҲ |
3--4ˤˤƽ2Ĥλ郎äʪ (scroll) äƺ (codex) ѥԥ륹 (papyrus) ä (parchment) 줿ȤǤ롥̺ȤλȤˤƷŪѲ⤿餵줿ޤִʪҡפνˤĤơذȤ̿٤ԥڥƥ (19--20) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ʪҤؤѤäƤ椯ץʳŪʤΤäѲ⤿餷ѥȤ䡤ΰѤȯ˾Ȥ̤ۤ礭ʤΤǤäҤ͵ΤϡäǤ롥̤ˤ뤫顤ʪʤ»ˤ⤷Ĥս꤬äƤ⡤ñ˥ڡκؤǤޤ¢Ѥ߾夲뤫ê¤٤뤫ݴɤǤΤǡɤδ˸ʬĤΤ褦˺Ҿܤϡʪ٤ȡϤ뤫˿ۡʼˤǤμ¢ȴưפäΤǤ롥˺Ҥϡɮ̤ΤʬǤդˤޤޤʥƥȤߤν֤ǰˤޤȤ뤳Ȥ⡤ñˤФФˤ֤ؤ뤳ȤǤפ˽ѵ٤ǤΤǤ롥
ҤϼŪǤäФǤϤʤʪ⡤Ϥ뤫줿Ūץǽäʤˤꡤ¿ͤɤǤʪȡǽ餫ɤäɤǤ椯ۤʤҤʤѤѤȤäƽɤߤǤ롥ɼԤϥƥȤΤս꤫̤βսؤȡ˾ޤޤ˰ưƤ椱뤫顤ŸǤ롥ҤϡʪФǤʤŪʼʤΤǤ롥
³ơ֥ѥԥ륹פˤĤƤڤƤ (20--21)
ҷܤͳˤϡǤ䤹ѥԥ륹ؤơΤ뵭ϿΤѤȤ⤢äѥԥ륹ˡ椬Ѥ褦ˤʤäά
Ϥޤ٤⤯ѵˤͥƤᡤʬ̤¿ƥȤ䡤˭ܤʸϤѤ뤳ȤǤ
Τ褦ʵŪˤꡤȡɤळȤΰյѤäƤäޤʸ˸ߤޤ¸³뤳Ȥˤʤäޤˡˤǽʤ餷äȤ褦
̺ˤĤƤϡ#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1]) ȡ#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) #2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2931. ϸŤӽΤǤϤʤ䤹 ([2017-05-06-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ڥƥɥ롼ˡ ʡˡذȤ̿ͥܤ١ҡ2015ǯ
դȯʤʸȯϡ̤ܰΤΤŪʤΤεˤˤĤơNicholas et al. ʵŸƤ롥ʸΥ֥ȥ饯Ȥ褤ˤʤäƤΤǡѤ褦 (459)
A comparison of the evidence for the earliest scripts in different parts of the world suggests that an apparent preponderance of ceremonial; and symbolic usage should not be interpreted too literally. It seems to have more to do with archaeological preservation --- the better survival in archaeological contexts of the durable materials preferred as vehicles for ceremonial texts --- than with any deep-seated differences in the function of the scripts. It may well be that the earliest Chinese, Egyptian or Mesoamerican texts were largely as utilitarian in their application as those of Mesopotamia.
ʸǤϡ嵭ȴϢڤߤƤ롥
Some materials survive better than others, and for various reasons scribes chose relatively perishable substances for utilitarian texts, and more permanent vehicles for more formal ones. They were guided not only by the substance's durability, but also by its value and its convenience. Carving an inscription in stone improves its chance of survival for posterity; furthermore, the material may have been chosen for its intrinsic value (whether aimed at the inscription, or at the object, like a bowl or a statue, on which the inscription is found); and the labour of carving the text on a stone is itself an enhancement of the value of the object. As a general rule, therefore, we may expect surviving inscriptions to be those serving ceremonial purposes and found on durable materials. (472)
The main factor in deciding which script style was to be used was not purely the tools and media used for writing but also the content of the text. Likewise the amount of time devoted to a particular inscription (in turn reflecting the value attached to the text) will have had an effect on the form of the script used, with formality on ceremonial, informality on utilitarian vehicles: thus bones and tortoise-shells, though still formal, have more narrative content and generally have more cursive characters than the bronzes. (477)
The medium based for writing depended largely upon the content of the message. Because of the differential preservation of writing media, formal ceremonial texts, written on more durable substances, dominate in the archaeological record, giving a biased picture of the uses of early writing. The occasional survival of more perishable substances, together with certain other evidence, helps to correct this bias. (478--79)
ơȤ "[T]he stimulus to move from individual symbols or emblems to a coherent writing system is more likely to have come from the needs of administration than from a wish to disseminate propaganda." (479) ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥դϡޤǼ̤ܰޤƤȤʷ
εϡʪؤˤĤ䤹Фμͻ벽 (taphonomy) ȯۤȹƤ롥#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵä䤹ڵؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1]) Ȥ줿ޤʸεȯãθˤäƤν̺νˤĤƤϡ#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1])#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1]) ȡ
Postgate, Nicholas, Tao Wang, and Toby Wilkinson. "The Evidence for Early Writing: Utilitarian or Ceremonial?" Antiquity 69 (1965): 458--80.
ϢĹĽԡˡذŹ٤ȤƤ뤬ʸˤĤǡŹʳءˤ¿Υԥ졼ͿƤ뤳Ȥ˶äƤ롥ϡ͡ʼΰŹʸιǤȰŹб״طˤʬषĹĤɽ (29)
| ʸιǤȿͰŪ | ̾ | ħ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʸ | ̤ʸ | Ź餷ŹʰŪʰŹ | ||
| ν | ؤ | žּ | Ź餷ŹʰŪʰŹ | |
| ̤ʸ | ʬּ | Ź餷ʤŹüʰŹ | ||
| ΰ̣ | ̤ΰ̣Ѵ뤤ϱɽ | 졦ʸ | Ź餷ʤŹüʰŹ | |
| 嵭Ȥ߹碌 | 缰 | Ź餷ʤŹüʰŹ | ||
άɽϱѸǤܸǤǤ롥#889. acronym 20 ([2011-10-03-1])#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡƬȸƤФ acronym initialism ʤɤϿʹ仨ʤɤ˰Ƥ롥Τάɽϸ˸¸ߤϸŤǧ롥ΤǤϥꥷޤλ̤ꡤεꤳɮפ֤֡®ȤäŪӤˤä⤷ʤ䤬ƽŪŪƿŪˤѤ褦ˤʤäĹ (43--44) ϡŹȤδϢάˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥
άϡΤ褦軰ԤФƿȤ̤ŪѤ졤ȯãƤά줽ΤΤޤ괷ѤƤʤΤǤäꡤάμबäƤȡάɽʤȸΰ̣Ȥʤ礬롥ޤάˤΤߤˤάʽΤޤӤǻߤάȤΡˤˤϡ줬άǤ뤳Ȥñ˵դ褦ʤȤԤʤ줿
ĤϡؤǤƿŪά줬Ѥ뤳ȤˤĤʤΤǤ롥
AIDS EU Ǥ¿οͤƤ˼ŪȤ뤬ǶܤˤĤ褦ˤʤäФ EPAEconomic Partnership Agreement; кϢȶˤ ICBMInter-Continental Ballistic Missile; ΦƻơˤǤϡɬ¿οͤάʤΤؤΤǧƤʤ⤷ʤʥҥȤȸĥ뤳ȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤŹ˶ᤤȤ
ǤϡAIDS EU ϤʤǧΤ䤹ΤȤС֤ѤƤǤ롥ϻ¾ΰŹäǤ鷺˻Ȥ³Ƥˡ¿ο͡졤ǧΤäȤȤǤ롥Ź沽βȤߤ뤳ȤǤ֤ά֤ⷫѤΤǤϡƿθ̤ƤޤȤϤޤǤʤסĹġp. 45ˡ
Ĺ ԡذŹȤ١̼ҡ2017ǯ
̾οͤˤäƤͭƤʤʸؤưŹȸƤ֤ɸΤ褦Ȥ館ơʸϸǧΰŹǤפɽ뤳ȤǤ롥ϡߤȤʵžȯۤǤ롥Ĺ (136--37) Ѥ롥
ɽ뤿ˤɤΤ褦ʸѤ뤫ϤɤǤ褤ȤǤäơפϤʸλȤӤƤСȤƤܤ̤ȤǤ롥եǥʥɡ塼ϡֵȲİפˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ǽϡɽϤǰȾȤϤϡͳФ줿ΤȤƸϤȤСդˤѤҤҲȾȤϤϡͳǤϤʤơݤ줿ΤǤ롥Ҳ罰ϰĤ̤ˤŤ餺ǽ¾ΤΤؤ櫓ˤϤͤ롥̷ޤफ˻פϤ¤ϡʿؤСضɼ٤ȤǤ⤤դ٤˸äơӤޤء٤ȸĤФ顤ؤεۤΤǤʤơ٤äؤסʾӱظظ١
ϤΤޤŹˤƤϤޤ븶Ǥ롥Ѵ뵭ȤƤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤǤ⤵ĤʤʤСεѤ֤Ϥäѹ뤳ȤϵʤŹΰ㤦ϡȤɽδط軰ԤƿƤ뤳ȤǤ롥
̤ʸּҲǧѤΰŹˡפȸƤ֤ΤϡΤ褦дطˤΤǤ롥
ޤΤ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ (137--38)
륺ϡΡˡ٤ˡʸϡ줬ȯ줿ȤΤϴط̩ͤ̿˻ȤƤפȽƤ롥ϡΨ㤤֤ʸΤΤ̩ɽǤäȤŪΤˤȤ館դǤ롥
ʸŹŪʵǤȤǤ϶̤Ƥ롥ʺۤ1ĵȤСʸ̾¿οͤ˶ͭƤ뤬ŹϾοͤˤΤƤʤȤȤΤäƤͤοȤѥٳ뤹СʸϤʤŹǤꡤŹϤʤʸǤȤ롥ŪʸȰŹؤʤߴطˤΤ쵤ݤ߹롥
Ϣơ#2699. Źؤȸء ([2016-09-16-1])#2700. Źˤ륳ߥ˥ ([2016-09-17-1]) ȡ#2701. ŹȤƤʸ ([2016-09-18-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Ĺ ԡذŹȤ١̼ҡ2017ǯ
#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1]) ǡCrystal αѸɴʻŵˡ (punctuation) 4ĤεǽҲ𤷤Ʊ Crystal ˡŰŪ Making a Point κǸ˶ᤤȤǡ̤ڤˡεǽ¿⤷Ƥ롥
For a long time, . . . people thought there were only two functions to punctuation: a guide to pronunciation and a guide to grammar. There are far more . . . . There is a ludic function, seen in poetry, informal letters, and many online settings where people are playing with punctuation. There is a psycholinguistic function, facilitating easy processing by writer and reader. There is a sociolinguistic function, contributing to rapport between users. There is a stylistic function, providing genres with some of their orthographic identity. (346)
ƯϡȯʸˡΥɰʳˤ⤢Ȥ㤨СͷӤȤƤζ롥ӥʤɤѤ#808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1]) ΰˤߤ褦ʡ硼ȤƤζѤʤɤ
ŪʵǽȤƤϡ㤨ʬݤˡ롼ȤƤɬ⥫ޤɬפʤǤ⡤ĹˤäƤɤβϤΤ䤹θƥޤۤ褤
ҲŪʵǽ뤤ϼҲŪʵǽȤäƤ褤⤷ʤ㤨зӥʤɤǴɽ魯 smileys ʸź뤳ȤˤäơȤδطĴԤʤ褦ʥ롥
ʸŪʵǽȤϡ㤨зӥΥƥȤͭζˡѤ뤳Ȥˤꡤ줬ӥΥƥȤȤ°뤳ȤɸȤ褦ʥؤ
ͤƤߤС϶ˡεǽǤФ꤫褽ֻεǽǤ⤢ȤäƤ褤ˡֻʸʤɤνդǤϡ줾¤¿¿ͤʵǽ̤ƤΤǤ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
ѸʬˤĤơʲεˤƤ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#2695. Ѹˤʬζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1])#2696. ʬɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1])#2970. ʬȯ³ ([2017-06-14-1])#2971. ʬ϶ˡΤȯ㥠([2017-06-15-1])
ŪʸȸʬϡűѸǤϤޤˤȯãƤʤäʬ䤹ˡϳΤϺƤˡȤˤƤ⡤λȤϤƤӤƤ餺ˤȯŸӾȤʳˤߤΤǤ롥1ȤơȤȤ <> ѤƤ Bede Historia Ecclesiastica, III, Bodleian Library, Tanner MS 10, 54r. Ƭ4ԤƸ褦Crystal 19ˡ

ÞAǷÆSGEWORDENYMB
syx hund ƿyntra7feower7syxtig æft(er) drihtnes
menniscnesseeclipsis solisþæt is sunnanaspru
ngennis
then was happened about
six hundred wintersand sixty-four after the lord's
incarnation(in Latin) eclipse of the sunthat is sun eclipse
ޤ2ʬ츫ȤǽκȤʤʻѤƤȤܤޤδФȤƤϡʬ䤹٤Ȥʬ䤬ʤ7 [= "and"] μաˡդʬ䤹٤ǤʤȤʬ䤬̾ GEWORDENYMB ˤߤƬȸ촴δ֡ˤȤⶽ̣
ʬ硤ξˤϸȸδ֤ˤɤΤ餤ζ뤫Ȥ꤬ꡤʬ䵡ǽǽ뤬ϡʸΥȥͻ礷ʤ¤˶֤ǤǤƤȤǤƤΤǡͭϤ褦˻פ롥
ϡѸ˸¤餺νˤФи줿ʶˡ1ĤȤäƤ褤ܸǤ⡤üˡäƳƤ롥
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
ܸǤλϤ1ƽϤΤϤȤƤ롥ǯεϤȼɤϤƤˤĤƤϡ#2848. ּԤ1ʤס ([2017-02-12-1]) εǿ줿ǤϡѸˤĤƤϤɤ
ѸܤɤǤȤ狼Ȥꡤ̾ϹԤϿʸ٤λԤʤƤ롥ˤ̤κˡ⤢롥㤨СϹԤʤʤˡϤƬʸ¾ʸ礭ơʤȤʣԤι⤵ǡΩʤ "drop capital" λѤ롥ϡμܤˤơƱŪѤ줿礭ʸ˵ġ뤤ϡѼȹͤ뤬俷ʹεǤ褯ܤˤ褦ˡǽ1줫٤ʸǽȤˡ⤢롥
⤦1դ٤ϡԤʤ鷺̤Ω⤷ʤϤ뤳ȤȤȤϡϤ1ˤƤǤ롥Ϥ̾ԤľǤϡλϤǤ뤳ȤϼǤꡤ̤ʹޤȤ褤ȤȤܸǤ1ȤɤΧ1ΤǡѸΤήϤˤŤƤ뤫Τ褦˴롥
Ĺ餯αѸι˴äƤŪˤϤۤɸŤήǤϤʤ褦Crystal (131) ˤȡ100ǯۤˤϡ1Ȥɤ¾Ʊ褦˿ʸλԤʤΤ̾ä褦ɤΤȤˡ (punctuation) δϡˤϰˤ뤷house style ˤȤ礭٤ιλظǧˤ衤ˡޤŪʤΤǤϤʤȤȤ
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
ε#2997. 1800ǯ˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1]) κǸ˿줿褦ˡʬ˸Ѹ˶ᤤȴ18ǤʤʬŪ19ǤˡȼϡʸֻεϤ˴ؤơ2ĤΰۤʤƤȤäƤ褤С2Ĥˡ¸ߤƤʤ⡤ơϸŪʰ̣Ǥοϳ餵̶ǤʵϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤäˡϤ褽ָפǤꡤϡֻפǤ뤫顤ˡϸǻȤʬ٤ŴȤʤäƤΤǤ롥
κۤǤŪ˸ΤϡJohnson μǤֻȡJohnson λŪʤǤֻǤ롥㤨СJohnson ϼǤֻȤϰۤʤꡤʤǤ companiable, enervaiting, Fryday, obviateing, occurences, peny, pouns, stiched, chappel, diner, dos (= does) ֻƤ (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 42) Τ褦ʾ¾κȤˤĤƤƱͤ˸뤳Ȥ顤Johnson ֤겼äȤ̷ƤʤɤȤˤϤʤʤषŪʰȻŪʼȤǰۤʤֻδबꡤ줬뤵ƤȤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ʾϡβ桹ˤȤäƤˤ⤷ʤֻθͤƤߤмΤȤǤ롥Ѹˤֻζʽ¿Ǥ줿ϻҶ˰줿ƥȤɤ褦ˤ뤿ζʽǤꡤҶֻȤ붵ʽǤϤʤäƥȤֻϡȼԤˤäƴŪ줿ˡȿǤƤꡤҶϤηŪֻɤֽä˼ƤʤäΤ褦ʻҶǽʤǧʤˤϡʤƥȤɽ蘆Ƥˡ§ä֤뤳ȤϤǤʤȤäñޤä֤ʤȤȤˤϤʤʤʤμ˸뤳ȤۤȤɤʤ
ơξϡֻؤǤҶΤߤʤ餺ʸɤ߽ͤˤ̤ƤϤޤäȼΩϡΩΤߤʤ餺ֻɤǽϤȽǽϤΩǤ⤢äΤ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
18ΰܤΥƥȤɤǤȡ³ <s> ΰۻ (allograph) Ǥ <<ʃ>> ޤˤ˸뤳Ȥ˵ŤλΤ "long <s>" ȸƤФƤꡤޤǤѤƤޤäΤΡѸˤĹˤ錄äƳƤۻΤäTieken-Boon van Ostade (40) ˰Ƥ롡ECCO ʸˤꡤ<<ʃ>> λȤƤߤ褦
. . . WHEREIN / THE CHAPTERS are ʃumm'd up in Contents; the Sacred Text inʃerted at large, in Paragraphs, or Verʃes; and each Paragraph, or Verʃe, reduc'd to its proper Heads; the Senʃe given, and largely illuʃtrated, / WITH / Practical Remarks and Obʃervations
Ƥ狼̤ꡤ٤Ƥ <s> <<ʃ>> ǰƤ櫓ǤϤʤŪˤϸƬ <s> <<ʃ>> ǰ졤Ǥ̾ <<s>> ʤޤƬǤʸξˤ <<S>> Ѥ롥ۤˡIdleneʃs Busineʃs Τ褦ˡ<ss> δĶǤ1ʸܤ long <s> Ȥʤ롥
long <s> 䤬Ѥ˵뤳ȤȤʤäˤƤ18˾äƤäȤŦƤ롥
Long <s> disappeared as a printing device towards the end of the eighteenth century, and its presence or absence is today used by antiquarians to date books that lack a publication date as dating from either before or after 1800. (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 40)
դ٤ϡ1800ǯ long <s> äΤϰȤΤˤƤǤꡤ (handwriting) ˤƤϡ⤦Ф餯 long <s> Ѥ³ȤȤǤ롥#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡǤ1850ǯޤǻȤ³ȼȤǻʬۤۤʤäƤȤ long <s> ˸¤餺¾ΰۻΤֻˤƤϤޤ롥δФǤϡˤˤ衤1Ĥζ̤ˡȹͤΤʤȤ1800ǯޤǤϡΤ褦ʴФϵäȤߤʤ٤Ǥ롥
long <s> ˤĤơ#1152. sneeze θ츻 ([2012-06-22-1])#1732. Shakespeare ֤ (2) ([2014-01-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
롼ʸˤĤơ#1006. 롼ʸѼ ([2012-01-28-1]) Ϥ runic εȤƤˤơ롼ʸϤФѤȷӤĤ졤ŪʥäƤȤ館뤳Ȥ¿ʸǻѤƤͻҤ˴դߤȡΥɬäƤʤ⤷ʤ5--6Υ롼ʸǽ줿ʸСǰʤɤιʤ˹ޤƤ㤬¿äǤϤƤ "X raised this stone in memory of Y" Τ褦û귿礬ƤˤʸΤΥꥨʤȤΤ롼ʸѤħǤ롥롼ʸȤѤѤ줿ȤѶŪʾڵϡ¤˳
#1009. 롼ʸʸȴطο츻 ([2012-01-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦˸츻Ūˤ⥪Ūʥϴ뤷#1897. "futhorc" acrostic ([2014-07-07-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ͷӤظˤϡ롼ʸ˽ɤλۤΤ褦ʤΤꤵƤ褦ˤפ롥
ʸˤȤСɽʸǤפ⤫֡ϸ§Ȥ1ʸθбƤΤǡΰ̣ľŪ۵䤹ե٥åȤʤɤɽʸȤۤʤäƤ롥
ե٥åȤϡޥե٥åȤˤ襮ꥷե٥åȤˤ衤ʸñɽ魯ΤߤǤꡤŪʰ̣ȼ櫓ǤϤʤΤ˥ޥե٥åȤγʸˤϡ֥ס֥ӡפʤɤ̾ĤƤ뤬ޤ̵̣Ǥʡ#1831. ե٥åȤλҲʸ̾Ρ ([2014-05-02-1]) ȡˡޤꥷե٥åȤǤϳʸ alpha, beta ʤɤ̣ͭȤܤ̾ĤƤ뤬̾ɽ路Ƥñϡޤǥ٥̣ͭäΤǤꡤꥷͤˤȤäƶŪˤ̵̣äʡ#1832. ꥷե٥åȤʸ̾ (1) ([2014-05-03-1])#1833. ꥷե٥åȤʸ̾ (2) ([2014-05-04-1]) ȡˡ
Ȥ롼ʸˤĤƤϡʸˡ줿륲ޥˤƶỤ̄ͭ̾դƤĤޤꡤƱͤˡʸľܤ˸Ọ̇̄۵ΤǤ롥椨֤Ƥޥե٥åȤ٤ơŪϤô䤹äȤϤäΤǤϤʤCrystal (180) ꡤƥ롼ʸбΰWikipedia Runes ΰɽ⻲ȡˡ
| Rune | Anglo-Saxon | Name | Meaning (where known) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ᚠ | f | feoh | cattle, wealth |
| ᚢ | u | ūr | bison (aurochs) |
| ᚦ | þ | þorn | thorn |
| ᚩ | o | ōs | god/mouth |
| ᚱ | r | rād | journey/riding |
| ᚳ | c | cen | torch |
| ᚷ | g [j] | giefu | gift |
| ᚹ | w | wyn | joy |
| ᚻ | h | hægl | hail |
| ᚾ | n | nied | necessity/trouble |
| ᛁ | i | is | ice |
| ᛡ | j | gear | year |
| ᛇ | ȝ | ēoh | yew |
| ᛈ | p | peor | ? |
| ᛉ | x | eolh | ?sedge |
| ᛋ | s | sigel | sun |
| ᛏ | t | tiw/tir | Tiw (a god) |
| ᛒ | b | beorc | birch |
| ᛖ | e | eoh | horse |
| ᛗ | m | man | man |
| ᛚ | l | lagu | water/sea |
| ᛝ | ng | ing | Ing (a hero) |
| ᛟ | oe | eþel | land/estate |
| ᛞ | d | dæg | day |
| ᚪ | a | ac | oak |
| ᚫ | æ | æsc | ash |
| ᚤ | y | yr | bow |
| ᛠ | ea | ear | ?earth |
| ᚸ | g [ɣ] | gar | spear |
| ᛦ | k | calc | ?sandal/chalice/chalk |
| ᛤ | k~ | (name unknown) |
ε#2970. ʬȯ³ ([2017-06-14-1]) ˰³ơʬ (distinctiones) ꡥCrystal (17) ϡʬȯ¾ζˡηŪȯã¥ȹͤƤ롥
It's difficult to see how punctuation could have developed in a graphic world where scriptura continua was the norm. If there are no word-spaces, there's no room to insert marks. Writers or readers might be able to insert the occasional dot or simple stroke, to show where the sense change, but it would be impossible to develop a sophisticated system that would keep pace with the complex narratives and reflections being expressed in such domains as poetry, chronicles, and sermons. However, once word-spaces became the norm, new punctuational possibilities were available.
Τˡΰ̴طϤ٤ϤĤ褦ʹ뤫⤷ʤ餯ʬŪˤϤ̤ǤȻפΤΡۤɼʵǤϤʤȤΤϡܸͤƤߤʬȤꡤʬ夷ƤʤˤƤ⡤¾ζˡϽʬηŪȯãƤ뤫Ǥϡष¾ζˡʬβ̤ϤʬŪ˲̤Ƥ롥äơεǽȯμȤ顤ʬ¾ζˡȤʬˡߤ٤϶ʤ褦˻פ롥Сʬ¾ε椬ޤäƶˡȯã䤹Ȥ Crystal ϡ̵ȤϷĤʤΤΡɤޤͭʤΤѶŪ˼ȤΤǤϤʤ
Ǥ⡤ʬϡѼԤˤȤäƺǤľŪǴŪñ̤ǤڤΤǤȤǡ¾ζˡܼŪϰ̤ȼĥ뤳ȤޤǽΤ褦˻פ롥ܸΤ褦ʵθʤ顤ϤäƼĥǤʤȤϡʬȤˡˤ餺ȸζʬ餫μʤΩСˤ¾ζˡȯãƤ䤹ȤȤǤϤʤ
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
ˤʬ (distinctiones) ˤĤƤϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#2695. Ѹˤʬζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1])#2696. ʬɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1]) ʤɤȤƤ⡤ʬˤβ߽ФƤȯʤǤꡤᤫ鼫ǼδǤä櫓ǤϤʤȤٳǧƤ
ΤνˤǤϡʬˡĹ³ (scriptura continua) λ夬äCrystal (3)
Word-spaces are the norm today; but it wasn't always so. It's not difficult to see why. We don't actually need them to understand language. We don't use them when we speak, and fluent readers don't put pauses between words as they read aloud. Read this paragraph out loud, and you'll probably pause at the commas and full stops, but you won't pause between the words. They run together. So, if we think of writing purely as a way of putting speech down on paper, there's no reason to think of separating the words by spaces. And that seems to be how early writers thought, for unspaced text (often called, in Latin, scriptura continua) came to be a major feature of early Western writing, in both Greek and Latin. From the first century AD we find most texts throughout the Roman Empire without words being separated at all. It was thus only natural for missionaries to introduce unspaced writing when they arrived in England.
Ѹνˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤűѸޤǤˤϸȸʬ䤹벿餫λŪˡϺ褦ˤʤäƤCrystal (8--9) ˤС͡ˡ¸줿Ȥʰʲΰˤ "Undley bracteate" ˤĤƤϡ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ȡˡ
People experimented with word division. Some inscriptions have the words separated by a circle (as with the Undley bracteate) or a raised dot. Some use small crosses. Gradually we see spaces coming in but often in a very irregular way, with some words spaced and others not --- what is sometimes called an 'aerated' script. Even in the eleventh century, less than half the inscriptions in England had all the words separated.
ͤƤߤСΥǥǤ⡤ʬμʤʣ롥URLե̾ʸʤɡͳǶ뷹ˤϡ㤨 "this is an example of separation" ɽȤˡΤ褦ʥꥨͤ (Crystal 8--9 ε⻲ȡˡ
thisisanexampleofwordseparation
this.is.an.example.of.word.separation
this+is+an+example+of+word+separation
this_is_an_example_of_word_separation
this-is-an-example-of-word-separation
thiSiSaNexamplEoFworDseparatioN
ThisIsAnExampleOfWordSeparation
ϡ̣ scriptura continua ɤĤĤȤΤ⤷ʤ³뤹ܸν֤
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
路ػˡ٤ϡ̺ȤƤλˤɤʤ顤̤ȤʸʸʸˤƱ˵ҤƤ롥̺ˤĤƤϡ#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) ʤɤǰäƤϥδǯɽ (466--74) ǤȥƥΥҲưƤȤ褯ʬ뤬θդڤСּҲƥΥ߽ФƤפȤ٤ʤΤ
| 38000ǯ | ̥ڥΥ롦ƥƶ˻Ĥ֤ʹ֤ˤǸŤȤƤ |
| 3500ǯ | ݥߥг˺ǸŤʸޤ |
| 3300ǯ | Хӥ˥ʸ饯ˤΥ륯ǴĤʸޤ롥ܸʸλϤޤ |
| 3000ǯ | ǯ夬ꤵƤǸŤΥѥԥ륹ʸפΤʤʪ٥åʯ褫ȯ |
| 3000ǯ | ץȤΥҥվݷʸʿʸˤλϤޤ |
| 2500ǯ | ήǤϤʸ |
| 2400ǯ | ¸ǸŤΥץȸʸ |
| 2200ǯ | ήƼҤƫҤʸĦ |
| 2100ǯ | ǯ夬ꤵƤǸŤΥѡҤڥ롼ǽ |
| 1850ǯ | ǯ夬ꤵƤǸŤʸ˽줿ץȸδʪ |
| 18 | 쥿ǽηϤޤ |
| 1400ǯ | ǽùʸ |
| 1300ǯ | Ƽǿ顤äʸ |
| 1200ǯ | ȯã |
| 1100ǯ | ץȿͤե˥ͤ˥ѥԥ륹͢ФϤ |
| 1000ǯ | ե˥Υե٥åȤޤ |
| 600ǯ | ᥭǥݥƥߥƥʸޤ |
| 600ǯ | ȥꥷĤĢ |
| 5 | ̤ͤ˻Ȥ |
| 400ǯ | ˥ե٥åȤꥷǤɸȤʤ |
| 400ǯ | 줫Ϥȯ |
| 3 | 쥯ɥꥢ˿ۤ¤ |
| 255ǯ | ˴ؤϤƤεҤʤ롥ϤѤǴڤ˲줿 |
| 252ǯ | ϰȯ줿ǯΤ餫ʺǸŤλ |
| 250ǯ | ޥʸѤ |
| 220ǯ | ȯ̤ɮƻ˻Ȥ |
| 206ǯ | βī볫Ǥϴ˻椬ȯ |
| 63ǯ | ꥷؼԥȥܥߤݥȥΥߥȥƥ6βܤ˿뤳Ȥؤζä |
| 31ǯ | ¸ǽΥᥫʸ |
| 30ǯ | ץȤѥԥ륹泤˹ޤ |
| 1 | ޤǰŪʽ̤ϹĤѤ |
| 75ǯ | ܸʸǺǸʸ |
| 105ǯ | Ǥϸ촶ε˻ȤᴱѤȯȤƤ |
| 2 | ǥʥӥǥ롼ʸΥե٥åȤޤ |
| 250ǯ--300ǯ | ǯ夬ۤꤵƤ椬ȥ륭ǽ |
| 256ǯ | Ǻǽλ˽줿ܡȷС٤ |
| 297ǯ | ǽΥޥФĦ |
| 394ǯ | ץȤΥҥվݷʸǺǸʸ |
| 5 | ܸȼʸηϤȯ |
| 450ǯ | ǯ夬ꤵƤܣݭդ˽줿ǽμơռܤҤȯ줿 |
| 476ǯ | Ǹι륹ȥ륹Ѱ̤ˤĤ |
| 500ǯ | ޥͤޥƤʸϤ |
| 500ǯ--600ǯ | ޥͤȯã |
| 538ǯ | īȾɴѤβǺ줿ŵʩܤ |
| 610ǯ | Τħˡܤ |
| 630ǯ | ϥޥɤå |
| 673ǯ | ηʩŵ̤ϤᡤۤɤʤܤǼ̷Фȯˤʤ |
| 8 | ǰϤޤ |
| 706ǯ | ֿͤå˻ |
| 711ǯ | ֿΨ٥٥ͷå饸֥륿볤ۤƥڥ |
| 712ǯ | ʸؤκǸŤκʡظŻ٤ʸǽ |
| 720ǯ | ʩοƩȤȤܤǤλλѤ硹Ū˹ޤ |
| 751ǯ | ޥ륫ɤ椬Ϥޤ |
| 762ǯ--66ǯ | Хɤη |
| 770ǯ | ܤξ뤬Ȥäΰʪµʿꤦɴκ |
| 794ǯ | ۤȤ줬Хɤߤ |
| 800ǯ | ץȤǻ椬ϤƻȤ |
| 832ǯ | ඵ̤ꥢ |
| 848ǯ | ӥǻ˽줿ʷܤ롥ǯ夬ꤵ줿ҤǤϺǸŤȤƤ |
| 850ǯ | ʪ٤Ϥƽ줿ȿꤵ |
| 868ǯ | ¸ǸŤνҡض̼С٤줿 |
| 889ǯ | ޥͤ٤ƤεϿФǤϤʤѤϤ |
| 9Ⱦ | ХɤȤνȤʤ |
| 900ǯ | ץȤ椬 |
| 969ǯ | ͷѥɡʻסˤϤƻȤ줿 |
| 1041ǯ--48ǯ | ŴǤȤޤƫǺ롥ǯ夬ꤵǸŤβư |
| 900ǯ--1100ǯ | ޥͤإɥ쥹ǥǥå٤ |
| 1140ǯ | ඵ̻۲ΥڥΥϥƥФ椬Ϥޤ |
| 1143ǯ | إ٤ƥ |
| 1164ǯ | ꥢΥե֥ꥢΤǽεϿ |
| 1308ǯ | Ƥؿʡ٤μɮ |
| 1309ǯ | ɤǻ椬ϤƻѤ |
| 1332ǯ | ǻ椬ϤƻѤ |
| 1353ǯ | ܥåإǥ٤ɮ |
| 1387ǯ | 硼إ٥ʪ٤μɮ |
| 1390ǯ | ɥĤ椬˥٥륯ǻϤޤ |
| 1403ǯ | īƼ¤ |
| 1411ǯ | 椬Ϥޤ |
| 1423ǯ | 衼åѤǰϤޤäȤ |
| 1440ǯ--50ǯ | 衼åѤǺǽܡʥ֥å֥åˤ |
| 1456ǯ | ƥ٥륯ưǽΡ٤ΰ |
| 1462ǯ | ޥĤ˲졤ԤΥ |
| 1463ǯ | åҡĥ뤬ǰ |
| 1464ǯ | ٤ΥӥƻꥢǺǽΰȤʤ |
| 1469ǯ | Ρز²ؤνʽ٤ͥĥǰ줿ǽνҤȤʤ |
| 1473ǯ | 롼֥ǥ塼٥åǰ |
| 1475ǯޤ1476ǯ | ʹϿ٤եǰ줿ǽνҤȤʤ |
| 1476ǯ | ꥢࡦ㥯ȥꥹǺǽΰ |
| 1494ǯ | ɥޥ̥ƥͥĥ˥ɰ˼ |
| 1495ǯ | ƥȤϡȥեɥ㡼˥ɤǺǽ¤ |
| 1502ǯ--20ǯ | ƥͤιפʪεϿ˻ͽǺܤƤ롥ǯָλäƤ¼⤢ |
| 1515ǯ | ֥ҥȡǥ塼顼åϤ |
| 1519ǯ | ʥƥ٥饯륹ն˾Φƥʸ˲Ϥ |
| 1520ǯ | ޥƥ륿Ρإꥹȶβ˴ؤƥɥĤΥꥹȽ²˰Ƥơ٤졤ǯ֤Ǹۤ |
| 1528ǯ | եǡޥ饬㤬轻̱߸ԤȤƥᥭ夷ܤdz䤹 |
| 1539ǯ | ڥͤ轻̱ܤ뤿˥ᥭΰ |
| 1549ǯ | ޥͤοۤڥͤ˾Ƥ |
| 1575ǯ | ڥͤᥭ˺ǽƤ |
| 1576ǯ | ͤ |
| 1586ǯ | ĤɥȥҥȤȯۤ롥˾ǸŤεϿ |
| 1605ǯ | ХƥΡإɥۡơ٤Ǥ |
| 1609ǯ | νʹȥ饹֥륯ϴ |
| 1627ǯ | եΥ顦뤬ȥåϤϤ졤楰ΡȼԤϥɤƨ |
| 1635ǯ | ǥޡ椬 |
| 1638ǯ | ѻϤƥꥫؤ⤿餵 |
| 1672ǯ | áȯˤꥪɼ͢͢йž |
| 1690ǯ | ꥢࡦåƥϥꥫǺǽΩ |
| 1690ǯ | ꥫǺǽοʹإѥ֥åܡեɡɥƥå٤ܥȥϴ |
| 1690ǯ | ꥫΦο̱ϤǺǽλʾޥ塼åĤȯԤ |
| 1698ǯ | ȥޥ꤬ۻӿŪǺǽξؤ߷פ |
| 1702ǯ | ɥإǥȡ٤ϴ |
| 1719ǯ | ͡ȥ̡ե륷硼ɡ쥪ߥ塼뤬ںफ륹Хμˡ |
| 1728ǯ | ޥ塼åĤ椬Ϥޤ |
| 1744ǯ | ϤƤλƸܡؾʤ襤ݥåȥ֥å٤ɤǽǤ |
| 1744ǯ | ˥椬Ϥޤ |
| 1767ǯ | ͥåȤ椬Ϥޤ |
| 1768ǯ | ٥롦ӥ奨뤬ꥫΦ̱ϤǤϤƳ¤ |
| 1769ǯ | ˥塼إΥåɥȥ뤬ꥹΥꥫΦ̱ϤǤϤư¤ |
| 1773ǯ | ˥塼衼椬Ϥޤ |
| 1774ǯ | ǥե롦ˤǤȯɺؤƻ |
| 1785ǯ | ɥΩϿʹإǥ˥롦쥸٤ϴǯ塤إॺ٤˻̾ѹ |
| 1790ǯ | ȥޥӥ奤åꥹǤäȤ͵ȤȤʤ |
| 1798ǯ | ˥-륤١뤬Ϣ³浡õ |
| 1798ǯ | JMWʡ̲Ǽ¸Ϥ |
| 1799ǯ | ͥեȥդͰ |
| 1800ǯ | ۡŴΰȯ |
| 1801ǯ | 祻-ޥ㥫뤬ѥɤˤ뼫ưȯ |
| 1804ǯ | ֥饤ɥĹ־浡¤ |
| 1809ǯ | ǥ־浡õ |
| 1811ǯ | եɥҡ˥ҤưϤΰȯ |
| 1814ǯ | ɥΡإॺ٤˥Ҥξ |
| 1818ǯ | 祷奢ԥꥫǤϤϢ³浡¤ |
| 1820ǯ | ǯꥹɴʾοʹ |
| 1825ǯ | 祻ա˥ե롦˥ץϤƼ̿Ƥ |
| 1830ǯ | ɺˡˤ꿧ĤΤܤۤǽȤʤ |
| 1833ǯ | ںȤõꥹϿ |
| 1840ǯ | ꥢࡦإեåܥåȤ夹̿Ϥƺ |
| 1841ǯ | ӥˡǥ륺ɥɻإѥ٤ϴ |
| 1843ǯ | ꥫΥ㡼ɡMۡưϤžȯ |
| 1863ǯ | ꥫȼԤںѥפλѤϤ |
| 1867ǯ | ꥹκڵѥŸ |
| 1867ǯ | ޥ塼åĽΥȥå֥åǹ罰Ѥںѥפ |
| 1867ǯ | ץ饤ȯ |
| 1872ǯ | ꥫ罰ꥹȥɥĤȴλˤʤ |
| 1874ǯ | ͭҤ¤ϡ塤ԡͤϻҤȤ³ |
| 1890ǯ | 罰ιĴ˥ѥɼνѤ |
| 1899ǯ | ǥõȥإǥԻԡϰΰȯ桤252ǯλȯˤɤѤ |
| 1931ǯ | ֥ͥå夬ʥԥ塼ȯ |
| 1945ǯ | եΥޥŻҥץߥ뤿ʿκѤʸȯɽ |
| 1947ǯ | ȥ٥븦ȯ |
| 1951ǯ | ߥȥɤ֤Ƚ֤˼ơפкܤUNIVAC1ͽ¤ |
| 1959ǯ | ޥåפõд |
ε#2913. Chinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤ֤٤ ([2017-04-18-1]) Ǽ夲δܸϤ֤äܤʻɷƤ롥⤷ܸϡʸȤդ礤ܤС֤÷θǤ롤ȹ (243) 롥ǰƬˤΤϡֹءסֹۡסֹסָסֹԡפʤɤƱΤȤǤ롥
ܤθؼԤϤ褯ܸϤʤüʸǤϤʤդ줿Ǥ롤ܸ˻ϵˤ⤢롤ȸϡ̾ñʣ̤ᤵʤȤиΤȤư줬֤ȤäˡΤȤǤ롥Τޤ줿ؤˡܸʬϤ뤫顤ʸˤܤʤؤܤΤϡȸˡỌ̇̄Ǥ롥
̵ϤǤ뤿ˤȤФʸΤŤޤʤа̣ʤȤܤСܸϡǤ餯ĤΡüʸǤ롥
̣ˤʤʤȤΤϡȤƷʻѤǤϤʤܸ÷ŪʸǤ롤ȸ虜ʤ
ǤϡܸΤ褹뤳ȤǤΤϡݡפ롥÷ΤޤĹƤޤäΤǡʻѤˤʤȡܸϡ÷ΤޤƤ椯ۤ¸ˡϤʤ (p. 236) ȹͤƤ롥
ܸˤĤƻξ͡˵뤳ȤǤ䤬⤷Τϡͳβ١θؤ鸫ȡܸϲ̤ʤȤΤʤ̤θʸȤδطꤽˤθؤ鸫ȡܸ÷θǤ롤Ȥˡܸ÷⤷Ƥ櫓顤ʸȤδطꤽˤθؤΤۤ˸줷Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ĤޤꡤǽפȤߤʤήζؤæĤġ椷ʤʸβͤƤ롤Ȥɤ롥
ʸϲȶӤĤƤϤ뤬ܼŪΩǥǤ롥ؤϡʸƱ褦˽Ż뤹ɤڤɬפΤǤϤʤդμΩˤĤƤϡʲεȡ
#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2339. դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (1) ([2015-09-22-1])
#2340. դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (2) ([2015-09-23-1])
#2431. դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1])
#2508. դμΩ˴ؤ Samuels ε ([2016-03-09-1])
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ˡشܿ͡١ʸ麽սҡ2001ǯ
(43) ˤɤǤơȤɽʸΰĤҤȤĤϡѸʤɤǤȤֻȤǡChinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤŬڤǤ롤ȤܤγФ褦ʻŦˤʤ餵줿
ȤΤϡΰİĤλܸΡ֤פȤ֤פȤ뤤ϱѸ a Ȥ b ȤλΤǤϤʤΰİĤλϡѸΰİĤΡ֤ĤŤסʥڥˤΤǤ롥פ sun ⤷ day ˡַפ moon ⤷ month 롥ѸΰİĤñ줬줾ȼΤĤŤĤ褦ˡΰİĤñϤ줾ȼʸĤΤǤ롥Ǥ뤫餷ơΤȤѸ Chinese characters ʥʸʸˤȸɡष Chinese spellings ʥʸΤĤŤˤȹͤۤ褤
ȤɤѸΥե٥åȤϤäϻǡDzǤΤˡϲ⤢뤫ऺȸͤ뤬ȤͤϤʤ餺ХǤ롥Ρפ sun day ˤ롥ַפ moon month ˤ롥 sun moon ΤΤĤŤϡϤİĤܤۤʤΤ줭äȤǤ롥̾ϻ餫餯餤Ǥ롥ѸǤ̾ñοϻ餫餯餤Ǥ롥ʤ餤ʤΤǤ롥ǰİĤδ路ƤΤϰĤΰ̣İĤβǤꡤפˤַפˤ褽βϰĤʤΤ顤षѸΥڥ䤵⤷ʤ
Τˡθ¿ͥƤ롥ե٥åȤ <a>, <b>, <c> γʸϡǤиФ䤷ˤ礦ʤ뤤Ϥ꾮ʤˤ餬ŬڤˡȤ߹蘆뤳ȤˤäơƤθλѼԤˤȤäƺǤỤ̄ͭñ̤ȴָפȤʤ롥ָפȤñ̤ˤޤǤäƤμ³֤פȸƤ֤ȤСΤ <sun> <sunshine> <> <> ⤤֤פǤ롥ե٥åȤˤƤˤƤ⡤̤ɸϡָפȤñ̤ɽ魯ȤǤǶ̤ƤΤ顤ǰѸ줹뤳ȤǽǤ롥
ʸκǽפεǽ1Ĥɽ쵡ǽ (logographic function) Ǥ뤳ȤϡǤܥ֥¿βսǽҤ٤Ƥ㤨СʲεȡˡѸֻȴǽŪʴƱǤȤȯۤϡʸɽɽθ§ݡȤƤΤΤ褦˻פ롥
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#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1])
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ˡشܿ͡١ʸ麽սҡ2001ǯ
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