ܸʤѸʤΡʸˡפȤΤϡüԽĤˤΤʤǰ˺夲ߤ˽äƤδǤΰ̣ǤϡܸʤѸʤˤ餫ʸˡפäȤȤϤޤǤ⤢ޤʹֽĤäȤǤϸ̩ˤäƿŪʸˡǤˤϰ㤤ޤۤɰռŪˤ館ʸˡǤϤʤȤʤŪʸˡ餷ΤǤäƤȤθСޤǼȯŪʸˡȤޤ
ФưռޤäƤζˤƤϡʸ̤Ūʸˡ館ȤưФƤޤꥹǤ¾㴳٤ޤ18ޤˤλǤ٤ϤȤưռŪ˺줿ʸˡȤ̣ǵʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ȸƤФޤλˤǤäֵϱʸˡפϰŪ˻ٻ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ˻ޤǡֱʸˡפȤСǥեȤǤλˤǤäƸ˼Ѥ줿ʸˡؤȤȤˤʤäƤޤܤμʸˡ TOEIC αʸˡ⤳Ǥ
Τ褦Ūʻ𤬤äȤƧޤϤɸΤ褦ˡ֡رʸˡ٤250ǯۤ˵Ū˺夲줿פȽҤ٤뤳ȤˤƤޤ䤿ǥեȤƤֱʸˡפȤΤϡ250ǯۤ˥ꥹμ֤ͤͭǡֱʸˡפ尴͡˼줿ִ֤ˡޤ줿ȤäƤǤϤޤĤޤֱʸˡפȤϡ餬ֱʸˡפ夲ִ֤ˤǤäʪȤȤˤʤޤˤϡֱʸˡפϤʤäΤǤ
ո줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ19Ƥֱʸˡʤߤʤˤȿͤ18εʸˡȤǤڰʼδѸظإͥ # 19 ۡȤȥǤήǴط̾ˤϤᡤ18εʸˡλäڤӤޤ
ơ YouTube Ƥơäʤäʬ٤κī Voicy Ǥ18ȾФ˱ʸˡ夲 Robert Lowth ȤϤäԡꤷơϢ뤳Ȥäޤεʸˡλˤǽʪ Robert Lowth ȤͤǤ
ܤϡ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) ϤȤ lowth 뤤 prescriptive_grammar γƵ
427ʿˤ˸줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥǤּΤߤʤط̾ʸˡְ㤨нˡǤ衼ڰʼδѸظإͥ # 18 ۡꤷƴط̾夲ޤʤʤ¿İƤ褦ǡ꤬¤Ǥºݤ2ͤǤ⤷Ȥ٤äƤޤʾСˡҤ
ɸѸǴط̾Ȥ which, who, whom, that, ƥʤط̾ξάդ꤬ޤΤ줬Ѥ뤫ȤˤϡʣΥѥʣ˴ؤäƤޤط̾Ǥ䤬ʤʤΤŪʤʤΤȤȤϤ¡ˡΰ㤤Ի줬̵ͭʤɤ̣Ūѥʣ˴ͿƤޤˡޤܤޤ¤ϻѰ (register) ȤŪѥط̾ˤȤƤפ̤ƤΤǤ
Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (608--21) ˤϡѥѤط̾˴ؤĴ̤ܺ٤˼ƤޤϤȤʤ顤ΤȤƺǤ٤ι⤤Ȥ which that ˾ơξԤʬۤ٤Ƥߤޤ礦
which that ¿ξؤǽǤعʸˡǶȤꡤ§Ȥ which Ի줬̵ξ˸¤졤ޤˡΤߤʤ餺ˡȤƤȤȤħߤޤthat ԻӤޤˡ˸ꤵޤ
which that ʬۤΰ㤤ˤĤƤ⤷ΤϡΤ褦̣ŪװƱ餤ѰȤװƤȤȤǤwhich ݼŪdzؽŪʴޤߤꡤؽѻʸǤˡ˸ꤹС70%ᡤthat ݤƤޤthat ϸŪǤޤߤꡤ㤨ХեǤˡ˸ꤹȡ75%ޤ
ޤꥫѸ줫ꥹѸ줫Ȥ㤤⡤which vs that Ǥޤ˥塼ǤˡܤȡꥫѸΤۤ餫 that ߡꥹѸǤ which ߤޤä٤ȡޤޤꥫѸǤ that ޤ졤ꥹѸ2ܤ٤Ѥޤ
ΤȤơLGSWE (616) which vs that зˤĤƼΤ褦礷Ƥޤ
The AmE preference for that over which reflects a willingness to use a form with colloquial associations more widely in written contexts than BrE.
ط̾αˤϻѰȤեҤǤΤǤ
ʤߤˡ18:00˸ YouTube #19 ϴط̾³ԤȤʤޤڤߤˡ
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, eds. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
ǯ٤ϤޤꡤءʱˤαʸʤܤʤɤǡָűѸפμȤ֤줿Ȥ⤢뤫ȻפޤֱѸˡ׳Ϥޤ⡤ָűѸμȤȤΤܤءʱˤǤ⤫ʤ굩ǡǴȤäƤ褤ʪǤءʱˤμȤǤ餽Τ褦ʾǤΤḁ̇̄ǥǤΡָűѸؽפΤξȯȻפޤȤȤǡָűѸפƼǥؤΥҲ𤷤ޤ
֤ޤˤͥΡűѸϡܽθűѸ YouTube ͥǤ
ޤˤˤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤ2٤ۤɽб餷ƤäƤޤʲ2ܤİ
- #149. ̡űѸפΤޤˤȡűѸäƤɤʸ졩2021ǯ1027
- #309. khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤűѸϻס2022ǯ45ˡλߡűѸϻΤΤɤ
Ĥˤ Voicy θűѸϢȤƤϡ̤Ǥ
- #148. űѸäƤɤʻ塩2021ǯ1026
- #321. űѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤä2022ǯ417
- #326. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ2022ǯ422ˡʢդޤ
űѸζɽΥ祳 (PDF) ɤ
Essentials of Old English: 饤ǸűѸٶʤ餳űѸŪطʤʸˡʤɤؤ٤ޤȤ櫓 A short grammar of Old English ϼڤɬ
Readings in Early English: űѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸΥƥȤȤɤ߾夲ǥե뤬Ǥޤ
Essentials of Early English : űѸζɽʤɤPDFǼޤμܤؤΥĥƤޤܽ
Peter S. Baker ˤ YouTube Ǥ Old English Readings
ܥ֥ oe Υդ⡤ͭѤʤϤǤ
Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.
41#4722. ǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ȥåס״ϡ ([2022-04-01-1]) ꤷƱѸˤγؤӤ礷Ƥޤhellog λǤȤ٤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) Ǥ⡤Ϣǯ٤ڤʤȤϰۤʤ̣ϤƤޤŪˤϱѸˡѸؤ칶̤Ԥʤ͡ʳ٤Ʊʬ̥ϤƤޤ11³Ƥ̴ˤĤơƿ֤ĤľҲ𤷤ޤ
ֻȤ̡Ĺϥɤ42ˡءˤȤΤ٤ǤޤΡĹפĤʤ̾αѸˡѸˤȤϡοȶʤȤˤޤ
khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤرѸ˿ʹ٤ξҲ43ˡkhelf ȤʡˤرѸ˿ʹ1ȯԤޤԽѰĹ̳ khelf ĹΤäǤ
khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤֱѸ˥ƥ50פξҲ44ˡ³ơkhelf Τ⤦1Ĥοǯ̴ֱܶѸ˥ƥ50פξҲǤ1ıѸˤ꤬夬äƤޤƱβǤ
khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤűѸϻס45ˡkhelf Ĺ桦ưȼ̣ʡˤαĹǡȤʤűѸϻޤź掠ӥꡥ
ֻܻȤ̡Ѹ춵ܻؤؤαѸˤΤ46ˡܻĻرءˤȡѸ춵ȱѸˤˤĤǮޤ
ڹȤ̡饹ä1ġ47ˡڹʷܳرءȤΡѸˤӥ饹ؤ夬ޤƱؤαؤƱ Jeremy J. Smith ˻ջޤ
ָľȥȤ̡ɸѸ츸ۤˤĤƸ48ˡľȥءˤȤɸѸˤޤĤäǮ̤ǤϡѸˤηäǤ褫ȥԥåȻפäƤޤ
߷ͧȤ̡ʤѸؤδؿޤäƤΤ49ˡ߷ͧΩءˤȤΡ͵ޤ World Englishes ˤĤƤ̡ʤʤΤޤ
ྰȤ̡˼äߤαѸ˳3410ˡྰʡˤˤ븷3ξҲ𡥿ǯ٤γؤӻϤˡؤΩľǤ3ˤĤƤرѸ˿ʹٿǯٹ泰ȤƤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
ǦȤ̡Baugh and Cable αѸ˳411ˡǦʽٲءˤؤǺǤɤޤƤѸ˳Ȥ Baugh and Cable ˤĤƾܤ⤷ƤޤδϢɤ
ְʼȤ̡YouTube Ϥ1Ⱦˤʤޤ412ˡʼʷءˤȻ䤬2ƤְʼδѸظإͥˤĤơޤ13ο֤̤Ÿ˾ޤ
Ϣ³̤Ϥäǽޤޤߤ̤ԤʤäƤȻפäƤޤɤ
ʼȤ YouTube 8ƤޤѸͤʼդ---Ǥ⡤ܿͤ鸫ȤʤʡڰʼδѸظإͥ #8 Ǥ³ΤȤʤޤ
պ֤ʤעջ֡٤Ȥޤעջ֤䤦 Will you . . . ? ˤĤƢWill you . . . ? ǫΤ褦˥äǤޤޤ˻̤ȤǤΤǡϤȴƵڤˤİ
ưǡȯù (speech_act) 濴ȤʤäƤޤȯù٤ȤϲʤΤǤ礦
Ūʸ (pragmatics) Ω줫餤СäʹΥߥ˥οȤδϢߤȯäפۤɤǤǤϤ褯ʬޤ͡
̤ˤϡȯù٤ˤ3ढȤƤޤ1ĤϡäˤȯäΤ (locutionary acṭǤΡȯù١) 2Ĥϡäΰտޡ뤤ä꤬ȯäˤäƹԤʤäƤ뤳 (illocutionary actȯ١) 3Ĥϡä꤬ȯä̤ʹ˵ڤܤ (perlocutionary actȯ١) Ǥ
ĤѸ켭ŵ "speech act (theory)" Ĵ٤ƤߤޤŪ狼䤹ûä2Ѥޤ礦
speech act theory A theory associated with the work of the British philosopher J. L. Austen, in his 1962 book How to do things with words, which distinguishes between three facets of a speech act: the locutionary act, which has to do with the simple act of a speaker saying something; the illocutionary act, which has to do with the intention behind a speaker's saying something; and the perlocutionary act, which has to do with the actual effect produced by a speaker saying something. The illocutionary force of a speech act is the effect which a speech act is intended to have by the speaker. (Trudgill 125)
speech act A term derived from the work of the philosopher J. L. Austin (1911--60), and now used widely in linguistics, to refer to a theory which analyses the role of utterances in relation to the behaviour of speaker and hearer in interpersonal communication. It is not an 'act of speech' (in the sense of parole), but a communicative activity (a locutionary act), defined with reference to the intentions of speakers while speaking (the illocutionary force of their utterances) and the effects they achieve on listeners (the perlocutionary effect of their utterances). Several categories of speech act have been proposed, viz. directives (speakers try to get their listeners to do something, e.g. begging, commanding, requesting), commissives (speakers commit themselves to a future course of action, e.g. promising, guaranteeing), expressives (speakers express their feelings, e.g. apologizing, welcoming, sympathizing), declarations (the speaker's utterance brings about a new external situation, e.g. christening, marrying, resigning) and representatives (speakers convey their belief about the truth of a proposition, e.g. asserting, hypothesizing). The verbs which are used to indicate the speech act intended by the speaker are sometimes known as performative verbs. The criteria which have to be satisfied in order for a speech act to be a successful are known as felicity conditions. (Crystal 446)
Ϣܥ֥ʲε⤴Ȥ
#2665. ȯù٤Ŭ ([2016-08-13-1])
#2674. Ūʸ3Ĥħ ([2016-08-22-1])
#2831. performative hypothesis ([2017-01-26-1])
#1646. ȯù٤ʸ ([2013-10-29-1])
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ʼȤ YouTube 7ƤޤΤαѸˤϼպɽʤä--áդʤääƤȡڰʼδѸظإͥ #7 Ǥ
ɤűѸǤϡּպפȤȯù (speech_act) ʤä뤤Ϥ餷ΤäȤƤΩäҲǤϤʤäȤǤ#3208. ݥ饤ȥͥäűѸ ([2018-02-07-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡαѸҲˤȤƤʸδҲˤϤʤäȤȤϡޤǤ𤵤ƤޤΤ⤦1ĤȤơպ (apology) ȤȤǤ
ŵϡѸ˸ʬŪ˸ʤƤ Kohnen κǿʸǤKohnen (169) ¾ԸˤСպȯù٤ϸűѸˤϤߤ줺ѸˤʤäƽȤƤޤպϡؤκιȤꥹȶŪʸ̮˵¯ƵҲءˤήؤȳȤꡤŪʼҲŪǽ˻äȤήǤѸޤǤˤϡպ mea culpa, I am ryght sory, me repenteth Τ褦ʸɽȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäƤޤ
YouTube ˤȤʤޤѸܤμպΤϡʤۤʤޤ͡ϡ嵭̤ѸˤպŪʸ̮üȯƤȤؤäƤ褦˻פޤۤȤǤ碌ʤ˰夵Ȥ̤ڤǤ櫓ǤäƤˤɤɤǥͯƤޤȯޤؤΤʤȼ´Ƥޤ
YouTube Ǥϻ֤Թ塤˥åȤƤʬ⤢ޤΤǡ䤦ĤǺī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ʊͤ夲ޤ⤼Ҥİ
Kohnen, Thomas. "Speech Acts in the History of English: Gaps and Paths of Evolution." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 165--79.
18:00 YouTube 6ƤޤWould you...?ʤɤδŪʰλϱѸͭ--ȺǶαѸħڰʼδѸظإͥ #6 Ǥ꤬ѸΥݥ饤ȥͥѸˤؤȥʥߥåڤؤäƤޤΤǡŪʳФ⤤äΤǤϤʤȡ
ʼˡرѸλˡäʸˡʸå١˼Ҥӡ2021ǯǤϡѸλˡκˤϡΩס֤Ĥʤספ3줬ȼĥƤޤʡ#4526. ʼˡرѸλˡäʸˡʸå١ ([2021-09-17-1]) ȡˡ
1ĤθȤơѸǤϡ˲ꡦͶݤˡΥץ饤Хˤʤ٤Ƨ߹ޤʤ褦ˡưѤʸηǥݥ饤ȤɽȤޤưǤ夲줿 Would you . . . ? ŵǤ¾ˤ Will you . . . ?, Could you . . . ?, Can you . . . ? ʤɤޤWon't you . . . ? ʤɤС⤢ޤ줾ǫ٤ϰۤʤޤȥ͡ʸ̮ˤäƤϡषȤʤ⤢Τǡ¤ϤʤʤȤˤȤ⤢ޤطʤˤŪʹͤϡľ᤹̿ΤǤϤʤΰոǽϤ䤦ʸκۤȤäƤȤȤǤ˥Ρ뼫ͳѤͤƤ롤ΩºŤƤƤ롤Ȥ˱ѸήΥݥ饤ȥͥΤȤȤǤ
ѸŪˤߤȡΤ褦ʱѸŪʥݥ饤ȥͥɽɤŤ餢äΤˤ뤳ȤϡɬñǤϤޤʹߤΰճȿɽǤǽ⤢ΤǤ
Will you . . . ? оݤʤäƤߤޤ餷ʸϸűѸ줫äƤޤѸǤۥȤߤޤOED will, v.1 θ8bȴ褷ޤ礦
b. Expressing a request in the second person, in the interrogative or in a subordinate clause after a verb such as beg.
Such a request is usually courteous, but when given emphasis, it is impatient.
This construction implies a first person response: 'I beg that you will excuse this' implies 'I will excuse it'.
. . . .
lOE St. Margaret (Corpus Cambr.) (1994) 166 Wilt þu me get geheran and to minum gode þe gebiddan?
?a1300 Fox & Wolf l. 186 in G. H. McKnight Middle Eng. Humorous Tales (1913) 33 Þou hauest ben ofte min I-fere, Woltou nou mi srift I-here?
c1390 Pistel of Swete Susan (Vernon) l. 135 Wolt þou, ladi, for loue, on vre lay lerne?
1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. vi. sig. aiiiiv Sir said Ector vnto Arthur woll ye be my good & gracious lord when ye are kyng.
. . . .
MED willen v.(1)θ18aΤȤˤ⡤Ĥ㤬Ƥޤ
Τ褦˸ƤȡꡦͶ Will you . . . ? ϸűѸѸΤ褦ʸŤ餢äȹͤ줽Ǥ㤬ƱΰꡦͶȯù٤ɽ路ƤɤϡĤҤȤʸ̮äƿŤ˳Τɬפޤΰջ֤䤦ʸǤϤʤüԤˤꡦͶȯù٤ɽ魯ʸǤ뤳Ȥʸ̮ǧꤹɬפΤǤơ䤫ꡦͶϸŪ˥ǡʤƤΤǡǤϤʤ¾Ǹ뤳Ȥϡȥ͡ʤɤǤʤʸ١θˤäƤϡʤʤʤȤʤΤǤ
Τ褦˿ŤʻʤСŪʰꡦͶ Will you . . . ? ϡμ盧Ѹʤ뤤Ϥ̤äƸűѸˤ˵줽ǤܳŪѤФΤϤäȸΤȤǤȤǽĤޤˤĤƤϡǤˡ#3632. ɽ魯 Will you . . . ? ν ([2019-04-07-1])#3637. ɽ魯 Will you . . . ? ν (2) ([2019-04-12-1]) ǤƤޤΤǡ⻲Ȥ
18:00˰ʼȤ YouTube 5Ƥޤ饹 vs. ǥХ顦ΥϤɤΤ褦ˤǤ롩ڰʼδѸظإͥ #5 ꤹ롤8ʬ٤δˤ٤Ǥæ˭٤Ǥ
ϡưǤȤʤäƤ륹åȥɱѸˤĤƻŪθäȻפޤϥåȥɤΥ饹ؤαؤƤȤޤʤǤϤʤǤˤʹʤåȥɱѸ (Scottish English or Scots) ˸ǤޤꥹǤ⡤Ȥ櫓饹¤αѸ (Glaswegian) ϥȤĤȤΤϹΤƤɾǡºݤʤʤʪǤ
֡פ֡¤פȰǤäƤ⡤Τʤǡ־פֲפޤǤꥨΤǤ㤨СƱåȥɱѸȤäƤ⡤ʼ˥åȥɤμԥǥХΡμͤѤɸॹåȥɱѸפϡ䤿Ūɸ।ꥹѸȤƤȯȤϰ褷ƤΤΡǤʹ䤹ݤޤǥХȯϡɡʤƥꥹΡˤμԤǤɥȤŪϢȤռ졤ְҿȯפȤߤʤƤޤդˤСƥƤΥåȥ¤äпȼԤ餹ȡäȯʹ褦Ǥ
ǥХ餫ХǤŴƻǤ1֤ۤɤΥƤʤ饹¤ϡʤꥳƥƤȤƤޤ饹¤üԤϡǥХȯȤƵΥ뤳ȤǡʬʥɤջӤʤ˿ΥåȥɿͤʤΤȤǥƥƥɽФƤȤޤϢơåȥɿͤǤ⥨ȻָϥǥХؤؿʳؤϸָϥ饹ؤؿʳؤȤʹȤޤ
оݤ֥饹¤פȶʤäƤ⡤ϤꤽΤʤǾ岼ޤϼؤδĶˤΤǡ٥ƥ٤ޤ줿饹¤İ¿äȻפޤʬʤǿС"foreigner talk" Τ褦¿ƼϤƤ٤äƤȤȤ⤢ޤںߤƤեåȤǡʥꥹʪǤ˥줿ꡤ뤬줿ꤹȡͤƤ櫓Ǥʸ̤ꥳƥƤΥ饹¤ˤϡޤä夲ǤͤƱΤäƤΤΩʹƤȡꥹΤʤäʤС⤽ѸȤǧǤʤäȻפޤեåȥᥤȤϸʣˡ饹¤ʹꥹäƤȻפǤΤǤϤޤäǤǤޤǤ
Υ饹¤˥ץå⤤ޤϸָǤФۤɤǤʤΤǤ礦ʽСפͤƤˤȤäƤϡɾ㤤饹¤꤬ˤʤΤǤϤʤȤ¤褦ǤϢơ#2029. ܤ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-16-1])#2030. ꥹ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-17-1]) ⤴Ȥ
̤ץåȤΤϤäƤϤʤʤȤϻפޤ¤ˤ¿θ춦ƱΤˤʺȤ¸ߤޤϼҲؤΰǤ伫ȤѸˤδϢ˥ץƤޤ
1ǯ9ۤɤδ֡ܥ֥μݤǤֱѸˤ˴ؤĹ³פǥ˺ܤߤ³Ƥޤ
ޤ2020ǯ6232021ǯ27ޤǤϡǤϤޤhellog 饸 (hellog-radio)פꤷơ110ʬ٤βƥĤ62ܡܥȤΤʤȼ˥åץɤƤޤʤߤ˽ϡ#4075. ʤʸȾʸΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-06-23-1]) ȤǤʤ¾hellog-radio ε⻲ȡˡ
θ塤2021ǯ62ꡤƥۿѤΥץåȥեȤ Voicy ˳ưξܤֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ꤹͥˤƥƥۿ³Ƥޤʸ塤˻ޤ10ʬ٤αѸˤۿƤޤʷ286ܡˡ
ӤƱѸ˴ؤѤʵ濴ȤƤˤäƤޤ嵭Τ褦椫ץåȥեѹȤ⤢ꡤƥĤκ߽褬2ʬƤޤäƤޤǤϳѤ両ؤʤΤǡΤξץåȥեफΥƥĤǤڡޤ֥ǾΥ˥塼ˤ⤢ޤֲƥİ (heldio & hellog-radio)åƤߤƤǿΤΤ˥ƥĤƤޤ
ΰڡϺʤ٤ˤ˹ƤȻפäƤޤʤɤϾѲƤꡤȤ櫓ˤ⤤ޤΤǡǿƥĤˤĤƤֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥǧ
ơǯ12ˡ#4633. 2021ǯˤ褯İ줿ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸פ ([2022-01-02-1]) ǺΥƤߤޤ줫3ۤɷФäƤޤäƿޤΤǡ褯İƤ50ƥĤȻפޤ֤ΤȤˤǤⵤڤˤİ
ʤߤ˥ȥåפϺǯ917ƱνΰʼȤ̤Ǥ¤ϤμϿΤȤˡƥĤ̤褤Ǥ YouTube ưˤɤǤ礦͡ʤɤȤȤ꤬ꡤ226 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥߤƤޤäȤǤ
ʼȤ YouTube 4ƤޤpleaseλȤϥߥ˥μҲءڰʼδѸظإͥ #4 ꤹ뤪٤ǤҲ (sociolinguistics) ȤʬˤĤƳѤƤߤޤ
ҲؤϰȻ䤬ؿͭʬǤ⤽Ѹ˸ŪˡμҲŪʸŪطʤθΤŪǤȼҲδطͻҲؤȤܼŪ褤ΤǤ20ȾҲؤŪϤƤȡѸ˸⤽̤ߡʲǽƤޤȤ櫓μҲŪѰۤ¸ߤȤ "variationist" ʸѤϡҲؤ߽Ф줿ΤǡαѸ˸ǤŪ˺ѤƤޤ
Ҳؤμ夲¿ˤ錄ޤ#2545. Wardhaugh μҲسܼ ([2016-04-15-1]) ʤɤѤȡСϰϤιʬȻפޤɸಽϰҲ쥸եԥ졤쥪졤2ѡ¿ѡɥåǡѲԥᥦդβ⡤ץȥס֡նɽ٤ꡤƾΡݥ饤ȥͥȯù١Ĵθ캹̡츢ײʤɡɤϤȻߤޤޤѸˤǤ⡤γơǰƬˤƸ椹뤳ȤǽǤ
YouTube ǤϡߥȥޥμҲؤ˿ޤߥʼҲؤǤϡ㤨ŵŪ2ͤδ֤߹ (interaction) ܤ褦ʥץޤˤ᤹ܶ뤳Ȥ¿ǤޥʼҲؤǤϡ2ͤˤȤɤޤ餺춦ƱΤȤ礭ñ̤ǸȼҲδطȤ館褦Ȥޤ⡤ξԤ³ȤͤƤޤ
ҲؤΥߥȥޥˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȤƤ
#1380. micro-sociolinguistics macro-sociolinguistics ([2013-02-05-1])
#1623. ͥ¿Ծ --- ޥȥߥμҲء ([2013-10-06-1])
#2005. üԺߤθѲؤηپ ([2014-10-23-1])
#3204. ˼Ҳؤ˸ιή ([2018-02-03-1])
Ҳؤ˴ؿäϡҡ#1480. ʱѸ˼Ҳسν ([2013-05-16-1]) ꤤ줫γ˼äƤߤƤ
ʼȤ YouTube 3ƤޤϰԤǤˤƼ㤭ǯϸ˴ؿäΤɬĶȥȡϸؤΥͥˤʤΤֱѸؤؤʰԡˡ
Τ٤Υɤϡְ̣פȻפäƤޤ䥳ߥ˥ϡ̣礦ȤΤϤǤȤؤˤƤϰ̣θ줭ΤǤȯʸϼʹܤ˸ΤĴ٤褦ޤȤ̣ϤɤˤªɤʤΤǡ椷ȤƤˡʤˤʤäƤޤΤǤ
ؤˤҤȤȡϤ̣ΰϾ˼夫äȤʬޤˤȤäܼŪǤְ̣פεʤʤä顤ؤ⤪ޤΤϤǤǤΤǡĴǤϤ졤Ϥ̣ε³Ƥޤ#1686. Ụ̄άˡ ([2013-12-08-1]) ɤǤΤǤĴʤ⡤Ф̣¦μĥϡΤ¸ߤ³ޤ
βη̤ȤäƤ褤ΤǤ礦ƬȤäƤ褤ΤǤ礦Ĥ1970ǯ夯餤顤ǤϤʤ̣ܵȤȸƤޤǧΰ̣ (cognitive_linguistics) (pragmatics) Ȥäפΰ̣ (semantics) Ǥợ椬Ƥޤ
ְ̣פϱѸ semantics ȸޤʣ -s ˤĤƤޤϾפΤǤ19衤Ĵʤ͡ʡְ̣sפޤƤ櫓ǤṬ̌ξ˿̣ääѤƤȤǤȯŸȤϡṬ̌ȿ̣¤ӤˤʤäȯŸƤ褦˻פΤǤʸ̤ʣΡְ̣sפǤ
ự椬ؤˡʤ褯äƤ櫓Ǥμ̣ȤƤϡ͡ʡְ̣sפʻ¸Ƥ뤳Ȥˤ⤷ʤȻפäįƤޤ
227˳ߤְʼδѸظإͥ2ƤޤɸѸפꥹΡä顤ܿ͡ڤäΤˡѸؤؤԡǤ
ĤѸءѸˤ˴ؿääֱѸʣȤϲ䡩פǤäȤϤޤꡤƱ -s Ĥʤư3ñä˰ܤꡤ3ñǤ -s ΤĤʤꥹ뤾Ȥ˵ڤӤޤˡ٤ϥꥫˤޤӲФǸˤϹͱѸꡤȤ櫓 Ebonics ãޤ10ʬ֤αѸؤΤڤǤС
ȴϢܥ֥εʲ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礷ɤߤɤ
#946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])
#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1])
#2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])
#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲס ([2016-05-06-1])
#4255. ʤ̾ʣư3ñƱ s ʤΤǤ ([2020-12-20-1])
#591. ꥫѸ줬ͤǤͳ ([2010-12-09-1])
#3653. Ebonics ([2019-04-28-1])
#2672. ꥹѸȯˡꥫѸʸˡ˼ҲŪʲ֤ͤ ([2016-08-20-1])
ε#4689. YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥߤޤ ([2022-02-27-1]) ǡʼȶƱ YouTube ͥߤݤʥޤֱѸءפäƤʤˡ--ऺֱѸפֳءפ֤櫓ǤϤޤǤϡ̤ȤǡֱѸءפΤΤäƤߤޤ
ȤμϻˤȤäƤϤǤμǤơäȹͤƤޤޤϡֱѸˡפǤ̣ǡֱѸءפ1ʬǤޤǤֱѸءפιֵôƤаޤޤγˤϡֱѸؤȤϲפͤƤƤʤäȤȤ˵ŤޤȤäƤޤܵ䤦ȤƤʤä褦Ǥ
üŪˤСֱѸȤоݤȤؤǤפȤȤǤˤϻαѸˤѸʸؤޤޤޤѸΥΡֵϡפ˴ŤسؽȤϰ褷ѸΤΤޤޤֵҡפΤѸؤǤȡĤޤꡤȤ櫓ѸȤ̸åȤ˹ʤäƸ椹ؤѸؤǤȤǧǤ
ǧϡüŪˤäơֱѸؤȤϱήθؤǤפȤȤǤåȤȤ⥢ץؤѸȤ櫓Ǥ㤨СܸоݤȤƤƤѸؤΩĤȤΩǤΤˡѸؤΥץѤʤºݤΤȤܸ椷ƤȤϡܤδϢزǤʸʤرǤ⤷Фи뤳ȤǤδѤ餤СήΡֱѸءפβ⤦ʤޤ
ɤֱѸءפˤ⤤ȤꤽȤȤˡʤ鵤ŤޤǤϡѸؼŵʤɤǤϡֱѸءפϤɤΤ褦ƤΤȲƤߤȡʤȺܤäƤʤΤǤƺܤʤȤʤΤǤ礦¤ϼǤϤʤȤΤλȯǤ
ǤϱѸؤζʽǤϤɤȡޤ긵ˤäоȡѸؤδá٤Ƥߤޤ֤ޤפ p. ii ˼Τ褦ˤޤ
ߤʤϡֱѸءפʹȡޤٶƤֱѸפȲ㤦ΤȻפȤǤ礦ֱѸءפȤΤϡѸȤդɤΤ褦ʻȤߤˤʤäƤ뤫ͤؤΰΰǤĤޤꡤѸβñ졤ʸäʤɤɤΤ褦ʻȤߤˤʤäƤꡤˤɤΤ褦ʵ§Ǥ뤫餫ˤ褦Ȥ븦ʬǤ
ϡΤȤ䤬ƤֱѸءפ˶ᤤȻפޤѸλˤȤäƤϡǤϤäʪʤȤƤޤ
ѸؤäƲʤΤǤ礦͡ªϽͽʤΤȻפޤλ¤ϰճȤӤäǤιͤϤϤǤ礦
ʤֱѸˡפ餱餺ǤȤꤢ#225. ֱѸ˸פȤϡ ([2009-12-08-1]) դ
졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡоȡѸؤδá١ǡ2013ǯ
ɸ̤ʼȶƱ YouTube ˤְʼδѸظإͥߤޤ
ưֱѸءפäƤʤˡ--ऺֱѸפֳءפ֤櫓ǤϤޤΤʤǤƤޤֱѸءؤäƲʤΡפȤդ꤫Ϥơ줾ʬʰϼҲءǧθءĤϱѸˡˤδ顤Ѹ̤˴ؤ͡ŪˤϤƤޤϼʾҲŪʷϵǤϤɤɤǻʤäƤȻפޤһİƤߤƤͥϿɤ
ԤǤʼҲ𤷤Ȼפޤʸʸ칶ζǡҲءǧθءʤɤʬȤƤޤʢƱνȤƤäˤʤäƤޤˡNPOˡϵ夳Ȥ¼ʪĹǤ⤢ޤ2018--19ǯ٤ˤϡNHKƥӡ֤ƤʤδñѸפιֻդ̳ޤ¿ޤȤ櫓ǯȤʤäΤرѸλˡäʸˡʸå١˼Ҥӡ2021ǯˤǤܤӤ¾ξܺ٤ϡʼΥڡ͵ Twitter Ǥ
ˤϡǤ˻ Voicy ΡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸Ǥ⡤2٤̡ۤб餷ƤƤޤʤλͤΤ٤ˤ٤ơä¿İƤ褦ǤǤ͡
֡رѸλˡ١ʤˤԡʼȤ̡2021ǯ917
̡ʼȡֱѸ쿷֡פ2021ǯ1022
ߤ YouTube ͥμݤϡ2ͤαѸظԤˤ븪Τʤˤ٤ꡤȤäȤǤˤƤλİԤǰƬˡֱѸءؤäƲפȤȤϤޤѸ̤˴ؿΤˤİƤ館褦ƤǤȻפäƤޤ
ƱǤ٤ꤷƤ⡤ۤʤʬȤ2ͤäС㤦ոФΤʤȤȤ꤫Ȼפޤ⤽ڤǤȤޤ
ܥ֥Voicy ΡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸ȹ碌ơְʼδѸظإͥꤤޤ
ε#4053. ʴɡǮϤʤΤ hay fever ([2020-06-01-1]) hay fever ε夲ޤʤʴɤˡǮפطΤ̤ΤޤޤǤĴ٤餷ʪޤɸ3ΤߤȤʸ츻ŪǤ
hay ʴˤϸűѸˤ hēġ, hīeġ ȤƸŤǡڤ줿줿פ̣ޤ֡ࡦʤɤǡڤפȤư hēawan ȤƤꡤ줬Ѹ hew ʤڤ롤ڤݤˤϢʤäƤޤڤƻȤƤ hoe ֺꡤĤϤפϡűѸˤޤŹϥɥĸ줫ʩä houe Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ΤǡϤꥲޥĸθ캬̤ޤޥĸưȤ *χawwan ƷƤޤޥ캬餵̤Сĸθ캬 *kau- (to hew, strike) ˤɤ夭ޤ嵭3첻ѰۡѲƤޤ1ĤȤȤˤʤޤ
to hew hay ʴˤȤɽ⤢Τǡto hew hay with a hoe Ȥɽ̴ǤϤޤȤʤСפФˤʤΤ֤̾ʤǤ绰ϺͿ˹碌ơ֤Ҥ塼ؤۥפȲΤäƤߤޤ礦
ˤƤ⡤츻ŪˤޤǤλǤ͡
ʲҤαƶǡ¿ؤμȤδĴϥ饤ȡʱּȡˤȤʤ븫ߤǤν°ؤ㳰ǤϤʤǯ٤λαѸˤ¾ιֵ⥪饤Ȥʤޤˤ狼˥饤Ȥ赤ŤƤεˡñѸˤ츻δؤ٤֤ޤˤͥ YouTube ưҲ𤷤Ȼפޤܥ֥μݤȤפؽưǤ
åȤˤ츻ñؤֳڤϢưǡñ¤ˤ褯Ƥޤ夫ϡֻդαѸˤؤǮۤäƤޤγ⡤Ǥʤ⡤ä˱Ѹˤ츻˴ؿäƤ館ФȻפޤ
ưκԤˡΥָ츻dzؤֱñô뤳ȤˤʤäаޤȤǤޤ
YouTube ͽ֤ӡϹαѸֻդŴ YouTube dzŤ줿Ѹֻեǥ˱礷辡˿ʽСͥƨΤΡưƤɾƤΥôƤ餦ӤȤʤޤޤưΥᥤåȤؼܻؤƱñФ褦ȤƤǤƱ˱Ѹ칥ͤˤڤǤ館ưˤʤ褦˰ռƺޤ
ǿƤѸֻեǥη辡ͻҤǤơָ츻dzؤֱñפΥΤΤ7Ϣ³ǺɤƲưؤΥϰʲ̤Ǥ
1ֱѸλϤޤ
2֥ˡ§ǷҤñ
3ָűѸͳƬ/ưθˡ
4Ʊ츻ΰճñ
5֥νȸťΥɸ
6֥ʸˡͿƶ
ǽ֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τ
ԤοĿФϡʸظʱʸ칶β˺ҤѸˤ칶ƤޤĤޤȤȤʤΤǤɤ
־ "The History of English in Ten Minutes - for iPod/iPhone by The Open University" ʤ롤Ѹˤ饹ȤǼû˳⤹ưȯ1ʬۤɤûư褬10ܤꡤYouTubeǤİǤ롥ʲϤ줾ؤΥ
Anglo-Saxon - The History of English (1/10)
The Norman Conquest - The History of English (2/10)
Shakespeare - The History of English (3/10)
The King James Bible - The History of English (4/10)
The English of Science - The History of English (5/10)
English and Empire - The History of English (6/10)
The Age of the Dictionary - The History of English (7/10)
American English - The History of English (8/10)
Internet English - The History of English (9/10)
Global English - The History of English (10/10)
Ѹˤ˴ؤİж¿ʤMacNeil-Lehrer Productions BBC ƥӥ The Story of English (1986) VHS 䡤ITV Υƥӥ The Adventure of English (2003) VHS/DVD 䡤The Teaching Company The Great Courses 1 The History of the English Language, 2nd Edition, Parts 1 to 3 (by Seth Lerer) ιֵ DVD ɽƤ뤬ʳˤϤޤ긫ʤ̤ˤΤǤлİжϿ¤ʤΤˤȤʤ˳ΤǤ롥"The History of English in Ten Minutes" by The Open University ϤʬǤΰĤιȤ
ܥ֥ǤϤʤʤưѰդ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤɽʤɤΥ奢褦ȿƤ롥ξɽˤȤŪɽǤ륦־ΥåȤ褫
William & Catherine royal wedding Ρַ뺧 (marriage vows) ˤĤơtranscript BBC: Royal wedding: Transcript of marriage service ˷ǺܤƤܵ˺Ʒǡˡξ̤ϡ Youtube ưɤ
뺧ޤཡŪθϡŤɽ˭٤˻ĤƤ뤳Ȥ¿ѹ marriage vows ϡ1549ǯ˽Ǥ줿 The Book of Common Prayer ȤʤäƤꡤʹߡʲѤϤäΤΡۤܤΤޤޤηǸߤˤޤäƤ롥äơ⸽ѸѸθƤȤۤŬڤǤꡤɽƤ롥θƱ͡˱ѸˤϤäƤĤζ
ơѹĹ the Archbishop of Canterbury Ѥɽ1Ĥˡַ뺧ʤƤ֡ˡפɽ魯 wedlock 롥holy wedlock ȻȤƤ褦ˡŪǧ줿طؤȤ¿ߤ¤ꡤlock ־פȷӤĤΤǤϤʤȹͤΤ̤Ϻؤ "till death us do part" äƤ褦ˡؤΰΤ褦˸ǤӤĤȤްդʤХޥåԤ¿ַ뺧ξפȤϡΤ䤳¤ΤȤ"Wedlock is a padlock." ʤ̤Ǥ롥еˤϡȿȼԤϥƥ solutus 줿ĤʤƤʤפɽ줿褯Ǥ롥
wedlock 嵭Τ褦ˡַ뺧ȤפȲ᤹츻ϸ̯ɨԤ⾯ʤʤȻפ뤬Ϥ褯Ǥָ̱츻 ( folk etymology ) Ǥ롥츻ؤ˽СԤϾ롥wedlock ϸűѸȤƤǡ wedlāc Ȥ֤ä-lāc ư̾ǡwed פȹ碌ơϡι١פۤɤΰ̣äַ뺧פθѸˤϡַ뺧ʤƤ֡ˡפɽ魯褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥 -lāc ϡűѸǤ¾ˤʲΤ褦˸줿ˤޤǻĤäΤ wedlock ΤߤǤ롥
brȳdlāc "nuptials", beadolāc "warfare", feohtlāc "warfare", heaðolāc "warfare", hǣmedlāc "carnal intercourse", wiflāc "carnal intercourse", rēaflāc "robbery", wītelāc "punishment", wrōhtlāc "calumny"
wedlock marriage 줬¿Visuwords marriage wedlock δطޤȡ뺧ƼҲŪ١ҲŪʹ«ϤΤι١פǤ뤳Ȥ´뤳ȤǤ롥λвġȤƤϡ[2010-08-11-1]εtoilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords ǤߤפǾҲ𤷤 Visual Thesaurus ⻲ͤޤǤˡ
Archbishop to Prince William: William Arthur Philip Louis, wilt thou have this woman to thy wedded wife, to live together according to God's law in the holy estate of matrimony?
Wilt thou love her, comfort her, honour and keep her, in sickness and in health; and, forsaking all other, keep thee only unto her, so long as ye both shall live?
He answers: I will.
Archbishop to Catherine: Catherine Elizabeth, wilt thou have this man to thy wedded husband, to live together according to God's law in the holy estate of matrimony? Wilt thou love him, comfort him, honour and keep him, in sickness and in health; and, forsaking all other, keep thee only unto him, so long as ye both shall live?
She answers: I will.
The Archbishop continues: Who giveth this woman to be married to this man?
The Archbishop receives Catherine from her father's hand. Taking Catherine's right hand, Prince William says after the Archbishop: I, William Arthur Philip Louis, take thee, Catherine Elizabeth to my wedded wife, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse: for richer, for poorer; in sickness and in health; to love and to cherish, till death us do part, according to God's holy law; and thereto I give thee my troth.
They loose hands. Catherine, taking Prince William by his right hand, says after the Archbishop: I, Catherine Elizabeth, take thee, William Arthur Philip Louis, to my wedded husband, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse: for richer, for poorer; in sickness and in health; to love and to cherish, till death us do part, according to God's holy law; and thereto I give thee my troth.
They loose hands. The Archbishop blesses the ring: Bless, O Lord, this ring, and grant that he who gives it and she who shall wear it may remain faithful to each other, and abide in thy peace and favour, and live together in love until their lives' end. Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
Prince William takes the ring and places it upon the fourth finger of Catherine's left hand. Prince William says after the Archbishop: With this ring I thee wed; with my body I thee honour; and all my worldly goods with thee I share: in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.
The congregation remains standing as the couple kneels. The Archbishop says: Let us pray.
O Eternal God, Creator and Preserver of all mankind, giver of all spiritual grace, the author of everlasting life: send thy blessing upon these thy servants, this man and this woman, whom we bless in thy name; that, living faithfully together, they may surely perform and keep the vow and covenant betwixt them made, whereof this ring given and received is a token and pledge; and may ever remain in perfect love and peace together, and live according to thy laws; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
The Archbishop joins their right hands together and says: Those whom God hath joined together let no man put asunder.
The Archbishop addresses the congregation: Forasmuch as William and Catherine have consented together in holy wedlock, and have witnessed the same before God and this company, and thereto have given and pledged their troth either to other, and have declared the same by giving and receiving of a ring, and by joining of hands; I pronounce that they be man and wife together, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.
The Archbishop blesses the couple: God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Ghost, bless, preserve, and keep you; the Lord mercifully with his favour look upon you; and so fill you with all spiritual benediction and grace, that ye may so live together in this life, that in the world to come ye may have life everlasting. Amen.
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
ѸֻȯЪΥϡѸ˾μפǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ֤ȤʤäƤʴϢȢspelling_pronunciation_gapˡ
ϤЪΥˤҲ𤹤롥Gelderen (14) ǺܤƤΤǡ"unknown source" ȤƤ롥couplet ǵӱƧǤ뤬ۤܤ٤ƤȤֻۤʤäƤΤߥֻȯЪΥռ˼äȤͷӤȤƼ¤ˤ褯ǤƤ롥
I take it you already know
Of tough and bough and cough and dough?
Some may stumble but not you,
On hiccough, thorough, slough, and through?
So now you are ready perhaps
to learn of less familiar traps?
Beware of heard, a dreadful word
that looks like beard and sounds like bird,
and dead is said like bed, not bead or deed.
Watch out for meat, great, and threat that
rhyme with suite, straight, and debt.
ĹʥС褦ǡWeb õưʥץդäYouTube⤢ˡȯĤΥץȤȤϡPDFɤ
äȾ <ough> ȯ¿ŪǤ롥through ֻˤĤƤϡ[2009-06-20-1]¾ȡ
Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006. 163.
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