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dictionary - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2018-06-16 Sat

#3337. Mulcaster θåꥹ "generall table" ˤ츻Ūֻ (2) [mulcaster][spelling][etymological_respelling][lexicography][dictionary][orthography]

ɸϡ#1995. Mulcaster θåꥹ "generall table" ˤ츻Ūֻ ([2014-10-13-1]) Ǽ夲Mulcaster <ph> ΰˤĤƵŤȤΤ­롥
Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) 1582ǯ˽Ǥ The first part of the elementarie vvhich entreateth chefelie of the right writing of our English tung, set furth by Richard Mulcaster "Generall Table" ˤϡƤñֻ󤵤Ƥ롥θåꥹȤϡEEBO TCP, The first part of the elementarie Υڡ THE GENERAL TABLE CAP. XXV. 뤳ȤǤ롥  *  *
ΥꥹȤ <ph> ǻϤޤ췲ñ줬ǺܤƤսߤȡPhantasie, phantasticall, pheasant, phisician, pharisie, phisiognomie, philip, phrensie, philosophie, phenix 10Фư礷ƥåꡤ"vvhy not all these vvith f" 롥

Mulcaster's Proposal of <f> for <ph>

Ƥ Mulcaster ϸ츻Ūֻμ˾öŪǤꡤ <ph> ⡤鼨褦ˡܿȤƤ <f> ֤ꤿäΤ⤷ʤºݡ<f> ιǤϡfantsie, fantasie, fantastik, fantasticall, feasant, frensie 󤲤Ƥʤ10Τ٤ƤǤϤʤˡ
λ䤿ˤθηäǷ̤ΤäƤ뤬Mulcaster <f> ˴ؤ뤳Ƥ¤Τϡ10Τ fantasy, fantastical, frenzy 3ΤߤǤ롥ϡ츻ŪֻθؤαƶϤ礭äȤʪäƤȤ褦

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-14-1]

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2018-02-23 Fri

#3224. Thomas Harman, A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors (1567) [dictionary][slang][lexicology][lexicography][renaissance][register]

ε#3223. George Andrews, A Dictionary of the Slang and Cant language (1809) ([2018-02-22-1]) ǡѸ˾¯졦Ѹ콸Thomas Harman A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors (1567) ˸ڤѸ˾αѱѼRobert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall 30ǯʾƽǤ줿ȤΤ϶ä٤Ȥ˻פ뤫⤷ʤ̤αѱѼ⡤΢Ѹ콸ΤۤᤤȤΤϡ⤷
ͥ󥹴Υ󥰥ɤˤ뼭Իηаޤ򿶤֤äƤߤȡषήϼǤ롥ޤˤĤƺǽ˺뼭Ѹ콸ϡְܴۤ㤤ʤ켭񡤤Ĥޤ bilingual dictionaries/glossaries Ǥ롥ºݡѼʩѼ񡤰˱ѼʤɤѸ˾塤˸Ƥ롥ΤȤϡͤƤߤǤ롥ȤäƤ⡤ǤʤññǶƤΤ1Ǥ롥Ǥˤ褯ΤäƤñǸꤹ monolingual dictionaries/glossaries ϡǤͤΤλ򤵤Ƥ뤬ˤäƤϡޤΰյϿ͡˥ԥȤʤä
ơ켭˽ऺΤȤơ΢¯졦 (canting language) Ѹ콸Ԥޤ뤳Ȥˤʤäɤʰ̻̱ˤȤäơcanting language ϳƱǤ롥äơA Caviat ⤢ bilingual glossary äȸäƤ褤ΤǤ롥
³ơ1604ǯ˱Ѹ˾Ρ̤αѱѼפۤɸڤ A Table Alphabeticall Ǥ줿ºݤˤϡ̡פαñ򽸤᤿ΤǤϤʤȤƥƥѸʤɤʤפ򽸤᤿Τä⸫ˤäƤ bilingual dictionary ȤΤǤ롥θ塤17̤ƱѸ˴ؤ뼭񤬤Ǥ줿켭Ǥꡤbilingual dictionaries ΰФƤϤʤäȤͤcf. #609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1]
嵭ηаޤ򴪰Ƥȡݤ򤷤ơѸ˾αѱѼѸ콸 A Caviat Ǥ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤΤˤĤơBlank (231) Ѥ

In fact the original English-English dictionaries, long preceding those produced in the seventeenth century, were glossaries of the canting language. As Thomas Harman and his followers often noted, cant was otherwise known in the period as 'pedlar's French', a term which again reinforced notions of its 'foreign' nature. Harman's popular pamphlet A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors (1567) describes the underworld language as a 'leud, lousey language of these lewtering Luskes and lasy Lorrels . . . a vnknowen toung onely, but to these bold, beastly, bawdy Beggers, and vaine Vacabondes'. As a measure of social precaution, he included a glossary intended to expose the 'vnknowen toung', thereby translating the 'leud, lousey' language into 'common' English:

Nab,a pratling chete,quaromes,
a head.a tounge.a body.
  
Nabchet,Crashing chetes,prat,
a hat or cap.teeth.a buttocke.


and so on through a list that includes 120 terms.


Blank, Paula. "The Babel of Renaissance English." Chapter 8 of The Oxford History of English. Ed. Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford: OUP, 2006. 212--39.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-26-1]

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2018-01-11 Thu

#3181. Spelling/Pronunciation Search [spelling][pronunciation][orthography][web_service][cgi][dictionary][spelling_pronunciation_gap][silent_letter]

#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ǡThe Carnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary ˴ŤꥫѸȯġΥǡ١ (3MB+) μΤϡ110935ФֻȯȤ߹碌Ǥ롥ΥġϡCarnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary ȯɽɽǻꤷơޤñֻ֤ΤäֻȯΤ줾ɽǾꤷˤޥåñ֤ȤͤΥġäƤߤ
ɽ Perl ѤΤΤǡʸʸ̤Ϻǽ餫̵뤹͡ȯɽϡܵ˷ǤƤɤ餫θˤСֻ뤤ȯˤʤ롥

Spelling in Regex:
Pronunciation in Regex:
 


׼ǡֻȯδطˤĤƤĴ٤ͷǤ롥㤨СSpelling "l" ꤷPronunciation "^[^l]+$" ꤹȡʸκݤˤϤ줾ϳơˡֻˤ <l> Τˡȯˤ /l/ ʤ򽦤Ф롥¾λҲʤɤˤѤƤСۻ (silent_letter) ޤñ򽸤ޤSpelling "gh$" Pronunciation "f$" ꤹȡ <gh> /f/ ȯñꥹȤ롤
ʲCarnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary ȯɽ򼨤Ǵ֤ȾѥڡǶڤƤꡤ첻ɽ³ 0 (no stress), 1 (primary stress), 2 (secondary stress) Ǽ롥㤨Сinternational ȯɽϡ"IH2 N T ER0 N AE1 SH AH0 N AH0 L" Ȥʤ롥

PhonemeExampleTranslation
AAoddAA D
AEatAE T
AHhutHH AH T
AOoughtAO T
AWcowK AW
AYhideHH AY D
BbeB IY
CHcheeseCH IY Z
DdeeD IY
DHtheeDH IY
EHEdEH D
ERhurtHH ER T
EYateEY T
FfeeF IY
GgreenG R IY N
HHheHH IY
IHitIH T
IYeatIY T
JHgeeJH IY
KkeyK IY
LleeL IY
MmeM IY
NkneeN IY
NGpingP IY NG
OWoatOW T
OYtoyT OY
PpeeP IY
RreadR IY D
SseaS IY
SHsheSH IY
TteaT IY
THthetaTH EY T AH
UHhoodHH UH D
UWtwoT UW
VveeV IY
WweW IY
YyieldY IY L D
ZzeeZ IY
ZHseizureS IY ZH ER

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2017-12-20 Wed

#3159. HTOED [thesaurus][lexicography][dictionary][semantics][semantic_change][link][htoed][taxonomy]

Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (HTOED) ϡѸ켭ŵ (thesaurus) ȤƺΤΤǤǤʤŪʡ켭ŵȤơ̤ƤͣܳŪʥե󥹤Ǥ롥1965ǯ Michael Samuels ˤäԻץȤΤΤ夲졤ǤޤǤ45ǯκзפʥᥤ󥰤ξܺ٤ The Story of the Thesaurus 򻲾ȡ
HTOED ϡ3ĤΥСǻȤ뤳ȤǤ롥

(1) 2009ǯ˽Ǥ줿Τ2ܡ1饹Ρ2Ǥ롥Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (HTOED). Ed. Christian Kay, Jane Roberts, Michael Samuels and Irené Wotherspoon. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 2009.
(2) 饹ؤ󶡤 (1) Υ饤ǡThe Historical Thesaurus of English Ȥ󶡤Ƥ롥
(3) OED Online Ȥ߹ޤ줿饤ǡ

ƥС֤ˤդ٤ۤ롥Ȥ HTOED OED 2Ǥ˴ŤԻ줿ΤǤ뤿ᡤ3Ǥ˸ƲѤ줿ƤʬŪ˴ޤ OED Online ϢȤƤ륪饤ǤȤδ֤ǡǯ̣ƤʤɤˤĤư㤤ߤ뤳Ȥ롥ޤOED Online ǤϡOED ˤ˽ä1150ǯʹߤäƤʤűѸñ줬٤ƾʤƤΤǡűѸñˤĤ濴ŪĴ٤ˤ A Thesaurus of Old English (TOE). Ed. Jane Roberts and Christian Kay with Lynne Grundy. Amsterdam: Rodopi, [1995] 2000. Available online at http://oldenglishthesaurus.arts.gla.ac.uk/ . ̤Ͽ (1) (2) ǤѤ٤Ǥ롥
HTOED ǺѤƤ̣Ƥϡ235,249ܤˤޤǺʬƤꡤ793,733줬ޤޤƤ롥ʬξܺ٤ Classification Υڡ򻲾ȡ3ؤޤǤʬɽ (PDF) ⻲ȤǤ롥  *

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2017-12-16 Sat

#3155. Charles Richardson A New Dictionary of the English Language (1836--37) [lexicography][dictionary][oed][johnson]

Ѹ̾ʼȤСJohnson (1755), Webster (1828), OED (1928) 󤬤뤬ζ֤ˤäפƤ봶ΤΤɸμǤ롥Ѹ켭ԻˤδϡɾͿ٤Ǥ롥
Charles Richardson (1775--1865) ϡɥޤˡΧؤ˸ءʸؤžʸؤŻ뤷ĤĻΤǶ˷ȤäJohnson μФȽŪΩꡤ鼭Ի˼ȤEncyclopædia Metropolitana ˤϢܤ򳫻Ϥ塤1835ǯʬηǽǤϤᡤǽŪˤϾ崬 (1836) Ȳ (1837) ʤ A New Dictionary of the English Language 1839ǯˤϴǤǤƤ롥
μκħϡñΰ̣ŪȯŸˤäƤǤϤʤŪʰʸѤפŤ褦ȤȤǤ롥Ū§(historical principle) ˤۤʤʤνϰϤѸ Robert of Gloucester, Robert Mannyng of Brunne ޤ̤餻Ū§οʿ򳫤ȤäƤ褤ơˤθ§ѤŰ줵Τ OED ä櫓
Richardson Webster ˤϹɾ줿Ȥޤ"a word has one meaning, and one only" Ȥüʸˡ͡ʲս̵츻μ갷ˤߤ٤ΤʤäJohnson Webster Ȥ缭θ٤ OED ؤΤĤʤ̤¸ߤȤơѸ˾嵭٤ԻȡˤǤϤ
Knowles (141) ϡRichardson OED ؤμԻ˾ι׸򼡤Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The Oxford dictionary was an outstanding work of historical scholarship, but it was not the first historical dictionary. This was Charles Richardson's A new dictionary of the English language, which appeared in 1836--7, and which attempted to trace the historical development of the meanings of words using historical quotations rather than definitions. The original intention of the Philological Society in 1857 was simply to produce a supplement to the dictionaries of Johnson and Richardson, but it was soon clear that a complete new work was required.


ʾ塤رѸؿ̾ŵ (288--89) Charles Richardson ι򻲾ȤƼɮ

Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-11-1]

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2017-10-09 Mon

#3087. Noah Webster [biography][webster][ame][spelling_reform][american_revolution][history][lexicography][dictionary]

ħŪʰ̣ǥꥫѸä Noah Webster (1758--1843) ˤĤơȤơرѸؿ̾ŵ (376--77) ˵ꡤŪ˾Ҳ𤹤롥  *
Noah Webster ϡ1758ǯConnecticut West Hartford ޤ줿ع˳ضȤƬѤɽ路1778ǯYale ؤؿʳؤ롥߳Ω褬ȯȤؤΰ
´ȸ塤۸ΤȤʤäȤ̳ƤȤˡ Dilworth ˤѸֻܤʪ­ʤ򴶤鶵ܤɮ˻äA Grammatical Institute of the English Language ꤵ줿ܤϡ1ֻ2ʸˡ3ܤʤΤǡμζȤƤϹ罰ΤΤäΤȤưŪƤȤʤäƤꡤΤۤܤ٤ƤγعǺѤ줿1ֻܤϡ The American Spelling Book ȤΩ100ǯ֤8000줿Ȥ٥ȥ顼Ǥ롥ɽ椬ĤäΤ "Blue-Backed Speller" ¯Τ줿ܤμǡWebster ϰפ٤줿Ȥ
Webster ϡ̤ˤͿ1793ǯNew York ʹ American Minerva ʸ Commercial AdvertiserˤȾ Herald ʸ New York SpectatorˤȯWashington Τ٤ȾϡConnecticut New Haven Massachusetts Amherst Dzᤴ
̤Ǥϡ1806ǯ A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language 路1807ǯ A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the English LanguageCompendious Dictionary ǤϡǤֻδʰײƤꡤfavor, honor, savior; logic, music, physic; cat-cal, etiquet, farewel, foretel; ax, disciplin, examin, libertin; benum, crum, thum (v.) / ake, checker, kalender, skreen; croop, soop, troop; fether, lether, wether; cloke, mold, wo; spunge, tun, tung ʤɤФȤΩƤƤ롥
1807ǯ缭ŵԻꤷ桤ȤΤϤɤʤϤäΤΡ1828ǯˤĤ7ܤʤ2Τ缭ŵ An American Dictionary of the English Language Ǥ줿ϡJohnson μ1818ǯβǤ12ܤ¿ΤäCompendious Dictionary ˺ѤƤʰײֻ¿ϡԺѤȤʤäĤϻĤäƤꡤϸˤޤ³ꥫֻȤʤä츻Ҥ˴ؤƤϡWebster 衼åѤֶƤӸؤ˥󥹥ԥ졼¿ñȼθ츻ͿºݤˤӸؤ褯򤷤Ƥ餺Ʊŵ̵ͤʵҤȤˤʤä
ʤȤƤ½ʰ̤ꡤ͡ʪǤϤʤä褦ꥫ罰Ω٤٤֥ꥫפΩ˰Ǥä
ʲWebster μפʱѸط󤲤Ƥ

A Grammatical Institute of the English Language: Part I (1783) [and its later editions: The American Spelling Book (1788) aka "Blue-Backed Speller"; The Elementary Spelling Book (1843)]: ֻ
A Grammatical Institute of the English Language: Part II (1784): ʸˡ
A Grammatical Institute of the English Language: Part III (1785):
Dissertations on the English Language, with Notes Historical and Critical (1789): ֻפμ¹Բǽɬ⤯
A Collection of Essays and Fugitive Writings (1790): ȼοֻˡǽ񤫤줿
A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language (1806): ȼοֻˡǽ񤫤줿
A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the English Language (1807)
An American Dictionary of the English Language, 2 vols. (1828)
An Improved Grammar of the English Language (1831)
Mistakes and Corrections (1837)

¾Webster ˤĤƤ webster γƵȤ櫓#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]) ȡ#3086. ꥫΩȥꥫѸؤλפ ([2017-10-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
Kendall, Joshua. The Forgotten Founding Father. New York: Berkeley, 2012.

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2017-07-20 Thu

#3006. űѸμ [lexicography][dictionary][oe][doe][bibliography][hel_education][link]

űѸؽ椹ͭѤʼ򤤤ĤҲ𤹤롥

(1) Bosworth, Joseph. A Compendious Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary. London: J. R. Smith, 1848.
(2) Bosworth, Joseph and Thomas N. Toller. Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Oxford: OUP, 1973. 1898. (Online version available at http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/texts/oe_bosworthtoller_about.html.)
(3) Hall, John R. C. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Rev. ed. by Herbert T. Merritt. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1996. 1896. (Online version available at http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/texts/oe_clarkhall_about.html.)
(4) Healey, Antonette diPaolo, Ashley C. Amos and Angus Cameron, eds. The Dictionary of Old English in Electronic Form A--G. Toronto: Dictionary of Old English Project, Centre for Medieval Studies, U of Toronto, 2008. (see The Dictionary of Old English (DOE) and Dictionary of Old English Corpus (DOEC).)
(5) Sweet, Henry. The Student's Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon. Cambridge: CUP, 1976. 1896.

ΤΥȥ뤫ȤꡤܤԻˤϤޤޤǤ롥Ѥ Sweet ˻Ϥޤꡤά Hall 顤Ū Bosworth and Toller Фơǿ Healey et al. ˤŻ DOE ˻롥DOE ơűѸ켭֤褽19λʪǤ뤳Ȥܤͤ롥λˡ͡ʥ٥θűѸ켭񤬡ȼεϡҰռäԻ졤Ǥ줿ΤǤ롥
ν񤭸դɸबΤޤäƤʤűѸμԻǤϡФɤΤ褦ֻΩƤ뤫ǺޤȤʤ롥ѼԤϡƤŬڤֻ򸫽Фʤ뤤ϰ֤δ֤򤿤餤󤷤ˤ뤫Ǥ롥绨ĤˤСŪ Sweet ΩƤ븫Фֻ "critical" ǵϼŪǤꡤǤŪ DOE "diplomatic" ǵҼŪǤ롥δ֤ˡˤ䤫 "critical" Hall ȴˤ䤫 "diplomatic" Bosworth and Toller ֤Ť롥
碌ƸűѸäγؽˤϡʲ2󤲤Ƥ

Barney, Stephen A. Word-Hoard: An Introduction to Old English Vocabulary. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale UP, 1985.
Holthausen, Ferdinand. Altenglisches etymologisches Wōrterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1963.

Holthausen μϡűѸ츻ȤŪðۤϰ̤Ƥ뤬츻äؤܤȤݤˤΩġBarney ϡƱݤǡɤdzڤűѸñꥹȤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-24-1]

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2017-05-05 Fri

#2930. ϤȰθġؿջྶ [lexicography][japanese][dictionary]

ѸμǤ abc ˰ΤܸμǤСǰΤǤ롤Ȼ䤿ϻפäƤ롥Ʊ褦ˡܸǤСϽǰΤäϤȻפäƤ롥ΰ˴ؤ뤢ޤ˼ȯۤʤΤǡʳˡäΤȵäƤޤۤɤ⤫ĤïԤ߽ФŪˡäΤǤꡤˤλʪǤ롥
ܸμ˴ؤϤȰθĤȤСؿջྶ٤Ǥ롥ʿ»1144--80ǯˤ˵ŤͤʤԤȤ졤ܸθȤ˴Фμä줬ƬΰϤȽԻƤȤΤܸˤȤƲŪʤΤǤ롥ȯۤȤƤϡǤʾ塤βˤäư٤Ǥ롤뤤ϾʤȤ⤽˽सˡǰ٤Ǥ롤ȹͤΤ̤äפڤäܸβηϤˤ٤äΰϤȤǤäưȤΤ顤ȯۤžȤ롥
(208--09) ϡԼԤβθǤϤʤϤȤθѤȤν򼡤Τ褦Ƥ롥

ߤξQ餹ʤСƬܰ¤ˤΤǤ뤷ؿջྶ٤ǤϸˤˡȤƤΤǡΤ褦ʤɤɤȤ̣ϡޤä̵ѤβƻǤʤ褦ˤߤ뤬Τ褦˹ͤΤǤϡ˽פʻ򸫤Ȥˤʤ롥
ܸθäȯζ̤˽ä̤Τϡλ񤬺ǽλߤǤꡤγΤ꤫ͤʤ顤ռŪˤ⡤ޤ̵ռˤ⡤ˤϤΤä顤ȯλȤȤǤСʬึŬѤǤ뤫ɤȤǽޤƤ줿Ϥȹͤ롥ȤƤϡξ硤ϤꤽΤȤƤ줿ǡǰ줿ΤǤȿ¬ƤȤȤϡֻνסʤƬˤ̤Ȥۤ򡤲ᾮɾƤϤʤʤȤ̣Ǥ⤢롥ϡ餯ϺΤҤ᤭ʤΤǤȯλȤ뤫ꡤʳˡϤꤨʤäϤȤ뤤ϡͤޤǤʤ줬QäȤȤʤ顤ʸˤɽ򤷤ƤϤʤ


ơβŪʰϤȰݥȤϡؿջྶ٤ˤƸ̩˰ϤȽȤʤäƤΤϸƬΤߤäȤȤΤϡܸϡƬǤȲ̾ȴط11Ǥ줤бƤ2ʲǤϡ֤ҡס֤פ֤ءס֤פʤɲȲ̾1¿δط줿Ǥ롥Τ褦н褹ֲ̾פޤꤵƤʤˤäƤϡष2ʲDz餫δưϤȽŰ줵뤳ȤɬǤϤʤȽǤ줿ΤԼԤϰϤȽŰ򤷤褦ȻפФǤºݤ˻פĤ⤷⤷ʤ̤ȤƼˤϻʤäȽǤޤơϴְ㤤ʤܸ˾˿᤭ΤǤ롥
ǡȤ餫褦ʥѸˤˤ⤢äȤפФʤƬʸ˴ؤƤϥե٥åȽ̩˼뤬2ʸʲϤθ¤ǤϤʤȤԻǤääƤ⸫줿դϡ#1451. Ѹ˾Υ󥳡󥹤ȴե٥åȼ ([2013-04-17-1]) 䡤#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1]) (6) 򻲾Ȥ줿

ͺؤϤ١̼ҡ2009ǯ

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2016-11-28 Mon

#2772. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (1) [standardisation][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][emode][pronunciation][orthoepy][dictionary][lexicography][rp][johnson][lowth][orthoepy][orthography][walker]

ѸѸȾФˤƵäѸɸಽȵϲĬήˤĤơ#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ ([2012-09-15-1])#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ ([2012-09-22-1])#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 濴Ȥơstandardisation prescriptive_grammar γƵˤƤήˤĤħŪĶ̣ϡΥСåפϤˤ衤âʸˡȯν˵ϲλߤʤƤȤ
󥰥ɡƥꥹ줿ѸɸಽܻؤƤǽϡää16ȾϸäƤȤϤθ17ˤƤϡֻε§첽˾Ƥ褦ˤʤääȤֻϡ17--18ޤǤˤϤ褽褷Ƥꡤ1755ǯ Johnson μνǤϤᲡȤߤƤ褤ʴϢơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ɸಽϲΥåȤȤʤäΤϡʸˡǤ롥18ˤϵʸˡνǤ꼡Ǥ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1]) 繥ɾ
ơ٤18Ⱦ19ˤơȯפؤΤ꤬褦ˤʤ롥Ū (orthoepy) ؤδؿϡ#571. orthoepy ([2010-11-19-1]) ǽҤ٤褦16鸫ΤŪˡȯפԤʤ٤ȤĬ͡δ֤Ǥˤ狼˹ޤäƤΤ18ȾԤʤФʤʤä礭ʹ׸ʤΤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) Ǥ롥
ȯפμĥʤ褦ˤʤäΤ18ȾȤŪ٤äȤˤĤơBaugh and Cable (306) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The first century and a half of English lexicography including Johnson's Dictionary of 1755, paid little attention to pronunciation, Johnson marking only the main stress in words. However, during the second half of the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century, a tradition of pronouncing dictionaries flourished, with systems of diacritics indicating the length and quality of vowels and what were considered the proper consonants. Although the ostensible purpose of these guides was to eliminate linguistic bias by making the approved pronunciation available to all, the actual effect was the opposite: "good" and "bad" pronunciations were codified, and speakers of English who were not born into the right families or did not have access to elocutionary instruction suffered linguistic scorn all the more.


ǤϡḽѸɸಽȵϲλߤáֻޤˢʸˡȯȤǿʤǤäΤϤʤˤĤƤεǡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-05-1] [2016-11-29-1]

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2016-11-16 Wed

#2760. ꥢȥե󥹤Υǥߡȡ Johnson [prescriptivism][academy][johnson][italian][french][dictionary][lexicography][popular_passage]

ε#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1]) ȴϢơѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤ˥󥹥ԥ졼Ϳꥢȥե󥹤ȡɤŨ Johnson μβͤˤĤ
ꥹѸ쥢ǥߡΩ褦ȲΤϡǤ˥ꥢȥե󥹤˥ǥߡ㤬ä顤Ȥͳ礭衼åѽϹֹפ (cf. #2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1])) ǤꡤǥߡȤؤ̤Ƥ¸褦ȹͤƤܤĤΤϥꥢǤ롥ꥢˤ͡ʥǥߡäǤ褯ΤƤΤ1582ǯΩ줿 Accademia della Crusca Ǥ롥εؤϡ1612ǯ Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca ȤǤʪĤθŤͤơ1691ǯˤ3ʬ1729--38ǯǤǤ6ʬˤޤĹ (Baugh and Cable 257)
ե󥹤Ǥϡ1635ǯ˿ Richelieu ʸإõͿνġʺ40̾ˤ l'Académie française ȤΤ褦ˤʤäεؤϡʸˡԽ뤳ȤŪ1ĤȤƷǤƤꡤȤ١ȤƤΤΡ1694ǯˤϼ񤬽Ǥ˻ä (Baugh and Cable 257)
Τ褦ˡꥢե󥹤Ǥ17˥ǥߡϤˤӤѤ߾夲ƤƱꥹǤϥǥߡΩƤʤƤʤäΤǤ롥θ塤1712ǯ Swift ˤƤʤ줿̤Ȥή줿аޤˤĤƤϺεǽҤ٤˸1755ǯˤϡǥߡˤ餺Johnson ĿͤϤǡꥢե󥹸μɤŨѸμ񤬽Ǥ˻äJohnson ο David Garrick ϡΥԥĤƤ (Baugh and Cable 267)

And Johnson, well arm'd like a hero of yore,
Has beat forty French, and will beat forty more.


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-03-03-1]

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2016-09-11 Sun

#2694. EDD Online (2) [dialect][web_service][corpus][lmode][lexicography][edd][dictionary]

#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡJoseph Wright ˤ The English Dialect Dictionary ŻҲץȤ Innsbruck ؤǿʤƤĤǶᴰȤΤ餻ޤǥ־ΥӥǤϥȼɬפäľܼͳ˥Ǥ褦ˤʤä EDD Online ɤ

EDD Online Screenshot

ǽ⽼¤Ƥꡤ㤨оΥ꡼󥷥åȤΤ褦ˡȴϢƼ˸ڤƤϰϿ޾dzǧǤ뵡ǽ롥礦ɸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˴ؤĴδطǡڤƤϰ褬Ͽ޾dzǧǤȻפäƤäΤǡ򤷤
ޤΤθ The English Dialect Dictionary Υڡ򥤥᡼ȤƳǧ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡdialect area, part of speech, phonetic, etymology, usage label, source, morphemic, time span ʤɳƼ參ƥ꡼ˤ륵ǽ
ѥޥ˥奢ǤΤǡȤʤ餢줳ȤäƤߤ뤳Ȥ᤹롥

Wright, Joseph, ed. The English Dialect Dictionary. 6 vols. Henry Frowde, 1898--1905.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-03-1] [2017-08-03-1]

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2015-06-16 Tue

#2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles [canadian_english][dictionary][lexicography][world_englishes][link][variety]

ʥ University of British Columbia dzŤ줿 SHEL-9/DSNA-20 Conference (The 9th Studies in the History of the English Language Conference) ˻äƤȯɽ1ĤˡDCHP-2 ץȤ˴ؤ𤬤äDCHP-2 ȤϡŪ§ˤäԤޤ줿ʥˡμ Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles 2ǤǤ롥Ǥ1967ǯ˽ǤƤꡤ2013ǯˤŻҲ줿Τ DCHP-1 Ȥƥ־ǸƤ롥DCHP-2 UBC ΤȤʤäԻʤƤꡤ˶ŤƤ褦ʤΤǡ󤫤餺뤳ȤˤʤȯɽǤϡԻ˴ؤ UBC γʬŪ DCHP-2 Υǥ򸫤Ƥ줿ʤʤ¤ƤΤ褦
ȯɽǤϡʶˡ̣ˡ Canadianism ǤȤȤä Canadianism ȤߤʤΤȤˤĤơˤƤ绨ĤˤСʥǻѤѸǤʤꥫѸ졤ꥹѸ졤¾αѸѼΥѥоݤȤѤʥѤѸŪ˻ѤФäƤΤ Canadianism ȤߤʤȤˤӤƤ롥줾οͤϥդDzĻ벽졤ʣѥѤĹ꤬¤˳褫Ƥ褦Τ褦ʥդưפ褦ˤʤСѸѼ֤¿ŪӤ¥ʤ
ŪŪ Canadianism ȤߤʤƤˤĤƤϡ嵭ˤβǤȤ櫓ȽŪʸƤä졤ˤäƤ Canadianism ȤߤʤȤϤǤʤȤ뤳Ȥ⤢ȤCanadianism Ȥǧꤵ줿ΤˤĤƤϡѥŵηǺܤϤŪطʤˤĤƤܤҤܤ롥
DCHP-2 СʥѸ츦ƤߤĤȤϴְ㤤ʤʥѸ˸¤餺Ѹμ䥳ѥԻޤޤ赤ŤƤСѼ֤Ӥ⤷䤹ʤꡤʱѸ츦ƻϤǤ롥21ŪʱѸؤη1Ĥ
ޤΥץȤϡѼȤϲȤܼŪƸƤ뤹󶡤ƤƤ褦ˤפ롥 Canadianism ȤϲŪǤΤ뤤ϤҤȤ˼ҲŪǥŪˤǤʤΤLilles Τ褦˥ʥѸֿáפȤߤԤ⤤СºߤȼĥԤ⤤롥ϡCanadianism ˸¤餺Americanism, Britishism ʤɡ֡ˡפؤ -ism Τ٤Ƥ˴ؤǤ롥Ѽ (variety) ͤˤĤƤϡ#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1])#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1])#2116. ֱѸפεۣ ([2015-02-11-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
äơʥѸˤȳפˤĤƤϡ#313. Canadian English ([2010-03-06-1])#1733. Canada ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-24-1]) ⻲ȡ

Lilles, Jaan. "The Myth of Canadian English." English Today 62 (April 2000): 3--9, 17.

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2014-10-13 Mon

#1995. Mulcaster θåꥹ "generall table" ˤ츻Ūֻ [mulcaster][lexicography][lexicology][cawdrey][emode][dictionary][spelling_reform][etymological_respelling][final_e]

ε#1994. John Hart ˤ츻ŪֻؤȽ ([2014-10-12-1]) #1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1]) Richard Mulcaster ̾󤲤#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) ۤ mulcaster γƵǤˤƤνѸν׿ʪϡԻˤδ⡤ɮͤ롥
Ѹ˾ǽαѱѼϡ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])#726. ǤȤ뤫⤷ʤŪ Cawdrey μ ([2011-04-23-1])#1609. Cawdrey μǡ١ ([2013-09-22-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡRobert Cawdrey (1537/38--1604) A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ȸƤ롥ä Mulcaster The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤ8000θåꥹ "generall table" ǤƤȤõƤɬפ롥Mulcaster ϡŪʸϤѸ켭ԻɬʤлȤƤȤƤ "generall table" ˽ФCawdrey Mulcaster ˻ɷΤȻפ졤¿θä򼫤μ˺ϿƤ롥Mulcaster αѱѼνǤ᤹ڼ¤ʻפϡΰ˼Ƥ롥

It were a thing verie praiseworthie in my opinion, and no lesse profitable then praise worthie, if som one well learned and as laborious a man, wold gather all the words which we vse in our English tung, whether naturall or incorporate, out of all professions, as well learned as not, into one dictionarie, and besides the right writing, which is incident to the Alphabete, wold open vnto vs therein, both their naturall force, and their proper vse . . . .


ΰѤκǸˤ褦ˡԻ˾פʤ "generall table" ϡåꥹȤǤʾˡֻλȤʤ뤳ȤܻؤƤֻץ֡Τʤˤä Mulcaster βɤɽƤɤʤ final e ΤĤε§󼨤Ƥꡤθ̤ŪñֻˤäƼȤΤǤ롥

For the words, which concern the substance thereof: I haue gathered togither so manie of them both enfranchised and naturall, as maie easilie direct our generall writing, either bycause theie be the verie most of those words which we commonlie vse, or bycause all other, whether not here expressed or not yet inuented, will conform themselues, to the presidencie of these.


#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1]) ǡMulcaster <doubt> Τ褦ʸ츻ŪֻˤŪäȽҤ٤ "generall table" 򻲾ȤƳǧƤߤ褦EEBO (Early English Books Online) Υǥ The first part of the elementarie ˤꡤĤŵŪʸ츻Ūֻɽ魯򻲾ȤȤauance., auantage., auentur., autentik., autor., autoritie., colerak., delite, det, dout, imprenable, indite, perfit, receit, rime, soueranitie, verdit, vitail ʤ¿θˤơ;ʬʡʸƤʤΤ Mulcaster ϸ츻ŪֻƤʤ褦˸롥¾θ򻲾Ȥȡ;ʬʡʸƤ aduise., language, psalm, realm, salmon, saluation, scholer, school, soldyer, throne ʤɤǧ롥
ˤäưۤʤȤΤϤ̣ɤ Mulcaster 餷񤤤Ȥ⤤뤬Mulcaster ΰȤ⡤γƸֻ٤˰¸Ǥǽ롥ĤޤꡤǤ˸츻Ūֻ夷ƤФ줬Τޤ޺ѤȤʤäȤȤ⤷ʤޤ夷ƤʤкѤʤäȤȤ⤷ʤMulcaster Τɾ뤿ˤϡƸˤ츻Ūֻλ䡤γȻλĴɬפ
"generall table" Υץ British Library Mulcaster's Elementarie ǤΤǡ׻ȡ  *

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-26-1] [2018-06-16-1]

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2014-04-20 Sun

#1819. AHD Word History Note Search [etymology][dictionary][cgi][web_service]

#1809. American Heritage Dictionary Notes ([2014-04-10-1]) ǡThe Free Dictionary ǥǤ Notes ؤΥ󥯽äNotes ΤΤϡ1.6MBΥڡءˡϡΤʤ Word Histories ˴ؤ Notes 򽸤᤿Τǡ١#952. Etymology Search ([2011-12-05-1]) Τǡġ "AHD Word History Note Search" äƤߤ
츻ϿƤ븫Ф򸡺ǤСΥ󥯽ñ򸡺Ф褯ΥġͭϤޤʤΥġħϡNotes ȤɽǸǤ͡ʥǥեȡˤˤ롥㤨Сܤ˲餫θڤΤñθ츻ΤǤСθܥå Japan Ф褤ɴطǤ (Irish|Ireland) ʤɤۤˤϡsearch range "Search for entry words" ؤơ^[A-Z] ȸܥåȡͭ̾θ츻򽸤롤

search mode: non-regex regex
search range: Search for entry words Search notes (in one-line regex only)

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-31-1] [2021-04-04-1]

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2014-04-10 Thu

#1809. American Heritage Dictionary Notes [dictionary][etymology][link][synonym][thesaurus]

#485. 츻Τ뤿Υ饤󼭽 ([2010-08-25-1]) ǿ줿American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. (AHD) Ȥ¾μ˴Ť The Free Dictionary Ȥ饤󼭽񤬤롥AHD ϡꥫμ餷ɴʻŵŪʾл˭٤ǡ褯ȤμǤ緿ɤ༭ȤƤǤ롥ʤʤThe Free Dictionary Encyclopedia Article of the Day Ȥեɤ⤪ꡥ
äܤΤNotes ȸƤФ륳Ūʵ¤Ƥ뤳ȤUsage Notes, Synonym Notes, Word Histories, Our Living Language, Regional Notes Ȥä5 Notes 1,700ʾ塤ˤФƤ롥ʲǤϡꤳܤ⤢Ȥϻפ뤬¿ؤΥ󥯤򽦤ФĹꥹȤʤΤǡפΤܼ󤲤Ƥ

Usage Notes
Synonym Notes
Word Histories
Our Living Language
Regional Notes

ۤˤ⡤ Notes ʬΤߤȴФ Notes ΤΤ֥饦DZǤ褦˺äƤߤ1.6MBȽŤʤΤǡɬפ˱Ƥɤ

[ Usage Notes ]

!Kung, -ee, -ess, -wise, .gov, a, A.M., aberrant, able, about, absolute, absolutely, accessory, acquiesce, act, acumen, ad hominem, admission, adopt, advance, advise, affect, affinity, agenda, aggravate, ain't, alibi, all, all right, alleged, allude, alongside, also, alternative, although, altogether, alumnus, Amerasian, Amerindian, and, and/or, Anglo, anticipate, antidote, anxious, any, anyone, apparent, archetype, as, as far as, Asian, Asiatic, assure, author, awhile, backward, bad, bait, baleful, banal, barbarism, barbiturate, be, bear, because, behalf, berdache, besides, best, between, bi-, black, Black English, blatant, boast, both, bring, but, callous, can, cannot, capital, careen, celebrant, celibate, center, certain, challenged, Chicano, child-directed speech, claustrophobic, cohort, collective noun, color, colored, compact disk, compare, complected, complement, complete, comprise, conflicted, contact, contemporary, continuance, contrast, controller, convince, council, couple, craft, credential, credible, crescendo, criterion, critique, culture, czar, dare, data, deaf, debut, deceptively, decimate, definite, demagogue, denote, depend, deprecate, dialogue, different, dilemma, disabled, discomfit, disingenuous, disinterested, disinvent, distinct, dive, domestic partner, double negative, doubt, dour, drunk, due to, each, each other, either, elder, else, empower, enervate, enormity, enthuse, envelope, epicenter, epithet, equal, err, escape, Eskimo, Eurasian, every, everyplace, except, exceptionable, fact, factoid, farther, February, few, finalize, First Nation, firstly, flammable, flaunt, flotsam, follow, foot, foregone, former, formidable, forte, fortuitous, founder, fulsome, fun, gambit, gay, gender, General American, get, glamour, good, gourmet, government, graduate, graffito, grieve, group, grow, handicapped, hang, harass, hardly, harebrained, have, he, headquarter, headquarters, healthy, hegemony, height, help, herb, hero, Hispanic, historic, hoi polloi, holocaust, homosexual, hopefully, host, however, hyphenated, I, identical, identify, if, impact, impeach, important, impracticable, include, Indian, individual, infer, infinite, infrastructure, input, insignia, intense, interface, intrigue, intuit, Inuit, ironic, irregardless, its, Jew, Jewess, kabbalah, Kanaka, kilometer, knot, kudos, lack, lady, late, Latina, lay, leave, legend, liable, lifestyle, light, like, likely, literally, literate, loan, look, majority, man, master, masterful, materialize, mean, medium, men, methodology, mid-, migrate, minimal, mistress, momentarily, month, moot, Ms., mute, mutual, myriad, myself, native, Native American, nauseous, need, neither, Net, none, nonstandard, nonwhite, nor, not, nothing, nuclear, number, oblivious, octoroon, of, off, officiate, often, old, on, one, only, or, oriental, ought, over-, pair, paradigm, parameter, participle, party, pass, people, percent, percentage, perfect, periodic, permit, person, peruse, phenomenon, pill bug, plead, plus, politics, poor, possessed, practicable, practically, precipitate, premiere, preposition, presently, principal, prioritize, process, protagonist, prove, quarter, queer, quick, quote, race, rarely, rather, redundancy, regard, replete, repulse, responsible, restive, sacrilegious, safe sex, said, salutation, same, saving, scarcely, schism, Scottish, seasonal, series, service, set, shall, she, short-lived, should, slow, sneak, so, so-called, someday, sometime, sonorous, soon, split infinitive, Standard English, status, staunch, stomp, stratum, strength, such, suffer, than, that, themed, there, they, this, Three Age system, thusly, tight, till, together, too, tortuous, toward, transpire, try, un-, unaware, unexceptionable, unique, utilize, various, verbal, very, victual, virtual, wake, want, way, we, wean, web, website, well, what, whatever, when, whence, where, which, who, whose, why, wish, with, wreak, Xmas, ye, yet, zoology

[ Synonym Notes ]

ability, abolish, abstinence, abuse, accidental, accompany, acknowledge, active, adapt, admonish, adulterate, advance, adventurous, advice, advise, affair, affect, affectation, afflict, afraid, ageless, agitate, agree, aim, airy, allocate, alone, amateur, ambiguous, ambush, amenity, amiss, amuse, analyze, ancestor, anger, angry, announce, annoy, answer, anxiety, apology, apparent, appear, appendage, applaud, appoint, appreciate, apprehend, appropriate, approve, arbitrary, argue, argument, argumentative, arrange, art, artificial, ask, assent, assistant, attack, attribute, authentic, authorize, average, aware, band, banish, banter, bargain, barrage, base, baseless, batter, bear, beat, beautiful, beg, begin, beginning, behavior, belief, belligerent, bend, beneficial, benefit, benevolent, besiege, bet, bias, binge, bite, bitter, blackball, blackout, blame, blameworthy, blast, blemish, blink, block, bloom, blunder, boast, bodily, boil, book, boor, border, boring, botch, branch, brave, brawl, breach, break, breeze, bright, broach, broad-minded, brood, brush, bulge, bulwark, burden, burdensome, burn, business, busy, cadge, calculate, call, calm, campaign, care, careful, careless, caress, caricature, catch, cause, celebrity, center, certain, certainty, chafe, chance, charge, charm, chief, choice, chronic, circumference, citizen, claim, clean, clear, clever, cliché, clothe, coagulate, cold, collision, comfort, comfortable, comment, commit, common, complete, complex, conceit, condemn, conduct, confidence, confirm, conflict, confuse, consider, contain, contaminate, contemporary, continual, convert, convey, cool, correct, corrupt, count, crisis, criticize, crowd, crude, cruel, crush, cry, cure, curious, dark, daze, dead, decay, deceive, decide, decision, decisive, decrease, decry, defeat, defend, defer, defy, degrade, delicate, delicious, demand, demote, deny, dependent, deplete, depressed, describe, desire, despise, despondent, development, deviation, devote, dexterous, dialect, dictate, dictatorial, differ, difference, difficulty, dip, dirty, disadvantage, disappear, discord, discourage, discover, discuss, disguise, disgust, dishonest, dismay, dismiss, display, disposition, dissuade, distinct, distort, distribute, doctrine, dominant, dry, dull, earn, easy, eat, echo, effect, effective, eject, elaborate, element, elevation, eliminate, embarrass, emphasis, empty, enclose, encourage, endanger, enemy, engagement, enmity, enormous, enrapture, envy, equipment, erase, escape, estimate, estrange, evoke, exaggerate, example, excel, excessive, existence, expect, explain, explicit, expressive, extemporaneous, extricate, fair, faithful, faithless, fantastic, fashion, fashionable, fast, fasten, fat, fatal, favorable, fawn, fear, feat, feeling, female, fertile, fidelity, field, figure, flagrant, flash, flexible, flirt, flock, flourish, flow, follow, foolish, forbid, force, foreign, foretell, forgive, form, forte, found, fragile, fragrance, frank, freedom, frighten, frown, function, furnish, futile, gather, gaudy, gaze, general, gesture, ghastly, giddy, glad, glib, gossip, gracious, grand, graphic, grieve, gruff, guide, habit, hamper, handle, happen, happy, harass, hard, harden, haste, hateful, healthy, heap, heavy, help, heritage, hesitate, hide, hinder, honor, humane, idea, ideal, imagination, imitate, immaterial, impetuous, importance, impression, improper, improve, inactive, incalculable, incisive, incline, include, increase, indicate, indispensable, infinite, inflexible, injustice, innate, inquiry, insanity, instinctive, insubordinate, intelligent, intense, intention, interfere, intimidate, introduce, irrelevant, isolate, item, jealous, jerk, join, joke, judge, justify, keep, kind, knowledge, lack, large, last, latent, lazy, lean, learned, lethargy, letter, level, liberal, lie, lift, likeness, limit, limp, living, logical, loose, loud, love, lure, luxury, makeshift, male, malign, malleable, manipulate, mark, mature, living, logical, mercy, method, meticulous, mind, miscellaneous, mix, mixture, moderate, moment, monopolize, mood, moral, morale, moving, multitude, muscular, mysterious, naive, native, nautical, neat, negligent, new, news, noise, noted, noticeable, nuance, nurture, object, oblige, observe, obstacle, obstinate, occurrence, offend, offensive, offer, old, opinion, opportunity, oppose, opposite, orderly, origin, outline, overthrow, pacify, pain, palliate, pamper, partner, passion, pathetic, patience, pause, pedantic, penitence, pensive, perceptible, perfect, perform, period, periodic, permission, persuade, phase, pity, plain, plan, plausible, please, plentiful, poisonous, polite, poor, possible, posture, practice, praise, predicament, predict, predilection, preliminary, presume, prevailing, prevent, produce, proficient, profuse, promise, proportion, propose, proud, provoke, prudence, pull, punish, pure, push, puzzle, quality, qualm, quibble, range, reach, real, reap, reason, recede, reciprocate, reckless, recover, refer, refrain, refuse, regard, regret, relevant, reliable, relieve, religious, relinquish, rely, remember, reparation, repeat, replace, represent, resort, responsible, restrain, revere, reverse, revive, rich, ridicule, right, rise, rival, room, rough, rude, ruin, rural, sad, sarcastic, satisfy, save, saying, scatter, scold, secret, see, seem, send, sensuous, sentimental, separate, series, serious, severe, shade, shake, shameless, shapeless, sharp, shelter, shorten, shout, show, showy, shrewd, shy, sign, silent, sinister, slant, sleek, slide, sloppy, slow, small, smell, social, solitude, solve, sour, spacious, sparing, speak, speed, spend, spontaneous, stain, standard, state, stay, steal, steep, stem, stench, stiff, still, stoop, stop, strange, streak, strength, subject, substance, sufficient, suggest, summit, superfluous, supervise, support, supposed, sure, surprise, surrender, surround, swerve, swing, tact, tardy, task, taste, teach, tear, teem, temporary, tend, tendency, theoretical, think, think, tight, tire, tireless, tool, touch, treat, trial, trivial, trouble, trust, truth, turn, ugly, uncertainty, unctuous, unfortunate, unruly, unspeakable, urgent, use, usual, vain, valid, vent, versatile, vertical, victory, vigor, vociferous, voluntary, voracious, wander, waste, way, weak, weird, wet, whole, wile, wit, wonder, wordy, work, yield, young, zest

[ Word Histories ]

abacus, abracadabra, accolade, acorn, adder, adolescent, agnostic, alcohol, Allegheny River, alligator, amateur, Amazon, an, anesthesia, appendicitis, arena, arrowroot, artery, artichoke, Aryan, asparagus, assassin, automatic, avocado, baby-sit, badger, ballyhoo, banquet, barnacle, bayonet, beef, belfry, berserk, Betelgeuse, bigot, bless, Bolshevik, book, boomerang, boycott, Brazil, brickbat, broker, buccaneer, buffalo, bumpkin, bury, butterfly, bylaw, Canada, canter, cappuccino, caricature, carouse, casino, caterpillar, caviar, chagrin, chameleon, chaperon, check, Chicago, china, chivalry, chortle, churl, ciao, circus, cleric, cockroach, codex, cologne, comet, comrade, coroner, cot, coupon, coward, crayfish, croissant, crucial, cuckold, cushy, cute, cynic, dandelion, debunk, deer, delta, dervish, desert, diabetes, diatribe, digitalis, dinner, dirge, ditto, do-gooding, Don River, drench, dress, dungeon, dynamite, easel, economy, edit, eleven, empty, encyclopedia, English, ennui, enthusiasm, erudite, ethnic, eunuch, exorcise, fascism, fear, fee, fellow, fey, fiction, film, fire, fizzle, flunky, fool, fornication, fraction, freeze, friend, fuck, funky, garage, gauntlet, geezer, gerrymander, giddy, glitch, goatee, goodbye, gorilla, Gothic, grass widow, Greenland, gremlin, gringo, guillotine, hall, hamburger, harlot, hassle, haywire, hectic, helicopter, hell, helpmate, hex, high muckamuck, hobnob, holocaust, hooker, Hoosier, hubbub, husband, iconoclast, ilk, impeach, industry, inkling, interloper, internecine, island, item, janitor, Japan, jaunty, junk, kangaroo, ketchup, kidnap, kiosk, kith and kin, laconic, landscape, larva, lava, lemon, leprechaun, lieutenant, limbo, lingo, lion, loaf, lobster, long-lived, lucre, macabre, maharajah, malaprop, mannequin, mantis, marshal, mascot, mattress, mealy-mouthed, Melba toast, menu, mesmerism, metal, midwife, milquetoast, Minnesota, misericord, Mississippi, modern, mortgage, mosquito, Muse, mutt, namby-pamby, nap, naughty, neighbor, nerd, nest, New Jersey, noise, nonchalant, numb, OK, ombudsman, one, opossum, orange, orgy, oscillate, otorhinolaryngology, Ouse River, outlaw, oyez, Pakistan, pal, pant, paradise, pariah, pay, peeping Tom, penthouse, period, petard, Philistine, pickle, pilot, plane, Platonic, plumber, Plymouth, poison, pollster, Pomerania, posh, posthumous, powwow, premise, pretzel, prison, prude, Pueblo, Punjab, Quaalude, quark, queen, queue, quiz, raid, rajah, rankle, rapt, read, reindeer, resent, rhinestone, Riot Act, robot, role, rose, roster, rune, sack, salad, sanction, sanguine, Sanskrit, sarcophagus, scan, scarce, scold, scuba, séance, seersucker, senile, serendipity, shadow, shambles, sherbet, short shrift, shyster, Singapore, slave, sleuth, slivovitz, soldier, soothsayer, Sophocles, south, speak, speed, spill, spoof, spree, stampede, stove, sunbeam, superman, surly, syphilis, taboo, tangerine, tattoo, tea, telephone, temple, testis, testy, Thames, theater, they, third, ticket, tin, tithe, toady, Tokyo, tomato, tooth, trek, trivial, true, tulip, tweed, tycoon, typhoon, umpire, underling, uranium, valentine, vegetable, vixen, vogue, vulgar, Wales, wallflower, war, water, Wednesday, went, werewolf, whiskey, whore, wigwam, window, winsome, worry, write, xylophone, Yankee, Zeus, zipper, zloty

[ Our Living Language ]

a-, agreement, all, as far as, ax, bad, basket case, be, breathe, call, cent, chill, comparative, cool, dig, downsize, dude, dumb, foot, geek, go, gung ho, hisself, historical present, hornswoggle, I'm, igg, it, izzard, knockout, like, me, might, mine, Ocracoke Island, of, plural, rap, redundancy, rent, right, schlock, sleigh, Smith Island, strike, trashed, were, za, zero copula

[ Regional Notes ]

absquatulate, agin, andiron, anymore, as, bare-naked, beignet, birth, bodacious, boughten, cayuse, chaw, chesterfield, chirren, clever, critter, damned, dogie, dope, dornick, dragonfly, drudge, everwhere, fair, faubourg, favor, feist, ferninst, fix, frosting, frying pan, gallery, goober, greasy, gum band, gunnysack, gutter, hey, highfalutin, holler, hosey, intervale, johnnycake, juke, kindling, krewe, krumkake, lagniappe, light bread, lightning bug, loblolly, luminaria, milk shake, mill, mozo, mud dauber, muffuletta, need, neutral ground, Old Scratch, old-field colt, olla, parking, pocosin, poke, pone, possum, powerful, preacher, purty, quoit, ramada, redd, reeling, run, scoot, shivaree, slatch, smart, so, spa, stateside, stob, stoop, submarine, summercater, tarnation, ted, teeter-totter, thataway, tit, tonic, tule, tumbleset, ugly, ukulele, vaquero, vum, wake, wanigan, whiffletree, woodchuck, yonder, you-all, you-uns

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-31-1] [2014-04-20-1]

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2014-02-25 Tue

#1765. ܤǽ¤ƤѸ츻ؤ Klein αѸ츻ŵ [etymology][dictionary][lexicology][hebrew]

ܤˤ⤿ӤˬƤѸ˳νáݡɤ Fisiak (8) ˡܤαѸ츻ؤ¤Ƥݡڤ롥

One important area of research in Japan is English etymology. At least two important recent dictionaries should be mentioned: Osamu Fukushima An etymological dictionary of English derivatives, 1992 (in English), and Yoshio Terasawa.(sic) The Kenkyusha dictionary of English etymology, 1997 (in Japanese), I received both of them in 1997. Fushima's (sic) dictionary is unique in its handling solely derivatives. Terasawa's opus magnum is in Japanese but with some explanations it can be used by people who do not read Japanese. . . . The dictionary is a magnificent piece of work. It is the largest etymological dictionary of English. Its scope is unusually wide. In the notes sent to me Professor Terasawa wrote that the dictionary "includes approximately 50.000 words, the majority of which are common words found in general use, new coinages, slang, and such technical terms as seen in science and technology, such components of a word as prefixes, suffixes, linking forms, as well as major place names and common personal names" (private correspondence). It is comprehensive and up-to-date, well-researched and contains a fairly large number of entries thoroughly revised in comparison with earlier etymological dictionaries. Onions' Oxford dictionary of English etymology, 1966 contains 38.000 words with the derivatives and as could be expected many of the etymologies require revisions. From a linguistic point of view Terasawa's dictionary compares favorably with Klein's comprehensive etymological dictionary of the English language, 1966--67.


߷ʡˤ츻ŵѤԤȤơ˴ޤ٤ɾǤ롥Fisiak ϡرѸ츻ŵ٤ Klein μŵӤ٤ϫǤȤƤ뤬ǰ礤˽ФƤ Klein αѸ츻ŵȤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤǧƤKlein ˤĤƤϡ߷ȤؼѸ졦 (80) ǼΤ褦ɾƤ롥

ܼŵϡ'history of words' Ʊ 'history in words' 餫ˤ뤳ȤɸȤƤ롥 "Dealing with the origin of words and their sense development thus illustrating the history of civilization and culture" ȤꡤƬΥåȡˤ "To know the origin of words is to know the cultural history of mankind" ȸƤ롥Сñ򡤸ΰǤǤƱˤѤʹ֤ΰǡʸʳؤνʬȯã̤ФܤĤΤª롥줬ܼÿǤ롥ϡ캬̤硤αѸ켭ŵǤޤ夲ʤäȥ (Tocharian) Ʊ²򵭺ܤ롤軰750˵ڤ֥ (Semitic) θˤĤơ˽ऺ뵭ҤԤʤͤϿ̾Τۤáθͭ̾㡧Danaüsθ츻ˤꤢˤ˭٤˺ϿޤϲʳءѤŻ뤹롤ʤɤǤ


Klein 111֡18ǯǯ򤫤ƤμŵԤȤ顤ޤϫϫǤ롥Klein ˤĤƤϡ (100) ⼡Τ褦ɾƤ롥E. 饤ϡåǥӡʥ䶵ζաˤ򤷤Ƥʥζƽᤨ졤δ֡㡤ʡ©ҡͻͤ򼺤ä塤ʥ˰ܤꡤꥹθ츶ŵԽפΩʸʸ˽򤪤ޤ̵뤵ƤߥƥåϤνȤδطǤϡŪʤΡפǤ롥

ϫ渪ΤȤܤαѸ츻ŵҲ𤵤ƤȤȤϡľ˾޻ȼäƤ褤Klein μŵѤˤդɬפǤ롥ѸǤθ˵ҤԽʬǤ뤳ȡԼԤη򤫤饻ä˥إ֥饤ˤεҤϴԤ줽ɬΤǤϤʤȤʤɤϡˤȤƤɬפ롥
Ϣơ#600. Ѹ츻ν ([2010-12-18-1]) ⻲ȡ

Fisiak, Jacek. "Discovering English Historical Linguistics in Japan." Phrases of the History of English: Selection Papers Read at SHELL 2012. Ed. Michio Hosaka, Michiko Ogura, Hironori Suzuki, and Akinobu Tani. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2013.
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ޽饤֡1992ǯ
Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development, Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. 2 vols. Amsterdam/London/New York: Elsevier, 1966--67. Unabridged, one-volume ed. 1971.
߷ ˧ͺԡˡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ
͡إ󥰡ˤѤΡ١ҡӡ1968ǯ.

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2013-09-22 Sun

#1609. Cawdrey μǡ١ [cawdrey][lexicography][dictionary][cgi][web_service][inkhorn_term][lexicology]

Ѹ˾αѱѼ Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ˤĤơcawdrey γƵˤƤȤˡùܵҤ򸡺ǽȤ뤿ˡʰץǡ١򤳤館ȾмưǥƥȤ򽦤äƤΤʤΤǺ˥顼뤫⤷ʤȤꤢȤ褦ˤ
ǡ١Ƥ֥饦ǥƥȷˤƱϡɤʤ뤤ϥƥȥե뤽ΤΤˡ

    


ʲˡSQLбǡơ֥̾ "cawdrey" ȤƸꡥselect ʸΤͭեɤ7ܤǡID ֹˡLEMMA ϿˡINITIAL ϿƬʸ1ʸˡLENGTH ϿʸˡLANGUAGE ʼѸˡDEFINITION ˡDEF_WC θˡŵŪʸȤƵ󤲤Ƥ

# ǡ١Τɽ
select * from cawdrey

# Ͽ򥤥˥ˤäƥ
select INITIAL, count(*) from cawdrey group by INITIAL

# Ͽʸˤäƥ
select LENGTH, count(*) from cawdrey group by LENGTH

# Ͽ츻ˤäƥ
select LANGUAGE, count(*) from cawdrey group by LANGUAGE

# 츻ȸĹδط
select LANGUAGE, avg(LENGTH) from cawdrey group by LANGUAGE

# Ͽˤäƥ
select DEF_WC, count(*) from cawdrey group by DEF_WC

# 츻δط
select LANGUAGE, avg(DEF_WC) from cawdrey group by LANGUAGE

# "(k)" (kind of) ޤ
select LEMMA, DEFINITION from cawdrey where DEFINITION like '%(k)%'

# " or " ޤ
select LEMMA, DEFINITION from cawdrey where DEFINITION like '% or %'

# " and " ޤ
select LEMMA, DEFINITION from cawdrey where DEFINITION like '% and %'

# ɤʶǽäƤ뤫
select substr(DEFINITION, -1, 1), count(*) from cawdrey group by substr(DEFINITION, -1, 1)



ݡ롦Х ס رѸθá١ҡʸ˥ӡ1976ǯ

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2013-04-22 Mon

#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) [orthoepy][pronunciation][dictionary][lexicography][rp][prescriptive_grammar][walker][bl]

ѸȤ18˱ѸεϤäĿ̾󤲤ȸ줿顤ֻˤ Samuel Johnson (1709--84)ʸˡ Robert Lowth (1710-87)Ǥȯï
ϡJohn Walker (1732--1807) Ǥ롥路 A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ϡҤȯ᤿18Υꥹ̱˳Τƻ٤Ϳǰʹߡ100ǰʾŤͤƿ͵ƤǤ "Elocution Walker" ȸƤФޤǤ˻ä18 Walker 夵Ťϩϡ1920ˤǧȯ (RP = Received Pronunciation) ߽Фפ󶡤ɸѸˤޤ礭ʱƶڤܤƤ롥
ɽˤäĹ"A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language: to which are prefixed Principles of English Pronunciation: Rules to be Observed by the Natives of Scotland, Ireland, and London, for Avoiding their Respective Peculiarities; and Directions to Foreigners for Acquiring a Knowledge of the Use of this Dictionary." ɽɽȤꡤɥ濴˶ŤǤޤäϼǤ롥ʸǤɥȯ "undoubtedly the best" ǸƤ뤬ɥȤϤäƤ Cockney ȯ㳰Ǥꡤåȥɤ䥢ɤȯ礤˽Фʤ Cockney "a thousand times more offensive and disgusting" ȵƤƤ롥
Walker μȯϼ¤˾ܺ٤ǡ㤨 drama θ22ۤɤǽäƤ뤬ȯ770˵ڤ־ܤϿ36,600ϡ饤Х뼭Ȥ⤤ Thomas Sheridan A General Dictionary of the English Language (1780) 38,000ˤϾڤФʤȯξܺ٤Ӥˤʤʤ
British Library English Timeline ˤ Walker's correct pronunciation ꡤФ "BACK" ǻϤޤ뼭ΥڡǤ롥ʾ塤Crystal (52) ӻ߷ (19--20) 򻲾ȤƼɮ
ˤĤƤϡ#571. orthoepy ([2010-11-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
߷ ˧ͺԡˡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ

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2013-03-21 Thu

#1424. CELEX2 [corpus][dictionary][statistics][frequency][lexicology]

ñ٤˴ϢBetty Phillips ʤɡˤǡCELEX Ȥåǡ١ѤƤΤ򸫤뤳Ȥ롥߼꤫äƤ븦ǡ祳ѥ˴ŤǤפɬפˤʤäΤǡ͹ߤ350ɥ뤹뤳ιʥǡ١ꤷƤߤǤ2ǤǤꡤCELEX2 ȤƹǤ롥ʤʤͽۤƤʤäꤷ CD-ROM ˤϡLDC99T42 Ȥǡ١ޤޤƤˤ tagged Brown Corpus, Wall Street Journal, Switchboard tagged ʤ Treebank ϤΥѥäƤ롥
ơCELEX2 ˤϡѸä˴ؤʣΥǡ١ǼƤ롥줾Υǡ١ˤϡˡᡤ֡γƴ顤Ф (lemma) 뤤ϸ (wordform) ȤˡѥǤξ󤬳ǼƤ롥Ūˤϡ11Υǡ١ѲǽǤ롥

ect (English Corpus Types)
efl (English Frequency, Lemmas)
efs (English Frequency, Syllables)
efw (English Frequency, Wordforms)
eml (English Morphology, Lemmas)
emw (English Morphology, Wordforms)
eol (English Orthography, Lemmas)
eow (English Orthography, Wordforms)
epl (English Phonology, Lemmas)
epw (English Phonology, Wordforms)
esl (English Syntax, Lemmas)

Ф줢뤤ϸȤ token ٤μФ˶ǡ١ȤǧǹºݤˤϡޤޤƤμ϶äۤ˭٤ǡ11Υǡ١٤Ƥ碌եɿϤΤ250ʾ˵ڤ֡Կ efl 52,447ԡefw 160,595ԤȤ礵Ѥ SQLite DB 򤳤館顤̤ˤ90MBĶƤޤä
CELEX2 ΥϡˤĤƤ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1974) ڤ Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1978) ǤꡤپˤĤƤ 1790줫ʤ COBUILD/Birmingham corpus Ǥ롥Υѥιϡ1660 (92.74%) 񤭸եѥ130 (7.26%) äեѥǡԤ284ƥȤΤ44ƥ (15.49%) ꥫѸǤ롥ΥꥫѸϤۤȤɤꥹѸֻľƤ뤳Ȥդ
CELEX2 ˤ "lemma" ϡʲ5˰¸롥

(1) orthography of the wordforms: peek vs peak
(2) syntactic class: meet (adj.) vs meet (adv.)
(3) inflectional paradigm: water (v.) vs water (n.)
(4) morphological structure: rubber (someone or something that rubs) vs rubber (the elastic substance)
(5) pronunciation of the wordforms: recount [ˈriː-kaʊnt] vs recount [rɪ-ˈkaʊnt]

äơ̾ۤʤ lexeme Ȥư bank (ڼˤ bank ʶԡˤʤɤϡCELEX2 ǤƱ lemma ȤưƤΤդɬפǤ롥
Τ褦 CELEX2 ˶Ϥʸ٥ǡ١¾ˤٸ˻񤹤ǡ١ġ¸ߤ롥ܥ֥ǿ줿ΤȤƤϡfrequency statistics lexicology γƵ䡤ä˰ʲεͤˤʤ

#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])
#708. Frequency Sorter CGI ([2011-04-05-1])
#1159. MRC Psycholinguistic Database Search ([2012-06-29-1])

Baayen R. H., R. Piepenbrock and L. Gulikers. CELEX2. CD-ROM. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, 1996.

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2013-03-17 Sun

#1420. Johnson's Dictionary ħȳ [dictionary][johnson][lexicography]

#898. OED2 Web3 оɽ ([2011-10-12-1]) Ǹɽ2Ѹ켭ħӤ϶Ѹɽ Samuel Johnson (1709--84) A Dictionary of the English Language (2 vols. London: J. & P. Knapton et al., 1755) ħ򤫤ĤޤǾҲ𤷤ʲϡ߷ԡˡpp. 15--19 ڤ Crystal ˤƱ˴ؤ륤ȥ򻲹ͤˤ
1747ǯǤʸȤƤʤ餷Ƥ Johnson ϡ"The Plan of A Dictionary of the English Language" ȯɽԻΰߤ򼨤Ƥѥȥ󤫤λٱäˤʤ֤ǡ6̾νȤȤƻʼԻȤϤ줿̤ȤƤǤνǤϡ39μϿؤ1773ǯ4Ǥ42,700ˡʸ11622,500ڡ缭ŵȤʤä
Johnson μκħ2ĵ󤲤С(1) ñθȤ˰ʸäȡ(2) ʬơŬڤǼȤǤ롥(1) ˤĤƤϡ¾Ǥ㤬äΤΡѸ켭˾塤ŪʻߤǤꡤJohnson ʱѸνʸȤߤʤŰʹߤκȷϿƤ롥ŪˤϡPhilip Sidney (1554--86), Richard Hooker (c1554--1600), Francis Bacon (1561--1626), Walter Raleigh (c1552--1618), William Shakespeare (1564--1616), Edmund Spenser (c1552--99), John Milton (1608--74), John Dryden (1631--1700), Joseph Addison (1672--1719) ʤɤǡ500ĶԤѤƤʤShakespeare, Dryden, Addison, Bacon ǰѤ3ʬ1ˡŵ򻲾ȤˡJohnson ˤѤΤ¿äȤ
(2) ˤĤƤϡư take ˤȤС¾ưȼưǹ碌134θˤޤʬषƤꡤԤ Bailey μ (1730) бս꤬6ԤʤΤ٤ȡ㤤κ٤Ǥ롥˭٤ʰʸ˴ŤˤɾꡤOED ʤɤ (J.) Ȥ Johnson 򤷤ФмѤƤۤɤǤ롥ŵŪͭ̾ oat "grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people" ϡJohnson θȼѡǤи򼨤ΤȤƤ뤬ΤˤΤ褦⻶ΤΡƴʷŪΤͿƤ롥
¾ħȤƤϡ첻ľ˶椬դƤ뤳ȡʤԤ Bailey ˵٤ˡ츻ɬΤǤʤȡWilliam Jones ΩĤ30ǯȤͤФʤˡɴʼŵŪμ⤦Ȥ٤ʤɤ󤲤뤬"Plan" ɤФ褯ʬ褦˶弭˵ۤȤɤιܤޤƤȤäƤ褯Johnson λ¿Ωġ
μϡ1810ǯޤǤ10ǤŤ͡1815--18ǯˤ J. H. Todd ˤǡ1827ǯ2ǡˤ蘆줿Johnson ʹ OED ˻ޤǤϡԻư Johnson 䴰Ȥ̣礤ͥ100ǯʾˤ錄Ѹ켭񳦤˷פŪʼȤäƤ褤Johnson μ˴Ťơɥĸ졤ꥢ졤٥󥬥Ȥ2켭ŵԻ줿褦ˡؤαƶϤä
ޤǤǯ1756ǯˤϡ2Ǥ줿¤ʴάʤƤꡤǤ⸡ʤᡤ18̤ƿǤäƿ͵1815ǯޤǤ14ǤŤ͡Ф줿
ơCrystal Johnson μ񤫤4000ꤹäǤ250ǯܤˤ2005ǯ˽Ǥ줿"Plan" ڤ "Preface" ȤȤ˼ڤ˻ȤǤΤǡǶϴ֤ơޤ˰Ƥ롥

Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. Selected, Edited and with an Introduction by David Crystal. London: Penguin, 2005.
߷ ˧ͺԡˡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ

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