ʣ (plural_of_approximation) ʤΤ뤬¸ʲؿѸؼŵ٤˰͵롥
Ѹ̾ʣϡŪ -s դ̾ƱΡƱΤΤ2İʾ夢˸Ǥ롥ʣ (normal plural) ȸƤǤƱǤϤʤޤǶƤΤ2İʾ夢Ȥˤ⡤-s ΤĤʣѤ뤳Ȥ롥̩ˤƱǤϤʤƤΤƱΤȤȤ館줬2İʾ夢Ȥˤ -s Ĥ褦ȤȯۤǤ롥ʣ (plural_of_approximation) ȸƤФƤꡤѸˤϤĤλ㤬롥
㤨СǯǯǤ sixties 夲褦1960ǯ (in the sixties) 뤤60 (in one's sixties) Τ褦ɽϡsixty ʣ -(e)s դƤ60ǯʺСˡפΤΤ2İʾ彸ޤäΤǤϤʤ606162ǯʺСˤΤ褦Ϣ֤69ǯʺСˤޤ³褦ˡ60ΤΤ60˶ᤤȤޤäơsixties ȤҤäΤǤ롥Хȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ˤäơ϶ƤˤʤΤƱʼΡˤΤȶˤޤȤᤢ뤳Ȥˤäơsixties Ȥɽ夲ƤΤǤ롥̩ˤ뤳ȤкŪʸ̤礭
¾ˤϿ̾ʤɤդʣ㤬롥㤨 the Henry Spinkers ȤСMr. and Mrs. Spinker ֥ԥʡפξάȤѤ롥ɽϻˤäƤϡ֥ԥʻˡפˤʤ뤷֥ԥȡפˤʤ롥²ȤơֶפС«ͤ뤳ȤǡʣȤɽƤΤǤ롥
ܼŪʶʣȤơI ʣȤƤ we 롥1;̾ I äǤּʡפؼ뤬ʣȤ we ϡ褷 I ּʡפ2İʾ«ͤΤǤϤʤּʡפȡ֤ʤפȡ֤ʤפȡ֤ʤפȡ碌Τ we Ǥ롥Ʊ I ʹ֤Τ褦ʣΥԡƤ櫓ǤϤʤޤ I Ȥ¦ˤ֤ΤȤ塤ŪƱʪȤߤʤơ碌 we ȸƤǤΤǤ롥ǤС1;ΤʣפȤɽŪ̷ϤǤΤΡ嵭αŪʲѤ뤳ȤǸդ˻ȤäƤΤǤ롥
ȤʣΡ֤ʤפ̣ you 1ͤФѤȤԤ⡤⤷ȶʣȯۤ˴ŤŪˡȤäƤ٤ΤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ƱȤϲפȤůŪ꤬ǾˤĤƤ뤬ˤʣϤ⤷ݤǤ롥
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
#5217. ̾ץȡפΩ夬ޤ ([2023-08-09-1]) ǡͭ̾ˤĤƹͤƤȤ̾ץȡ (name_project) Ҳ𤷤ޤԥС4̾ǻϤƤǤ4̾ȤϡϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤˡڹʷܳرءˡ¤ءˡƻ䡤δǤ
ΥץȤ˴ؤ٥Ȥ͡˳ŤƤȻפäƤޤ1ƤȤơܥ֥Ǥ#5241. ˥å͡ --- 9319:00 Voicy heldio Τ ([2023-09-02-1]) ǹΤ̤ꡤ93 heldio Ϥޤ94ˤϤμϿȤۿޤ#826. ˥å̾͡ץȴ #1ۡˡǤ60ʬĶĹܤǤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİФȡ
˥ꥹʡγƤ˥å͡μͤȤˡץȥСȤäƤȤǤεʤ˥˥å͡ȤΩƤƤߤΤǤƤߤȡޤȤ˹ͻˤϤޤ˹ΰʬ깲ƤǤȤä餫äȤʤ뤳Ȥи礷ĤĩߤޤˤƥСȼλ㤨錄ꡤ˼«Ƥ褦˻פޤ
ȤϤ˥å͡ڤ¿ͤǤ뤳ȤƤ褯ʬޤʲפĤ¤վޤʤϡVoicy heldio ץߥꥹʡۿͥˤ96ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #28heldio/helwa Υꥹʡߥ˥ƥϥ֥쥹ȽĤǤǸҤΤˤʤޤˡ
ҲŪΥ
ؼоݤμࡤɥᥤʿ͡ϡʡ롤ԻԤΰ̾ϡ¾ΥȡΡ
ˡcf. euphemism for taboo)
ʸɽʸˤʤɡʸʸ
ħ
ؾʤɤ
̾դͤï¾ͤˤĤΤʬǤĤΤ
̡
̻ŪѲ
˥å͡ϰϡߥ˥ƥ
1ĤλؼоݤФ˥å͡μ¿ʤʰؿط롩
Τξ
̾ϡŪʡץ٥롤˥å͡ϤͤʪΡʬŪªץ٥
ʴ̾ˡʡʻˡ֡
ǤΤ̾ػ
¾ڤޤޤϤǤΤǡͻ³ƤȻפޤޤϺΥ٥1Ƥľܡܤ˻äƤ˴դޤ꤬Ȥޤ
#5217. ̾ץȡפΩ夬ޤ ([2023-08-09-1]) ǤΤ餻̤ꡤȶʸ֤ȤȤ̾ʡͭ̾ˤ˴ؤ븦ץȤưƤޤ (cf. name_project) ֡khelfʷѸ˥ե˥С Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) Υꥹʡǡ̾ˤĤƽIJ̵Ԥ˹ͤƤȻפäƤޤܥ֥ɼԤ⡤̵̾˲ääƤФȡ
ץȤˤĤƤϡheldio ˤ#799. ̾ץȡΩ夲ǰϿ with Ͻؤڹ¤ǤҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡҤİ
̾ץȡפκǽθ٥ȤȤơ9319:00 60ʬۤ Voicy heldio ۿͽǤѡʥƥϡ̾ץȡפμץСǤϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤˡڹʷܳرءˡ¤ءˡƻ䡤δ4̳̾ޤ
Τ֥˥å̾͡ץȴ #1ۡǤ830 heldio ̾ۿˤ#821. ˥å͡ --- 93 19:00--20:00 Τ˥ꥹʡγؤθƤӤۿޤΤǡΩߥåפȤơİ
嵭ۿΥ̤ơꥹʡγˡ˥å͡˴ؤ͡ʾͻƤƤޤǤ¿ΥȤƤƤƤޤľޤǼդƤޤΤǡɤɤǤϡΥȤɤ߾夲ʤɤʤ顤˥å͡ŸƤȻפäƤޤ
#5227. űѸ̾Τθ ([2023-08-19-1]) ǿ줿ȤꡤDomesday Book ϸűѸ̾ΰλǤ롥
Domesday Book ȤϲǤСWilliam I 1086ǯ˺餻ɤΤۤĴĢʸ뤤ˤǤ롥ΩƤ;ϤʤŰŪĴֺ֤꤫ǸοȽפˤʤ館 "Domesday Book" ̾դ줿̾12溢ޤǤˤϰŪʸƾΤȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ롥
͡ȿäΤΡĴϻŻκ٤®ǡˤƤ餯ǤʹŪʶӤäĴ7--8ͤΰѰˤäƼ»ܤ졤ơۤʤϰôơľܼԤνΤ˴ؤܺ٤Ի鲦νΡ줬 Domesday Book Ǥ롥
ñ Domesday Book ȸƤФƤ뤬ºݤˤϰۤʤ2ĤδΩäƤ롥1 (Great Domesday) ϡEssex, Norfolk, Suffolk ٤ƤνϿޤǤ롥3Ĥν˴ؤƤϡǤϤʤ2 (Little Domesday) ¸Ƥ롥
Domesday Book ̾ȤƤβͤȡֻѾաפˤĤơClark (453--54) ⤷Ƥ뤳ȤѤ褦
For late OE name-forms of both kinds Domesday Book (DB) is the prime source; for many place-names, those from the North especially, it furnishes the earliest record extant . . . . DB proper consists of two volumes (recently rebound as five), always part of the state archives and now housed in the Public Record Office, wherefore they are together known as the 'Exchequer Domesday'. The two sections are, it must be emphasised, of different standing: 'Little DB', which deals with Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, represents a redaction earlier and fuller --- therefore more useful to onomasticians --- than that of 'Great DB', which deals with the rest of the Conqueror's English realm. There are also various related records, usually known as 'satellites', some (like Exon DB) official, others private . . .; on matters ranging from administrative procedure to orthography, these supplement the information given by the Exchequer volumes. Although DB as it stands results from a survey undertaken in 1086, roughly half the material there dates back to pre-Conquest times. Based as they were upon enquiries made by several panels of commissioners who collected documentary as well as oral evidence and interrogated alike French-speaking post-Conquest settlers and survivors of the pre-Conquest land-holding classes, the extant DB texts, in which the commissioners' returns have to varying degrees been recast, need careful handling. At the orthographical level, basic to onomastic study, they are notoriously unreliable. For one thing, not all the scribes used the traditional OE orthography . . . . For another, working conditions were unpropitious: name-material, unlike common vocabulary, cannot be predicted from context, and so the DB clerks, interpreting utterances of witnesses from varied linguistic backgrounds, sometimes perhaps toothless ancients, and editing drafts that bristled with unfamiliarities, were liable to mishear, misread, misunderstand, miscopy or otherwise mangle the forms. Only lately has appreciation of the types and degrees of scribal error in DB made progress enough for former broad assumptions --- for instance, about 'Anglo-Norman influences' --- to be gradually replaced by recognition of specific auditory and visual confusions.
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
űѸο̾ˤϡ family name last name פϤʤ#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ褦ˤʤΤϥΥޥΤȤǤ롥
ȷϤ°ɸȯۤޤǤʤä櫓ǤϤʤä˲ȤηˤĤƤϡ̾ƱҲǻϤƬ (alliteration) ηȤвħ (sound_symbolism) DzȷϤƤޤȤʤȤӤDZ椫ǤϤʤ
Clark (458) Τ褦Ƥ롥
Despite the lack of 'family-names' in the modern sense, kinship-marking was a main motive behind old Germanic naming . . . . Thus, royal genealogies, whose partly mythical character makes them likely to show idealised forms, regularly exhibit runs of alliteration, as in the West Saxon sequence: Cerdic, Cynric, Ceawlin, Cuða, Ceada, Benbeorht, Ceadwalla . . . .
ۤˡ̾ˤĤơ§ŪǤϤʤΤΡ䷻̾˴ޤޤǤͭ뷹ߤȤ (cf. (patronymy))
̾ˤĤƤϡϿʤŪʷϻŦˤ褦Ǥ롥㤨 Bede ˵Ƥ̾ǤСűѸ̾Τ1/7ʲˤȤɤޤȤ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
ϢűѸˤ̾ܤƤ롥űѸȰˤäƤĹˤ錄ʤΤǡ̻ŪѲäȤƤ⤪ʤ̾̾դ˥ȥɤ뤳ȤϸαѸǤܸǤ褯ΤƤ̤ǤꡤűѸˤ⤽λήԤäȤƤäʤ
Clark (461) ϡBede ˤ731ǯ蘆줿 Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (= Ecclesiastical History of the English People) William I 1086ǯ˺餻Ģ the Domesday Book ˤ̾Ӥ̾դη̻ŪѲ餷ΤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Although neither sample can be taken fully to represent contemporary usages, it is no accident that in detail the recorded stocks differ, with deuterotheme usages similar but only half the protothemes in common. Even with allowance for the greater number of name-bearers represented in DB, overall variability seems little reduced. Some change of custom has none the less taken place: the fairly even seventh-century frequency-pattern has given way to a markedly uneven one, with many names occurring just once or twice but a particular few, such as Ælfrīc, Godrīc, Godwine, Lēofwine and Wulfrīc, having each a multitude of bearers distinguished from one another by by-names (a similar pattern appears in the names of Suffolk peasants of probably ca 1100 . . .). This development parallels those seen in continental West-Germanic communities. . . .
ɬΤ̻ŪѲǤȤƶĴƤ櫓ǤϤʤClark ϸűѸˤƿ̾¿ƤʬϤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ǡμפʾ̾ϻĤäƤꡤƱ̾ξˤ̤ (by-names) դä뤳Ȥˤ̤褦ˤʤäƤȤ
̾դήԤѲظ˲äΤˤʤȤ#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1]) ȡ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
űѸο̾ΰ (hypocorism) ħϲȤ뤰䤤ФơClark (459--60) ԸͤˤĤġ⤷ҥȤͿƤƤ롥˲˴ؤŦŻҲ (geminate) ΩĤΤȤ
Clearly documented hypocoristics often show modified consonant-patterns . . . . Thus, the familiar form Saba (variant: Sæba) by which the sons of the early-seventh-century King Sǣbeorht (Saberctus) of Essex called their father showed the first element of the full name extended by the initial consonant of the second, in a way perhaps implying that medial consonants following a stressed syllable may have been ambisyllabic . . . . In the Germanic languages generally, a consonant-cluster formed at the element-junction of a compound name was often simplified in the hypocoristic form to a geminate, Old English examples including the masc. Totta < Torhthelm, the fem. Cille < Cēolswīð, and also the masc. Beoffa apparently derived from Beornfrið . . . .
ŻҲҲñ㲽ȤСܸΡ֤äס֤äס֤äס֤ޤä۵롥ܸβǤϽŻҲ¥ˤΤΤŪꤵƤȤäƤ褤̾䤽ΰΤʤɤˤϤȤ櫓¿ѤƤ褦ʰݤ롥ħ (sound_symbolism) δ顤餫ŪϲǽʤΤ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
ε#5225. ̾ι (2) ([2023-08-17-1]) ǡClark Ȥ Bede ˤߤűѸ̾ηǧǤο̾ "themes" бäϡűѻ Beowulf Ǥ褯ѤƤñ췲ǤꡤűѸˤʸŪɤɽ魯ΤȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ǡ̾դμºݤäƤϡ줾 themes ΰ̣űѸ˶ŪƤɤʬʤ̾˹Ƥְ̣פΤϤ褯뤳ȤBeowulf θäϻθäǤꡤűѸǤäȤϡ褯Ŧ줭ȤǤ롥ʸŪɤȤʸ仺ŪɤȤäۤ褤褦ˤפ롥
ˤĤơClark ⿵ŤʸƤ (457--58)
Name themes thus largely parallel the diction of heroic verse . . . . Kindred elements in the diction of Beowulf include common items such as beorht, cēne, cūð, poetic ones such as brego and torht, and also, more strikingly, compounds like frēawine 'lord and friend', gārcēne 'bold with spear', gūðbeorn 'battle-warrior', heaðomǣre 'renowned in battle', hildebill 'battle-blade', wīgsigor 'victorious in battle' . . . . Parallels must not be pressed; for rules of formation differed and, more crucially, such 'meaning' as name-compounds possessed was not in practice etymological. Name-themes might, besides, long out-live related items of daily, even literary, vocabulary: non-onomastic Old English usage shows no cognate of the feminine deuterotheme -flǣd 'beauty' and, as cognates of Tond- 'fire', only the mutated derivatives ontendan 'kindle' and tynder 'kindling wood'. Resemblances between naming and heroic diction nonetheless suggest motivations behind the original Germanic styles: hopes and wishes appropriate to a warrior society, and perhaps belief in onomastic magic . . . .
ѤκǸˤ褦ˡClark ϥ̾̾դطʤˤ2ĤưŤȤ (1) μҲˤդ路˾ߤȴꤤ(2) ̾ˡؤοġƤ롥ͭȤǤ뤬ƸФ̣̾դŪưŤȤȤ館줽
Ǿ줿̾ˤְ̣פᤰˤĤƤϡʲ⻲ȡ
hellog #2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])
hellog #5197. ͭ̾˰̣ϤΤʤΤ ([2023-07-20-1])
heldio #665. ͭ̾ˤϻؼоݤϤ뤱ɤ̣ϤʤǤ͡2023ǯ327
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
#4539. ̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1]) ˰³űѸο̾ˤĤ Clark ˤ뵭ҤߤƤߤ
Clark ϡBede ˤ Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (= Ecclesiastical History of the English People) ˸215ο̾ʼ˵ͤο̾ˤˤĤƼƤ롥2/3ۤɤο̾2Ĥǡ1ǡ2Ǥ줾 "prototheme""deuterotheme" ȸƤ֡ˤȤ߹碌ʤäƤꡤ "themes" ʤ뤤 "name lemmas" ȸƤǤ褤ˤμ夲ȡ85--90ۤɤ̤ʼ̤ˤΤ⤢Ȥˡ50ʾϤäѤ1ǤȤơ20ϤäѤ2ǤȤѤƤꡤ1Ǥˤ2ǤˤѤƤΤ12ढ롥űѸ̾ˤĤƤΰȤơ1ǤѤ themes Τۤ¿ͤȤ
űѸο̾ themes ϡ̾̾졦ƻȤƤѤ뤢դ줿Ǥ뤳ȤħǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ John Mary Τ褦˿̾òѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤBede ˸90ۤɤ themes ˤĤƤС70ʾ夬ޥŪǤǤꡤ2/3ۤɤ̥ޥˤߤǤǤ롥ޥηǻѤ themes ȤȤ
ѥ Bede ˸¤äƤ⡤̾įƤߤȡ˷֤복ǰˤʤäƤ롥Clark (457) 롥
Recurrent concepts and typical Bedan name-themes include: nobility and renown --- Æðel- 'noble', Beorht-/-beorht 'radiant', Brego- 'prince', Cūð- 'renowned', Cyne- 'royal', -frēa 'lord', -mǣr 'renowned', Torht- 'radiant'; national pride --- Peoht- 'Pict', Swǣf- 'Swabian', Þēod- 'nation', Wealh-/-wealh 'Celt' and probably Seax- if meaning 'Saxon'; religion --- ælf- 'supernatural being', Ealh- 'temple', Ōs- 'deity'; strength and valour --- Beald-/-beald 'brave', Cēn- 'brave', Hwæt- 'brave', Nōð- 'boldness', Swīð-/-swīð fem. 'strong', Þrȳð-/-þrȳð fem. 'power', Weald-/-weald 'power'; warriors and weapons --- Beorn- 'warrior', -bill 'sword', -brord 'spear', Dryht- 'army', Ecg- 'sword', -gār 'spear', Here-/-here 'army', Wulf-/-wulf 'wolf; warrior', and perhaps Swax- if meaning 'dagger'; battle --- Beadu-, Gūð-/-gūð fem., Heaðu-, Hild-/-hild fem., Wīg-, and also Sige- 'victory' (limitations of function apply only to the Bedan evidence). Peace (-frið), prudence (Rǣd-/-rǣd 'counsel'), and defence (Bōt- 'remedy', Burg-/-burg fem. 'protection', -helm 'protection' and -mund 'protection') are more sparingly invoked. In compound names, protothemes appear in stem-form. Inflections are added only to the deuterothemes; when not Latinised, masc. names follow the a-stems and fem. ones the ō-stems.
Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ
#4539. ̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1])
#3902. 㥢̾ Edward, Edgar, Edmond, Edwin ([2020-01-02-1])
#3903. ޥ̾ atheling, edelweiss, Heidi, Alice ([2020-01-03-1])
#5195. ̾ (name lemma) ([2023-07-18-1])
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ̾ (name) ؤβʬǤ롥ʬǤϡΤȤʤ̾ȤϲŪȤʤ롥ϡ#5191. ̾פȤϲ ([2023-07-14-1]) #5192. ̾ĤΤ --- ͭ̾̾դоݤΥץȥס ([2023-07-15-1]) Ǥ夲ƤñǤϤʤ
Ǥ⻲ȤƤ Van Langendonck and Van de Velde (19--20) ˤС̾ݤˤ̾ (name) ̾ (name lemma) ̤ɬפ⤫Ƥ롥Ԥ̾˵ܤĤҤȤĤ̾ǤꡤԤ̾θФȤΩƤ̾Ǥ롥
. . . names need to be distinguished from name lemmas. The term name lemma indicates a dictionary entry with an onomastic valency. For instance, the lemma Mary has the potential to be used as a name with one or more sublemmas that each underlie a name. Thus, the lemma Mary underlies a large number of names, such as Mary the mother of Jesus, Mary Stuart, and so on.
ˡ̾ޤˤ⤤Ĥμब뤳ȤҲ𤵤롥嵭 Mary ϡŵŪ̾Ѥ̾ޤǤꡤproprial lemma ȸƤФ롥proprial lemma ϡa different Mary Τ褦Ū̾ȤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
¾μ̾ޤȤƤϡŪ̾줬̾ȤѤ륿פ appellative lemma 롥Dz Gladiator ϱDzΥȥȤ̾ˤϰ㤤ʤ̾ޤϲȤСַƮΡפ̣̾̾ gladiator Ǥ롥¾ˤ The Old Man and the Sea Τ褦˶礬̾ޤˤʤ phrasal lemma ⤢롥
̾ᤰˤƤϡ̾̾ޤŤ˶̤ƤʤȺ褿
Van Langendonck, Willy and Mark Van de Velde. "Names and Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 17--38.
ͤϲ̾ĤΤŪˤϡȤΤ̾Ĥ롥ºݾ⡤ͤϸ̤ƿݤ˥٥ŽդƤ줬̾ (noun) Ǥ롥ͤΤϤ⤦̣Ǥ̾ͭ̾Ǥ롥ͤϲ˸ͭ̾ĤΤ
Van Langendonck and Van de Velde (33--38) ϡۤʤ͡ʸӤǡʸˡŪʴ顤̾դоݤŵˡʤץȥŪʤΤ餽ǤʤΤءƤ롥ŪʰǤϤʤȤǤ뤳ȤƤ
̾
̾
̾
̾ɸ̾
µ̾ʪμ̾
"autonym"
ʸǤϳƹܤ˲⤬ĤƤ뤬ǤϺǸ "autonym" ñ˾Ҳ𤷤ƤΤʤǤϺǤץȥŪǤϤʤ֤Ťˤ̾դоݤǤ롥ϡ㤨 "Bank is a homonymous word." Bank ʤȤñˤƱ۵ǤפȤ Bank ΤȤؤƤ롥Ȥɽξ¤ǡ̾פȤʤ롤ȤȤŪ̾դˤϡ#1300. hypostasis ([2012-11-17-1]) طƤ롥
β2ܤˤµ̾ʤɤϡ̾դоݤȤƤΥץȥ㤤ΤǡˤäƤϸͭ̾Ϳ줺ޤ̾Ȥ̤äƤˤʤȤ⤢롥Τ Covid-19 ϸͭ̾ݤ cold ̾ݤ˸ͭ̾ĤΤȤˤĤƤϡ̸Ū˷ϤΤΡޤǥץȥפȤƹͤɬפȤȤ
Van Langendonck, Willy and Mark Van de Velde. "Names and Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 17--38.
ε#5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1]) ǡͭ̾ (onomastics) äܤҲ𤷤μϰϤϤȤˤƱΥȥԼ Hough ˤ뼹ɮˤȤʤ1ϤǤϡ(1) ̾ȤϲޤŪʹͻ(2) ˤ줫鰷äƤƬФʤ졤(3) ǸˤʬغŪǤꡤǯޤޤȯƤƤ뤳Ȥڤ롥ɤǤܤαޤäʬĤȴ롥
. . . names are definite nouns with unique denotation, an inherent basic level sense, no defining sense, and optional connotative meanings. (3)
Onomastics is essentially inter-disciplinary, and it might be difficult to identify any major subject area to which it is completely unrelated. (9)
ȥκǸǤϡͭ̾ؤ괬ǯǮˤĤƼΤ褦ˤ롥
As well as outlining the current state of name studies in its various branches, the chapters in this volume show the discipline continuing to expand and to develop into new areas. To mention a few examples from different sections, de Stefani introduces the concept of interactional onomastics, Neethling argues for song lyrics as a legitimate area of investigation for literary onomastics, Sandnes introduces contact onomastics as a branch of contact linguistics, and some of the legal cases cited by Teutsch show changes still in progress through ongoing rulings with a binding effect. Research within name studies is vigorous, vibrant, and innovative, and if this volume had been produced twenty or even ten years ago, many of the chapters would have been radically different or even absent. We can be confident that a similar undertaking in another ten or twenty years would be as different again. (13--14)
ȥǤϸͭ̾ؤؤ¦̤ڤƤ뤬䤬ˤʤäΤΰʲƤʬι褯ʬ
⤽̾Ȥϲ
ͭ̾Ȥʳΰ̸ȤϲɤۤʤΤ
1ĤоݤФʣ̾Ĥ븽
ļˤ̾ȪϡڡˤԻԤ̤̾ꡤ
̱ϰ̱Ϥ̾դ뤫
̱²̱̾̾
ʸؤˤ̾λ
ƿ̾̾˥å͡ࡤڥ͡
ʤͭ̾ϳФˤפФˤΤ
̾θƤӤ
̾
̾θ츻
ųؤȸͭ̾
ܿ̾
̾¤ˡΧ
̾θ
ż֡ڥåȡܤʤɤ̾դ
̾˽ȥ
ŷΤ̾դ
̿ȼ̾դѹ
Hough, Carole, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ܥ֥Ǥϡ̾פؤʬͭ̾ (onomastics) ˴ؤ¿夲Ƥʹ֤μҲˤ̾ؤʤΰϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褯̾θؤɬŪ˳غŪʤΤȤʤ롥ºݡʬˤϡǮƤ롥Ҳ𤹤Τϡθ¤ʤʬƥƳƤϥɥ֥åǤ롥

Ϥޤ Hought ˤ륤ȥɤˤʤǤˤʬΥСΰι˰ݤƤ롥ʲܼ
Front Matter
1. Introduction
Part I. Onomastic Theory
2. Names and Grammar
3. Names and Meaning
4. Names and Discourse
Part II. Toponomastics
5. Methodologies in Place-name Research
6. Settlement Names
7. River Names
8. Hill and Mountain Names
9. Island Names
10. Rural Names
11. Street Names: A Changing Urban Landscape
12. Transferred Names and Analogy in Name-formation
Part III. Anthroponomastics
13. Personal Naming Systems
14. Given Names in European Naming Systems
15. Family Names
16. Bynames and Nicknames
17. Ethnonyms
18. Personal Names and Anthropology
19. Personal Names and Genealogy
Part IV. Literary Onomastics
20. Theoretical Foundations of Literary Onomastics
21. Names in Songs: A Comparative Analysis of Billy Joel's We Didn't Start The Fire and Christopher Torr's Hot Gates
22. Genre-based Approaches to Names in Literature
23. Corpus-based Approaches to Names in Literature
24. Language-based Approaches to Names in Literature
Part V. Socio-onomastics
25. Names in Society
26. Names and Identity
27. Linguistic Landscapes
28. Toponymic Attachment
29. Forms of Address
30. Pseudonyms
31. Commercial Names
Part VI. Onomastics and Other Disciplines
32. Names and Archaeology
33. Names and Cognitive Psychology
34. Names and Dialectology
35. Names and Geography
36. Names and History
37. Names and Historical Linguistics
38. Names and Language Contact
39. Names and Law
40. Names and Lexicography
41. Place-names and Religion: A Study of Early Christian Ireland
Part VII. Other Types of Names
42. Aircraft Names
43. Animal Names
44. Astronomical Names
45. Names of Dwellings
46. Railway Locomotive Names and Train Names
47. Ship Names
End Matter
Bibliography
Index
800ڡĶǤϤ뤬Ǥ̾˴ؤʬ夷ƤȤϸʤ줯餤˹ʬȤȤͭ̾ء٤
Hough, Carole, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ޤǤˡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) YouTube ְʼδѸظإ̤ͥơʣˤ錄ءˤɸ (trademark linguistics) ˤĤ̤Ƥޤ
ΡVoicy
#667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ329
#671. ¤Ȥ --- ɸεŪͻ42
#674. ¤Ȥ --- ɸŪˡ45
ΡYouTube
#112. ɸθ --- ¤о322
#114. ޥƤ뤳ȡƤʤȡƤȤϲ̣뤫 --- ޥμҲỤ̄ --- ¤μȡ329
#116. ǤϤʤɸ¤ؤڤǥץ45
#118 412ͽˤ³ʸ嵭2023/04/12(Wed)#118. ¤ꤹˡءɸ --- ѥˡؤء
ɸθؤȤΤϻˤȤäƤߤäΤǤ¤ŪäƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤϢʬ¿ΰ褬ȤȤ褯ʬޤ伫ȤδؿϱѸˡ˸ؤǤδͤƤ¿ޤפĤΤվǵƤߤޤ
ΰ̣ѲȤΥᥫ˥ࡥä , metonymy, synecdoche ʤɡ rhetoric Ȥɤ
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ̡̾ (personal_name)̾eponym ʤɡ餬ˤư̾βΤȤꡥ
ΰ̣ѡʲ˴ؤ벾ȤƤ "Onymic Reference Default Principle" (ORDP) ˤĤƤϡ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1]) ȡ
(semiotics) ̤νꡥ
ħ (sound_symbolism) Ȳ (phonaesthesia)
դˤʸʸޥΡåΤ (cf. capitalisation)
ïȥ뤹ΤȤȻۤȸμҲŪꡥ츢 (linguistic_right) ײ (language_planning) Υơޡ
٤Ƥȥ꤬ʤǤ˾ɸθؤ¸ߤǰƬ֤ƤȻפޤ
ε#5089. eponym ([2023-04-03-1]) ǡetymon ̾ (personal_name) Ǥ褦ʸˤĤƹͻetymon ȤѸˤĤƤϡ#3847. etymon ([2019-11-08-1]) ȡˡȤǡ̾ȤȤ˸ͭ̾ (onomastics) νפʹͻоݤȤʤΤ̾ (place-name, toponym) Ǥ롥ȤСͽۤΤϡetymon ̾Ǥ褦ʸ¸ߤǤ롥ºݡ̾Ȥ٥ǹͤǤ japan ʼˡchina ʼˡturkey ʼĻˤʤɤ˻פ⤫֡cf. heldio #626. ƫ china ȼ japan --- Ϥʤɽ魯ñ줿#625. Turkey --- ȥ륳ȼĻδطˡ
Τ褦̾˴Ťƺ줿¿櫓ȸƤ֤٤eponym Ϥޤǿ̾١¤Ϳ줿̾Ǥ롥toponym place-name бѸǤꡤϤ̾פ˸ꤷѤƤۤ𤬾ʤCrystal (165) ϡΤ褦˾ʻơ"eponymous places" ȸƤ֤ȤˤƤ褦ʤǤ⾯ʬ꤯ȤϤ뤳ȤǧᤶʤˡCrystal Ƥ "eponymous places" ƷǤ褦
alsatian: Alsace, France.
balaclava: Balaclava, Crimea.
bikini: Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands.
bourbon: Bourbon County, Kentucky.
Brussels sprouts: Brussels, Belgium.
champagne: Champagne, France.
conga: Congo, Africa.
copper: Cyprus.
currant: Corinth, Greece.
denim: Nîmes, France (originally, serge de Nîm).
dollar: St Joachimsthal, Bohemia (which minted silver coins called joachimstalers, shortened to thalers, hence dollars).
duffle coat: Duffel, Antwerp.
gauze: Gaza, Israel.
gypsy: Egypt.
hamburger: Hamburg, Germany.
jeans: Genoa, Italy.
jersey: Jersey, Channel Islands.
kaolin: Kao-ling, China.
labrador: Labrador, Canada.
lesbian: Lesbos, Aegean island.
marathon: Marathon, Greece.
mayonnaise: Mahó, Minorca.
mazurka: Mazowia, Poland.
muslin: Mosul, Iraq.
pheasant: Phasis, Georgia.
pistol: Pistoia, Italy.
rugby: Rugby (School), UK.
sardine: Sardinia.
sherry: Jerez, Spain.
suede: Sweden.
tangerine: Tangier.
turquoise: Turkey.
tuxedo: Tuxedo Park Country Club, New York.
Venetian blind: Venice, Italy.
ǤꥹȤĹƤΤȤưʤʤɤΥ뤬¿ݤǤ롥
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
eponym ȤϿ̾˴Ť¤줿ΤȤǤ롥ѸζˤĤƤϡ#2842. ͭ̾줫ޤ줿 ([2017-02-06-1])#2849. macadamia nut ([2017-02-13-1])#3460. ֥ Earl Grey ([2018-10-17-1])#3461. ٴ bobby ([2018-10-18-1]) ǵƤޤeponym ϡ#5079. ɸ (trademark) θŪʰ ([2023-03-24-1]) ȤطοǤ롥McArthur αѸѸ켭ŵˤС̤ꡥ
EPONYM [19c: from Greek epṓonumos named on]. (1) A personal name from which a word has been derived: John B. Stetson, the 19c US hatter after whom the stetson hat was named. (2) The person whose name is so used: The Roman emperor Constantine, who gave his name to Constantinople. (3) The word so derived: stetson, Constantinople. The process of eponymy results in many forms: (1) Such simple eponyms as atlas, which became popular after the 16c Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator put the figure of the titan Atlas on the cover of a book of maps. (2) Compounds and attributive constructions such as loganberry after the 19c US lawyer James H. Logan, and Turing machine after the 20c British mathematician Alan Turing. (3) Possessives such as Parkinson's Law after the 20c British economist C. Northcote Parkinson, and the Islets of Langerhans after the 19c German pathologist Paul Langerhans. (4) Derivatives such as Bowdlerize and gardenia, after the 18c English expurgator of Shakespeare, Thomas Bowdler, and the 19c Scottish-American physician Alexander Garden. (5) Clippings, such as dunce from the middle name and the first element of the last name of the learned 13c Scottish friar and theologian John Duns Scotus, whose rivals called him a fool. (6) Blends such as gerrymander, after the US politician Elbridge Gerry (b. 1744), whose redrawn map of the voting districts of Massachusetts in 1812 was said to look like a salamander, and was then declared a gerrymander. The word became a verb soon after. Works on eponymy include: Rosie Boycott's Batty, Bloomers and Boycott: A Little Etymology of Eponymous Words (Hutchinson, 1982) and Cyril L. Beeching's A Dictionary of Eponyms (Oxford University Press, 1988).
eponym ϸ츻ŪˡʰǤ˿̾˴ŤƤ졤etymon ̾Ǥ褦ʸȤơޤǸ츻ŪʴƤ뤳ȤդĤޤˤ̤θФꡤ̣ѲФꤷޤޤ졤ȤʤäƤϷ֤̣ˤƥꥸʥο̾͡ˤǤʤۤɱΥƤޤäƤ륱⤢ȤȤ츻ŪŤƤȤüСeponym Ϥ¾ΰ̤θȤۤѤʤƤȤΤǤϤʤ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
īīʹŷž (metathesis) ȤƤܸ줫㤬ĤƤΤǵƤߤ褦
ʻ֡ˢ
饿饷
餬ʤ餷ʤ
ĥťߡݡˢťĥ
ζǷͧͤΡ֥եȥס֥ޥפȤžȯˤĤȤäˤƤ
Ѹⲻžˤϻ礫ʤ#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1]) #2809. Ѹβžľ٤礦2˸¤ ([2017-01-04-1]) ޤ metathesis ¿εǻҲ𤷤ƤΤȤ /r/ 첻ž㤬Ū¿ΤħŪǤ롥
Ϥޤ /r/ 첻δؤ벻žȤƼ夲Ƥʤäɤ⡤٤ι⤤פʸȤ bright 뤤ˤҲ𤷤褦캬 *bherəg- "to shine; bright, white" ̤ꡤޥĸǤ *berχtaz ηƷƤ롥űѸǤ beorht ηǡޤǤϰӤơ첻 + /r/פνǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ǥ˸űѸǤⲻžФ breoht ʤɤηʸڤ졤Ѹʹߤϡ/r/ + 첻̲Ƥ
žФƤʤꥸʥΡ첻 + /r/פϡĤο̾˲Ū˻ĤäƤ롥Albert (nobly bright), Bertha (the bright one), Bertrand (bright raven), Herbert (army-bright) ʤɡ
̾˴ؤ츦 toponymy ̾ءˤγƵǼ夲Ƥ̾Ͽ̾ȹ碌Ƹͭ̾ʤϸŪˤðۤʿcf. #4249. ͭ̾ʳءˤȤħ ([2020-12-14-1])#4538. ͭ̾ϰ̡ ([2021-09-29-1])ˡ
Ѹ̾Ϥȼθΰ뤬θΰյϻפΤۤͽ̤ۤѸˤˤ礭ʥѥȤͿ롥ѸˤΰˤȤɤޤ櫓ǤʤEkwall (xxix-xxxiv) ꡤ̾ΰյ6Ŧ褦
1. Place-names embody important material for the history of England. 㤨СɤΥǥʥϤ̾ϡǥʥϿ̱Ϥ˴ؤפʾͿƤ롥
2. Place names have something to tell us about Anglo-Saxon religion and belief before the conversion to Christianity. 㤨СWedenesbury Ȥ̾ Wōden ĤˤĤƤʤˤʪäƤ롥
3. Some place-names indicate familiarity with old heroic sagas in various parts of England. 㤨Сإ٥ա٤ˤʤ Grendels mere ȡ
4. Place-names give important information on antiquities. 㤨СStratford Ȥ̾ϥޥ֥ƥƻ stræt ɽ魯
5. Place-names give information on early institutions, social conditions, and the like. 㤨СKingston Ȥ̾ϡϤǤäȤ롥
6. Place-names are of great value for linguistic study.
(a) They frequently contain personal names, and are therefore a source of first-rate importance for our knowledge of the Anglo-Saxon personal nomenclature. 㤨СGodalming Ȥ̾ظˤ Godhelm Ȥ̾ꤵ롥
(b) Place-names contain many old words not otherwise recorded. They show that Old Englsih preserved several words found in other Germanic languages, but not found in Old English literature. 㤨СDoiley Ȥ̾ϡűѸǤϰŪʸڤƤʤ diger "thick" ¸ߤ롥
(c) Place-names often afford far earlier references for words than those found in literature. 㤨Сdimple Ȥ OED ˤ1400ǯ˽ФȤ뤬֤ϡפ̣̾ǤȤƤ1205ǯ˸롥
(d) the value of place-names for the history of English sounds. 㤨СStratford Stretford 첻ΰ㤤ˤꡤϤϤ̤롥
Ѹ̾ΩΰƤꡤʤʤߤˤȤ뤬ʾΤ褦˱ѸˤˤȤäƤפʬǤ뤳Ȥʬ
Ekwall, Bror Oscar Eilert. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1960. 1st ed. 1936.
#4539. ̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1]) ǸűѸο̾ηߤΤǡ³Ѹο̾ΥȥɤƤߤ (Coates 320--21) Ǥ˰ʲεʤɤǽҤ٤ƤȤŪˤϥΥޥˡűѸο̾¿Ѥ줺˾ä˥ե줫֤ο̾ή͵ȤäƤ褤
#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1])
#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1])
#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1])
#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1])
#3902. 㥢̾ Edward, Edgar, Edmond, Edwin ([2020-01-02-1])
ե줫֤ο̾Ȥ̩ˤХեͳäƤ̾ȤȤǤꡤõХեǤϤʤ̤θ˵̾ۤȤɤǤ롥ޤ2ʬ롥
1ĤϡȤȤϱѸ켫Ȥ°Ƥޥͳ褹̾ǡ줬եͳƺƤӱѸäƤȤǤ⤤٤̾Ǥ롥William, Robert, Richard, Gilbert, Alice, Eleanor, Rose/Rohais, Maud ʤɤ롥եݤ꤬뤬¤ϤȤϥޥϤο̾Ǥ롥
⤦1Ĥ˸ʪ䡤͵Τͤˤʤ̾ǡAdam, Matthew, Bartholomew, James, Thomas, Andrew, Stephen, Nicholas, Peter/Piers, John; Joan, Anne, Margaret/Margery ʤɤ롥12Ⱦ Mary 14 Christopher ʤɤäƤƤ롥
¾ͭ̾оʪ̾Ȥ Arthur, Guenevere, Launcelot 䡤֥ȥ줫 Alan ʤɤ⤢äۤΩʤ
Ǥˤäƿ͵Τ̾դȤΤϰۤʤΤѸƱǡϤꤹ꤬ä褦Ǥ롥
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
űѸΥ̾ιϡޥ췲ΰ仺ѤΤǤ롥űѸ̾ñ줬̾ǤȤƤѤ뤬1Ǥʤ (monothematic) ȡ2Ǥʤ (dithematic) 롥Ԥ Hengest (stallion), Frōd (wise), Hild (battle), Bēage (ring) ʤɤɽ뤬Ū¿ΤϸԤǤ롥2ǤȤ߹碌뤳Ȥˤۤʤ̻̾Ǥ뤫
Ǥμ˴ؤ¤ꡤ1 (prototheme) Τۤ2 (deuterotheme) ¿̾줫ƻ줬ǤȤʤ뤬ˤϰ̣Ūʷǧ롥פʥפ褦 (Coates (319--20))
°Ĥɽ魯: Swæf- (Swabian), þēod- (nation)
ŪƻŪʡϡפ˴ؤ: Beald-/-beald (brave), Weald-/-weald (power), Beorht-/-beorht (bright), Æðel- (noble), Cūð- (famous), -mǣr (famous)
Τ˴ؤ: Hild-/-hild (battle), Wīg-/-wīg (battle), -brord (spear), -gār (pear), Beorn- (warrior), Wulf-/-wulf (wolf; warrior), Here-/-here (army), Sige-/-sige (victory), Ēad- (prosperity, treasure); Rǣd-/-rǣd (counsel), Burg-/-burg (pledge), Mund-/-mund (hand; protection), -helm (protection; helmet)
ʿ¤˴ؤ: Friðu-/-frið (peace), Lēof- (dear), Wine-/-wine (friend)
ŪʤΡꥹȶ: Ōs- (deity), Ælf- (elf), Rūn-/-rūn (secret, mystery)
¾: -stān (stone), Eorp- (red), Ēast- (east)
ǤϥʸΥɤȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
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