[2010-08-11-1]ε#471. toilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords Ǥߤפǡ饤ѤǤͥåȥβĻ벽ġ2Ҳ𤷤ƱݤΥġȤ WordNet Υǡ١˴Ť Graph Words ɲäʲˡϢġΥƤ
Graph Words: եϤץ롥
Visuwords: եϤŤäƤ롥
Visual Thesaurus: ͭȥ饤뤢ꡥϤŤäƤ롥
碌ơǤ̾켭ŵ⥪饤˭٤˥Ǥ뤬ĤƤ
Merriam-Webster Thesaurus: Ȥ˭٤췲롥
The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia: ĤƤꡤñؽˤ褤
Thesaurus.com: ꥹȤ롥
HyperDictionary.com: Ʊ
ꥹȤؤ륹ɥμեȥȤƤϡʲΤΤѤ뤳Ȥ롥
WordWebѸ켭եȥȤƿ͵롥
TheSage's English Dictionary and Thesaurusե줤
˱Ѹ켭ŵϡʲġ
HTOED (Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary)
TOE (A Thesaurus of Old English)
ͥåȥβĻ벽ġäƤ뤦ˡñ˥ɤ˴ϢäΥͥåȥΤȤƤǤʤɤθιΤȤѤ뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥȯ㤨СGraph Words ¿ "star" ΥͥåȥƤߤȡ褽̤Ȥ˻ޤΥ롼פǤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ƹñִˤ뼨ȤǤϤ뤬ӤäݤפƤȤʰʲϲåˡ

"star" Τ褦¿ˤĤƤϡĻ벽ġϸιƤ롤ΥġȤƤͭʤΤǤϤʤ
ֻǤϤʤȯǰŻҡ˼ϤĤ뤬ȯĸˤʤɤŪˤϡҤȤĻȤ꤬äˡܳŪʥꥹȤȤϡڤñʤɤŪŪˤϡäȴؤ˻Ȥ븡ġ뤬ߤǡGrady Ward's Moby ɤǤ Moby Pronunciator ΰ̥ե˴ޤޤƤ롤̵̵¤Ѳǽȯǡ١ The Carnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary ߤˤȯġΥǡ١110935ĤΥȥʤ륢ꥫѸȯǤ3MBʾ夢ǡեˡ
| Phoneme | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| AA | odd | AA D |
| AE | at | AE T |
| AH | hut | HH AH T |
| AO | ought | AO T |
| AW | cow | K AW |
| AY | hide | HH AY D |
| B | be | B IY |
| CH | cheese | CH IY Z |
| D | dee | D IY |
| DH | thee | DH IY |
| EH | Ed | EH D |
| ER | hurt | HH ER T |
| EY | ate | EY T |
| F | fee | F IY |
| G | green | G R IY N |
| HH | he | HH IY |
| IH | it | IH T |
| IY | eat | IY T |
| JH | gee | JH IY |
| K | key | K IY |
| L | lee | L IY |
| M | me | M IY |
| N | knee | N IY |
| NG | ping | P IY NG |
| OW | oat | OW T |
| OY | toy | T OY |
| P | pee | P IY |
| R | read | R IY D |
| S | sea | S IY |
| SH | she | SH IY |
| T | tea | T IY |
| TH | theta | TH EY T AH |
| UH | hood | HH UH D |
| UW | two | T UW |
| V | vee | V IY |
| W | we | W IY |
| Y | yield | Y IY L D |
| Z | zee | Z IY |
| ZH | seizure | S IY ZH ER |
MED (Middle English Dictionary) 2001ǯ˥饤Ƥ顤ѸθĶϤȤƤĤʤˤʤäФȰ֤θ˴ؤƤϡ̾ΥեΤۤɽбեѰդƤꡤͳ٤⤤
θ̤νϤ⡤ФȤΥȥؤΥĥƤǡ֤μˤؤǤ롥ǧˤϡȥʸФʤФʤʤǡPerl5ɽбϷ̤ǸФȤȤ˰֤ǧǤ븡ġֻܤMEDˤɤ
оݤϡγƥȥ "headword and forms" ʬǤ롥ɽǤϡ첻դ줿ĹûΤ̵뤵롥<æ, Æ> <A>, <þ, Þ, ð, ð> <T>, <ȝ, Ȝ> <3>, <œ> <O> ȤƸʸ˻Ǥ롥Ȥơ̤θФ측ˤ "^taken\b" -li ˤ "li\b \(adv\.\)" ΰϽˡ
The DICT Development Group ˤ DICT.ORG ϡ־͡ʸåǡ١伭Ѥ뤿Ūʻͤ륵ӥǤ롥ϿƤåǡ١Ѥ륤ե
Ȥϸåǡ١ȸƤŬڤʤΤϡȯʤɤͿƤȤϡʼȤֻξˤΰΤդŪǹԤʤøΤˡñꥹȤΤΩġ
DICT.ORG ѤǤ뼭ϥ饤ǸƤ̵ΤΤ¿åǡ١ȤƤλѤȤСǽŪˤϽʬǤ롥ˡ"strategy" ȸƤФ롨ʲȡˤϡŻҼʤɤǤߤΡֻδסססʬפΤۤɽⴰ˥ݡȤƤꡤֻθФ Levenshtein distance Soundex algorithm Ƥ롥
Strategy Description
--------- -----------
first : Match the first word within headwords
exact : Match headwords exactly
re : POSIX 1003.2 (modern) regular expressions
last : Match the last word within headwords
nprefix : Match prefixes (skip, count)
soundex : Match using SOUNDEX algorithm
lev : Match headwords within Levenshtein distance one
word : Match separate words within headwords
suffix : Match suffixes
regexp : Old (basic) regular expressions
substring : Match substring occurring anywhere in a headword
prefix : Match prefixes
COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) Ĥ Mark Davies ǯˡCOCA١Ǹ˴ؤǤ륵ӥ WORD AND PHRASE . INFO lemma ٤Ǿ60,000˸¤ˤϤȡ뤴Ȥ٤䤽Υ饤ϤȤꡤWordNet ˴Ť췲ޤǤ̾˸롥ۤȤɤιܤåǽǡʤ뵡ǽؤȥǤ롥եľŪǻȤ䤹
츦 collocation ˤΩĻͤˤʤäΤǤϤʤ㤨Сsemantic_prosody ä[2011-03-12-1]ε#684. semantic prosody ʸˡƥפǡո utterly, absolutely, perfectly, totally, completely, entirely, thoroughly ˤĤƤθҲ𤷤WORD AND PHRASE . INFO utterly ϤС췲ɥ˰롥ȤϡƸåƤ椯ǡ٤ collocation ξܺ٤롥Τ褦ĤΤ˸̤ȯ

[2011-11-18-1], [2011-11-19-1]˰³ˤĤơεˤ͡¦̤ȤȤƤŪ¬ʤˤϡɤ¬Ф褤Τ㤨Сƻ줫̾ -ness ˤ¬ꤹˤϤɤФ褤Τ
ñ˹ͤȡȤ -ness 夲Ȥˡ뤫⤷ʤǤΤ¬뤳ȤϤǤʤʤ
(1) Ȥ˷ǺܤƤ -ness οϤޤޤǤ롥[2011-11-05-1]ε#922. ʤ (5)פϤȤ γƵǿ줿褦ˡϤ줾ȼˤԻƤꡤɤ뤫ˤäƿ夲ۤʤǽ롥
(2) ϡܼޤ¸θο˰¸ȤϡषܼźäˤäŪʸο˰¸ȹͤ롥ŪʸϼˤϺܤäƤʤΤǡȤƤ̵̣Ǥ롥
(3) ι⤤ϡ̣ˤƩι⤤ʡͽ¬ǽι⤤˸Ǥ ([2011-11-18-1]) ͽ¬ǽ⤤ȤȤϡθ줬˷Ǻܤɬפºݤ˷Ǻܤ뤳ȤʤȤȤǤ롥㤤ϡ̣ˤƩ㤤ʡͽ¬ǽ㤤˸ǤꡤθϤҤȤ⼭˷Ǻܤ٤ǤȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤʲε⤬Ω롥"[L]ess productive processes would be represented by more entries in the dictionary than more productive processes!" (Lieber 66) .
㤨СΤɤμ bovine ʥΡˤб̾ bovineness ǺܤƤʤȤä -ness ʬ㤤ȤСषդǤ롥ˤǺܤɬפʤۤɤˡ-ness ˤ̾Ūˤ̣ŪˤƩȤȤǤꡤ⤤ȤȤ
Τ¬뤳ȤΤϡ줬ֲμӡפǤϤʤ־ϡפλɸǤ롥
Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.
ɸˤĤơ##910,911,912,921 ε³ԡؤθԤ㳰ʤʹ֤ŪǤϤʤȤȤ褯ΤäƤ롥ʬȤϲȤˤ䤤ФΤʤˤ⤫餺Ի˴ؤǽ餢뤫
Τμ (dictionary) ϡȸ¤ŶλʪǤꡤǾθϿ (lexicon) ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤԤϡޤǸŪʽȿǤصŪʸåꥹȤǤ롥ȤΤϡԻԤϡԽ˺ݤưʲξ뤫Ǥ롥Lieber (27) ꡤԻԤθʤФʤʤѤ褦
the size of the dictionary, which determines the number of words it can hold;
the intended audience of the dictionary (adults, children, language learners, etc.);
whether a word has a sufficiently broad base of usage;
whether it's likely to last;
whether it's too specialized or technical for the intended audience;
for a word borrowed from another language, whether it's assimilated enough to be considered part of English.
ǯ online dictionary ζδˤꡤԹȤμεϹĤĤ롥online ȤϤɤ⡤ȤƤɼԤоݤȤʾ塤¾ξʤ
Τμ¿쾯ʤʣθѼԤåȤˤ뤬mental lexicon ϸѼͤĤ¸ߤΤǤ롥ξԤĴ¤ȤȼΤ̵ʸʤΤ⤷ʤdictionary (mental) lexicon ȤѸδ֤˲ͤΰ㤤ǧ뤳ȤפǤ롥
Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.
[2011-10-26-1]ε#912. ʤ (3)פ (2) ǿ줿ˤϰ̣ԾܤǤˤ⤫餺ФȤƷǤƤΤꤦ롥ΰ̣ԾܤǤȤȤϼԻԤξǤȤǽӽǤʤˤ衤θ줬ŪΤƤʤǤȤȤ϶餯ְ㤤ʤ
OED ǤϡΤ褦ʸ줬ʤȤ77ĤϿƤ롥ʲϡOED "meaning obscure" 뤤 "obscure meaning" ȤɤˤФ줿Ǥ롥Lieber (26) ǤϡOED ǤƱθˤ87줬Ф줿ȤƤ뤬ˤϸ1ĤΤߤ̣ȤΤޤޤƤ롥Ȥӽ̤77
†cremitoried (ppl. a.), †emporture (v.), †gestyll (v.), †leary (a.), †leg-saw, †minority waiter, notchet, †rag (v.4), †reordi (a.), †reprobitant (a.), †resaille, †residence (v.), †rok, †romb (v.), †rompering, †rownfol(d, †rubell, †rum (n.3), †ruvell, †ryne2, scuncheon anglers, -crest, †sheer-point, short-coat vicarage, †shreake, shuffle-breeches, †sidder (v.), †sithy-coat, †skyvald, †slampamb, †slope (v.3), †smazky (a.), †spanner2, †sparth2, †spen (n.), †spencer (v.), †spene (n.), †sperring (vbl. n.), †sperware, †splet (n.), †splete, †spleyer, †spyccard, †squaleote (v.), †squalm, †squirgliting (a.), †start-rope, †strothe (a.), †threte (n.), †thwerl (v.), †traythly (adv.), †trice (n.3), umbershoot, †unbrede (v.), †uncape (v.), †underdrawn (ppl. a.), †uniable (a.), †unthwyuond (pres. pple.), †untwitten (ppl. a.), †val-dunk, †ver (n.2), †verge-salt, †verling-line, †versing box, †very(e), †vezon, †viridary (a.), †vitremyte, †vounde (a.), †vowgard, †vrycloth, †wandclot, †way-flax, Welsh brief, †werder, †wesel, †wranchevel, †wrast (? n.)
71줬ѸȤΤ¤ϤΤ褦ʸ줬˥ȥƤȤ¤뤳ȤǤ롥dictionary θФ mental lexicon ϿɬפʤȤȤϡ㤫餫ȤϲȤ䤤ؤԽԤǤ櫓ˤϤʤȤȤ
Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.
[2011-10-24-1], [2011-10-25-1]˰³ָ뵭3ơǤñˡϰϤꤹǤľŪˡϡȤ뤳ȤȻפ뤫⤷ʤθФϤ٤ơָפΤϤǤꡤ緿ȤθϿ (lexicon) 뤳ȤǤ롤ȡϰϤꤹݤˡäƤϤʤʤĤͳ롥Lieber (13--15) ˵äơ褦
(1) ϡԽԤˤäƤˤ˴ŤԤޤƤ롥ԽԤꤹˤäƤϼϿäϰϤ˺ǽꡤºݤˡФͤϼ֤ǰۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ̤Ǥ롥ѸѸǺܤ뤫ɤ¯ŸϤɤϤɤټҲ˿ƩƤмϿĤȤߤʤ뤫ܼϸ˴ޤޤ뤫ʣϤɤޤǼ뤫ηˤơƼԽԤȼˤäƤ롥αѸ켭 OED ǤäƤ⡤ѤʤޤȼԤˤƤɤμ֤ȤŪǤ롥˸Ѥͤ뤳ȤϡʳΤܤ餻ˤβˤʤäƤʤ
(2) ˤϡ٤ʸڤʤ졤nonce word, hapax legomenonˤϿƤ礬롥㤨СOED Ǥ umbershoot Ȥ줬ФȤƵƤꡤJames Joyce Ulysses ͣ㤬Ƥ뤬 "a word of obscure meaning" Ȥ롥̤ơºŪʰ̣ˤƸȤߤʤƤ褤Τʸ Joyce Τ̤üԤȯϤɤʤΤ
(3) 㤤ָ̱츻ʤɤˤꡤְ㤨ƼǦӹǤޤäͩ (ghost word) ʤ줬롥OED ˤϡambassady ʤ hapax legomenon ϿƤ뤬 ambassade ñְ֤㤤뤤ϸǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥տȡºߤʤ⤷ʤȤƤߤʤ꤬롥üǰտŪͩȤơ"mountweazel" ȸƤФΤ롥ϡԻԤ¾μԻԤˤ뼭ˤ뤿ˡտŪ̩ͩǤꡤºߤθǤϤʤΤ褦 mountweazel ¸ߤϡŪʸϿȤѤ뤳ȤδʪäƤ롥
䤽¾θҤϡ"Is xyz a word?" Ȥ䤤ɬͿƤȤϸ¤ʤȤʬ
Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.
2֤ε ([2011-10-11-1], [2011-10-12-1]) ǡƹαѸ켭 Web3 ħƤɾɽ碌СαѸ켭˾塤Ǥ descriptive ǡǤ permissive ʼäȤȤˤʤ
ȯҤ˴ؤƤϡεǵ̤Ѽܤɸʻ30Ķ⤢ˡͥȯɬפǤꡤǤ⤢Ȥݤ롥ºݤˡǶᡤΤΥȰ֤ʣμˤäĴ٤ȤȤԤʤäƤΤWeb3 variation ˭٤ϷȴƤWeb3 ŪȯΤȤŪ˸ƤʤȤڤ˴
Ū˽Ҥ٤ȡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤äƤΡ̾ưײˤĤ (see diatone) 1δ֤ζѲˤäɤȤξѼäꥫѸ줫ϰʲ4ĤμǶεҤӤ
Web1913 = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Ed. Noah Porter. Online version published on 9 January 1997 at http://machaut.uchicago.edu/websters . Merriam, 1913.
PDAE = Kenyon, John Samuel and Thomas Albert Knott, eds. A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam, 1951.
Web3 = Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961. (In this survey I used the CD-ROM version [2000] based on the 1961 unabridged edition.)
AHD4 = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. \ Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
ʲϡ̾ư岽η14ˤĤơȤ˶εҤޤȤΤǤ롥"o" "oxytone"ʸβ˶ˡ"p" "paroxytone" β˶ˤWeb3 Ǥϡ"p, o" "o, p" ¿ɤ˶ƤĤȸФǤ롥ĴλȤƤϡȤ櫓ŪȯŻ뤹Ȥˤä櫓ǤϤʤΤľʤȤޤ permissive ʵҤȲ˺٤ȡäǤ롥ɡʸ (forthcoming) ǤϼεϼȵҼˤĤưҤ٤ˤϤʤä
| WORD | POS | Web1913 | PDAE | Web3 | AHD4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| decline | noun | o | o | o, p | o |
| decline | verb | o | o | o | o |
| dismount | noun | -- | o | o | p |
| dismount | verb | o | o | o | o |
| dispute | noun | o | o | o, p | o |
| dispute | verb | o | o | o | o |
| employ | noun | o | o | o, p | o |
| employ | verb | o | o | o | o |
| entail | noun | o | o | o, p | o |
| entail | verb | o | o | o | o |
| rebuff | noun | o | o | o, p | o |
| rebuff | verb | o | o | o | o |
| replay | noun | -- | o | p, o | p |
| replay | verb | -- | o | o | o |
| report | noun | o | o | o, p | o |
| report | verb | o | o | o | o |
| retort | noun | o | o | o | o, p |
| retort | verb | o | o | o | o |
| retouch | noun | o | o | p, o | o, p |
| retouch | verb | o | o | o | o |
| revise | noun | o | o | o | p, o |
| revise | verb | o | o | o | o |
| romance | noun | o | o, p | o, p | o, p |
| romance | verb | o | o | o, p | o |
| surmise | noun | o | o, p | o, p | o |
| surmise | verb | o | o | o | o |
| traject | noun | o | p | p | -- |
| traject | verb | o | o | o | o |
ε#897. Web3 νǤ50ǯ ([2011-10-11-1]) ǡꥫαѸ켭κǹǤ Web3 ɾȽˤĤƸڤꥹˤαѸ켭 OED2 ӤȤɤΤ褦ħħΰƱˤƤȻפäΤǡ߷ (44--45) ˷ǺܤƤоɽʲ˷Ǻܤ롥Τ褦˰ȡ㤤褯Ƥ롥
| OED2 | Web3 | |
|---|---|---|
| ǯʴ | 1928112+1ˡNew Suppl. 1986, 4ˡ1989220 | 19091, 19342, 19613 |
| ǿ | 22,000 | 2,662ǡ2002ǯǤǤ2,806ǡ |
| Ƿ | 3022.5cm | 32.524.0cm |
| Ͽ | 464ʤ縫Ф35 | 462002ǯǤǤ476ˡWeb2: 55?66 |
| 240 | 20 | |
| Խ | Ū (prescriptive) λŪؤαƶϡǯθǯȤ | ŪҴŪҼι¤ؤαƶϡʰǯθǯ |
| Ф | 1150ǯʸθ줹٤ƼϿȾΤ | 1755ǯʸθϿʤŸ졦Ѹ2ޤ)Web2: 1500ǯʹߡ Chaucer ޤˡʳصѸŻISV٥ˡưΩ |
| ƻʸɡʶϡ˼ | 800̾400?500̾1001928ǯǡˡ100̾1986ǯǡ | ʤ |
| ѡ | ʸغʽŻ(240)Shakes. 33,303Bible 5,725Milton 12,485 | ̣餫ˤΤΩʸ |
| ˡ٥ (register) | ܺٻؼ | Ť˾öŪcolloq, informal, illit., erron. ʤɤѤˡޤԱѡաԹաԥʥդʤɤФƤȤˡơդѤʤ |
| 츻 | ԽϤ뤬ܺ٤ʾͿ | ʷ鵭 |
| ȯ | ɸѲʹݲɸʸˤɽ | Ѽܤɸʻ30Ķ⤢ˡͥȯɬ |
| Ѳ | ΰ֤Ѥθ | ɸʻ |
| ܺ٤ʰ̣ʬset (v.) 20ǡ154ʬ | ɴʻŵŪä (cf. hotel) set (v.) 1̤ | |
| | ʤ | 3Web2 Ǥ12ˡޤ |
| ̾̾ | ʤ | gazetteer 36顨biographical 13 |
Web3 ȤΤ롤ɤⰭŪʥꥫθؤμϡǯǽ50ǯޤ50ǯζڤˡ20αѸ켭ŪʼˤĤơʥӥ塼 New York Times ˴Ƥ줿Geoffrey Numberg ˤ뤽εϡ When a Dictionary Could Outrage ǥ饤ˤƱɤǤ롥
Web3 ᤰϡϼŪ (prescriptive) ʼȤɾι⤫äǤ١ҼŪ (descriptive) ʼؤѤꤷžäƤθʸäŪ˥ꥫǤϼ˵ϤĬäWeb3 Խ Gove ϡεŪ¤ؤĬή˾뤳ȤΤˡWeb3 εҤˤϹ¤ؤηΤʤ̩ʼˡȿǤƤꡤؼԤɾϸߤ˻ޤǹ⤤ꥫˤˤƽƤΡ֤ȤФμפȤɾʹ롥ꥫѸħ븢ҤȵϤΤ뼭οǤ˾Ǥΰ̤ξԤˤȤäƤϡGove ο֤ڤ٤ȱǤäꥫѸüԤ¿Ƥϡдְ㤤ʤˡ롤ѽȤƤμäWeb3 ѤѤ⺮碌Τ褦ʡɸŪʸˡˤޤ˴Ƥʡޤ˵ŪʼȤƸ줿ΤǤ롥
ξΩΤǷ㤷깭줿ǤΩɾȽ⤫äȤβмȤˤʤäǤǯ1962ǯˤ62Ԥɾȯɽ줿Ȥ顤ȿ礭Τ롥ФмԺȤΥåƥŽ졤Web3 ˤȤäƤ϶λλϤޤȤʤäȵϤȤǺ߿硹ŪȼΤꥫˤ Webster ΰҿʪäƤ褦˻פ롥
Web3 ŪյˤĤơNumberg ϼ2ä礷Ƥ롥
It introduced the words "prescriptivist" and "descriptivist" into the cultural conversation, and fixed the battle lines for the ritualized squabble over standards that persists across media old and new.
[T]he furor over Webster's Third also marked the end of an era. It's a safe bet that no new dictionary will ever incite a similar uproar, whatever it contains. . . . [N]ow all is legitimated under the rubric of pop culture.
Web3 ˤäơҼꥫαѸ켭Τߤʤ餺ꥫŤˤΤϤ뤳ȤˤʤäѸ켭˸ꤷƤ⡤ϼव줿櫓ǤϤʤȤƼεŪҤ礭Ȥ¤ѤäƤʤҤȵ --- ˤưθʸ50ǯܲ Web4 ԻϤޤäƤȤǤ롥
饤ǡ2009ǯ Ain't That the Truth: Webster's Third: The Most Controversial Dictionary in the English Language ʤӥ塼⸫ĤΤǡȤ줿
Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961.
߷ ˧ͺԡˡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ43--45ǡ
εEDD Online ([2011-09-12-1]) EDD Online Ҳ𤷤ޤ English Dialect Dictionary ΤΤˤĤΤäƤʤлȤʤʤȤΤȤ˵Ťǡˤ狼Ĵ٤
Joseph Wright (1855--1930) ϡOxford ؤ Max Müller θǤȤӸؤٳؤǤ롥ɥĤ Heidelberg ؤˤƥꥷ첻θιѹäϥޥӸؤűѸ졤Ѹʸŵ¿ɮɥӸؤοѹӤ礭ɾƤ롥
Wright αѸؤˤιϡSkeat Furnivall Խ졤λꤸƴ EDD ǤȤäƴְ㤤ʤ65400Ǥˤ10θФ50ʸޤޤ졤OED 䴰Ѹ켭ȤߤʤȤǤ롥Wright Ȥ Preface (v) ǽҤ٤Ƥ "the largest and most comprehensive Dialect Dictionary ever published in any country" ϡߤǤѤ⤤EDD ϿƤΤϡդεҤˤ "COMPLETE VOCABULARY OF ALL DIALECT WORDS STILL IN USE, OR KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN IN USE DURING THE LAST TWO HUNDRED YEARS" Ǥ롥ȤƤ϶ѸäݤʤäƤ롥
Markus Wright's English Dialect Dictionary computerised: towards a new source of information ˤȡEDD β͡ƥǥ벽줿 EDD Online ΰյϡ3ĤʬعǤǽƤˤȤ3ʬȤϡhistorical dialectology, historical spoken English, historical linguistics (esp. lexicology) Ǥ롥ѸˤǤϼŪȤƤʬͳϸԤδؿηǡȤϡ椹뤿ƻΩƤѰդƤʤäȤƶƤȻפ롥ƻǽˤʤäȤäɬ⤽ʬ夬ȤȤǤϤʤʤȤ⤳ޤǰʾ®٤Ǥʬθ椬ʤƤ椯ȤˤϤʤ³ĿͤȤƤѤǤ륷ͤƤ椭
ʤߤˡEDD ʸˡפ English Dialect Grammar (1905) ȤƴԤƤꡤWright ʬǤ벻ȷ֤ѲƤꡤͤ⤤
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1905. Repr. 1968.
ۤ reference corner ˡŤᤫˤμΤƤʬǤϤޤȤȤϤʤʤȻפäƤǯʸ˴Ϣ eyes ʡܡפʣˤбѸνѸ丽ѸǤɤΤ褦ȯãʬۤѲƤĴ٤ɬפꡤΤȤˤμΤƤä褦˻פʤ̤ Hotta (2005) ˤꡥ[2009-12-02-1]εeyes ɽ172ֻ̤פ⻲ȡˡJoseph Wright ˤ6Τμ The English Dialect Dictionary (EDD) Ǥ롥
ʹߤ⤿ޤ˳Ϥääزǡμ饤줿Τäפ֤ EDD ˿ɤȻפ®Ƥߤ뤳ȤˤInnsbruck ؤ Prof. Manfred Markus ǤԤ̳ SPEED (Spoken English in Early Dialects) ץȤ̤ EDD Online beta-version Ǥ롥ǤϴǤǤϤʤȤĤĤ⡤Ǥ˸εǽ˭٤˼Ƥ˭٤ƳѻڤʤۤɡˡؽѸѤ˻ѵĤ̵ǥǤ롥ѥޥ˥奢⻲ȡ
®ѵĤƥƤߤĴ٤बʤˤȤäƤϡڤ˿ǭ˾ȽᤷʡФ측 eye Ƥߤꤷơʢǰʡˡʤ"structured view" ɽȡǤꤺäȸ䤹ΤǤǤͭѡˡMarkus زǤƤ̤ꡤ͡ʸǽΤ褦Ǥ롥Ф측ʸϤΤȡdialect area ǤϸˤäƤ county ٥ϰǤ롥usage label Ǥ٥٥롤̣٥denotation, simile, synonym ʤɡˡѥ٥derogatory, slang ʤɡˤξ꤬ǽǤ롥etymology εǽäƤ롥Ȥ߹碌Сϰθ줫μѸäδطʤɤƤ뤫⤷ʤˡͤäƤϡޤ EDD ɤΤ褦ʼEDD Online ɤΤ褦ʵǽƤΤؤФʤС
EDD ΤΤˤĤƤϡVARIENG (Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English) ˷ǺܤƤ롤Markus ˤ Wright's English Dialect Dictionary computerised: towards a new source of information 褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥
ʸ嵭2022/10/21(Fri)EDD SPEED ؤΥڤƤΤȯEDD Ͽɤ
Hotta, Ryuichi. "A Historical Study on 'eyes' in English from a Panchronic Point of View." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 20 (2005): 75--100.
Wright, Joseph, ed. The English Dialect Dictionary. 6 vols. Henry Frowde, 1898--1905.
ѸˤϿ¿켭ŵ (thesaurus) ꡤ[2010-08-11-1]εtoilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords ǤߤפǼ褦˥饤Ǽλвġ⾯ʤ餺¸ߤ롥Ū켭ŵȤƤ⡤ǯ HTOED (Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary) TOE (A Thesaurus of Old English) Ƥꡤ趷褷Ƥ롥
Ūˤ̻ŪˤѸäθĶäƤƤ뤬ȤƤαѸγؽĶȤ켭ŵϤޤǤޤΩäƤʤäؽδβˤĤƤϡOALD LDOCE ʤɤϷؽѱѱѼϤƤƤꡤȯѤαѸؽˤΩĤ⤷⤬ƤȲòؽ켭ŵȤΤϤޤǤƤʤäͣ졤American Heritage Thesaurus for Learners of English (2002) ä餤2008ǯˤʤäɸ Oxford Learner's Thesaurus (OLT) Ǥ줿μϻμ긵ˤ⤢äޤä˶ؿϤʤռŪ˳ȤϤۤȤɤʤäǶ Komuro and Ichikawa ˤ OLT μʬϤɤǡؽ켭ŵ˶̣襤ƤħΤäƤȤפʤΤǡʲ OLT ˤĤΤäƤƤ褤Komuro and Ichikawa Ȥʤ餤ĤƤ
OLT ϡOxford Thesaurus of English (2000, 2004) ʪǤϤʤष OALD7 (2005) Ȥδط (12) ºݤˡOALD7 ⤬¿ OLT ȿǤƤ롥ʤĤޤꡤǽ餫ؽԸ˥塼˥ƤꡤʿפǤ椤Ȥ˼꤬ϤҤԤ졤ºݤˤΤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
OLT ˸¤ʤؽ켭ŵμ礿뵡ǽϡ"(1) make users aware of different connotations or shades of meaning synonyms have and to (2) enable users to choose and use the most appropriate word, which may not be part of their (active) vocabulary, in order to express their idea" (14)
ФϳؽԸФ줿1973ĤǡñǤʤʣ礬ФȤʤäƤ⤢ (16)
1ĤθФͿƤοϡͤȤ5--6 (26) ¿ʤؽԤˤȤäŬڡ
ƤʸϤŬڤǡCD-ROMǤǤϳФʿ3.7ĤۤɤʸƤ (29)
֤ζ̤ˤȤ櫓פ register Υ졼٥⤬̤Ȥ˽¤Ƥ (35--45) ä˲ɤʪȤƤ⤷Ƥ (45, 49)
̣ζ٤ˤäƶ̤췲ˤĤơŪ "synonym scales" ʤˡƳƤꡤؽ塤˸ŪǤ (49--52)
ΤȤ Komuro and Ichikawa "a groundbreaking learner's thesaurus (55) ȹ⤤ɾͿƤꡤä˺Ǹ "synonym scales" ɾˤĤƤϡºݤ˸ƤߤƱ㤨Сafraid synonym scale ϰʲ̤ꡥΤ褦˰ȡƬ롥

ӥ塼ʸɤǤ줫ѶŪ OLT ѤƤߤȻפäޤѸؽΩǤ뤳Ȥϸ˵ڤФ̣θ˺ݤƤ⡤ܳŪ켭ŵ䤽¾μѤθŤơõˤȤȤݤä㤨Сsynonym scale ͿƤʲ126θФ줫Ŭ췲ӽФѥѤ semantic_prosody θȤΤ⤪⤷
admiration [n], afraid [a], anger [n], anger [v], angry [a], annoy [v], approval [n], bad [a], beautiful [a], cheap [a], childhood [n], close [a], cold [a], concern [n], convincing [a], crazy [a], crisis [n], defeat [v], delicious [a], delight [v], determine [v], dictate to sb [pv], disappoint [v], disapprove [v], disgusting [a], distress [n], embarrass [v], emotion [n], exciting [a], expose [v], fast [a], fat [a], fear [n], flush [v], frequent [a], friendship [n], frighten [v], frightening [a], frown [v], funny [a], gap [n], glad [a], happy [a], hate [v], hatred [n], high [av], hill [n], hot [a], hungry [a], hurt [v], hysterical [a], immediate [a], impress [v], inspire [v], interest [v], interested [a], interesting [a], ironic [a], like [v], likely [a], lonely [a], lose your temper [idiom], love [n], love [v], mad [a], magnificent [a], mean [a], mentally ill [a], minute [n], modern [a], negative [a], nice [a], odour [n], pain [n], painful [a], plain [a], please [v], pleasure [n], poor [a], possibility [n], praise [v], press [v], pressure [n], probably [adv], quite [adv], radical [a], rain [v], rape [v], recession [n], recommend [v], remarkable [a], respect [v], revenge [n], ridiculous [a], rough [a], rude [a], ruin [v], run [v], ruthless [a], sad [a], serious [a], shock [n], shock [v], show [v], small [a], smile [v], soak [v], sorry [a], star [n], strict [a], suppress [v], sure [a], surprise [v], take advantage of sb/sth [v], taste [n], tear [v], temper [n], tight [a], tired [a], ugly [a], unhappy [a], upset [a], violent [a], well [a], wet [a], worry [v]
American Heritage Thesaurus for Learners of English. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2002.
Oxford Learner's Thesaurus: A Dictionary of Synonyms. Oxford: OUP, 2008.
Komuro, Yuri and Yasuo Ichikawa. "An Analysis of the Oxford Learner's Thesaurus: A Dictionary of Synonyms." Lexicon 41 (2011): 11--59.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. 7th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2005.
ε[2010-12-21-1]˰³Robert Cawdrey (1537/38--1604) A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ꡥλ˾ΰ̸ѱѼˤϡαѸ䤽줬ҲΤʤ֤Ƥ͡ʾҤޤޤƤ롥A Table Alphabeticall ˤޤĤ륨ȥȥȤǤ⤤٤¿ʲ˵
(1) [2010-12-04-1]εǰѤ褦ˡȥڡˤϡμ̱̽ΤפѸDz⤹뤳ȤݤȤƤ뤳ȤƤ롥β³1⡤ܼνǰտޤõǽפʤΤǡǤѤ褦
Whereby they may the more easilie and better vnderstand many hard English wordes, which they shall heare or read in Scriptures, Sermons, or elswhere, and also be made able to vse the same aptly themselues.
ǤϡCawdrey ԻԤǤ¼ԤǤäȡǤ Puritan ȤƶɤܤĤƺȽˤʤäƤȤطƤ롥ʤɤˤޤޤˤưİˤ褯뤫忴Ƥⶵ Cawdrey ΰָ̤롥ºݤˡطѸ¿ФȤƺѤƤ ( Simpson 15 )
(2) Siemens ʬˤȡʸΤˡФʻ줴Ȥ˰ι¤ǧ롥ϼˤǤפʻǤ롥Siemens ʸ Siemens: Lexicographical Method in Cawdrey DZǽ
(3) ǻȤƤֻˤϴˤ䤫ɸಽ뤬 ( see [2010-12-04-1] ) ˡ ( punctuation ) ˤϤ줬ʤ㤨СΤ˥ԥꥪɤξ⤢Сߥξ⤢ꡤʤ¿ ( Simpson 22 )
(4) 츻ϼ塥ƱμǤ츻Ʊ褦ϼǤꡤλȤƤ̵ʤФ̵ǤХƥѸǤ뤳ȤȤ졤ե䥮ꥷξˤϾά椬դ롥Τ褦¦줬Τߤǡʾθ츻ͿƤʤ
(5) Cawdrey ȡynckhorne termes ʸ "To the Reader" ǹ⤷Ƥֻžԡˡ
SVch as by their place and calling, (but especially Preachers) as haue occasion to speak publiquely before the ignorant people, are to bee admonished, that they neuer affect any strange ynckhorne termes, but labour to speake so as is commonly receiued, and so as the most ignorant may well vnderstand them: . . . .
(6) ʤ鸫Фϥե٥åȽ¤Ǥ뤬äȤɼԤˤȤäƤϤϼΤȤǤϤʤä褦ȤΤϡCawdrey Ͻʸ "To the Reader" ǼΰλؼΤ褦ˤƤ뤫Ǥ롥
If thou be desirous (general Reader) rightly and readily to vnderstand, and to profit by this Table, and such like, then thou must learne the Alphabet, to wit, the order of the Letters as they stand, perfecty without booke, and where euery Letter standeth: as (b) neere the beginning, (n) about the middest, and (t) toward the end. Nowe if the word, which thou art desirous to finde, begin with (a) then looke in the beginning of this Table, but if with (v) looke towards the end. Againe, if thy word beginne with (ca) looke in the beginning of the letter (c) but if with (cu) then looke toward the end of that letter. And so of all the rest. &c.
(7) ǤǤ2543줬Ф˺Ѥ줿³1609, 1613, 1617ǯǤǤϤ줾3009, 3086, 3264ؤ䤵줿2ǰʹߤ Cawdrey ȤؤäפʤȤ顤ľ˴ʤäΤǤϤʤȿ¬ƤˡJohn Bullokar An English Expositor: Teaching the Interpretation of the hardest words used in our language (1616) ƤϡA Table Alphabeticall ο͵ϰ쵤˿ꤨ褦Ǥ ( Simpson 29 )
(8) Ǥ˴ŤHTML줿Żǡܼβ⡤ʸ A Table Alphabeticall of Hard Usual English Words (R. Cawdrey, 1604) ǽǤ롥
Simpson, John. The First English Dictionary, 1604: Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall. Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2007.
Bately, Janet. "Cawdrey, Robert (b. 1537/8?, d. in or after 1604)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Online ed. Ed. Lawrence Goldman. Oxford: OUP. Accessed on 19 Dec. 2010.
[2010-11-24-1], [2010-12-04-1]εǡRobert Cawdrey (1537/38--1604) A Table Alphabeticall (1604) Ѹ˾塤ѱѼ1Ǥ뤳ȤҲ𤷤Simpson (18) ˤС"As far as is known, it [A Table Alphabeticall] is the first dictionary published in book form addressed to the general reader which defines 'usual' English words in English." ȤȤǤ롥ϡSimpson ΤΰѤȤơA Table Alphabeticall ǽαѱѼǤȤȤϲ̣ΤͤƤߤ
ޤ1ˡñФȤ monolingual ǤȤ ( "English words in English" ) פǤ롥ͤƤߤФʬ뤳ȤѼʩѼ˱Ѽʤɤ2켭 ( bilingual dictionary ) νǤΤۤ1켭 ( monolingual dictionary ) νǤᤤŪϡ̤ΤγñΤμñ뤳ȤǤ뤫ȤȤΩɤκۤʤƤʤȤ⡤ñꥹȤηܤϿʤɤˤĤƤΤ碌ȡǤ2켭ȤΤϽǤƤѱѼ Cawdrey ΤΤäΤǤ롥A Table Alphabeticall bilingual dictionary monolingual dictionary ŪʼǤäȤϳΤǤ롥ȤΤϡޤޤƤ븫ФϤ٤ƥƥ濴ȤѸǤꡤ狼䤹ñȤΤμΰտޤäǤ롥ʤߤˡΦ¾θǤϤǤƱ1켭ϤĤǤƤꡤޤǡֱѱѡפȤƺǽΤΤǤäȤŦƤ
2ˡ"'usual' English words" ꤢɼؤȤ "the general reader" ꤷ(1) 1켭ȤƤϺǽΤΤǤäҤ٤켭ǤԤ1켭¸ߤԤȸǤꡤ罰1켭¸ߤʤä16νޤǤ inkhorn terms ( see inkhorn_term ) ޤ̤줬ѤƤȤˤꡤ̸⤹뼭μפƤΥߥǽǤ줿Τ A Table Alphabeticall äΤǤ롥
2顤Cawdrey ˤȤäԤ뤪ܤϤĤ¸ߤƤȤʬ롥㤨С[2010-07-12-1]εǿ줿 Edmund Coote νǤ The English schoole-maister: teaching all his scholers, the order of distinct reading, and true writing our English tongue (1596) 䡤Thomas Thomas Dictionarium Linguae Latinae et Anglicanae (1587) ϡФ˴ؤˤ˻Ȥ줿פʤפˤ Cawdrey ϸФ17--18%ξԤ˵äƤ롨 see Siemens: Lexicographical Method in Cawdrey. ˡƤߤȡA Table Alphabeticall Cawdrey δʥꥸʥȤϤʤΤ⤷ʤ˾ΡֺǽΡפȤƤϡĬή˾ꡤ͡ĤǡΤȤƻĤͿιʤΤ⼭νǤϡCawdrey Rutland ʸߤ Leicestershire ΰˤ¼ԤȤơ͡ˤ狼䤹ⶵɬפƤȤȤ̵طǤϤʤήȿλ֤Ȥ߹äȤˡŪ˸줿ΤǤ롥
Simpson, John. The First English Dictionary, 1604: Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall. Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2007.
Ѹθ츻¿뤬ΩäΤνޤȤ츻ϰ̤αѸ켭ˤޤ뤳Ȥ¿ä OED Web3 ʤɤܳɼϤΤޤ츻ȤƻȤȤǤΤǡꥹȤ˴ޤѸäε˭٤Ǥ뤳ȤϱѸ츻Ϣθ츻ȤϢȤ٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ̣뤬Ǥϳ䰦ޤĸ˴Ϣ뼭ˤĤƤϡWatkins ΤΤ1ˤȤɤ饤ѤǤ츻䤽¾θ츻ˤĤƤ[2010-08-25-1]ε˵ȡ
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
Brown, Leslie, ed. The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993.
Burchfield, Robert William, ed. A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary. 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972--86.
Ekwall, Bror Oscar Eilert. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1960. 1st ed. 1936.
Gove, Philip Babcock (editor-in-chief). Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. Unabridged. A Merriam-Webster. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1976. 1st ed. 1961.
Hoad, Terence Frederick, ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986.
Holthausen, Ferdinand. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der englischen Sprache. 3rd ed. Göttingen: Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, 1949. 1st ed. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1917.
Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development, Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. 2 vols. Amsterdam/London/New York: Elsevier, 1966--67. Unabridged, one-volume ed. 1971.
Murray, James Augustus Henry, Henry Bradley, William Alexander Craigie, and Charles Talbut Onions, eds. The Oxford English Dictionary Being A Corrected Re-issue with an Introduction, Supplement, and Bibliography of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society. 13 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1933.
Onions, Charles Talbut, ed. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Prepared by William Little, Henry Watson Fowler and Jessie Coulson. Rev. ed. C. T. Onions. 3rd ed. Completely reset with Etymologies revised by George Washington, Salisbury Friedrichsen, and with Revised Addenda. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973. 1st ed. 1933.
Onions, Charles Talbut, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. With the assistance of G. W. S. Friedrichsen and R. W. Burchfield. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.
Simpson, John Andrew and Edmund S. C. Weiner (prepared). The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 20 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1879--82. 2nd ed. 1883.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. New ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1882.
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Watkins, Calvert Ward, ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Rev. ed. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
Weekly, Ernest. An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. With a New Biographical Memoir of the Author by Montague Weekley. 2 vols. New York: Dover, 1967. 1st ed. London: John Murray, 1921.
Anglo-Indian θýθŵȤС1886ǯǤνǤ줿 Hobson-Jobson ̾Τ뼭Ǥ롥1619ޤǤΤץ롼Ȥǽ줿 Anglo-Indian ýǡɤνΤߤʤ餺ӥޤͳ褹ϿƤ롥äơ"Indian" ȤϤäƤ⥤ɤ濴ȤʤäƤ뤷ޤ "Anglo" ȤϤäƤ¿θϱѸʳ˥եݥȥؤäƤΤǡϰϤιðۤʸýǤ롥ФϱѸ첽줿 Victoria īֻƤ롥ͳ㤬˭٤Ǥ롥
2ǤΤΤǥ벽ƤꡤǸǽǤ롥̾Ȥʤä Anglo-Indian ñ Hobson-Jobson ˤĤƤϡθФ HOBSON-JOBSON ȡ̾ͳȤطʤˤĤƤۣ¿դϻҶäݤȤͤʤƤ褦ȤȽ줿褦Ǥ롥ƤȤƤβͤ⤯ɾ졤ȥΤĤ OED ˤȿǤ줿
"Anglo-Indian words" λؤϰϤϹFront Matter dzפϤĤ롥
In its original conception it was intended to deal with all that class of words which, not in general pertaining to the technicalities of administration, recur constantly in the daily intercourse of the English in India, either as expressing ideas really not provided for by our mother-tongue, or supposed by the speakers (often quite erroneously) to express something not capable of just denotation by any English term. A certain percentage of such words have been carried to England by the constant reflux to their native shore of Anglo-Indians, who in some degree imbue with their notions and phraseology the circles from which they had gone forth. This effect has been still more promoted by the currency of a vast mass of literature, of all qualities and for all ages, dealing with Indian subjects; as well as by the regular appearance, for many years past, of Indian correspondence in English newspapers, insomuch that a considerable number of the expressions in question have not only become familiar in sound to English ears, but have become naturalised in the English language, and are meeting with ample recognition in the great Dictionary edited by Dr. Murray at Oxford. (xv--xvi)
Yule, Henry and A. C. Burnell, eds. Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. 1st ed. 1886. 2nd ed. Ed. William Crooke. London: Murray, 1903. 2nd ed. reprinted as Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary. Ware: Wordsworth, 1996.
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010. 147.
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