ε ([2017-03-23-1]) ǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ3ε֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤҲ𤷤εɤˤäơʸˤ䥢ե٥åȻˤˤե˥ʸνƤȡꤪ⤷ʤȻפΤǡƤ
ե˥ʸϡ켫Ȥ2ǯȾ̤륷ʥʸ丶ʥʸʤɤȯŸʸηϤǤꡤ1000ǯ˻ȤƤҲʸηϤǤ롥Υե˥ʸ顤ߤޤǹѤƤ¿¿ͤʥե٥åʸηϤȤǡޤ˥ե٥åȤȤˤդ路ʰʲʸʪ (8--9) Υ饤ΰǺܡˡ
* *
ե˥ʸαƶƼʸηϤϡŪˤϥ桼饷Φ˵ڤǤꡤ쥢δʸηϤ̤ȤСʤȤ⤳2ǯ֡ϵǺǤƶϤΤʸ롼פƤȤ롥
䤿ѸΤѤƤ륢ե٥åȤϡ֥ޥե٥åȡפ뤤ϡ֥ƥʸסΤˤϡѼȤ٤ˤ줬ʸηϤȤƤäƤܼŪħ¿ϡե˥ʸΤäƤħͳ褹ȤäƤ褤äơѸʸֻˤĤƿͻƤȡݱʤ˥ե˥ʸ䤽ˤޤ̤륢ե٥åȤˤȤʤ
ե˥ͤȤʸ˴ؤƤϡΤۤʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#2105. Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤ ([2015-01-31-1])
#2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1])
#2482. (3) ([2016-02-12-1])
奪ꥨʪۡԡˡʸʪ졡桼饷ʸΤٸ奪ꥨʪۡ2016ǯ
321դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ3ε֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤޤϡرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ2ϡȯֻ˴ؤѤʵפǼ夲ȴϢơäˡ첻ɽλפܤ겼ƹͤƤޤѸ첻ʲˤ첻ֻˤδطʣǤ뤳Ȥ˴ؤơʸˤδƤޤطʤˤϡ¤3ǯͥĶʪ줬Ȥسλ¤̣äƤ館ФȻפޤ
ʲˡ3εȴϢܥ֥ؤΥĥäƤޤ碌ƤȤ
#503. Ѹֻϵ§ŪԵ§Ū ([2010-09-12-1])
#1024. ѸֻԵ§줳 ([2012-02-15-1])
#2405. ֻȯЪΥ --- ѸֻԵ§μŪװ ([2015-11-27-1])
#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1])
#2515. 첻Ǥ첻ʸǤбɽ ([2016-03-16-1])
#1826. 첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#1837. ȥꥷʸλκۡ ([2014-05-08-1])
#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])
#1849. ե٥åȤηޡ ([2014-05-20-1])
ˤ椹ۤͣˡϡ¸˰͵뤳ȤǤ롥Ȥ¸ϼŪˤŪˤФ꤬ꡤѥؤѸǤ "representative" Ǥ "balanced" Ǥʤ
ޤʪŪʾ郎롥ߤ뤿ˤϡĹ֤Ѥ̺ƻǵƤ뤳ȤɬפǤʡ#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) ȡˡˡǥδ顤äաŪʸոˤϡĤơߤޤǽ㤤Ȥ餫δϡʸˤϤäѤɤ߽ǽϤΤ륨ؤθո乥ߤ꤬ȿǤ졤ʳؤθưϿ˻Ĥ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤˡƤȤ顤㤨ȿŪʽʪϡˤǽ⤤
¸ʸϡ͡ʱ̿ȴĤäƤȤ̣ˤΡֶפθƤΤϳΤĤ䤹ΤˤϤĤξ郎Ȥ嵭εǰƬ֤ȡΡɬפθƤȤ롥˸ؤʸؤˤơɤΤ褦ʡ־פɬפΤƤȤϽפ
ΤδŪʥҥȤȤơɤΤ褦ʲФפߤޤĤ䤹ͻ벽 (taphonomy) Ȥʬθͤˤ㤨СಽФλĤ䤹ĤˤϡˤäƷޤȹͤåɤϡֿಽеϿζкߡפꤹ (73--75) ǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ǯ֤⡤ؼԤϡ700?600ǯʹߤ¸οΤͳ褹벽ФƤο¿褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤʬϸߤ˶ᤤǯΤΤǯŪкߤΤۤˤ⡤ಽФˤϤޤޤФ꤬롥Τ褦Ф꤬뵡餫ˤȤϡֲءפȤФ롥䲼ܹ뤤ϻͻ礭ʹϤ褯Ĥ뤬ǹϾסؤιʤɤ̩ưפ»ΤǻĤˤĤޤꡤλĤ䤹礭ȴ椵㤹롥ǹΤ褦ʷڤϱˤή졤Ф˱Ф졤ʤˤιȰ˲Фˤʤ롥ŤƬܹϹή졤δδ֤˰ääơۤΦ緿ưʪιȰ˲Фˤʤ롥
ФλĤ⤦ĤװϡῩưʪΤΤɤʬफǤ롥ҥ祦ϥμΤʤΤǡ⤷ΤǤῩưʪƱäΤʤ顤ಽФμȯ뤳ȤʤϤǤ롥ºݡβФϤޤ껺ФƤ餺ΤοʲˤĤƤϤ褯狼äƤ뤬οʲϤ褯狼äƤʤΤ礭⡤ФĤ뤫ɤ˱ƶ롤Τ礭ʼϲФȤƻĤ䤹ƱǤΤ礭ʸΤϻĤ䤹Τ褦ФϿಽФ⳺롥
ĶǤϡۤ١Фˤʤ䤹ȯ䤹äơǯ䤢ϰͳ褹벽Ф¿Ȥäơǯ夢뤤ϰ¿θΤǤȤϸ¤ʤǯϰξۤ٤ƲвŬƤǽΤƱͤˡǯϰ褫ಽФĤʤƤ⡤˿बǤʤäȤˤϤʤʤ־ڵΤʤΤϡ¸ߤʤڵǤϤʤפȤʸ⤢롥äơΤμϡǸŤβФȯǯǿβФȯǯޤ¸ƤȤˤʤ롥ĤޤꡤмεǤǯϼºݤ٤ƾ˹ˤʤ롥
Ʊͤ¤ϲȯפŪʬۤˤƤϤޤ롥ϡФȯפ깭ϰϤ¸ƤϤޤδĶϸߤȤϰäƤϤߤǤϸĶˤϽߤ䤹ä⤷ʤդ⤢롥ˡФȤ¸ƤĶϷ褷¿ϤʤھǤϡä˻ĤʤȤ˿ӴĶǤϡ٤⤯ھʤΤǡФϻĤʤȹͤƤǶǤϡɬ⤽ǤϤʤȤ餫ˤʤäȤϤųؼԤдȿȯȴäƤ⡤ƤϤƤޤд路ȯǤʤΤ롥
ϡνФѸȤʤäʸؾȤϢ˸ˤˤĤƤϡ#1051. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (1) ([2012-03-13-1])#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1]) Ȥ줿ϢơʸȯˤĤƤιͻ⻲ͤˤʤʡ#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1])#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1)([2015-11-11-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) ȡˡ
СʡɡåɡˡϾ ͪˡˡؿοʲȻǤˤõ١ǡ2014ǯ
ʸǤϡʸεǽȤäŪʵ¿ʤ뤬ʸηȤŪʵʤεμȤʤ꤬ʸȯãˤϤ켫ΤˤꡤɤΤϳΤ˶̣ñȯŪˤʤ䤹Τ褦ܶʤȤˤ꤬롥ʤޥե٥åȤλϤ褽ŪǤΤФơ䲾̾λΤǤΤե٥åȤλˤϴŪü뤬䤽̾λˤϤƴŪüæ褦ʤȤ롥ϡʤʤΤ
ʸˤ͡ʤΤꡤե٥åȤܸʸΤߤФӤǤϻζȤʤޤΤϡ̺ƻˤȤطȻפ졤̤εɬפʡ#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) ȡˡоݤʤäƥե٥åȤܸʸȤȤǹͤ뤳ȤʤСʲ˼Ρָȶ֡פꤹʸⶽ̣ɤ (p. 10)
Ūʶֹˤƥꥫͤܿͤȶѹդͤ¿ξ硤ŪֹϤ롥ʤɤϤ褯ҤǤ롥ޤǤʤܤϼɽؤοŪƸǤ롥ؤμŪǤɽؤμˤϤޤޤʥǥեäơ褽ƤΤʤʪʤΤǤ롥ɽˡˤ⡤δŪʶֹθФƤ롥ե٥åȤϤȾAHMOTUVWXY Τ褦˺ΤǤ롥ܤβ̾ʸϴϼ̤ȯǡ§ȤΤǤ뤫Ф褿̾ĤȤƺΤʸϤʤ٤δڹɽˡϤʤФƤƶ̣
˽Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡȶ֤ǧˡδ֤ˡҤƤϸȶ֤Ȥδ֤ˡ֤ۤȤ̩ŪȤʿԴطסp. 11ˤȤʤСϸٻ1ĤκȤʤ
졡ָȶ֡סءظ٥쥯2ظԽԡˡ罤۽Ź2012ǯ2--11ǡ1980ǯ9Ͽ
21俷ʹͼ11̤ˡּԤ1ʤפꤹ뵭ǺܤƤɮԤؤdzĹܸʸϤɤൡ¿Ρ1ʤݤˤϸǤäƤ롥ݡȡεҲδ˻ޤǡ1˽ȤȤ̤ˤʤäƤƤ롥
ȤˤȡԤ1ԤʤʤʤäƤƤΤϡʽƤ SNS ǤΤ褦ʴʤޤȤޤäʸϤݤˤȤñ̤ռ뵡äƤ뤫Ȥ
ȤƻŦˤäơĤγ٤ꤽפĤΤϡ(1) 1ʤȤ̵뤷Ƥʤ뤤ΤʤˤȤȡ(2) ͧ SNS ʸϤȡ٤ȤޤȤޤ꤬ɬפȤʸϤζ̤ǤƤʤȡ(3) ʸϤȤФʤǤ뤳ȡդ
(1) ϡ־عκʸǤä꽬äƤϤʤΤˡä˺Ƥ롤פȤȽǤ롥ĿŪˤϤȽ˲ô뤷1ܼҲξQ1ĤȻפäƤ롥§ʤΤȤˤ졤ȽҤ٤ƺѤޤǤϡԤȤͤʤ⤹롥ºݡκǽ1ɤޤܸʸϤˤʡֵ§פʤΤϡޥ褯ʬʤؽƳΤǤϡԤˤĤƤϾ34ǯιdzؤ֤ȤˤʤäƤ뤬1ˤĤƤϡƳ֤ȤƤ϶ƤΤΡɬɾؽŪޤäƤʤפϤƤʤȤ춵ʽˤǤߤȡ1Ƥʤ⤢ä褦⤽ܸˤ1ϡΤʸϤȼäȯŸδʽʸϤʤɤˤޤư̲ΤΤ褦ǡʶ̾ε§ȤϡޤǴޥʡȤä֤ŤȸƤΤ褵Ȥȡּ餶¨פǤΤʤ롥
(2) (3) ϷҤäƤȻפ뤬ʤǤϤʤĹޤȤޤäʸϤʤȤνиϺΤȤǤ롥1ʤɬյǧƤʤΤʸϤʽƤʤΤ褦ʸϤ⤽ʤȤ롥
SNS 1ʤʸϤνȤϡ1٤तʸϤ㸺ƤȤ롤ǧȡ̼ΤΤˤʤäƤ
ɭˡ (punctuation) ֤ȤȤѲΤǤ롥Ѳ⡤ºŪյŪȤΤ礤̤ƿʹԤƤϤΤΤǤäơ椨˺ǤʤȤϡݼɤˤɤˤ褳Τ褦˴ؿƤȤ
ε#2818. 蘆εǽ ([2017-01-13-1]) Ǽ夲ؤ蘆Ȥϲ٤ɤǤơؤήˤĤƹͤ뵡ä
ĤˤȡΤ蘆θϤ蘆ơʾˤˤ뷹ä㤨СŵŪʡ֤蘆θפˤȡ蘆ζή (Rumor) ϡԤФνפ (importance) ȤˤĤƤξڵۣ椵 (ambiguity) ȤѤ㤹롤Ĥޤ R?ia Ȥ (23) ۤˤͤ٤¦̤Ϥ롥㤨СΥǥȯ칭뤫ȤǥδιͻɬפĤϤΤ褦ˡ蘆ƤǤϤʤθ뤳Ȥ⤤Ƥ롥ǽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ⤷̱¯ؤˤ椬Ƭˤ뤢ޤꡤΤ蘆塽ǥޤࡽФƴؿפȤŦƤΤǤ (154)
Ҳ˴ؤǤ⡤19̱¯ؤˤϽդλषŻ뤵Ƥ顤ߤϤȰžƺƤӽդޤƼǥܤȤʤäƤΤȸ
Τ褦Ĭήϸؤˤˤ⸫뤳ȤǤ롥20μήɸؤϡоݤȤƤäѤäդŻ뤷¾ΥǥĤޤդڻ뤹ȯŸָƬˤ뤢ޤסȤФָФƴؿפäΤǤ롥Ȥ20Ⱦ21ˤƤϡҲؤʤɡǥ䥳ƥȤŻ뤹뷹ޤäƤؤˤϡषʸ (philology) ȸƤФнŤθ츦ΩƤ櫓顤ϤϤꤰȰžƺƤӳƼΥǥ˴ؿäƤȸ
žäƤȤäƤ⡤ȤƤϰऱ֤äƤȤȤǤꡤñʲؤβǤϤʤϤǤ롥21θؤϡä濴뤤ϡơ濴æơ¾ΥǥˤۤꤹȤạ̈ǤΡַŻؤɤڤäƤȸ
ϢơդμΩȤˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ#2339. դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (1) ([2015-09-22-1])#2340. դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (2) ([2015-09-23-1])#2431. դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1])#2508. դμΩ˴ؤ Samuels ε ([2016-03-09-1]) ʤɤǵƤΤǡһȤ
ؤ蘆Ȥϲ١ҡӡ2014ǯ
ε#2789. Ѹ Engl&Ѹ 7honge ([2016-12-15-1]) ǡɽʸ <&> <⁊ > ɽʸȤѤƤʸͷӤȤơ֤⤷פȻפ⤷ʤѸˤ⤢äʤơפȶä⤷ʤۤȤƱʸѤĤƤܸˤ⤢äղ̾ΡּڷפˡǤ롥षΦ⤿餵줿ȤʸηϤɬ˳ƮʤäܿͤˤȤäƤϡΤ褦ʸλȤϡʸͷӤǤȤʾˡޤ˿äΤ⤷ʤ
ǡܿͤȤʸηϤˤܸνŬѤȤ顤Ѥ褦ʲƣ (49--51) ꡤܺ٤ʬƸ롥
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(1) ʴΤޤѤɤޤ
ۻܡʤդˡʤˡϻʤˡʤա
(2) ܸΰ̣λȰס뤤϶̤ٹ礬⤤Ρܸηɽ
ʤˡʤˡסʤաˡǰʤաˡʤȡ
ϻʤˡҡʤϤˡʤʤФ
(3) ʸΰ̣Ū˴ʬŪŪɽ
ʤˡȡʤϤˡʤդˡʤˡ¡ʤ뤷
[ɽܰ]̾ղ̾ȾΤ
(1) ̾ʼڲ̾ڲȤƤФ
첻ɽ벻̾
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ʤˡˡʤˡʤˡʤޡˡʤˡΡʤˡǷʤ
2. ά̾ͭΤƤ
¡ʤˡʤˡ˧ʤϡˡߡʤˡȡʤˡʤޡˡȬʤϡ
3. Ϣ精̾ͭ³˲ä
ʤߡˡաˡ¿Τ̶ʤʤ錄
ɽ벻̾ͭ첻ä롥精̾ȤƤФ
ʤˡˡʴʤդˡˡʤˡʤˡʤˡۡʤˡǪ͡
(2) ̾ʼڷ̾ڷȤƤФ
첻ɽ
ͼʤʤ٤ˡȬݻ䤹ˡ̾ŲʤĤˡˡˡȸƲ̾ͺʤؤ
¿ʰʾɽ
դˡԿˡëءʤˡƳʤĤˡ̾«ʤĤˡʤʤˡزʤˡ
Ϲ精̾첻ᡤʤɡϻѡ
ʤˡ˸ƻǵʤΤˡʪʤϤΡˡʿʪˡʤߤޤǤˡ
(3)
1.
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2. ɽ
ϲʤߡˡ˪в߹Ӽ⤢뤫ˡϴ긫ߤĤ
3. ȴϢ
ϻʪΡˡȬǷܡΤߤˡʤȤˡʽˡͧʤȤ
4. ϻϹ精̾ε
̣ʤҤ錄ʤˡʢӡʽưˡˡӹʤȤĤʤˡʢʽˡˡʤŤˡʸīڻ͵ܡˡʹ¿Ǫʢ
ϡɽܰդλȤɽܰդλȤ礭2ʬ롥ɽܰդˡϡХꥸʥδˡɽܰդˡʤղ̾ܤˤ뿷äղ̾ϡܤϴǽȤƤʿ̾Ҳ̾हɽʸȤѤƤΤǤ롥ղ̾ɽŪˡ٤̶ʬ뤬 (2) ˵Ƥַ̾פθѸ <Engl&>, <⁊honge> ˸븶Ǥ롥
̾ϡ·ꤷ¾ηɤޤǽʤʤäƤˡǤ뤫顤˸ȯΤǤ롥Ʊ褦ˡ<&> <⁊ > ơ and ȤַɤߡפꤷƤ餳ɽŪˤѤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥<Engl&>, <⁊honge> ˤ <&>, <⁊ > λȤϡŪˤϡղ̾ǤСֲƳߡסʤʤĤˡּſסʤΤϤˤΥפΡ¿ɽη̾פ˶ᤤΤǤϤʤŪɽŪʸΰ̣äɤ߲ɤ߲٤Ϥΰ̣ڤΥơβʬŪˤñɽŪɽ뤿Ѥ롤ȤˡդȤ䤳ĤޤȤ <Engl&> England ɤޤ<Ƴ> ǡ֤ʤĤפɤޤ븶ΤȤǤ롥
ղ̾ˤĤƤϡ#2386. ܸʸˡʸԡˡ ([2015-11-08-1])#2390. ʸηϤεȯã (2) ([2015-11-12-1]) ȡ
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
#817. Netspeak ˤάɽ ([2011-07-23-1]) Ǹ褦ˡͥåȾǤȽ (rebus) θˤʸͷӤȤ⤤άɽޤäƤ롥<Thx2U> (= Thanks to you) <4U> (= For you) <CUL8R> (= See you later) <Engl&> (= England) Τ褦ͷӿޤʸǤ롥ο䵭 <&> ϡɽʸʵˤɽŪѤƤȤƶ̣줾̣ϼξݤ[tuː], [fɔː], [eɪt], [ənd] ȤɽɽʸȤƵǽƤ롥
ϸͤθͷӤˤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ¤ϸŤ̤˹ԤʤƤ㤨С³ and ɽ魯Τ˸Ť <&> ǤϤʤ <7> ˻ <⁊ > Ȥ (Tironian et) ѤƤʡ#1835. viz. ([2014-05-06-1]) ȡˡơ줬³ and ɽ魯ΤȤƤǤϤʤ¾θΰʤ [and] ɽ魯ΤȤɽŪѤ㤬ä³ϡƱͤ˼夤ȯǤϸФæΤǡ[and] Ǥʤ [an] 뤤 [a] ɽʸȤƤⵡǽ㤨СThe Owl and the Nightingale 顤l. 1195 ˸ưβʬ anhonge Ƭ an- Tironian et ǽƤꡤ<<⁊honge>> ȼܤ˸롥Ʊ褦ˡl. 1200 ưβʬ astorue <<⁊storue>> ȽƤꡤƬ a- Tironian et ɽ蘆Ƥ롥
ͷӿ⤢Ǥûڤ˽Ȥפ⤢λפȡλפʤϡΤ⺣ⲿѤʤ
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Ferguson ϡ "language 'development'" ¬ˡƤƤ롥'development' Ȱ䤬뤳Ȥ鼨褦ˡϿʲŪʸѤ˴ŤƤ櫓ǤϤʤҲŪȯŸٹ礤¬ȤߤǤ롥Ferguson (23) Ū˵ƤΤϡֽդλѤٹ礤 ("the degree of use of written language") ȡɸಽ١ ("the nature and extent of standardization") 2Ǥ롥
1ܤλɸǤֽդλѤٹ礤פˤĤƤϡ绨Ĥ W0, W1, W2, W3 4ʳǧȤ (23--24) ʳߤʬ̤ꡤ̤صŪʻɸȤäƤ褤
W0. --- not used for normal written purposes
W1. --- used for normal written purposes
W2. --- original research in physical sciences regularly published
W3. --- languages in which translations and resumés of scientific work in other languages are regularly published
2ܤλɸǤɸಽ١פϡäȹäƤ롥λɸˤ2Ĥ¦̤ꡤ1ΤΤ "the degree of difference between the standard form or forms of a language and all other varieties of it" (24) Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤѼ֤κٹ礤˴ؤ¦̤ǤʴϢơ#1523. Abstand language Ausbau language ([2013-06-28-1]) #1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) Ȥ줿ˡ
2¦̤ "the nature of the standardization and the degree to which a standard form is accepted as such throughout the community" (24) Ǥ롥Ferguson (24--25) 3ʳꤷ
St0. --- "a language in which there is no important amount of standardization" (ex. Kurdish) (24)
St1. --- a language which "requires considerable sub-classification to be of any use. Whatever scheme of classification is developed, it will have to take account in the first instance of whether the standardization is unimodal or bi- or multimodal, and in the case of more than one norm, the nature of the norms must be treated" (ex. bimodal Armenian, Greek, Serbo-Croatian, Norwegian; multimodal Hindi-Urdu) (25)
St2. --- "a language which has a single, widely-accepted norm which is felt to be appropriate with only minor modifications or variations for all purposes for which the language is used" (24)
¬ΤλɸȤƹӺǤϤ뤬ʬ䤹ǤͥƤ롥
Τ褦¬ͤ˴ŤơʶƱΡˤҲŪ褦Ȥߤϡۤˤ⤢롥#1519. ҲŪؤƻ ([2013-06-24-1]) #1547. μҲŪ°7 ([2013-07-22-1]) ȡ
Ferguson, Charles A. "The Language Factor in National Development." Anthropological Linguistics 4 (1962): 23--27.
Swadesh θǯ (glottochronology) ˤСŪʳǰɽ路ʸˤۤܰ¸ʤȹͤøäϡ֤ȤȤ˰Ψ֤ƤȤǰƬ֤ƤΤϡäդθݤǤꡤդȤƤʤȤȤϡɤ߽ǽ (literacy) ϤΡְΨפ̤ʱƶڤܤʤȤȤްդƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ľŪˤϡɤ߽ǽϤȽդϸФݼŪ˺ѤĹˤ錄ä¸ʤɤˤΤǤϤʤȤ⵿롥
Zengel ϤΤ褦ռ顤衼åѻˤ2ǯʾˤ錄Ѿ줿ˡʸˡΧäФݻΨĴĴˡΧʸŵΤʤǺǤŤΤϡ450ǯ The Twelve Tables Ǥ롥ˡǯδ֤Ƶ533ǯ Justinian I ˤ The InstitutesǸˡǯʾλ֤Ф1621ǯ˥եǽǤ줿 The Custom of Brittany Ǥ롥ĴˤơƱδϸ촴٥ǤΰפǤꡤŪѷʤɤϹθƤʤǽǯ "First interval"ǯ "Second interval" ȤƥƥˡΧäݻΨ¬ȤΤ褦ʿͤ줿 (Zengel 137)
| Number of items | Items retained | Rate of retention | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First interval | 68 | 58 | 85.1% |
| Second interval | 58 | 46 | 80.5% |
Some new factor must be recognized to account for the astonishing stability disclosed in this study . . . . Since these materials have been selected within an area where total literacy is a primary and integral necessity in the communicative process, it seems reasonable to conclude that it is to be reckoned with in language change through time and may be expected to retard the rate of vocabulary change.
ʤۤɡZengel ϥƥˡΧäȤˤꡤݻФɤ߽ǽϤαƶ¾ڤ褦Ȼߤ櫓ǤϤ롥Ф줿ϡ̣ľŪQŪˤȤɤޤηȤʤʤSwadesh ˤиʸ˰¸äݻΨŪ㤤ϤǤꡤˡΧѸϤʸŪʸäȹͤ뤫顤ޤޤݻΨ㤤ϤȤλǤϤषݻΨϹ⤫äϡäȤ٤ʸŪǤäƤ⡤줬Ĺˤ錄٤ȷӤĤΤǤС˱ƸäĹݤ롤Ȥθݤɽ路ƤˤʤΤǤϤʤξ硤ä٤ϡäݻΨǤϤʤ2ǯˤ錄ä٤ȤƵǽƤˡη³ϤʤΤǤϤʤˡΧѸΤۤѸʳѸʤɡ̤ΤѤȹͤͤʤɤɽäϡβͤ¸³뤢Ϥ¸³ΤǤϤʤΤ褦ʼθäϡɤ߽ǽϤդ̩ܤ˷ӤĤƤ뤳Ȥ¿Τǡ⤪˴ͿƤȤưפ롥ޤää٤ǤϤʤ
Ѳ® (speed_of_change) ˤĤơȴϢơ#430. Ѳ˳װ ([2010-07-01-1])#753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1])#2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1])#795. ͥåȻϸѲβžΨκǤ® ([2011-07-01-1])#1874. ٸθݼ ([2014-06-14-1])#2641. Ѳ®٤ˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2016-07-20-1])#2670. դݼˤĤơ ([2016-08-18-1]) ʤɤ⻲Ȥ줿
Zengel, Marjorie S. "Literacy as a Factor in Language Change." American Anthropologist 64 (1962): 132--39.
#2717. Ź椫Ϥޤä ([2016-10-04-1]) εǸ褦ˡ֥饤ϡ롦ХӥιͰƤʸפαѤǤ12֥饤椬6˲ɤȤüȯ롥19ϤˤϡܤԼͳʿ͡ˤȤäƤɤ߽ϡʸ⤭ФʸפˤΤäؤǿäˤ뤳ȤϤʤäΤ褦ʻˡ֥饤椬ɤߤ䤹䤹ͰƤȤϡŪʽäڤդä֥饤ϡɽˤɽǽˤ
θ塤19Ⱦ20ˤơ֥饤Ͻ˱Ѥ졤˹äƤ1854ǯ˥եܤǧ줿塤ꥹǤϱѹΩտͶΩȡޥߥơ֥饤ѤɤĤĹꥫǤϡ˥塼衼ճعΥꥢࡦȤ餬Ϥ֥饤˴ŤѤ1915ǯɸƹդȡ1932ǯˤϱƤιĤˤѸ춦̤ޤäʤǤϡꥫȥꥹǰۤʤηϤѤƤä֤ƤȤϰ褹롨see #1662. äϸǤ (1) ([2013-11-14-1])ˡ
椬Ǥ⡤1887ǯճع˶ФƤȬ֥饤ߡܸؤαѤƻõäơ1890ǯ23ǯ111ҼʡˤΰƤѤ˻äϡ국ǰȤƤ롥
ƻˡġ구ɮåȤˤʤäספ롥Ĥξ˻Τ֤ǡζ구ѤɮDZ麸ؤǤäƤΤǤ롥̾ʸȰۤʤꡤϻ¦ǤäƤɬפꡤäơȯԤνȼԤɤߤդȤʤ롥ɤ߽˴ؤ븲ħȤäƤ褤ޤܸϤʽǽ뤿ᡤʬɬפǤ⡤ܸ̾Ȱۤʤ (see #1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])) ǤϡŪפΤۤץ饤䥳ԥ塼ˤꡤؤȤǤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
ܤǤȶʤȤ˽вƤƤ롥Ųʡ̰ʤӤƴʤɡ¿ξ褦ˤʤä
ⶶ ̦Ĵ٤ؽɴʡ륤֥饤ĤäͤӤȡ١Ź2016ǯ
ϡետ Louis Braille (1809--52) 1829ǯȯΤȤ졤ˤо㳲ԤƼͳɤ߽Ǥ褦ˤʤäȤǡ˾塤Ūʽä֥饤ˡ (Braille) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤳ϡ3ԡ26ñ̤ȤơȤ߹碌ˤꥢե٥åȤȿɽ魯ȤߤΤΤǤ롥֥饤ˡϥ֥饤˴ʤä2ǯ˥եǸʸȤǧ졤줫100ǯ1954ǯˤϥͥŤĤǡλо㳲ԤʸȤƺѤ줿ܤؤ1890ǯƳƤꡤ50ɽ魯ȯ졤ߤѤ³Ƥ롥ϡ켫ΤΩηϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ(ʸ˸ѵȤȤ館٤Ǥϡ⡼륹 (#1805. Morse code ([2014-04-06-1])) ʤɤह롥
ơˤϡΤ褦˥֥饤̤ȤΤθϡʥݥ쥪ˤʼ Charles Barbier ֥饤γؤձǽճعˤ˻ʸ(Ecriture Nocturne "night writing") βǤˤäʸȤϡѲȤǤ⤢äХӥͰƤŹΰǡĻξ̩Υ롼˽äå⤭ĦˤΤǤꡤɼԤϰˤ⤽˿ɤळȤǤȤʪäХӥϡ塤о㳲ԤΤ˳Ѥˡõꡤձ6ԡ2Ƴơ̤ä֥饤椬ɤä3ԡ26Υ֥饤ˡȯ˻äȤǤ롥
ǹǧΤ졤ѤƤȤηϤΤ褦˷Ūʿ̤ζĶdzȯ줿Ź˵ĤȤ¤ϡ˶̣Ź⥳ߥ˥ʤˤϰ㤤ʤ̣ǤȯŸɬŪȤͤ뤬ǡХӥ鷱ձФƥ֥饤ؤϢʤäΤϡˤζǤ⤢롥ŹȯŪˡ˾夭ƽפȯˤĤʤäͭǤ롥
ʾ塤 (54) ȤƼɮ
оذŹءˡΰŹ椫Ĥޤǡ١ͼˡ2016ǯ
Ѹνˤߤˡ (punctuation) ȯãϡ̤˶ʹߤνȤäƤ褤 (see #574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1])#2666. Ѹʶˡ ([2016-08-14-1])) ϥե (hyphen) ˤƤ㳰ǤϤʤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ̲Τ1570ǯʹߤǤ롥ºݡhyphen ȤƤ̾Ѹ˸Τ1620ǯդˤʤäƤǤꡤƳ٤θϡ"together" ̣륮ꥷ huphén (hupó "under" + hén "one") ƥͳDZѸäΤǤ롥ˤ⡤ζɵ漫ΤѤƤꡤ͡˸ƤФƤ㤨ФλѤŻ뤷 John Hart (c. 1501--74) joiner ȸƤǤ
ºݡϥեλѤϼܻκǽӤƳǧ롥͡äŪʵǽϡΤƱͤǤꡤ䤽ΰζܤ˴ؤδط뤳ȤˤäñǹԤޤɬפȤˤϡʬ䵭 (divider) ̤ʣηǤδϢ̩Ǥ1ˤޤȤˤϡϢ (linker) ̤ˤ衤ñ̤ŪѤǤ (Crystal 260--61)
ϥեˡϡǤ夷ΤʤλѤˤϡ١ɤ줬롥㤨СѼ֤Ȥ٥ɤȤƤ⸫졤ꥹѸǤϥꥫѸϥե¿Ѥ뷹롥ʥѸʤɤǤϡѼŪʿȤ⤤롥ޤĿͺ⤢ꡤe-mail vs email, ice-cream vs ice cream 䡤flowerpot vs flower-pot vs flower pot ʤɡɤ줬㤷̻Ūˤ⡤2ǽƤΤ˥ϥեդ졤˸˥ϥեʤ1Ȥ֤褦Ѳ뤲줬Ĥǧ롥㤨Сtype writer > type-writer > typewriter Ǥꡤۤ today, tomorrow, tonight ʤɤ to- Ƭĸ to day > to-day > today Τ褦ˡ褦ʷϩéäƤ (Crystal 266)
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
ε#2695. Ѹˤʬζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1]) ˰³ʬ˴Ϣꡥ
#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡʬδȯˤϡƥȤ륢ɤνƻΤθسؽƥ˥åͿƤʬ˹װϡФǤϤʤCrystal (10--13) ˤС7ޤǤȯãƤɽ䡤St Augustine ˤ륭ꥹȶˡȤʸŪҲŪװͿƤ
ɽȯãȤȤϡդäդȤ϶̤ΤȤƵǽ褦ˤʤäȤȤǤꡤɤͥϺȤȤǤ롥̤δ餤С³ġɤߤˤפؤδƤƤΤȤϡֶΤߤʤ餺ˡ (punctuation) ̤ȯãˤط
By the seventh century in England, word-spacing had become standard practice, reflecting a radical change that had taken place in reading habits. Silent reading was now the norm. Written texts were being seen not as aids to reading aloud, but as self-contained entities, to be used as a separate source of information and reflection from whatever could be gained from listening and speaking. It is the beginning of a view of language, widely recognized today, in which writing and speech are seen as distinct mediums of expression, with different communicative aims and using different processes of composition. And this view is apparent in the efforts scribes made to make the task of reading easier, with the role of spacing and other methods of punctuation becoming increasingly appreciated. (Crystal 10)
ˡꥹȶȤδطǤСSt Augustine ʤɤνꥹȶζ㤬ŪᤰäƥƥȤ̯ʺۤˤȤʬޤˡŻ뤹뷹߽ФȤ
The origins of the change are not simply to do with the development of new habits of reading. They are bound up with the emergence of Christianity in the West, and the influential views of writers such as St Augustine. Book 3 of his (Latin) work On Christian Doctrine, published in the end of the fourth century AD, is entitled: 'On interpretation required by the ambiguity of signs', and in its second chapter we are given a 'rule for removing ambiguity by attending to punctuation'. Augustine gives a series of Latin examples where the placing of a punctuation mark in an unpunctuated text makes all the difference between two meanings. The examples are of the kind used today when people want to draw attention to the importance of punctuation, as in the now infamous example of the panda who eats, shoots and leaves vs eats shoots and leaves. But for Augustine, this is no joke, as the location of a mark can distinguish important points of theological interpretation, and in the worst case can make all the difference between orthodoxy and heresy. (Crystal 12--13)
ޤ嵭2ȤŪ˴ؤ뤬ֶʤǤϤȤƤɤ˴ʤΥƥȤ褦ˤʤäȤ⡤ʬδ¥ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤä㤨СʸϤǤϤʤñ콸Ȥ٤ glossary तǤ롥μñϤ⤽˺ϿѡѤǤꡤФɤ߾夲ȤϡƳǧӤǻȤ뤳Ȥ¿ȸζ뤳ȤäᤵƥȤȤäƤ褤 (Crystal 10--11)
Τ褦˸ߤ˴Ϣ뤤ĤʸŪҲŪ̮űѸ7ޤǤ˹ήʬδޤδǧʤΤΡ褽̲ȹͤ롤
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
αѸνǤ뤵Ƥʬ (distinctiones) ŤˤǤϤʤष³ (scriptio continua) ̤äȤˤĤơ#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ǽҤ٤ºݡűѸʸʤɤǤϸζڤ꤬ʤΤ¿űѸѸμܤˤƤ⸽ΰӤʬϤޤãƤʤ
ʬȤݤΤΤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ǤߤǽΥ롼ʸʸǤ顤ȸδ֤˶ǤϤʤȤ⾮ݤ֤ƤꡤʬԤʤƤȤ狼뤷7餤ޤǤˤϼܤ˵줿ѸˤƤ⡤֤ζϹԤʤƤݥȤϡֹԤʤƤפȤȡָ˰ӤƹԤʤƤפȤȤϰۤʤȤȤʬؤΰܹԤϡŤ³ξ˿ʬˡˤ֤äƤǤꡤξν¸ߤ֤ĹäΤǤ롥Ѹζˡ (punctuation) ˤˤĤư̤˸褦ˡֶεϤ뤳ȤϤʤޤǽĿͤΰջ֤Ǽͳ˥ȥ뤷Ƥ褤ʪä
ˤ϶֤֤ʤμͳͿƤǤϤʤ֤ˡɤĹΥڡ뤫ȤͳͿƤ礦ɸѸʣˤơ2Ǵ֤Υʤ֤뤫 (flowerpot)ϥե뤫 (flower-pot)Υ֤뤫 (flower pot) ȽǤ˰ѤͤƤΤȻ褦ʾǤ롥䡤ξˤϤ3Ĥ褷ʤξˤ϶̯̤ˤĴȤʥŪʼͳͿƤΤǤ롥㤨С礭Ūñ̤̣Ūñ̤ޤȤᤢ뤿Ĺζ֤줿ꡤǥ٥ξñ̤ζɽ魯Τ˶Ϥʶ֤ʤɡθ촶Фܾ̯ȿǤ줿
Crystal (11-12) ϤξÆlfric ⶵƤ롥
Very often, some spaces are larger than others, probably reflecting a scribe's sense of the way words relate in meaning to each other. A major sense-break might have a larger space. Words that belong closely together might have a small one. It's difficult to show this in modern print, where word-spaces tend to be the same width, but scribes often seemed to think like this:
we bought a cup of tea in the cafe
The 'little' words, such as prepositions, pronouns, and the definite article, are felt to 'belong' to the following content words. Indeed, so close is this sense of binding that many scribes echo earlier practice and show them with no separation at all. Here's a transcription of two lines from one of Ælfric's sermons, dated around 990.
þærwæronðagesewene twegenenglas onhwitumgẏrelū;
þær wæron ða gesewene twegen englas on hwitum gẏrelū;
'there were then seen two angels in white garments'
Eacswilc onhisacennednẏsse wæronenglasgesewene'.
Eacswilc on his acennednẏsse wæron englas gesewene'.
'similarly at his birth were angels seen'
The word-strings, separated by spaces, reflect the grammatical structure and units of sense within the sentence.
äդǤϡٻ (pause) (intonation) ĴʤɤޤƼαΧŪʼʤǤȻ褦ʵǽ̤ȤǽդǤˡͿƤȤΤϡषˤϸʤħȤ٤Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1910. ٻߡ ([2014-07-20-1]) ⻲ȡ
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
815俷ʹīˡ83ФνǺܤƤ˳عDZäȤǤ롥ֳعǤϲ硤褦Ƴ줿ŨαѸΤޤͤˤʤʤ褦ȤΤȤäǤ⡤줿դȡפФᤷˤʤפȤä
ʸ (direction_of_writing) ˤĤƤ ##2448,2449,2482,2483 ǰäƤʸäȤƸСܸα뤤ϱĽȤѰۤѲϡνηϤμΤΡºݤˤ˺ݤƺѤƤϤϡˤƼҲŪʤΤäϲƥΤޤȤĤ졤ܸΥȽŤ蘆줿褷Ȥ줿ϱϾäΥΩνεȤȤ˸ߤǤѤƤ롥
ϸѤ줿Ȥʾˡä˶ᤤΤǤȤ̾ (169--70) ϡ桦ܸѲˤĤơΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥
ϡƱ貤Ƹαƶˤäޤ줿ΤǤˤ⤫餺ĽʻѤƤȤ⤢äơ½ޤǤˤϡֱܸͭŪסֺᲤפȤΩ夷ƤȤϤǤˤӤӤդ줿ΥϤθμҲͭžѤˤ餺ޤǰӤѤʤäΥФɾդϷưλȿǤƷ㤷žϤ礭Ϯ줿ΤǤ롥
岽Ȥƹ⤤ɾͿηϡ貼ˤ³͡ʾ°ޡǯˤʤäƤ⡤쥳ɤβۻҤΤ褦ʥξʤǤϡ豦äɽ˺Ƥ뤳Ȥ˽Ҥ٤
Ūˤޤ路ʿ褬ȯ䡤դ礭žܺŪʤΤΩ줫鶯Ϥ˻ٻ褦ˤʤ롥˻٤ƺαȤư졤ޤǤκήΩ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ʿ褬˽ꡤֵʼפֻǧؤȡͤžȡλ٤äƱưϼ®դӲƤΥ˭ʸؤƴ˲ơɾϵ徺롥˿ʤߡ϶वơĤ˲Ϻ줵뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥
ºݡ1946--48ǯοʹĴˤС3ǯ֤Ȥû֤ΤˡʤǤäƱ麸ؤȰܹԤȤʬäƤʲ̾ӡp. 171ˡդ٤ϡΰǤҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤŪʿäȤǤ롥Τ˽鱦¸Ƥľˤä˱ΩäƤȤϤä麸ηϴϩäˤʤäơδϩܿͤ˼˳ǧ졤줿ȤȤ̾ (177) ۩ֺؤܸɽѳפΤͣ졤κ߽ФΤʤΤסĤޤꡤᱦẸȤޤϹήۤƤΤΡοäȤ٤ΤǤ롥
͡οä߽Ф˻äΤ⡤Τۤοǯ֤Ǻž뤲ȤʰݤȵäοäϡԤ夲äȤΤǤϤʤ
̾ زо졽ܸɽζ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2003ǯ
ɸ˴ؤơ#753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1]) #2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1]) Ϥᡤܥ֥Ǥ¿ˤƤʸηϤݼϤޤǤʤʸѤ١ʤդΤäդ椷ݼŪǤ뤳ȤϳΤʻ¤Ǥ롥ʤʤΤܼ͡ŪΤꤿ
ε#2669. ѸܸʸˡˤĬή ([2016-08-17-1]) ǻȤ (86) ˡդλλäդޤ¿ͳƤ뤯꤬ꡤɸͻǤ˥ҥȤˤʤ롥ʸʸεΤϿΤˤʤƤ롥ޤˤ붯ĴϰѼԤˤΡ
ɮϿΤθʸǤ˽θƬ줽ΤޤޤǤϤʤʤۤϤȯ̾˻ƸƬ˶ᤤФƾθʸظƬ줽ΤޤޤǤϤꤨǤʸȤƤΡʤϤθƬǵɮϿΤθʸǵʸ˶ŤϡθƤεҴŪҲŪŪŪΤĻĶŵŪҴɬŪ˷ӤĤǤ롥˰صҴŪҲŪŪŪĸƤʸ졤ʸ줬Ω롥äƤϡ褷ƤλɮϿΤθʸǵϸƬ֤ΤΤǤ褢ꤨʤƱˡʤ餺Ūʸŵޤ̣ˤơ褷ƤƱǤ뤳ȤǤʤȤؤСθʸˤΩ˾ʸˤϤʸʸݤ⤬Ǥ롥ͥ줿ʤȤΤϡɮϿΤθʸǵϸŪ¯ȸŵŪŪʲȤκ¡ǵϸʸΰפˤƤФд줿ϸġΰĿͤȤƤʹȤȤˡİ̤ȤƤΤνμԤƤĿŪˤƼҲŪŪˤƵҴŪʴפΩġ餳ͥ줿̣ˤˤˤΤΤǤ롥
ĴʬȤƤ뤳Ȥϡˤаʲ̤Ǥ롥դäդ٤ơֵҴŪҲŪŪŪפĤ٤ΤǤꡤݤ³뤿ˤϡǤˤΤ褦ͭ뤳Ȥ̤ƾƤ¸νդϤΤȤȤǤ롥äդϾѲ³ƤΤǤ뤫顤夫³Ť뷹ΤդϡŪ˸ŤݼŪȤȤˤʤ롥С͡ϡդȤƴƤΤȤ³뷹ΤΤ褦ˡդݼŪǤͳϡ줬ܼŪˡֵҴŪҲŪŪŪפǤȤΩ뤳Ȥˤꡤ褯Ǥ롥
ҡʸˡˤλʬסعء221955ǯ79--87ǡ
15Ⱦ˰ (printing) ⤿餵줿塤³16δ֤ɸŪˡؤϺϤޤäκݤηƻֻˤȤɤޤ餺ˡ (punctuation) ˤڤ֤Ȥˤʤä
ΩμܤλˤϡƼζɵ椬̣ŪŪȤϲɤΤΥɤȤ͡ѤƤ¿ϰλʹߤ˾äƤޤäο30ĶȤƤΤƱζɵ⤢äμܤǤϤεǽɬ⸽ΤΤƱǤϤʤäʾФƽؤȸФβϴȤƤꡤѸˤ⤤ޤʤä
ΰȼԤϴŪˤϼܤˤäɵƸ褦ȤбʤΤ⤢ꡤ뤳Ȥ¿äŪˤϡ</> (virgule) <.> (point) Ϲǧ줿</> εǽϸߤ <,> (comma) 1520ǯ夫鸽ߤΤ褦 <,> ֤褦ˤʤäȼԤˤäƤξԤȤѤΤ⤢äˡ
ΰǤϡۤ <:> (colon), <> (paragraph mark), <//> (double virgule) ʤɤѤ졤ɵȤƤ <( )> (parentheses), <;> (semicolon), <?> (question mark) ʤɤƳ줿ˤϻ֤פ㤨С<;> ʤɤϡCoverdales ˤ1538ǯοθ˸줳뤬ɤѤ褦ˤʤΤ1570ǯʹߤȤäƤ褤
17äƤ⡤ޤˡ³㤨СShakespeare First Folio (1623) Ǥ⡤ȴò䡤ȥߥλȤʬϰӤƤʤäݥȥե (apostrophe) ϥե (hyphen) ͽʤȤ˸줿 (ex. advan'st (= advanced), cast-him (= cast him)) ꤵϸ Shakespeare ιˤȿǤƤꡤۤʤǤۤʤѤȤ֤ˤʤäƤ롥
ݥȥեˤĤưäƤζɵ϶οǤꡤάѤФΤ1559ǯǤ롥ʤߤΥݥȥեˡȤƽͭʤɽ魯 <'s> ǤλѤ뤬ȯãϤä٤18ΤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡǤˡΰĤȤˡޤäƤζɵ⡤ѸǤϤޤ夷ƤʤäΤȤϡƳξ⤬˳̿ŪäȼԤŬΤˤ˻ԺΤ1ĤλɸȤߤʤȤǤΤǤϤʤʾ塤Crystal (261) ȤƼɮ
Ϣơ#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Curzan ˤ Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History ɤǤ롥ϡѸεϼ (prescriptivism) ˤˤĤƤŪʱѸˤΤ꤫ƤŪȤƤɤ롥
αѸ˵ҤǤϡϼ18ʹߤαѸˤ˼Ҳؤ̣ḁ̈Ūʥѥ餤ΰäƱΤθФ1Ĥ٤ȤƤεϼϡ켫ΤѲεϡ®١˱ƶڤܤװǤ⤢롥ξˡʱѸˤҤ뤳ȤǤ뤷ɬפΤǤϤʤԤ϶⤯μĥϡȤ櫓2 "Prescriptivism's lessons: scope and 'the history of English'" Dz٤Ȥʤ֤Ƥ롥Τ1սѤ褦
When I began this project, I was not expecting to end up asking one of the most fundamental scholarly questions one can ask in the field of history of English studies. But examining prescriptivism as a real sociolinguistic factor in the history of English raises the question: What does it mean to tell the "linguistic history" of "the English language"? Or, to put it more prescriptively, what should it mean to tell the history of the English language? Attention to prescriptivism in the telling of language history gives significant weight to writing, ideologies, and consciously implemented language change. In so doing, it highlights some inconsistencies within the field about the focus of study, about what falls within the scope of "linguistic" history.
Re-examining the scope of the linguistic history of English encompasses at least three major issues . . .: the relative importance of language attitudes and ideologies in understanding a language's history; the relative importance of the written and spoken versions of the language in constituting "the English language" whose history is being told; and the relative importance of change above and below speakers' conscious awareness (to use standard terminology in the field) in constituting language change. (42--43)
Curzan (48) ϡ2ˤ3ĤδΤ褦˴ʤ顤Ѹ˵ҤμȤƤƤ롥
The history of the English language encompasses metalinguistic discussions about language, which potentially have real effects on language use.
The history of the English language encompasses the development of both the written and the spoken language, as well as their relationship to each other.
The history of the English language encompasses linguistic developments occurring both below the level of speakers' conscious awareness --- what is sometimes called "naturally" --- and above the level of speakers' conscious awareness.
1ܤΡϼºݤθѲ˱ƶͿȤŦˤĤƤϡΤˤ̤ȻפäƤ롥Ѹ˸ԤϤ˿˸礦ɬפȤĥˤϡ礭ʤǤ롥
Curzan, Anne. Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.
ε#2628. Hockett ˤѸνդäդδطɽ魯ľ ([2016-07-07-1]) Ǽ褦ˡѸνդøդδ֤εΥϡޤˡ־梪碪ʡˡפɽǤѥǿܤƤ餿ȡ̤Ǥ롥
դäդεΥϡűѸ줫ѸˤƤŪޤޤˤȤɤޤäƤͥζѸȽդɸಽ (standardisation) ʤȤ⤢äơξΤЪΥϳƤѸˤʤꡤŪǤդˤή褦ˤʤ (= colloquialisation) ξԤεΥϺƤʬŪ˶ޤäƤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ξΤάˤĤƤϡCurzan (54--55) εҤŪΤǤ롥
The fluctuating distance between written and spoken registers provides one fascinating lens through which to tell the history of English. For the Old English and Middle English periods, scholars assume a much closer correspondence between the written and spoken, with the recognition that the record does not preserve very informal registers of the written. While there were some local written standards, these periods predate widespread language standardization, and spelling and morphosyntactic differences by region suggest that scribes saw the written language as in some way capturing their individual or local pronunciation and grammar. The prevalence of coordinated or paratactic clause structures in these periods is more reflective of the spoken language than the highly subordinated clause structures that come to characterize high written prose in the Renaissance. . . . The Renaissance witnesses a growing chasm between the spoken and written, with the rise of language standardization and the spread of English to more scientific, legal, and other genres that had been formerly written in Latin. To this day, written academic, legal, and medical registers are marked by stark differences from spoken language, from the prevalence of nominalization (e.g., when the verb enhance becomes the noun enhancement) to the relative paucity of first-person pronouns to highly subordinated sentence structures.
At the turn of the millennium something interestingly cyclical appears to be happening online, in journalistic prose, and in other registers, where the written language is creeping back toward patterns more characteristic of the spoken language --- a process referred to as colloquialization . . . . In other words, the distance between the structure and style of spoken and written language that has characterized much of the modern period is narrowing, a least in some registers. Current colloquialization of written prose includes the rise of features such as semi-modals (e.g., have to), contractions, and the progressive.
ϡդäդδطȤߤ⤦1ĤθʱѸ˵ҤȻפ
Curzan, Anne. Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.
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