Ĥδ֤ˤĤޤꡤäͼ٤βʹȤʤä8⽪˶ŤƤ롥ʤˡ̾ (month) Ρ8פϤ褦
Ѹ August (BC 63--14 AD) ϡ Augustus Caesar ˤʤࡥ8ˡϷ Augustus ˷ɰդɽȤȤΥƥ Sextīlis mēnsis 6ηˤ夨ƿѤΤǤ롥Ȥ̾Ȥꡤʬηʸߤ3ˤǯϤȤŤ6ηʸߤ8ˤؤAugustus ˤȤäƤ⤳ηϱﵯΤäȤ졤η31Τ㥫 (Julius Caesar) 7ʤΤäơ21åäȤ롥
űѸǤ wēod-mōnaþ (weed month) ȸƤФƤˤʤȥƥ줫 August äƤѸǤ August Τۤե줫Ѥ줿 aust, aoust Ѥ줿
ܸDZ8ؤշפϡĥȯפȤ⡤ڤդפȤ롥ϡ֤ϤĤפȯ줿
ťǤϽʬǯλϤޤȤᡤߤ2Ƥäơߤ7ϤĤƤ5бϥƥ Quinctilis 5ηˤȾΤƤMarcus Antonius (83?--30 B.C.) κǸλۼԤǤͧͤǤ⤢ä Julius Caesar (100--44 B.C.) λ塤ʲ٤νˤʤǡη̾ Jūlius (mēnsis) ؤѹ줬˸ťե jule ťΥޥե julie ͳơѸ juil, iulie ֻǼѤ줿ʤJulius *Jovilios û̷ǤꡤJove Jupiter ȸ캬ͭ롥Julius Caesar ϡäơJupiter ηʲȷϤ°Ȥߤʤ줿
űѸˤľܥƥѤ줿7ɽ魯ŪɽȤƤϡlīþa se æfterra (the later līþa) ȸƤФ줿ˤĤƤϡ#2983. 6June̵ ([2017-06-27-1]) ε⻲ȡ
July ɸŪȯ /ʤʊˈlaɪ/ 18ˤ1˶֤ /ˈʤuːli/ ȤȯԤʤƤꡤߤǤƹʹ롥ɸȯϡ餯 June ȤκƱ뤿۲ (dissimilation) ˤΤȹͤcf. ֤ġפȶ̤뤿Ρ֤ʤʤġס7ˤȤɤˡ
ܸ7̾ΡʸפϡΥեեߥťʴˤͳ褹Ȥ⡤ͼ˻Τʸź뤳Ȥͳ褹Ȥ롥
̾εȤơ#2910. ̾ͳ ([2017-04-15-1])#2890. 3March ([2017-03-26-1])#2896. 4April ([2017-04-01-1])#2939. 5May ([2017-05-14-1])#2983. 6June̵ ([2017-06-27-1]) ȡ
June ȤСꥹǤϺǤŬǡҸڤ䤰Ǥ롥ƻХȤϢۤ졤٤Ƥ뤤Ǥ롥츻Ūˤϥޤν Juno ͳ褷㫤Ԥ̣ Junonius ۷ȤȯŸ Junius (mensis) ʤ餯²̾ȤѤƤˤťե juin ѲΤ13˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿Caesar Ż˲ää Marcus Junius Brutus ȤϢۤ줿Ȥ
űѸǤϡ67碌̾ līþa Ρᤤۤ (ǣrra "the earlier") ؤΤȤ līþa ǣrra ȸƤФ줿űѸǤ⡤ƥ Junius ľܼѤ줿 iunius θʸڤƤ뤳ȤդäƤ
̵ֿܸפϡǤ̵ֿפȽ֤ʡפϽ֤ΡפǤꡤ¤ϡֿηפǤ롥߱λǿ夬˭٤ʷǤꡤĤ˰Ǥ뤳Ȥ̾դ줿
̾Ȥơ#2910. ̾ͳ ([2017-04-15-1])#2890. 3March ([2017-03-26-1])#2896. 4April ([2017-04-01-1])#2939. 5May ([2017-05-14-1]) ɤ
Rose 뤤 Rosa Ȥ̾鯤̣ΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤThe Wordsworth Dictionary of Firms Names (200) ˤȸ horse ȷӤĤƤǽ⤤褦
Rose (f)
From the name of the flower. Common long before flower names came into popular use in the 19th century. Probably from Germanic names, based on words meaning 'horse', an important feature of the life of Germanic tribes. However, the English flower name is a more attractive association for most people.
Variant form: Rosa
ḽζŪʴФȤƤϡ̾ϴְ㤤ʤ֤ rose ȷӤĤƤ뤬θ츻ϥޥϤϤɽ魯ñ졤űѸǤȤ hros ˤȤ#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡűѸ hros ϸ˲ž (metathesis) ˤ hors(e) ȷѤޥ̱²ˤȤäƽפưʪ̾μ뤷ȤȤϡˤꤽǤ롥θ¤ Rose ϡˤθ츻˺졤֤ rose Ȥǧ褦ˤʤä֤ rose Τϡ˸츻õΤ褦Ǥ˥ƥ rosa ȤѤƤꡤ줬űѸ rōse ޤᡤޥؤѤ줿
鯤ȤϢۤϡŪʸˤ뤳ȤϸޤǤʤΰѤˤ⤢Ȥꡤ19˲֤̤̾˿̾ȤѤ褦ˤʤäаޤȤδϢⵤαƤ¾Ȥ19 Daisy) ˤС19ˤϰ̤̾̾ȤѤĬäˤĤƤϡ#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1]) ⻲ȡ
Macleod, Isabail and Terry Freedman. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Firms Names. Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 1995.
ܸˤͤ̿̾˴ؤơ饭͡ǯȤʤäƤ롥ˤȯȤƤŪ̾Ǥʤ鶯ƻɽΤ⤢С⤽ŪǤʤܿ̾ʤ䵭ˤɽΤ⤢롥ä͡ʰո뤳ȤϼΤ̤Τ褦̾դ̾դƤϡҶθμʤǤȰͤ˼ĥ롥
ȤȤǤСΤαѸʸΤۤʤǤΤǤϤʤ뤬ºݤ˥饭͡Τ϶ǯ褯ߤ롥Ϥۤʤ褦Horobin (225) εҤߤƤߤ褦
The idea of a personalized orthography is also apparent in the recent phenomenon of giving children names with non-standard spellings. Often such names remain phonetically identical to their traditional spellings, but changes in spelling are used to endow them with a unique identity. While many popular names already have variant spellings, such as Catherine, Katherine, Kathryn, others have only recently developed alternative forms. Parenting websites are littered with helpful suggestions of ways of respelling traditional names to give 'funky' alternatives, such as Katelyn, Rachaell, Melanee, Stefani. Discussion boards record lively debates between those in favour of such personalizations, and those for whom such 'incorrect' spellings are complete anathema.
ѸΥ饭͡ˤĤħŪʤΤϡȯȤƤŪ̾ѤƤ뤬ɽֻˤäƤȤ㤬̤Ǥꡤ⤽Ūʼ̾ϤޤäƤʤȤȤޤܸǤϤȤɤߤʣʴȤʸηϤѤơƻפȤˡʤΤФơѸǤϸ§ȤɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤѤơֻˤäɸŪʸܻؤˤȤɤޤ롥ѸΥ饭͡Ȥϡ褽饭饹ڥȸƤ褤٤ΤΤǤ롥
ܸδ٤СѸΥڥȯΰæ٤ϤƤ롥ѸǤϥ饭饹ڥѤƤ⡤ȤƤŪ̾Ǥ뤫Ƚ̤ϤäưפǤϡ饭饹ڥˤ̿̾ԤϰƳݼŪȤ⤤뤫⤷ʤȤΤϡɤΤȤΤ褦̿̾ԤɸѸֻˡ˴Ťʤ顤ȯŸŪ˱ѤƤˤʤȤͤ뤫
ͤ̾Ǥʤʤ䥵ӥ̾˿Ϳ뤿˰֤ѤȤ⡤ʿŪ˹ͤ뤳ȤǤ롥Horobin (226) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
An important feature of many such novel spellings is that they should be easily understood as an alternative spelling of a particular standard English word, so that the product or service to which it relates is clear.
̾ˤ辦ʡӥ̾ˤ衤ѸǤɸֻȤ졤ɸȯɽȤϤۤȤɤʤȤդɬפ롥ޤ̾βŪ¸ϼҲ˹ͭɸŪŪʤΤˤȤɤޤΤǤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ɸϡ̾פθ뤷ƤܸüԤˤȤäơѤʵǤ롥ܸǤϡڰϺסѸǤ John Smith ȤʤΤϤʤ
üŪˤСξˤ뽤、θκۤͳǤ롥Ǥñʡַƻ̾פȤ˴ؤƤѸǶ̤Ƥ뤬ʬʤĹΤˤʤȡܸǤϡֽ、פȤʤΤФơѸǤֻطפ⤫٤Ф狼褦ˡ、ܽפθȤʤ롥ڲȤΰϺפܸǤϡڡʤΡ˰Ϻפ뤬֥ߥȤΥפѸ褦Ȥ John (of) Smith Ȥʤ롥֤ΡפǤС*Smith's John Τ褦˽ͭʡʸŤ°ʡˤѤСܸˡֽ、פȤʤ⤢äΤǤϤʤȤ䤬롥ʤμʤ줿Τ
ε#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ (surname) Ѥ褦ˤʤäͳ1Ĥϡ̾ (first name) ΤߤǤϿʪǤʤǽޤäǤ롥ɤȤƤǶΤǤ̱ΤˤʪϽפʥ٥Ǥɤ John ʤΤ̤ɬפϤäǡȥ˥ߡθ̾俦̾ʤɤŬʼ̻ȤѤơ֡ΥפʤɤȸƤ֤褦ˤʤäκݤαѸǤθϡä̾ʤɤѤˤϡX's John ǤϤʤ John of X ̤ä̾ England's king Ȥϸ鷺 the king of England ȸ̤Ǥ롥ڤΰϺפ֤ΡפάơڰϺפȤʤäꤵΤƱͤˡ John of Smith ֻ of ά John Smith Ȥʤäȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʴϢơ°ʤȱ°ʤ̻ŪʬۤˤĤƤϡ#1214. °̾ΰ֤θ경ˡ ([2012-08-23-1])#1215. °̾ο of ȯã ([2012-08-24-1]) ȡ
ˤäꤵֻ줬æȤٻ뺬ȤƤϡof ǤϤʤȤƤ⡤Uppiby (up in the village), Atwell, Bysouth, atten Oak ʤɤֻߤᤤѻ뤳Ȥ롥#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1]) ˾Ȥ餷Ƥ⡤ɤˤե de Lacy ʤɤϤ̤ǤäΥѥˤǼǼԤϽͭο̾¿äȤ¿פʤλˡֻϤ褽üƤȤˤʤ롥
ѸγϤȡե de 䡤бɥĸ von, van ʤɤϡФп̾˻ĤäƤ롥Ρ֤Ĥʤפֻοϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤ褦
ε#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤɤ̾ (first name) ˲ä (surname) Ѥ褦ˤʤäΤϡͥΥޥʹߤǤꡤѤνҲŪʬι⤤Ԥ㤤ԤˤƤǤä13--14ˤư̤˳Ȥä褦ϰ躹⤢ꡤ٤äCoates (327--28) Ѥ롥
Surnames came into use among the Norman aristocracy shortly before the Conquest. The practice was neither universal nor stable then or in the early period of Norman rule in England, though by about 1250 it was the norm in the highest social class and the knightly and other taxpaying classes. Between 1300 and 1400 the practice had spread to the urban moneyed classes, though it appears that in some towns, such as York, the lower classes might be without surnames till as late as 1600. Rural small free tenants, for whom evidence is more scant, began to acquire surnames before 1300 in the south, and the practice moved northwards, with new surnames still being formed in Lancashire as late as the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; and this development is mirrored by that of the servile class. The adoption of surnames did not happen overnight anywhere, and our knowledge of the process is hindered by the different degrees to which social classes are represented in the record. . . / Surnames are distinguishing names given to people bearing the same personal name, and many of these came to be inherited, though the system is not in fully complete operation everywhere till the 1600s. Those which have been inherited were of course the ones originally bestowed on males, for a complex of reasons involving unambiguous identification of the rightful heir.
ǴٲޤǤˤϡԤʤФʤʤۤɡδϤäȹޤäƤäȤˤʤ롥Ȥ˴ؤƤϡѸˤ¿θѲؤȤΤФ촷ѲȸƤ֤٤κѤषؤȳȤäȤΤ⤷
ŪŤФ̤ؤȤȤˤĤƤϡ#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1])#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1])#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ ([2014-07-12-1]) Ȥ줿
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
Ѹο̾ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥϡ#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1])#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1])#1673. ̾¿ȿ̾ء ([2013-11-25-1]) ۤpersonal_name γƵǰäƤ
Ѹ̻̾ŪʰܤѤä˥ΥޥΥե줫֤Ű֤ˤϡä롥ˤϡۤȤɤο̾ѸΥޥǤȤ߹碌Τä줬쵤˥եȤʤäŪˤС#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ1066ǯΥΥޥȸοǯδ֤ʬθűѸ̾ Richard, William, Henry ʤɤ Norman French ֤̾줿¿Ѹ˷ѾƤ롥˻ĤűѸ̾ Edward, Alfred, Audrey, Edith ʤɾǤפȤȤˤʤ롥ե줫֤줷̾ȤƤϡȤƤΦޥե첽ǺѤ줿 Robert, Roger 䡤ե첽ͤ̾ John, Matthew, Mary, Peter, Luke, Stephen, Paul, Mark ʤɤޤƤ褤ˤ衤ɿͤϡΥޥ塤äȤ֤˥ե̾̾褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥Ȥ϶
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ȤǤ Coates (320--21) ΥޥαѸ̾ˤĤΤ褯ޤȤƤʸϤΤǰѤ褦
[N]ames of English origin declined fairly suddenly after 1066, but at different rates in different social groups . . ., persisting till about 1250 only among the peasantry. . . . Very few names of OE origin were preserved, the only really durable ones being of three popular saints, Edmund, Edward and Cuthbert.
The typical 'English' names of the Middle Ages and later fall mainly into two categories: French-mediated ones of CWGmc [= Common West Germanic] origin and French-mediated ones of customary saints. Germanic ones included William, Robert, Richard, Gilbert, Alice, Eleanor, Rose/Rohais, Maud, together with the Breton Alan; Christian names were those of biblical personages or post-biblical popular saints, including Adam, Matthew, Bartholomew, James, Thomas, Andrew, Stephen, Nicholas, Peter/Piers, John and its feminine Joan, Anne, Margaret/Margery, from the late twelfth century onwards, Mary, and from the fourteenth Christopher. Whilst the fortune of individual names ebbed and flowed in time and in place, this is the name stock for both sexes which until recently served as the canon of 'English' names.
̱²Τۤե֤̾줬ᤫäȤȤ䤹¤ƱȤ (surname) γˤĤƤ⤤롥Υޥʹߡ̾뽬ȯãطʤˤϡ#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡԤˤǤħʤɿ̱ŪǻääơޤǶʧ̳Τ뵮²ӤӤ뤳ȤȤʤäξˤƤ⡤̾ȥơʼҲŪҿˤ̩ܤʴط롥
Coates θͭ̾ˤĤơ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
ܼͭ̾ŪʵǽϡʪĿͤꤹ뤳Ȥˤ롥ΤȤ˰ϤʤΤˤ John Smith ڰϺϤ뤫⤷ʤξ줽ξǤϡʪꤹΤ John Smith ڰϺȤ̾ǽʬʤȤۤȤɤǤ롥ͭ̾κǤϡidentification Ǥ롥
ͭ̾ˤϡεǽ̤ŪȴϢοտ路ħĤ롥Ω (100--08) ϡˤƸͭ̾줬˰ƤˤѤʤ顤ͭ̾ħȤưʲ4ۤɤ˿Ƥ롥
(1) ͭ̾ϰ̳ǰȤƤΥ˥ե⤿ʪĿͤľŪ˻ؼ롥ʤ˥ե (signifié) ʤ˥ե (signifiant)ʥ˥եǤ롥
(2) ͭ̾ԲǽǤ롥
(3) ͭ̾ϸΤʤˤ볰θƤ롥
(4) ͭ̾ϰ̣εǤ롥
(1) ϡüŪ˸иͭ̾ˤϰ̣ʤȤȤ̾ΤäƤ褦ʾħǽ礤ƤȤȤǤ롥ǡؼоݤΤǤ롥ؼоݤꤹΤͭ̾Ǥ뤫顤ΤʤΤǤ롥̣뤤ϥ˥ե⤿ˡؼоݤľܤ˻ؤȤǤȤΤͭ̾κǤΩäħȤ#1769. Ogden and Richards semiotic triangle ([2014-03-01-1]) οޤǤСդľܤǷФ褦ʥ
(2) ʲħ⡤(1) ήФΤǤ롥(2) θͭ̾Բǽϡͭ̾ˤȤỌ̇̄ʥ˥եˤʤǤ롥ȤΤϡ˥եϡʤۤȤɡƱ˥եˤäưۤʤ褦2ĤεɤδϢŤǤ롥äơ˥եʤͭ̾ˤϡȤ̵Ǥ롥̾ Smith ϡ결סڤϡڡפǤ뤫顤̣ȵ뤳ȤǤ̾ȤѤȤ˰̣ϰռ뤳ȤϤʤ¾ؤˤäợ̾äȤϤʤ
(3) ϡͭ̾줬ʶʤǤˤ⤫餺塼ξ褦ʺۤηϤȤƤθηϤˤϤޤ֤ŤʤȤҤ٤ΤǤ롥줬ηϤǤȤȤϡäǤС¾θȤμȤựŪʴطˤŪ¸ߤˤʤȤȤǤ롥㤨СˡפȤ̾ϡֽפȤ̾Ȥΰ̣ˤƸηΰ֤ƤΤǤꡤդޤǤ롥ηϤϡȤựˤΩܸȤƤΤȤͭ̾ϰ̣⤿ʤΤǤ뤫顤ȤựΩӤηϤˤȤ߹ޤ줨ʤͭ̾ϡŪʰ̣ͳˡľܤ˳λؼоݤȤǡˤʤ⳰ȤϢΤǤ롥ͭ̾Ȥϡ塼ŪʸηϤΤʤΤʰ֤Ť⤿ʤȥФȥΤζ֤ˤðۤ¸ߤǤ롥
(4) ϵŪǶ̣ŦǤ롥ͭ̾ϡΤ˥˥եϤ⤿ʤ˥եäƤʾ塤Ū˵κۤݤäƤ롥ȾȤǤƤ֤٤ΤǤꡤʤȤθǤϤΤ褦ˤߤȡͭ̾ˤϰεȤʤ٤餫Υ˥ե褦ȤϤƯΤʤΤǤϤʤȤ⵿Ƥ롥ͭ̾Υ˥եб륷˥ե̵Ǥ뤫餳η٤餫Υ˥ե鲡Ƥ롤ȤͤǤ롥ϡ̣ (signifiance) βˤۤʤʤΩ (104--05) ϡͭ̾ΰ̣ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ʸʸ˵ϲؤƤˡ
˶̣Τϡˤͭ̾Ǥ롥̾θ줬˰̣ˤäƽƤΤˤợ⤿ʤҶʥ˥եӤǤͭ̾ϡζ˥եᤶƲƤΤΤޤޤʾǰˤȤ館졤ǥΥ٥Ǥϵդ¿ƤޤĤޤꡤͭ̾ϥΥ٥ǥ˥ե⤿ʤ椨ˡΤΥեޤ졤ƱˤߤˤȤʤäƥեƤΤǤ롥
#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1])#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1]) ʤɤǡ̾θͭ̾첽ϰ̵̣ﲽȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤȼöͭ̾ˤʤȡ٤ϰ̣Ŷ褦Ȥͭﲽ˸ưȤȤͭﲽ̵ﲽΤαʱΥפ鷺ˤʤ
Ω (100) ϡָͭ̾Ȥʻ뤫ϡ줾θ⤫Ӥ餻ƤޤФǤȤäƤ褤פȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Ω ظ١˼ҡ1990ǯ
轵ѹΥ٥ӡ Princess Charlotte ꤬ѹܤʨƤ롥Prince William Kate Middleton ʤեȥ͡ Charlotteߥɥ͡ϡ褯ͤȴ졤֤ˤɾ Elizabeth Diana Ǥ롥̤ˤϡιդ Her Royal Highness Princess Charlotte of Cambridge ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ (cf. #440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1]), #1952. Ųפ Your Majesty ˤߤɰա ([2014-08-31-1]))

Charlotte ϡCharles θ캬˽ܼĻؾ (diminutive) դ֤ͳ褷־Ƥ襤 Charles פۤɤǤ롥θ캬ϵŪˤϥޥĸ *karlaz (man) ͳ褷줬ƥ Carolus ȤƼѤ졤˸ťեȯŸǸƬҲ [k] [ʧ] ȸ (palatalisation) θҲäťեβѸؼѤ졤ߤ [ʧɑːlz] ϢʤäƤ롥
եäեǤ13˻ [ʧ] [ʃ] ؤ (fricativisation) ʸä s ȯߡƱ̾ [ʃaʁl] ȯƤ롥ƱͤˡCharlotte ⸽եǤȯǻϤޤ [ʃaʁlɔt] Ǥ롥αѸΥ٥ӡ̾⡤ǻϤޤ [ʃɑːlət] 顤եŪȯȤȤˤʤ롥嵭ޤȤȡѸ̾ Charles ˻äƸťեŪʶ̾ Charlotte äƸեŪʶΤȤ롥
ѸˤեѸ <ch> ֤Τ˻ [ʧ] [ʃ] ȤϡФмѻˤΤѤ롥㤨 chance, charge, chief, check, chair, charm, chase, cheer, chant ϤѸ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤꡤchampagne, chef, chic, chute, chaise, chicanery, charade, chasseur, chassis ϤѸäΤǤ롥㤨ƤκƼѤͿʤɡɬ⤳ε§ˤƤϤޤʤ⤢Τǡܰ¤ˤȤɤƤCharles Charlotte λҲκۤˤĤƤŪ˾ܤĴ٤櫓ǤϤʤΰ㤤Ȥϡͭ̾˿ȼ䤹ήԤϹȿǤǤϤʤȵäƤ롥
ʤޥĸ *karlas (man) ϡľܤ뤤ϴܤ˸Ѹ churl carl ޤƤ롥̣Ρˡפֿʬ㤤ˡפؤȲƤΤ⤷դˡ̾ Charles Charlotte ϡѹο͵ˤꡤषͤޤäƤȤʡˡ
եѸǯ˴ؤƤϡ#117. եѸǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])#1210. ѸΥեѸΰ ([2012-08-19-1])#1291. եѸμѻκ ([2012-11-08-1])#1209. 1250ǯȤեѸζʬ ([2012-08-18-1])#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1])#678. ƥ衼åŪ18ΥեѸ ([2011-03-06-1])#594. ѸʹߤΥեѸħ ([2010-12-12-1]), #2183. ñȥեñ (1) ([2015-04-19-1]), #2184. ñȥեñ (2) ([2015-04-20-1]) Ȥ줿
(pet name) 俷 (term of endearment) ϡŪˤ hypocorism ȸƤФ롥ꥷ hupo- "hypo-" + kórisma (cf. kóros (child))) ƤꡤҶ䤹ɽȤȤǤ롥Ѹ hypocorism κˤϤĤ뤬ŵŪʤΤ Robert Rob Τ褦˸ûΤǤ롥ε#1950. ʤ Bill William ΰΤˤʤΤ ([2014-08-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡƬ˲ѰۤȼΤ⤢ꡤEdward Ned (cf. mine Ed), Edward Ted (cf. that Ed?), Ann Nan (cf. mine Ann) Τ褦ǤȤΰʬϤȤ뤳Ȥ롥
ۤˡ (hypocoristic suffix) -y -ie ղä Georgie, Charlie, Johnnie ʤɤ㤬ꡤȤ櫓̾˹ޤ롥ޤṳ̂Ĥ Elizabeth Betty, William Billy, Richard Ritchie ʤɤ¿ΰ۷Ȥ -sy, -sie ⤢ꡤElizabeth Betsy/Bessy, Anne Nancy, Patricia Patsy ʤɤˤߤ롥
ؿѸؼŵ (542) ˤСŪˤϡղäδ15溢 Charlie ʤɤåȥɤǻϤޤꡤ줬16ʹߤ˳Ϥ˹ޤäΤȤ롥ޤظʸˡŵ (670) ˤСϰΤǤ뤫̾ǤϤʤä18̾ȤƤǧ褦ˤʤä
OALD8 δ "Common first names" Ȥ䤬ꡤά̾䰦ΤΤˤĤƤϡǺܤƤ롥ʲФΤˤʳ̤դΤϡ̤λͿΡˡ
1. Female names
| Abigail | Abbie |
| Alexandra | Alex, Sandy |
| Amanda | Mandy |
| Catherine, Katherine, Katharine, Kathryn | Cathy, Kathy, Kate, Katie, Katy |
| Christina | Chrissie, Tina |
| Christine | Chris |
| Deborah | Debbie, Deb |
| Diana, Diane | Di |
| (Dorothy) | (Dol) |
| Eleanor | Ellie |
| Eliza | Liza |
| Elizabeth, Elizabeth | Beth, Betsy, Betty, Liz, Lizzie |
| Ellen, Helen | Nell |
| Frances | Fran |
| Georgina | Georgie |
| Gillian | Jill, Gill, Jilly |
| Gwendoline | Gwen |
| Jacqueline | Jackie |
| Janet | Jan |
| Janice, Janis | Jan |
| Jennifer | Jenny, Jen |
| Jessica | Jess |
| Josephine | Jo, Josie |
| Judith | Judy |
| Kristen | Kirsty |
| Margaret | Maggie, (Meg, Peg) |
| (Mary) | (Moll, Poll) |
| Nicola | Nicky |
| Pamela | Pam |
| Patricia | Pat, Patty |
| Penelope | Penny |
| Philippa | Pippa |
| Rebecca | Becky |
| Rosalind, Rosalyn | Ros |
| Samantha | Sam |
| Sandra | Sandy |
| Susan | Sue, Susie, Suzy |
| Susanna(h), Suzanne | Susie, Suzy |
| Teresa, Theresa | Tessa, Tess |
| Valerie | Val |
| Victoria | Vicki, Vickie, Vicky, Vikki |
| Winifred | Winnie |
| Albert | Al, Bert |
| Alexander | Alex, Sandy |
| Alfred | Alfie |
| Andrew | Andy |
| (Anthony) | (Tony) |
| Benjamin | Ben |
| Bernard | Bernie |
| (Boswell) | (Boz) |
| Bradford | Brad |
| Charles | Charlie, Chuck |
| Christopher | Chris |
| Clifford | Cliff |
| Daniel | Dan, Danny |
| David | Dave |
| Douglas | Doug |
| Edward | Ed, Eddie, Eddy, (Ned), Ted |
| Eugene | Gene |
| Francis | Frank |
| Frederick | Fred, Freddie, Freddy |
| Geoffrey, Jeffrey | Geoff, Jeff |
| Gerald | Gerry, Jerry |
| Gregory | Greg |
| Henry | Hank, Harry |
| Herbert | Bert, Herb |
| Jacob | Jake |
| James | Jim, Jimmy, Jamie |
| Jeremy | Jerry |
| John | |
| Johnny | |
| Jonathan | Jon |
| Joseph | Joe |
| Kenneth | Ken, Kenny |
| Laurence, Lawrence | Larry, Laurie |
| Leonard | Len, Lenny |
| Leslie | Les |
| Lewis | Lew |
| Louis | Lou |
| (Macaulay) | (Mac) |
| Matthew | Matt |
| Michael | Mike, Mick, Micky, Mickey |
| Nathan | Nat |
| Nathaniel | Nat |
| Nicholas | Nick, Nicky |
| Patrick | Pat, Paddy |
| (Pendennis) | (Pen) |
| Peter, Pete | |
| Philip | Phil |
| Randolph, Randolf | Randy |
| Raymond | Ray |
| Richard | Rick, Ricky, Ritchie, Dick |
| Robert | Rob, Robbie, Bob, Bobby |
| Ronald | Ron, Ronnie |
| Samuel | Sam, Sammy |
| Sebastian | Seb |
| Sidney, Sydney | Sid |
| Stanley | Stan |
| Stephen, Steven | Steve |
| Terence | Terry |
| Theodore | Theo |
| Thomas | Tom, Tommy |
| Timothy | Tim |
| Victor | Vic |
| Vincent | Vince |
| William | Bill, Billy, Will, Willy |
ɸˤĤƤϡWilliam Will ȰŪûФ塤 rhyming slang cf. #1459. Cockney rhyming slang ([2013-04-25-1])ˤˤ Bill ȤʤäΤȻפäƤʤ /w/ /v/ /f/ /p/ ǤϤʤ /b/ ִ줿ΤϤäꤷʤRichard Dick, Robert Bob ˤĤƤƱͤˤĤƤ䤷ƤȤˡStern (262) ̤⤬ƤƤΤǾҲ𤹤롥
I may mention here the phenomenon termed by Sundén pseudo-ellipsis (Sundén, Ell. Words 141 sqq.). Bob has been considered a hypochoristic [sic] shortening of Robert. But why should R- be changed into B-? Sundén points out that there existed in OE the proper names Boba, Bobba, Bobing, and in ME Bobbe, Bobin, Bobbet. Robert was introduced into England through the Norman conquest; a shortening of Robert gave Rob or Robbe, which are also instanced in ME. We have thus Bobbe and Robbe, of different origin, but both of them proper names. It is reasonable to assume that the two names were confused, and Bobbe apprehended as a short form of Robert. Sundén is able to show that a similar process is probable for William --- Bill, Richard --- Dick, Amelia --- Emy, Edward or Edmund --- Ted, Isabella --- Tib, James --- Jem, Jim, and others. We have here a double process: shortening plus phonetic associative interference . . . .
̷⤷ʤRobert Ƴ Bob Ȥ̾äȤСrhyming slang ͳǤ첻ŪʴϢˤΤǤ졤Rob Bob ϢŤ줿ȤƤԻĤǤϤʤ
̼ϾɴȤ̾ŪȯǤ3⡼ǤĹΤǡ֤פȸƤ֤Ȥ⤢С֤ߡפȸƤ֤Ȥ⤢롥Ԥ֤פǤϤʤΤϡ¿ʬ֤ߡפΤۤŪʽҤ̾Ȥ¿ˡʹƤꡤ䤹顤Ĥδ֤ˤžƸ경ƤޤäΤʤȼʬϤƤˡΤ䤢̾ϡؼоݤʤФʤʤȤ¤ΤȤǤΰθͷӤȹͤ뤫顤衤¿¤˭ʤΤΤϤǤ롥
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
ε#1937. Ϣ -son ˤΤϸťΥɸͳ ([2014-08-16-1]) ǰä̾Ʊ餤ťΥɸ줫αƶȤƤΤˡɤ̾롥ˤĤƤϡ#818. ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) ϿޤǤƾҲ𤷤ΤʤǤȤ櫓¿ΤťΥɸ -by ղä Derby, Grimsby, Rugby, Thoresby, Whitby ʤɤ̾Ǥ롥600ʾ -by ̾ǧƤꡤʬۤ the Danelaw ФäƤ뤳Ȥ顤ťΥɸ "farm; town" ̣ by αƶ餫ʤ褦˸ (Baugh and Cable 98) ޤ6ä the Five Boroughs ˽椷ƤȤ (Miller 103)
ԤȤ Miller (102--04) ˤС餬ťΥɸϢ -by Ѥ̾Ǥ뤳ȤϳΤʤ⡤̾ΥѥƱΥǥʥǰŪʤΤǤϤʤäȤ10--11˺줿 the Danelaw -by ̾ˤǤȤƿ̾ΤĤΤ¿ǥʥǤϡֿ̾ -byפΥѥϸߤ˻ޤǤۤ¿ʤĤޤꡤ̾ the Danelaw ˤ Anglo-Scandinavia ȼΤΤǤꡤषǥʥˤƱ̾ the Danelaw ε͢ǤϤʤȡMiller (104) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤롥
Personal names are rare as satellites of -by names in Sweden, but more common in Norway . . . and in southern Denmark and south Schleswig. Fellows Jensen . . . argues that since most of the -by formations with personal name in Sweden and Norway postdate christianization, and those in south Schleswig postdate the Viking period, the name-type spread back to Denmark from the Danelaw, as suggested by Hald . . . . In any event, the Danelawl type seems not to have been based on a pre-existing Scandinavian type. Moreover, of 207 place names for which an Old Norse cognate existed, the substitution of the cognate for the native English form was close to perfect . . . . Anglo-Scandinavian settlements thus have an identity of their own . . . .
βޤȤС̾Ϣ -by ΤϸťΥɸǤֿ̾ -byפȤ̾Υѥ the Danelaw ȼȯãΤǤꡤΥѥϸ˥ǥʥڤص͢줿ȤȤˤʤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Miller, D. Gary. External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance. Oxford: OUP, 2012.
#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1])#1673. ̾¿ȿ̾ء ([2013-11-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ̾ˤ褯 -son (ex. Johnson, Tomson, Williamson, Wilson) ϸťΥɸ (patronymy) ͳ褹ȤΤѸˤǤ롥κϡ8Ⱦ˽졤줿 the Danelaw ˡȤ櫓 -son Ŀ̾ǻʬۤƤȤ¤Ǥ롥ʲˡCrystal (26) ʬϿޤǺܤ롥

Ͽοϡ줾νޤФȹͤۤʤοɽ魯ɤ˽椷Ƥ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥä Yorkshire Lincolnshire Ǥ6Ķ̾ťΥɸαƶΤǤ뤳ȤѸνο̾Ͽ狼äƤˡʬۤʤȤϡ#818. ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) ˷ǺܤťΥɸͳ̾ʬۤɽ魯ϿޤɤŨ롥Baugh and Cable (99) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
It may be remarked that a similarly high percentage of Scandinavian personal names has been found in the medieval records of these districts. Names ending in -son, like Stevenson or Johnson, conform to a characteristic Scandinavian custom, the equivalent of Old English patronymic being -ing, as in Browning.
©Ҥ̣̾ son ϸűѸ sunu Ȥ¸ߤƤꡤޥˤ¾Υɥ衼åѽˤƱ줬롥ΤϢȤѤ뽬ϸűѸˤϤʤä̲ǤϸťΥɸƱ sunr ϢȤѤ̾Ǥ Amundsen, Andersen, Jacobsen, Jespersen, Nielsen ʤɤ̾¿ߤ줿Ѹ̾ -son ղäϡűѸθťΥɸȤܿˤäƳ줿ŤǤѤäȤߤʤȤǤ롥
Ѹ줫 -son դο̾˽ФȡAcheson, Anderson, Cookson, Davidson, Dickinson, Dodgson, Edison, Ellison, Emerson, Harrison, Henderson, Hudson, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Jonson, Larson, Madison, Magnusson, Robinson ʤ¿롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
ͭ̾ (onomastics) Ͽ̾̾θ츻ʤɤ椹ʬǤ롥Ȥ櫓̾θ anthroponomastics̾θ toponomastics (toponymy) Ȥƶ̤⤢뤬Ԥο̾϶ onomastics ȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥źο̾դ¿ָСˤƿ̾椬1ĤΩʬ뤫狼롥㤨СCrystal (218--20) ˤ뤳ʬؤûȥįƤߤ褦
ܤޤॢ̾ζ̤ΤƱͤˡΤǤ last name (surname, family name) first name (given name, Christian name) ζ̤롥#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸҲˤƤܤˤƤ⡤ζ̤̾ȤʤäΤϡۤɸŤǤϤʤˤƤ⡤ѸǤ last name firs name ʤɤȤ˴ŤƾΤϸ䤹㤨ܡϥʤɤǤ̾Ȥ̤Ǥꡤμ̾Ūʤ櫓ǤϤʤѸǤ middle name Ȥ3̾դ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤȤ櫓ꥫǤϥե٥å1ʸ middle name ߤ롥middle name ϥ衼åѤǤŪʤޤ3Ĥ̾դƤˡͥŪˤɤ̾ǸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿ϡҲˤäưۤʤäƤ롥Ѹ David Michael Smith Ȥͤ David ǸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿ɥĸ Johann Wolfgang Schmidt Ȥͤ Wolfgang ǸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿
̸Ū˻ޤߤ̾դȤƤ褯ΤƤΤˡ (patronymy) 롥̾Τǡ Ivan ©Ҥ Ivanovich̼ Ivanovna ̾դ졤̾δ֤֤褦ʾ礬Ǥ롥ɸǤΤǻΤΤޤȤʤΤǡ塤Ѳ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥衼åѤˤΤϡ?Ρ©˻ҡפ̣ܼղäɽ蘆뤳Ȥ¿줴Ȥ˰ʲΤ褦㤬롥
| LANGUAGE | AFFIX | EXAMPLES |
|---|---|---|
| English | -ing | Browning, Denning, Gunning |
| Norse, English | -son | Anderson, Jackson, Morrison |
| Scots | Mac/Mc- | MacArthur, MacDonald, McMillan |
| Irish | O' | O'Brien, O'Connell, O'Connor |
| Welsh | Ap | Apjohn, Apreys, Powell (< Ap Howell) |
| French | Fitz- | Fitzgerald, Fitz-simmons, Fitzwilliam |
| Russian | -ovich | Ivanovich, Shostakovich |
| Polish | -ski | Korzybski, Malinowski |
| Arabic | Ibn | Ibn Battutah, Ibn Sina |
ѸˤüԽĤˤǻȿǤƤΤƱ褦ˡѸο̾ˤޤλνĤˤǤФ̾̾θ츻ͭ̾ (onomastics) ȸƤФ뤬ä˿̾ onomastics ˴ؤ뽼¤ȤҲ𤷤Ѹ̾Ǥʤο̾ξͤޤäȤǤ롥
Ȥ礭 first name ˤĤƤ Behind the Name: The Etymology and History of First Names surname ˤĤƤ Behind the Name: The Etymology and History of Surnames ʬƤꡤ̾γס̾θǯο͵̾奤ɷ̾ʤɡ͡ʾƤ롥
- Behind the Name: The Etymology and History of First Names: ̾פΥȡ
- General Information of English Names: ޤɤdzפ
- List of English First Names and Meanings: ̾פΥ֥饦ȸ
- Most Popular First Names: ̡ǯ̤Ρ̾פΥ
- Kings and Queens of England Chronologically: 奤ɷΡ̾פΰ
- Behind the Name: The Etymology and History of Surnames פΥȡ
- List of English Surnames and Origins: פΥ֥饦ȸ
- Most Popular Surnames: ̡ǯ̤ΡפΥ
äˡγץڡ "History" ɬɤǤ롥ҤޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥
űѸ̾ϸ§ȤơޥűѸͳ褹ΤäϡűѸä97%ޥϤǤ뤳Ȥб[2010-05-16-1]εָÿȥޥΨǸűѸȸѸθäӤפȡˡ̾2Ǥ (dithematic) 襤˴ؤä¿Ѥ줿
8ȾꡤťΥɸ̾ѸϤ-son Ĥ (patronym) νϸťΥɸͳ褹롥
1066ǯΥΥޥȸοǯδ֤ʬθűѸ̾ Richard, William, Henry ʤɤ Norman French ֤̾줿¿Ѹ˷ѾƤ롥˻ĤűѸ̾ Edward, Alfred, Audrey, Edith ʤɾǤ롥
ĤθűѸ̾ϤޤΦޥƱ֤줿Robert, Roger ʤɡ
13ʹߡο侩 John, Matthew, Mary, Peter, Luke, Stephen, Paul, Mark ʤɤ Christian name Ĥ褦ˤʤ롥̾ͤ̾˴ŤΤǤꡤ奮ꥷƥإ֥饤쵯¿ä
16Henry VIII ˤˤꥫȥåŪͤ̾ήԤʤʤꡤä˴Ť̾¿Ĥ褦ˤʤä
äˡ17 Adam, Eve, Daniel, David, Isaac, Michael, Noah, Rachel, Rebecca ʤɤ˴Ť̾䡤Prudence, Charity, Constance, Temperance ʤɤɽ魯̾ѤԤ¿18Ѥ줿 Hope, Faith, Joy ʤɤĤäƤ롥
17̾ȤѤ뽬줿νϥꥹ⥢ꥫǶ
18, 19ˤϸŤ̾褷Miranda, Jessica, Wendy ʤɤʸŪ̾ Hector, Diana, Arthur ʤɤŪ̾Ƴ줿
Victoria īˤ Ruby ʤ̾θäѤ̾Ƴ줿
̾Ϻ̾¸̾ΰ֤ Sidney ä Sydney ʤɡˡ¾줫μѸʤɤˤ̤Ƥ롥
Ѹ̾˴ؤƤϡ[2010-12-08-1]εlast name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤäפ[2009-09-14-1]ε֥եޥ줫Ѥؾ -kinפ⻲ȡ
last name surname, family name ʤɤȤƤФ뤬ܸ̾̾Ǥ롥ɤǤϡΥޥ last name λѤϰŪǤʤäʥʤɥ衼åѤ¾ιǤϤ٤äˡɤ last name λѤ¥줿װ͡1ĤˤϱѸ first name μबƤȤ𤬤롥ߤαѸ̾ͤƤ⡤Ʊ first name ǤϿʪθʬĤʤȤ礭Ƥʤ褦˻פ롥
last name λѤ¥ˡŪװȤơ2Ŧ1Ĥ Richard II 1377ǯ»ܤ줿 poll tax ֿƬǡפǤ롥ǶΩƤ뤿ˡޤ13аʾΤ٤Ƥι̱̾ɬפäǤ롥ä1380ǯοƬǤ٤̵طνŤ罰Ǥǡ1381ǯ Wat Tyler ˤ̱ ( the Peasants' Revolt ) ˾塤̾⤤ǤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥ1413ǯ the Statute of Additions Ǥ롥ˤꡤ٤ƤˡŪϡʪ first name Τߤʤ餺ȤȵサϤ碌ƵܤʤФʤʤȤˤʤäȤサϤ̾ΤȤΤϱѸ¿ last name εǤꡤƥɹ̱Ϥߤʤꤷ last name Ĥ˻ä
ˤ̾λѻϡʸˤä礭ۤʤ롥Ǥϵ2852ǯ˲̾Ѿꤵ줿ܤǤϡ̾ϹͻΤøǤꡤʿ̱̾Ȥʤ̾뤳Ȥʤäݿ塤1870ǯˤʤäƤ٤Ƥι̱̾ӤӤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤħǤʼŪȤʪΰտޤɤξƱͤ political/bureaucratic ʤΤäΤǤ롥
ʸˤƤ⤽Ƕ뤯餤ʤ顤̾ΤƤƤ褤⤷ʤʡȤޤǹͤ뤷ޤ last name ˤǤ롥
Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990. 196.
Ȥdz顤̾ Ralph ʤ /reɪf/ ȯΤȤ䤬äʤۤɡRalph ˤֻͽۤ /rælf/ ȯ⤢뤬/reɪf/ Ȥȯ⤢롥ԤŪȯǡä˥ꥹ¿ʹ̾Ǥ롥㤨Сꥫͺ Ralph Waldo Emerson 䥢ꥫͥեåǥʡ Ralph Lauren ǤԤȯꥹͺʲ Ralph Vaughan Williams ǤϸԤȯʹ롥
̾ϡOld Norse Raðulfr Radulf Ȥ Old Norman French ꡤû̷ Raulf ѸäƤΤǤ롥Old Norse η֤ϸűѸ Rǣdwulf ( rǣd "counsel" + wulf "wolf" ) бֽϵפۤɤΰդǤ롥ߤֻ18˰̲<ph> ֻϥƥ줢뤤ϥꥷֻΤγʹĤwulf ϤȤȤŵͳ褹櫓ǤϤʤΤ etymological respelling ( see [2009-08-21-1], [2009-11-05-1] ) ȤϸƤ٤ʤ̤ȤƤƱȹͤ롥
<ph> ֻĤ褦ˤʤä̤ȤƤϡűѸ rand "shield" + wulf "wolf" ͳ褹 Randolph 롥Bēowulf ( bēo "bee" + wulf "wolf" ) ⸽äƤ顤*Beewolph Ȥ *Beelph Τ褦̾ˤʤäƤ⤷ʤ
ơ/reɪf/ ȤȯˤĤƤϤɤ/rælf/ /reɪf/ ؤȯѲƻڤˤĤƤϡĴ٤Ƥߤܺ٤ʬʤäΤ褦ƻڤꤵ/reɪf/ 첻ܤνϷ̤ȤȡϤ /raːf/ Ǥ롥ԤȯϡRaulf ʤɤν֤Ҳ l æ뤤첻Ȥͻˤäưפã롥ºݤˡRauf, Rafe ʤɤַ֤ɽ魯ֻŪڤ롥ȯֻ줾ĤΥ줺ȯŸǽŪˤϤϤбط <Ralph> = /reɪf/ ˻äȤΤǤϤʤ̾̾ʤɤθͭ̾졤ä˥ꥹΤΤˤϡΤ褦ʡ֤Ϥפ¿ ( see [2010-07-18-1] )
ε[2010-07-17-1]DZƤʸ <z> ꤢåȥɷϤο̾ˤĤƱѸ˾ <z> ˤޤĤ붽̣ä ( Scragg, p. 23 ) ɸλĤο̾Ϥ <z> ޤǤꡤȯϤ줾 /ˈdælziəl/, /məˈkɛnzi/, /ˈmɛnziz/ /z/ ȼäȯΤ/z/ ȼʤṲ̄ȯ⤢ΤǤ롥ԤϤ줾 /diˈɛl/, /məˈkɛni/ ʸߤǤϤۤѡ, /ˈmɪŋɪs/ ȯ롥
礦ɾ֤פʤΤ֤פʤΤȽ̤Ĥʤ褦ˡMenzies ֻǤ /ˈmɛnziz/ ʤΤ /ˈmɪŋɪs/ ʤΤʬʤȤʼºݤ˥åȥɤǤϳعƱ饹ˡĤΰۤʤȯ Menzies 뤳ȤȤˡ
ʤΤ褦ʾˤʤäƤ뤫뤿ˤϡѸֻΤɬפ롥űѸ衤"yogh" /joʊk, joʊx/ ȸƤФʸ <ʒ> ŸɽΤѤƤŪˤ [j], [x] ʤɤβб˲˱ <y> <gh> ִ뤳ȤȤʤä¿ӤʸǤ롥ѸǤδؤä <ʒ> ѸΰѤȯŸȼäƿष¾ʸִ뤳ȤȤʤää˥åȥɤǤϡȯб뤫ȤͳǤϤʤΤƤ뤫Ȥͳǡ<z> ФִȤʤä<z> ξʸɮΤפ⤫٤СΤ餫̾ʤɤ <ʒ> <z> νä̡ߤ <Dalziel>, <MacKenzie>, <Menzies> Ȥֻޤ줿
դˤФȤȤ <Dalʒel>, <MacKenʒie>, <Menʒes> ʤɤ֤ƤȤȤǤꡤ <ʒ> ɽϤ줾ͭŸ [j] ͭ [ɣ] ˶ᤤäȹͤ롥ȯΤޤߤޤǤȯŸƤΤ嵭ŪȽҤ٤ȯǤꡤ<z> ȼŪȯֻ <z> ڤؤäƤֻȯ ( spelling-pronunciation ) ȤȤˤʤ롥
ˤĤƤϡBBC ε Why is Menzies pronounced Mingis? ˤ⤷
ΤƤ뤬椨˺ѤκѤ̾ĤߤˤޤǻĤäƤƱͤȤƤϡ[2009-05-11-2]εǼꤢ "thorn" <y> 롥
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
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