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dictionary - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-03-08 Mon

#4333. Johnson 켭ؤβϩ [johnson][dictionary][lexicography]

Ѹ켭ˤƤήˤĤơ#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1]) ȡ#610. æ켭18 ([2010-12-28-1]) dz⤷18ˤʤäƤ褦䤯ǤϤʤ̸ϿŪʱѸ켭ȤȤä
John Kersey A New English Dictionary (1702) Ի³ Nathaniel Bailey An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Dictionarium Britannicum: Or a more Compleat Universal Etymological English Dictionary than any Extant (1730) ǤǸ Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ᤯äȤή
ˤܤŪʸ¿ϿȤǤϡKersey θФ28,000졤Bailey Dictionary 40,000Ǥ뤫顤Τ2ͤæ켭ϩ򤿤ɤäȤäƤ褤
ȤJohnson ϰŪʼԻȤǰ츫2ͤήǤ褦ˤߤΤΡäϩȤäƤ롥Ͽ39,000 Bailey 侯ʤ餤ǡϿäǤ롥ºݡJohnson ʪ⳵ǰɽ魯򹥤ǼϿޤ褯ΤƤ褦Ѥ䶯ǽμԻԤȤ̾ĤƤ뤬ΰѸϾ˥ϥʸϵҤäΤǤ롥餫˾ήռ
Dixon (96) ϡŦơJohnson ϩ̣Ǥ켭󵢤ȱԤƶäƤ롥

Johnson's choice of words, and the senses exemplified, reflected his preoccupation with high-class literary style, rather than with general use of the language. His selectivity was, in a rather different sense, continuing the philosophy of the 'hard words' lexicographers.


ˤĤƤλطʤθɬפ롥Ϣơ#2650. 17μǹߤ18ȾФβߤء ([2016-07-29-1]) ⻲ȡ

Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.

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2021-03-06 Sat

#4331. Johnson μ̾򼨤ά n.s. [johnson][dictionary][lexicography][noun][adjective][verb][latin][terminology]

Samuel Johnson μ A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ˤϡ̾򼨤άȤơ߸Ƥ n. ǤϤʤ n.s. ѤƤ롥̾ stone ιܤƬߤƤߤ褦



Ф³ơåΤ n. ʃ. 롥ξʸ <s> Ϥ long <s> ȸƤФΤǡߤΤΤȰۤʤΤաlong <s> ˤĤƤϡ#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶ ([2019-11-30-1])#3875. 񤭤Ǥ19ޤǤĤäƤ long <s> ([2019-12-06-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ
n.s. ϡŪ̾ؤ noun substantive ξάǤ롥ߤδФϤषĹ̾Τ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤƥʸˡѸ츯餹ƥʸˡǤϡʤˤޤࡤʤ̾ȷƻҤä "noun" ȤߤʤƤˤʤä̾ȷƻʪȤ븫ޤ졤Ԥ "noun substantive"Ԥ "noun adjective" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤäޤ "noun" ޤޤƤǤϡѤǤȤ⤤롥Dixon (97) ϢѤ褦

Early Latin grammars used the term 'noun' for all words which inflect for case. At a later stage, this class was divided into two: 'noun substantive' (for words referring to substance) and 'noun adjective' (for those relating to quality). Johnson had shortened the latter to just 'adjective' but retained 'noun substantive', hence his abbreviation n.s.


Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤƻΤۤ n.a. ǤϤʤ adj. ȤƤΤǡӤƤʤȤФ̤ƻ stone ιܤߤƤߤ褦



ʤߤˡˤư to stone θФ⸫뤬ʻά v.a. ϡverb active ɽ魯Ǥ¾ư (transitive verb) 򤽤ƤǤΤǤ롥ư (intransitive verb) ϡv.n. (= verb neuter) ä
ʸˡѸŪˤĤƤϡ#1257. ʤгʡפ "accusative case" ʤΤ ([2012-10-05-1])#1258. ʤ¾ưפ "transitive verb" ʤΤ ([2012-10-06-1])#1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1])#3307. ʸˡѸȤƤ participle ʬס ([2018-05-17-1])#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) ([2020-03-23-1])#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1])#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) ([2020-03-25-1])#4317. ʤֳʡפ "case" ʤΤ ([2021-02-20-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.

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2021-03-03 Wed

#4328. 16ʬѸ콸 [lexicography][lexicology][dictionary][mulcaster]

Ϣεǡ16Ⱦ˻˾αѱѼ߽Ф˻äŪطʤˤĤƹͤƤ (cf. #4324. ǽαѱѼ Coote The English Schoole-maister? ([2021-02-27-1])#4325. ǽαѱѼؤȤĤʤ Coote ΰյ ([2021-02-28-1])#4326. ǽαѱѼΥ饤 Coote -- Cawdrey -- Bullokar ([2021-03-01-1])#4327. Ѽ񤫤ѱѼؤή ([2021-03-02-1])
ޤƤήʿŪˡ⤦1ĿƤ٤פʷ褬äϡȤۤηŪʤΤǤϤʤΤդ줿ʬѸ콸Ȥ٤¸ߤǤ롥ˤϡñꥹȤӤ٤ΤΤޤޤ롥äȤΤ顤εϤΤΤޤǡ16ˤ70ʾѸ콸ǤƤȤäDixon (45--46) 顤Ĥվ񤭤Ƥߤ褦

Ϥµȥ˴ؤ The Boke of Husbandry 38Υꥹ (1523)
µˡѸޤ426Υꥹ (1543)
ŵ129Ȳޤ The first Syxe Bokes of the Mooste christian Poet Marcellus Palingenius, Called the Zodiake of Life (1561)
˴Ϣ95ޤ A Postill [gloss] or Exposition of the Gospels (1569)
ؤ49ޤ The Elements of Geometrie (1570)
νŤñ̤򰷤ä10ۤɤΥꥹ (1583)

Τ褦ʬѸ콸Ǥ褦ˤʤȡʬʤŪʸý⤢ȤȯۤͯФƤ롥ɬʤΤ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) Ǥꡤळ The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) Ǥ8000ۤɤθý "Generall Table" 󼨤ʪäΤǤ롥

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2021-03-02 Tue

#4327. Ѽ񤫤ѱѼؤή [latin][loan_word][coote][cawdrey][bullokar][lexicography][dictionary]

ϢεǡѸ˾κǽαѱѼȤμդˤĤ Dixon ˵ʤͻƤ (cf. #4324. ǽαѱѼ Coote The English Schoole-maister? ([2021-02-27-1])#4325. ǽαѱѼؤȤĤʤ Coote ΰյ ([2021-02-28-1])#4326. ǽαѱѼΥ饤 Coote -- Cawdrey -- Bullokar ([2021-03-01-1])) ѱѼϴ饤Ȥ Mulcaster -- Coote -- Cawdrey -- Bullokar Ȥ򤿤ɤ뤳ȤǤȼƤMulcaster ˤˤդʧɬפ롥Mulcaster Ȱʸ⡤ŪˤϢ³ΤƤ뤫
άŪ˽Ҥ٤СΤ Mulcaster bilingual ѼλǤꡤʸ monolingual ʱѱѼλǤΤǡ츫 Mulcaster 򶭤˼Ū褦˸뤫⤷ʤԤ monolingual ʱѱѼȤϾΤƤΤΡ֤ȤƤϡ켭פǤꡤФϥƥ줫μѸ줬Ū¿äȤοǤ롥Ĥޤꡤƥη֤ΤΤǤϤʤȤ⾯Ѹ첽٤Ρ֤ʤäƥƥñפФΩƤƤ櫓ǤꡤCoote -- Cawdrey -- Bullokar 饤 monolingual ϡ֤ȤƤ "1.5-lingual" ȤǤ⤤٤ΤäΤĤޤꡤMulcaster ʸαѱѼή⡤ѼηϢʤȤȤǤ롥
Dixon (42) ˽15--16Ѽηñ˼褯ΤƤΤϡ1430ǯդʬŪʼǤĤäƤ Hortus Vocabulorum Ǥ롥1500ǯ˽Ǥ졤27,000Υƥñ줬̣̤˷ǺܤƤ롥弭ˤĤƤϡ1440ǯμǤΤƤ Promptorium Parvalorum sive Clericum 1499ǯ˽Ǥ졤ʸ1528ǯޤDz뤳ȤȤʤä
16Ⱦ¸ߴ򼨤ѼϡThe Dictionary of Sir Thomas Elyot knight (1538) Ǥʥȥ뤬ѸǤ뤳աˡԤ Hortus Vocabulorum αƶۤȤɼƤ餺ष Ambrogio Calepino 弭١ˤƤ (Dixon 43) ȾФ1565ǯ Bishop Thomas Cooper ˤѼ Thesaurus Linguae Romanae & Britannicae ǤӤȾ1587ǯ Thomas Thomas ˤǤ줿Ѽ Dictionarium Linguae Latinae et Anglicanae ˤϰ̤åƤȤˤʤäơ Thomas Thomas Ѽ񤳤Mulcaster Coote -- Cawdrey -- Bullokar 饤αѱѼ --- ʤѸ˾αѱѼ --- θäȤ¤ŦƤ (Dixon 48)
Ϣơ#3544. Ѹ켭ˤάǯɽ ([2019-01-09-1])#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-13-1] [2021-03-03-1]

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2021-03-01 Mon

#4326. ǽαѱѼΥ饤 Coote -- Cawdrey -- Bullokar [mulcaster][coote][cawdrey][bullokar][lexicography][dictionary]

Ѹ˾αѱѼäơ#4324. ǽαѱѼ Coote The English Schoole-maister? ([2021-02-27-1]) ȡ#4325. ǽαѱѼؤȤĤʤ Coote ΰյ ([2021-02-28-1]) εǵƤԤεǡֱѸ켭ϴȤ Mulcaster -- Coote -- Cawdrey Υ饤ǧƤȤˤϰʤפȽҤ٤ԻΤ褦͡ʱƶطΤȤʬǤϡ֥饤פ1ĤޤʤȤɤޤ⤷ʤ
ѱѼϰ̤ Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall (1604) Ȥ뤬Dixon (47) ˤФϴְ㤤ǡEdmund Coote The English Schoole-maister (1596) ǤȤθߤȡJohn Bullokar An English Expositor (1616) 2ͤθѤȤ֤ŤCoote -- Cawdrey -- Bullokar Ȥʥ饤򡤤˸ФȤǤ롥Dixon (47) 󤬴ʷǤ롥

1596. Edmund Coote [a shool-teacher]. The English Schoole-maister, teaching all his scholers, of what age soeuer, the most easie, short and perfect order of distinct reading and true writing our English tongue. Includes texts, catechism, psalms and, on pages 74--93, a vocabulary of about 1,680 items with definitions (mostly of a single word) provided for about 90 per cent of them.
1604. Robert Cawdrey [a clergyman and school-teacher]. A Table Alphabeticall, conteyning and teaching the true writing, and vnderstanding of hard vsual English wordes, borrowed from the Hebrew, Greeke, Latine, or French, etc. ... Consists just of a vocabulary of about 2,540 items, all with definitions.
1616. John Bullokar [a physician]. An English Expositor: teaching the interpretation of the hardest words used in our language. With sundry explications, descriptions, and discourses ... Consists just of a vocabulary of about 4,250 items, all with definitions.


ʳŪ˼ϿƤȤȤʬ뤬ߤαƶط⤷Dixon (47) ξΰѤ³1ˤȡCawdrey Coote θФ87%򥳥ԡƤꡤȾʬۤɤƱΤȤơBullokar ϤɤȤС٤ Cawdrey ˤ˰͵򤷤ƤȤ
κǽαѱѼԻԤФɾˤ򿶤֤äƤߤȡޤ⤷1865ǯ Henry B. Wheatley Ȥ˲ȤϡBullokar ѱѼȤƤ롥2ͤ¸ߤ˵ŤƤʤä餷ޤ1933ǯ Mitford M. Matthews "Robert Cawdrey was the first to supply his countrymen with an English dictionary." (qtd. in Dixon (47--48)) ȽҤ٤Ƥꡤ줬αѸ켭ˤʬȤƻ夲졤ߤ˻롥Τ˱Ѹ켭ˤܤΥȥϤȡThe English Dictionary from Cawdrey to Johnson (1946) The English Dictionary before Cawdrey (1985) The First English Dictionary, 1604 (2007) ʤɤܤˤĤ

Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
Wheatley, Henry B. "Chronological Notes on the Dictionaries of the English Language." Transactions of the Philological Society for 1865. 218--93.
Matthews, Mitford M. A Survey of English Dictionaries. London: OUP, 1933.

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2021-02-28 Sun

#4325. ǽαѱѼؤȤĤʤ Coote ΰյ [coote][cawdrey][mulcaster][lexicography][dictionary]

ε#4324. ǽαѱѼ Coote The English Schoole-maister? ([2021-02-27-1]) ˰³Ѹ켭ϴΰѤôä Edmund Coote Ȥ The English Schoole-maister (1596) θðɽɾˤĤơ
˭ (377) ϡƱȯֻζʽȤƲ̤Ūʰյɾ˰­ꤺѸ켭˾βͤѶŪǧ褦ȤƤ롥

ܽ񤬡ǽαѸ켭ɾ Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall ľŪʱƶͿȤϡǤоɽưפ˴Ǽ褹뤳ȤǤ롥Coote ɽǤƤ졤ӸϤ٤ƤΤޤ Cawdrey μŵ˼ϿƤ롥ϼѤȲλ ('It was an era of borrowing, adapting and downright plagiarism') Ȥ뤬ѹǺǽμŵԽԤȤɤ˵ Cawdrey Coote 餦Ȥϡ褷ƾʤʤƤޤCawdrey μɽ A Table Alphabeticall ⡤Coote ΰɽ֤Ȥդ줿 'Directions for the vnskilfull' "If thou hast not been acquainted with such a table as this following, and desirest to make vse of it, thou must get the Alphabet, that is, the order of the letters as they stand,..." ˤ a table...Alphabet ˼ȤʤƤ롥A Table Alphabeticall ϡ'hard vsuall English wordes' 'plaine English wordes' Τǡ켭ŵʬȤ뤬Coote ˤϤǤ 'hard words' ('The Schoole-maister his profession'), 'hardest' Ȥ ('Directions') 롥Ѹ켭ˤεҤˤ 'From Cawdrey to Johnson' ʤϤߤ Cawdrey ι׸פ򤿤ɤΤ̤Ǥ뤬ǽαѸ켭ŵνפŵȤơܽβͤѶŪǧʤФʤʤǤ


ơּפȤΤϲʤΤ̤ñˤ٤餷ΤΤĤðɽȤκۤϲʤΤȹͤ줿

Coote, Edmund. The English Schoole-Maister. 1596.
˭ ѡEdmund Coote: The English Schoole-maister βסWilliam Bullokar: Book at large, Bref Grammar and Pamphlet for Grammar. P. Gr.: Grammatica Anglicana. Edmund Coote: The English Schoole-maisterٱѸʸݹ亮꡼1Ʋ1971ǯ365--80.

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2021-02-27 Sat

#4324. ǽαѱѼ Coote The English Schoole-maister? [coote][cawdrey][mulcaster][lexicography][dictionary]

Ѹ켭˾塤ǽαѱѼϰ̤ Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ȤƤ롥ˤĤơ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])#726. ǤȤ뤫⤷ʤŪ Cawdrey μ ([2011-04-23-1])#1609. Cawdrey μǡ١ ([2013-09-22-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
Cawdrey ̼ǻ˾αѱѼä櫓ǤϤʤ㤨СǤ1582ǯ Richard Mulcaster The First Part of the Elementarie Τʤ8000ۤɤθý "Generall Table" ǤƤꡤºݤ¿ Cawdrey μȿǤƤ (cf. #441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]))
Ʊ褦ˡEdmund Coote 1596ǯ˾尴ȯֻζʽ The English Schoole-maister 3Ǥ1500ΰɽ󤲤ƤꡤCawdrey Ϥ餫˻ȤƤ롥Coote θðɽˤ̤ñˤ٤ΤΤǤϤ뤬פդƤꡤʬΩƤߤʤС줳˾αѱѼȤߤʤƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפ롥ºݡDixon (ix) ϡΤ褦ˤȤ館Ƥ褦

The first monolingual English dictionaries --- commencing in 1596 --- dealt just with 'hard words' (those of foreign origin) and explained them in terms of Germanic forms. The second such dictionary, by Robert Cawdrey in 1604, included:
   lassitude, wearines


˭ (375) Edmund Coote: The English Schoole-maister βפˤơȤᤤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥

Ǥֻˡ輨뤳ȤŪȤ줿ΤФʸ˱Ѹˤ֤ Coote θɽϡѸ켭ŵοȤ٤ΤǤꡤƱ 'Schoole-maister' Ǥä Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall, conteyning and teaching the true vvriting, and vnderstanding of hard vsuall English wordes, borrowed from the Hebrew, Greeke, Latine, or French. Etc. (1604) 礭ʱƶڤܤȤˤʤ롥


äƺǽαѸ켭Ȥ뤫ϡּפǤꡤǤƧ߹ޤʤѸ켭ϴȤ Mulcaster -- Coote -- Cawdrey Υ饤ǧƤȤˤϰʤ

Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
Coote, Edmund. The English Schoole-Maister. 1596.
˭ ѡEdmund Coote: The English Schoole-maister βסWilliam Bullokar: Book at large, Bref Grammar and Pamphlet for Grammar. P. Gr.: Grammatica Anglicana. Edmund Coote: The English Schoole-maisterٱѸʸݹ亮꡼1Ʋ1971ǯ365--80.

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2021-01-08 Fri

#4274. ѸγؽˤѸˡѸؤθˤ⥳ѥ䥪饤ġ [corpus][coca][dictionary][methodology][elt]

Ǥ줿رѸȽˡɤޤƤ褦ǧβʳؤ˴ŤŪʱѸؽλǤ롥λȤܤΤϡ5ϡѥˤѸ쥹õˡӡפȡ6ϡѥˤѸ쥹õˡӡפǤ롥ǤϡؽԤ˵ΤϼȤγؽǤϤʤѥѤǽưŪʳؽǤ⤫졤Ūʥ饤󥳡ѥˡ롥åȤȤʤñˤĤƥѥͿƤ١ʸϢʤɤξȤˡñ˴ؤ륹ޤ򼫤齬ƤȤǤ롤Ȥݤǵ󤲤Ƥ륳ѥޤ᤿饤ġΤ̵ѤǤΤ󤲤Ƥʺ桤259--60ˡ

Weblio ¡±Ѽŵ
Cambridge English Dictionary
SkELL (= Sketch Engine for Language Learning)
COCA (= Corpus of Contemporary American English)
WordNet: A Lexical Database for English

ܽ56ϤΤۤõӡפꤹ50ڡĶʬǤϡѸؽΤߤʤ餺ѸؤθơޤȤʤ꤬Ĥ夲ƤꡤѸءѸˤ칶ˤȤäƤͭѤǤ롥ѥѤΥҥȤȤʤ
ܽӤɡ֥ޡפϡɹο̲μפȤƤ롥Ѹñɽ򿿤˽뤿ˤϡ괬ɴʼŵŪμ֥ޡפ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥ѸñɽνΤˤϡΤɬפǤ롥
ʤϲİˤƼ顥˰ѸȤ򤹤뤿ˤϡѸΥޤ򤷤Ƥɬפ롥Ѹ괬ҲŪʴĶǤȤѸѸ줿餷ƤˡʡѸˡˤ˴ؤμǤ롥ɹο̲ˤɴʼŵŪμǤꡤˤϿȤˤĤ뤳ȤǤʤϤǽưŪ˳ؤǤɬפ롥
ܽɤߡѸˤϡֱѸΥޡסֱѸȤɹɽ̲μפΰΤäΤʡȵŤ补

ĤߡرѸȽˡ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2020ǯ

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2020-12-08 Tue

#4243. ñΰ̣Ѳμŵ --- NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings [dictionary][lexicology][semantic_change][oed][bibliography][bleaching]

ޤΤƤʤȻפ NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings Ҳ𤷤ޤñΰ̣ѲòŵǤ긵֤ƤʤȤ¿Ǥñ줴Ȥˤΰ̣ѲĴ٤褦ȻפСޤ OED Τ̤ǤOED Ϥޤ˾̤¿ơäĴ٤ˤŬʤȤ¿Ǥ͡ܤ䤯ˤ󤾵Ѥ󡤤ȤȤˤʤ꤫ͤޤ󡥤ʤȤ˼֤Ƥʼŵ1Ĥ Room ԡˤμǤ̣Ѳ˾ʤäԤޤƤޤ꤬䡥
ΥץåȤ passion ȤεˤĤƴؿޤΰ̣ϡ־ǮפϤ֡ʥꥹȶ̤Ρ˼פ⤢ޤּư (cf. passive) ⤢ޤߤˤɤطΤǤ礦ȤȤθ츻ϥƥ patī (to suffer) ǤǦ֤餳ּפʤΤǤꡤ򴮤ǦФΡ־ǮפȤʤ櫓ǤּưȡפθǼǤǤ礦Ūʶɽ魯Τ츻Ǥ͡
ζǮŪɽ路줬Ѥ뤦ˡֶˡ§פˤꡤñʤ֤פؤȼޤäƤޤߤǤ He has a passion for golf. Τ褦줿̣Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤޤ
Ǥϡ嵭ΰ̣Ѳμ passion (200--01) äƤߤޤ礦ʲΤ褦ˤޤ

passion (strong feeling, especially of sexual love; outbreak of anger)
The earliest 'passion' was recorded in English in the twelfth century, and was the suffering of pain, and in particular the sufferings of Christ (as which today it is usually spelt with a capital letter). This is therefore the meaning in the Bible in Acts 1:3, where the word was retained from Wyclif's translation of 1382 down to later versions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (in the Authorized Version of 1611: 'To whom also he shewed himself alive after his passion'). In the fourteenth century, the sense expanded from physical suffering to mental, and entered the emotional fields of strongly experienced hope, fear, love, hate, joy, ambition, desire, grief and much else that can be keenly felt. In the sixteenth century, there was a kind of polarization of meaning into 'angry outburst' on the one hand, and 'amorous feeling' on the other, with the latter sense of 'passion' acquiring a more specifically sexual connotation in the seventeenth century Finally, and also in the seventeenth century, 'passion' gained its inevitably weakened sense (after so much strength) as merely 'great liking for' (as a 'passion' for riding or growing azaleas).


ֶˡ§פθƤ빥ȤäƤ褵Ǥ

Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-10-05-1] [2021-01-23-1]

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2020-07-09 Thu

#4091. DOST SND --- åȥɱѸǤ OED [scottish_english][scots][oed][dictionary][lexicography][lexicology][world_englishes][laos]

νѸ (world_englishes) μϿɡåȥɱѸ (scottish_english) ϱѸˤˤ̤ʰ֤Ťˤ롥ȤΤϡ󥰥ɱѸСåȥɱѸϡľŪ˸űѸͳ褹ͣαѸѼǤ롥ŪˤϥꥹäѸΡ¤ä1ѼˤʤȤ̤ŪˤߤХ󥰥ɱѸ¤ǺĹϢ³ؤͳѼʤΤǤ롥άˤˤĤƤϡ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ͳ Scots English ˤĤƤϡOED ɤŨƲŪʼԻƤ롥2ľҲ𤷤褦1ĤϡDOST Craigie et al. Ԥ A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue Ǥ롥СϡåȥɱѸ줬󥰥ɱѸȤϰۤʤΩѼȤȯŸ顤Ω򼺤äƤä1700ǯޤǤǤ롥ˤϻˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ1600ǯޤǤŪ˼ϿƤȤäƤ褤17ʬˤĤƤϥåȥɤòϰѼμȤʤäƤ롥
ޤԻˤˤĤŤͤƤȤ⤢롥ԻȾˤϡƱθ츻̤ΤǤۤʤˤϡۤʤ븫ФΩƤȤˤΤƤR ι˺ݤäƤϿԽĹ Dareau ΤȤ to till ƱФΤʤǰʤɰۤʤˤΤ뤳ȤˤʤäطʤˤϡԻȤ˴ؤ֤꥽ɯä褦
1700ǯʹߤΥåȥɱѸôƤΤ⤦1ĤμSND Scottish National Dictionary Ǥ롥Ū§ΩäԻƤ뤬åȥɱѸ줬ǤΩܼۤäƤоݤȤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤ1ϰѼMȤ٤֤ŤȤʤäƤ롥
DOST SND 碌ơåȥɱѸǤ OED ȤߤʤƤ褤ºݡξԤ Dictionary of the Scots Language ̾ΤȤ礵졤饤ǥǤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
ʤߤˡLALME LAEME б롤ŤåȥɱѸˤĤƤϿޤƤ A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots (LAOS) Ȥ饢Ǥ롥
ʾ塤Durkin (1152--53) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Craigie, William A., Adam Jack Aitken, James A. C. Stevenson, and Marace Dareau, eds. A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue. Oxford: OUP, 1931--2002. Available online as part of Dictionary of the Scots Language at https://dsl.ac.uk/ .
Grant, William and David D. Murison, eds. The Scottish national Dictionary: Designed Partly on Regional lines and Partly on Historical Principles, and Containing All the Scottish Words Known to be in Use or to have been in Use Since c. 1700. Edinburgh: Scottish National Dictionary Association, 1931--76. Supplement 2005. Available online as part of Dictionary of the Scots Language at https://dsl.ac.uk/ .
Williamson, Keith. A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots, Phase 1: 1380--1500 (LAOS). 2007. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laos1/laos1.html .
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.

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2020-06-26 Fri

#4078. LEME = Lexicons of Early Modern English [leme][lexicography][dictionary][emode][lexicology][website][link][cawdrey][mulcaster][etymological_respelling]

ε ([2020-06-24-1], [2020-06-25-1]) ǡűѸˤ DOE Ȥ񤬡Ѹˤ MED Ȥ·äƤ뤳Ȥߤʽ˶ѸμϤʤΤ
Ѹ켭ϸŤ˾ޤƤȤƤϤʤShakespeare μ The King James Bible Υ󥳡󥹤Ϥ뤬Ʊ򹭤¸ߤƤʤΤǤ롥
Τ褦ʼȤʤ褦ʥǡ١¸ߤ롥ɸ LEME (= Lexicons of Early Modern English) Ǥ롥ϽѸʸڤ򼭽ԻѤ˼ꥹȤȤ⡤񤫤줿1400ۤɤμý򤽤Τޤޥǡ١ΤǤ롥Ѹθäб6ĶùܤȤԤ Early Modern English Dictionaries Database (EMEDD) ȯŸƤץȤǡ褽1480--1755ǯδ֤˽񤫤줿ΰܤܤƤȤΰˤȡּפȤ "monolingual, bilingual, and polyglot dictionaries, lexical encyclopedias, hard-word glossaries, spelling lists, and lexically-valuable treatises" ȤΤȤǤ롥Υǡ١Τʣ缭ȤߤʤȤϤǤ뤬ͤμԻѤäθ򵭽ҤȤ̣ǤΡּפǤϤʤޤƱο͡θ촶줿ʤ̣ǿ˼ŪʡˡּפȤȤˤʤ
伫Ȥ LEME ޤäȤʤƤʤ͡ʸǽʤ褦ǡ٤äٶȻפäƤ롥ԻϤ֤ʤȤռŪʸä򡦻ѤȤƤȤǡǤϤʤ̤Υѥˤߤä򡦻ѤӤƤߤȤ⤷⤷ʤ㤨СѸħŪʸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) λѤĴȤ˼ֻ LEME ǡֻ̤ EEBO corpus ʤɤĴ٤ӤƤߤȤ椬ͤ롥
Ѹμϡ켫ΤѸ˾1ĤθơޤȤʤꤦο롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤ʲϤȤ¿εǼ夲ƤǿƤ⡤褽 LEME ˴ޤޤƤ褦

#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])
#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])
#1609. Cawdrey μǡ١ ([2013-09-22-1])
#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])
#610. æ켭18 ([2010-12-28-1])
#1995. Mulcaster θåꥹ "generall table" ˤ츻Ūֻ ([2014-10-13-1])
#3224. Thomas Harman, A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors (1567) ([2018-02-23-1])
#3544. Ѹ켭ˤάǯɽ ([2019-01-09-1])

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-06-25 Thu

#4077. MED μȤƤħ [lexicography][dictionary][med][me][corpus][website][link][bibliography][onomastics]

ε#4076. Dictionary of Old English Dictionary of Old English Corpus ([2020-06-24-1]) ˰³Ѹ˸ˤϤʤƤϤʤʤġˤĤơѸ츦ȤС򤪤Ƥ MED 󤲤ʤФʤʤ (Kurath, Hans, Sherman M. Kuhn, John Reidy, and Robert E. Lewis. Middle English Dictionary. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1952--2001. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/) DOE DOEC δطƱͤˡMED ˤϢ MEC Ȥѥꡤ⤿ؤͭѤǤ (MEC = McSparran, Frances, ed. Middle English Compendium. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2006. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mec/)
MED 1952ǯ˺ǽξǤ졤1991ǯ˺ǸξǤƴθ塤2000ǯ˥饤Ǥ Middle English Compendium Ȥ߹ޤ졤Ȥ꤬˸夷٤ʸǤ뤳ȤϤhyperbibliography ν¿꤬򤷤56,000ۤɤθФؤѸμǤ뤳ȤϤˤФѸ츦˾κʪȤ롥2018ǯˤϤۤ20ǯβǤ졤ߤѸ츦äƤ롥
MED ˤϡѤäΤäƤ٤Ĥħ롥Durkin (1150--52) ˵äƻŦƤޤMED ϡ¿դʧȤȤOED ǤϤθ礭ʴȤƵҤʬƤ뤬MED Υȥ꡼κιϸǤ롥̣Ǥϸΰ㤤ʤɤȳڤäơLALME LAEME ˰ѤͤƤȤäǤ롥θͥȤħˤꡤŪʸΤߤʤ餺ʸŪŪʸˤ񤹤ġȤʤäƤȤ¦̤롥
νŻȴϢơMED ϳθͭ̾ȤƤλѤˤդʧäƤ롥ƤǸθȤƸڤ뤬ϸͭ̾츦˸ͭѤǤ롥¿ƥȤ˵ƤѸ̾ʤɤ⽦夲Ƥꡤ¾ʸܿθˤ񤹤Ǥ롥
MED ˤ餯ϡ츻ҤʤȤľθűѸѸǤХǤη֤ʤɤ󤲤ƤˤȤɤޤꡤߤʤ
Ǹ˻ŦƤ٤ϡʸդƤǯˤĤơ(1) ܡʾڵˤΤΤǯȡ(2) ƥȤ줿ȤܤǯȤʬƵƤǤʸԤϥåǤƤˡξǯǰƬˤС㤨аۼܴ֤ǤθӤ˺ݤƵŤȽǺȤʤνפʾϡdiplomatic ɤߤɵ᤹ʸŪʴؿƤǽƤ롥
Ϣơ#4016. Ѹ츦ΤδŪʥ饤󡦥꥽ ([2020-04-25-1]) ⻲ȡ

Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-26-1]

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2020-06-24 Wed

#4076. Dictionary of Old English Dictionary of Old English Corpus [lexicography][dictionary][doe][corpus][oe][website][link][bibliography]

ɸμϡܲʹθűѸ켭ԻץȤν껺Ǥcf. #3006. űѸμ ([2017-07-20-1])ˡʹʤΤ̤ȤȤˤʤ뤬 The Dictionary of Old English (DOE) ΥDictionary of Old English: A to I online, ed. Angus Cameron, Ashley Crandell Amos, Antonette diPaolo Healey et al. (Toronto: Dictionary of Old English Project, 2018). ιܤ򥪥饤DZȤǤʸѤǤ̵Ǥˡ
DOE ϢưǸűѸ쥳ѥ (DOEC) ԻƱ˿ʹԤƤꡤDictionary of Old English Web Corpus ꥪ饤ǥǤ褦ˤʤäƤʸѤǤ̵Ǥˡ¸űѸʸϸˤ300Ȥ졤ŪϿԻŪʸġ뤳ȤϲǽϰϤǤ롥DOEC ϡΤ褦ŪβDOE ԻץȤΰĤȤơޤٸϿޥեåǤ1980ǯ1985ǯ˸줿θ塤1997ǯ˥饤Ǥ2005ǯˤ A--F ޤǤιܤϿ CD-ROM Ǥ˽Фθ⸽ߤ˻ޤǡԻԤƻϤˤäƸܤƤƤ롥
DOE γƸΥȥ꡼Ǥϡʸڤ륹ڥ󥰡㡤ƥȤξбƥñʤɤξ졤OED ؤλȤޤ᤿ͻؤΥ󶡤Ƥ롥
˴ʥġϤʤ褦ˡDOE(C) ˤѤ˺ݤդ٤Ϥ롥űѸƥȤʣΥС󤬤硤ʸŪˤϳơñ variants ξ뤳Ȥ˾ޤDOE(C) ǤϥƥȤˤäƤμϿɤ줬롥ޤȤƤ variants Ϥ褽夲ƤȤƤ⡤ŪŪŪʰյ variants ˤϤۤɰդʧƤʤˡ񵭾ξάۤΤŸƤȤˤդɬפǤ롥츻ͿƤʤ⡤ȤƻǰǤϤ롥
Ǥ⡤űѸ츦ˤ DOE νȴԤ礭ϷפꤷʤOED ˤűѸñϼϿƤ뤬ޤʬŪǤꡤ1150ǯĶӤűѸñ˸ꤵƤ롥ԻץȤΥ󥹥ԥ졼ΤϡOED νǤĤĤä100ǯۤ Craigie Υǥͳ褹Ȥ顤¤©ĹץȤʤΤǤ롥礷Ƥޤ礦
DOEC ˤĤƤϡCoRD (Corpus Resource Database) ξɤ

Lowe, Kathryn A. "Resources: Early Textual Resources." Chapter 71 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1119--31.
Traxel, Oliver M. "Resources: Electronic/Online Resources." Chapter 72 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1131--48.
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-26-1] [2020-06-25-1]

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2020-04-25 Sat

#4016. Ѹ츦ΤδŪʥ饤󡦥꥽ [bibliography][website][link][corpus][dictionary][hel_education][auchinleck][oed][htoed][laeme][lalme][med][ceec][me]

ɸˤĤơSmith (47--48) λʸɽꤤĤȴФ󥯤ĥäƤߤʸ󥯤Ǥ뤳ȤǧѤߡˡܥ֥Ǥϡ¾ƼΥ饤󡦥꥽Ҳ𤷤ƤޤȤ᤭ʤΤ link 򻲾ȡȤ櫓 Chaucer ϢΥ󥯤ϡ#290. Chaucer ˴ؤ Web resources ([2010-02-11-1]) ɤ



AM = Burnley, David and Alison Wiggins, eds. Auchinleck Manuscript. National Library of Scotland, 2003. Available online at http://www.nls.uk/auchinleck/ .
CEEC = Nevalainen, Terttu, Helena Raumolin-Brunberg, Jukka Keränen, Minna Nevala, Arja Nurmi, and Minna Palander-Collin. Corpus of Early English Correspondence (CEEC). Department of English, U of Helsinki. Available online at https://varieng.helsinki.fi/CoRD/corpora/CEEC/index.html .
CSC = Meurman-Solin, Anneli. Corpus of Scottish Correspondence. U of Helsinki, 2007. Available online at https://varieng.helsinki.fi/CoRD/corpora/CSC/ .
CTP = Robinson, Peter and Barbara Bordalejo. The Canterbury Tales Project. Institute of Textual Scholarship and Electronic Editing, U of Birmingham, 1996--. Available online at http://server30087.uk2net.com/canterburytalesproject.com/index.html .
HTOED = Kay, Christian, Jane Roberts, Michael Samuels, and Irené Wotherspoon, eds. Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: OUP, 2009. Available online via http://www.oed.com/ .
LAEME = Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. LAEME: A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150--1325. U of Edinburgh, 2007. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme2/laeme2.html .
LALME = McIntosh, Angus, Michael Samuels, and Michael Benskin, with Margaret Laing and Keith Williamson. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (LALME). Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986. Available online as eLALME at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/elalme/elalme_frames.html .
LAOS = Williamson, Keith. A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots, Phase 1: 1380--1500 (LAOS). 2007. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laos1/laos1.html .
MEC = McSparran, Frances, ed. Middle English Compendium. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2006. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mec/ .
MED = Kurath, Hans, Sherman M. Kuhn, John Reidy, and Robert E. Lewis. Middle English Dictionary. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1952--2001. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/ .
MEG-C = Stenroos, Merja, Martti Mákinen, Simon Horobin, and Jeremy Smith. The Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C). Version 2011.2. Available online at https://www.uis.no/research/history-languages-and-literature/the-mest-programme/the-middle-english-grammar-corpus-meg-c/ .
OED = Simpson, John, ed. The Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford UP, 2000--. Available online at http://www.oed.com/.
TOE = Edmonds, Flora, Christian Kay, Jane Roberts, and Irené Wotherspoon. Thesaurus of Old English. U of Glasgow, 2005. Available online at https://oldenglishthesaurus.arts.gla.ac.uk/ .
VARIENG = Nevalainen, Terttu, Irma Taavitsainen, and Sirpa Leppänen. The Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English (VARIENG). Department of English, U of Helsinki. Available online at https://varieng.helsinki.fi/index.html .



Smith, Jeremy J. "Periods: Middle English." Chapter 3 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 32--48.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-25-1]

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2020-02-01 Sat

#3932. ʬ񤭤ʤä鸡ؤθФȤȯۤФƤʤ [distinctiones][lexicography][word][dictionary][alphabet]

䤿ϡɽʸޤܸν񵭤ˤ³ (scriptura continua) ʤΤ˴Ƥꡤä򴶤ƤʤǤɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤѤǡ⤷³񤭤ʤƤȡƬˤʤ롥ºݤˤϡϢεǼ夲Ƥ褦ˡ줬ŵꥷŵƥǤϾ֤äΤǤϤ뤬 (cf. #3929. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (1) ([2020-01-29-1])#3930. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (2) ([2020-01-30-1])#3931. θ경ʬ񤭡 ([2020-01-31-1]))
ͤδФ餹ȡե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ȤȯơäȤʤʬ񤭤ʤäɤʤΤ뤳Ȥ餷ʤ褯褯ͤƤߤȡʬ񤭤ˤζڤ꤬ΤʬȤΤϼ¤ˤ꤬ȤǤ롥³񤭤Ǥϡɤ߼꤬ζڤȽǤʤФʤʤ̤Ϣʤ³ڡΤʤǡ򸡺褦ȤȤʬ񤭤³񤭤ǤϡԡɤŷϤۤɰۤʤʬ񤭤ϡθȤȤ˳̿ŪǽΨ⤿餹Τ
ˡθ礿륵ӥȤ󶡤뼭 (dictionary) ý (glossary) ƼκͤƤߤ褦μǤϡùܤե٥åȽʤɤη줿ǡƬ˸ФȤΩƤƤ뤫餳䤹ΤǤäơ⤷䡹Ϣʤ³񤭤줿ʸΤʤŪθùܤθФõʤФʤʤȤ顤⤽⸡ӥѤ­ƤʤȤߤʤʬ񤭤ȤƤΤǤ롥ΤȤƵŤ餷ʤäȤ
Τ褦դƤ줿ΤϡSaenger (90) λŦǤ롥Ū³񤭤ä졤Ūʬ񤭤ȯãƤƽơѤ­뼭ŪʤΤ줿ΤȤƱͤˡե٥åȽ¤٤Ȥ⡤ܼŪˤʹߤ˽иȯۤȤäƤ

It is difficult to imagine an alphabetical dictionary functioning as a reference tool when written in scriptura continua, even after the codex had supplanted the scroll. For the Greeks and Romans, alphabetical order was chiefly an aid to grammarians in assembling collections of grammatical definitions, such as that of Pompeius Festus, and as a mnemonic tool for relatively short lists of names. The alphabetical principle was never used to facilitate rapid consultation, as in modern indexes.


ʬ񤭡ե٥åȽ硤ԻȤΤϡ٤ƴؤ꤬ȤȤϢơ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])#1451. Ѹ˾Υ󥳡󥹤ȴե٥åȼ ([2013-04-17-1])#2930. ϤȰθġؿջྶ١ ([2017-05-05-1])#3365. ϤȰθġؿջྶ (2) ([2018-07-14-1]) ⻲ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-03-24 Sun

#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ [johnson][dictionary][prescriptive_grammar][comparison][superlative][adjective][suffix][lexical_diffusion]

1755ǯ Johnson μνʸ "Grammar of the English Tongue" ꤹʸˡҤξϤ롥ǷƻӤˤĤƤ⥹ڡ䤫Ƥ뤬-er/-est Ӥ more/most ӤȤȤʬϡ⵬§ȤΤ񤷤ä褦Johnson ʤλ򸫤Ƥߤ褦
 

          The Comparison of Adjectives.

   The comparative degree of adjectives is formed by adding er, the superlative by adding est, to the positive; as, fair, fairer, fairest; lovely, lovelier, loveliest; sweet, sweeter, sweetest; low, lower, lowest; high, higher, highest.
   Some words are irregularly compared; as good, better, best; bad, worse, worst; little, less, least; near, nearer, next; much, more, most; many (or moe), more for moer), most (for moest); late, latter, latest or last.
   Some comparatives form a superlative by adding most, as nether, nethermost; outer, outmost; under, undermost; up, upper, uppermost; fore, former, foremost.
   Many adjectives do not admit of comparison by terminations, and are only compared by more and most, as benevolent, more benevolent, most benevolent.
   All adjectives may be compared by more and most, even when they have comparatives and superlatives regularly formed; as fair; fairer, or more fair; fairest, or most fair.
   In adjectives that admit a regular comparison, the comparative more is oftener used than the superlative most, as more fair is oftener written for fairer, than most fair for fairest.
   The comparison of adjectives is very uncertain; and being much regulated by commodiousness of utterance, or agreeableness of sound, is not easily reduced to rules.
   Monosyllables are commonly compared.
   Polysyllables, or words of more than two syllables, are seldom compared otherwise than by more and most, as deplorable, more deplorable, most deplorable.
   Disyllables are seldom compared if they terminate in some, as fulsome, toilsome; in ful, as careful, spleenful, dreadful; in ing, as trifling, charming; in ous, as porous; in less, as careless, harmless; in ed, as wretched; in id, as candid; in al, as mortal; in ent, as recent, fervent; in ain, as certain; in ive, as missive; in dy, as woody; in fy, as puffy; in ky, as rocky, except lucky; in my, as roomy; in ny, as skinny; in py, as ropy, except happy; in ry, as hoary.


Johnson ϤΤ褦ǡʤε§˱ʤ⻶ȤơMilton Ben Jonson μ󤲤Ƥ롥
Ǥ˰ѤҤˤϡ̣¿ޤޤƤ롥ȤС֡Ѥɽ魯Ǥ most ȤղäȤΤϸ츻Ūˤ⤷ (ex. nethermost, outmost, undermost, uppermost, foremost) outer ˤĤƤϡ#3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1]) 򻲾ȡޤforemost ˤĤƤϡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ
äơӤƻˤĤ most ѤǾ more ѤӵΤۤ٤ȤΤⶽ̣ŦӵȺǾǤϤ⤽ⷹۤʤ뤫⤷ʤȤϡ٤ࡥ
Milton λˤϵ줿 virtuousest, famousest, pow'rfullest ʤɤ Johnson ʤλˤǤϵƤʤʤäƤȤ⸫ƨʤJohnson Ǥ˸ŪʴФäƤȤˤʤ뤫ȤʬκСJohnson λޤǤ˸ʬۤȤϤǤäƤȹͤƤ褵
Τ褦ʡֺפ1ˤĤơLass ŦƤ뤳Ȥ⼨ŪǤ롥Lass (157) ϡJohnson ǤϵƤƤʤ woody, puffy, rocky, roomy ʤɤζӤߤǤϵƤƤ¤ͤȡ鸽ޤǤ˶ӤŬϰϤ礷ƤǽȽҤ٤Ƥ롥⤷ʤСθóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ
18εʸˡɤľϡѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤθѲΡȯפ¥Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

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2019-01-09 Wed

#3544. Ѹ켭ˤάǯɽ [dictionary][lexicography][timeline][cawdrey][webster][johnson][mulcaster][oed]

Dixon (242--44) ꡤѸ˴ؤ뼭ˤάǯɽǤ롥ޤǼפʼ (dictionary) Ѹ콸 (glossary) ˹ʤäƤΤաȤ櫓18ʹߤˤϡǵ󤲤Ƥʤ¿μ񤬽Ǥ줿Ȥαդ줿줾Υȥ꡼ä˵ܤΤʤñ켭ؤƤꡤǯϽǤǯɽ魯

c725Corpus Glossary. Latin to Latin, Old English, and Old French.
c1000Aelfric's glossary. Latin to Old English.
1499Anonymous. Promptorium Parvalorum [ms version in 1430]. English to Latin.
1500Anonymous. Hortus Vocabularum [ms version in 1440]. Latin to English.
1535Ambrogio Calepino. Dictionarium Latinae Linguae. Monolingual Latin.
1538Thomas Elyot. Dictionary. Latin to English.
1552Richard Huloet. Abecedarium Anglo-Latinum. English to Latin.
1565Thomas Cooper. Thesaurus Linguae Romanae & Britannicae. Latin to English.
1573John Baret. An Alvearie or Triple Dictionarie. English, Latin, and French.
1582Richard Mulcaster. Elementarie. [List of English words with no definitions.]
1587Thomas Thomas. Dictionarium. Latin to English.
1596Edmund Coote. The English Schoole-maister.
1604Robert Cawdrey. A Table Alphabeticall.
1613Academia della Crusca. Vocabulario. Monolingual Italian.
1616John Bullokar. An English Expositor.
1623Henry Cockeram. The English Dictionarie.
1656Thomas Blount. Glossographia.
1658Edward Phillips. The New World of English Words.
1676Elisha Coles. An English Dictionary.
1694Académie française. Dictionnaire. Monolingual French.
1702John Kersey. A New English Dictionary.
1721Nathan Bailey. A Universal Etymological English Dictionary.
1730Nathan Bailey. Dictionarium Britannicum.
1749Benjamin Martin. Lingua Britannica Reformata.
1753John Wesley. The Complete English Dictionary.
1755Samuel Johnson. Dictionary.
1765John Baskerville. A Vocabulary, or Pocket Dictionary.
1773William Kenrick. A New Dictionary of English.
1775John Ash. The New and Complete Dictionary.
1798Samuel Johnson, Junr. A School Dictionary.
1828Noah Webster. American Dictionary.
1830Joseph Emerson Worcester. Comprehensive Dictionary.
1835--7Charles Richardson. A New Dictionary of the English Language.
1847--50John Ogilvie. The Imperial Dictionary.
1872Chambers's English Dictionary. Robert Chambers and William Chambers.
1888--1928Oxford English Dictionary. James A. H. Murray et al.
1889--91The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. William Dwight Whitney.
1893--5A Standard Dictionary. Isaac K. Funk. [Later known as Funk and Wagnalls.]
1898Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. [No editor stated.]
1898Austral English. Edward E. Morris.
1909Webster's New International Dictionary. William Torey Harris and F. Sturgis Allen.
1911The Concise Oxford English Dictionary of Current English. H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler.
1927The New Century Dictionary. H. G. Emery and K. G. Brewster.
1933The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. C. T. Onions.
1935The New Method English Dictionary. Michael West and James Endicott.
1938--44A Dictionary of American English. William A. Craigie and James R. Hulbert.
1947The American College Dictionary. Clarence Barnhart.
1948The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. As. S. Hornby.
1951A Dictionary of Americanisms. Mitford M. Mathews.
1965The Penguin English Dictionary. George N. Garmonsway.
1966The Random House Dictionary Unabridged. Jess Stein.
1969The American Heritage Dictionary. Anne H. Soukhanov.
1971Encyclopedic World Dictionary. Patrick Hanks.
1978Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Paul Proctor.
1979Collins English Dictionary. Patrick Hanks.
1981The Macquarie Dictionary. Arthur Delbridge
1987COBUILD English Dictionary. John Sinclair.
1988The Australian National Dictionary. W. S. Ramson.
1995The Oxford English Reference Dictionary. Judy Pearsall and Bill Trumble.
1999The Australian Oxford Dictionary. Bruce Moore.


Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.

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2018-08-19 Sun

#3401. Ѹûˤˡ [methodology][dictionary][oed][htoed][philology][lexicography][lexicology][semantics][etymology]

ε#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) Ǽ夲 Durkin ʸǤϡѸûˤμ¾ŪĴϡOED HTOED Ȥ2ġȤäƤǤ礭ʺȼȤơˡ꤬Ƥ롥 (405--06) ˡ꤬Τ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǰѤ롥

One of the most striking and well-known features of lexical data is its extreme variability: as the familiar dictum has it 'chaque mot a son histoire', and accounting for the varied histories of individual words demands classificatory frameworks that are flexible, nonetheless consistent in their approach to similar items. Awareness is perhaps less widespread that the data about word histories presented in historical dictionaries and other resources are rarely 'set in stone': sometimes certain details of a word's history, for instance the details of a coinage, may leave little or no room for doubt, but more typically what is reported in historical dictionaries is based on analysis of the evidence available at time of publication of the dictionary entry, and may well be subject to review if and when further evidence comes to light. First dates of attestation are particularly subject to change, as new evidence becomes available, and as the dating of existing evidence is reconsidered. In particular, the increased availability of electronic text databases in recent years has swollen the flow of new data to a torrent. The increased availability of data should also not blind us to the fact that the earliest attestation locatable in the surviving written texts may well be significantly later than the actual date of first use, and (especially for periods, varieties, or registers for which written evidence is more scarce) may actually lag behind the date at which a word or meaning had already become well established within particular communities of speakers. Additionally, considering the complexities of dating material from the Middle English period . . . highlights the extent to which there may often be genuine uncertainty about the best date to assign to the evidence that we do have, which dictionaries endeavour to convey to their readers by the citation styles adopted. Issues of this sort are grist to the mill of anyone specializing in the history of the lexicon: they mean that the task of drawing broad conclusions about lexical history involves wrestling with a great deal of messy data, but the messiness of the data in itself tells us important things both about the nature of the lexicon and about our limited ability to reconstruct earlier stages of lexical history.


츻ϾήưŪǤ뤳ȡǯϾ˹ˤ餵Ƥ뤳ȡǯϸʤɤˤ뿿νǯ٤Ƥǽ뤳ȡŵȤʤäƤʸΩǯѤ뤳˻ŦƤڵ (evidence) ˡνϡѸûˤʤ餺Ȥ̤ʸؤθԤʤݤ˾˰ռƤ٤ΤФǤ롥OED3 ԼԤ1ͤǤ Durkin ϡOED Ǥ顪˸ǽʥġǤϤʤ⤤Ƥ뤳Ȥΰյ礭

Durkin, Philip. "The OED and HTOED as Tools in Practical Research: A Test Case Examining the Impact of Loanwords in Areas of the Core Lexicon." The Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Merja Kytö and Päivi Pahta. Cambridge: CUP, 2016. 390--407.

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2018-07-14 Sat

#3365. ϤȰθġؿջྶ (2) [lexicography][japanese][dictionary][alphabet][cawdrey]

[2017-05-05-1]εǡܸ˾ǽΥϽ켭ؿջྶ٤夲Ƥ˿褦 (209--10) ܸˡ٤ΤʤǡμˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ؿջྶ١ʵ󡤻ˤϺǽι켭ȤΤǡͻ?Ȭǯδ֤äΩޤหФ첻β̾ǥϽ˻ͼʬˤ줾ŷݡϵʪưʪѡΡͻʪ̡ѡҡ񷴡ᡦ̾ʬΤǤ롥ɤߤ˽äƴɽ뤿ʤɡŪʼʸݤѤŪԻ줿Τȹͤ롥ɴʸहΤ¿ǡŪѤ̸줬ƤǤ켭ˤդ路κۤʤƤ롥

̣Τϡʤ12ȾФȤߥ󥰤ǡؿջྶ٤˽ФΤȤ䤤ˤĤơ (210--11) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥

ˤʤäơΤ褦ʹ켭񤬽и礭װˡȤƤΡ֤ϲΡפȾˤΩڤƤȤ롥֤ϲΡפϲ̾ʣ夷ΤǤ뤫顤β̾ˤäƸʬह뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥äơ֤ϲΡפμҲŪˤäơ褦䤯δǸ󤵤ֲ켭פΩ郎äΤǤ롥
βˤʬϸ첻ΤߤǡʹߤˤϺѤʤäषΰյʬʤȤиܾ̾١ˤʻѤ뤳ȤǡθޤȤƤ롥Τˡ˴кΤ褦˰䤹ȴ뤫⤷ʤɽŵȤƤλˡͤȡƱ褦ʰ̣ĸ줬ޤȤޤäƼƤǤ⤢롥ƬβȰյʬȤϡ夫ήǡŪȤƺѤ줿ΤǤꡤ椨˶Ρѽפ˻ޤǹ켭μή᤿


Τˡ֤ϲΡפΩΩƤʤСϽμȤȯۤʤ櫓顤Υߥ󥰤Ȱ̴طˤǼ
DZѸˤ˻פڤȡӤǤƤ⤷ḽͤˤȤäƥϽˤ޽ˤ襢ե٥åȽˤ衤ȯۤϼȯۤνиϡŪˤϰƳΤǤ롥ѸǤ⡤ե٥åȽȤűѸΤƤΤΡ줬ܳŪŬѤ줿Τ15ˤʤäƤΤȤǤcf. #1451. Ѹ˾Υ󥳡󥹤ȴե٥åȼ ([2013-04-17-1])ˡƱͤˡե٥åȽ˴ŤǽαѸ켭񤬸줿Τ⡤1604ǯȰƳ٤cf. #603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])ˡ⡤ɼԤˤȤäƤޤե٥åȽϼǤϤʤä᤬뤷ˤϸ̩˥ե٥åȽ礬줿ΤϸƬʸΤߤǤꡤ2ʸܰʹߤǤɬƤʤäȤؿջྶ٤ˤ褯⤢äʡ#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1]) (6) 򻲾ȡˡޤA Table Alphabeticall ؿջྶ٤פϿƤμäǶ̤Ƥ롥⤢̣ǡָŪ̱Ū켭פäΤǤ롥
ʤߤˡϽǤϤʤ޽ι켭1484ǯΡزο١ȼˤǤꡤؿջྶ٤3ʾ٤Ƥ롥޽϶Ǥ·١١ëˤѤ줿ŪˤʤΤʸɧΡظ (1889--91ǯ˰ʹߤΤȤǤ롥

顡ܸˡ١˼Ҥ޿ӡ2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-13-1] [2020-02-01-1]

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2018-07-05 Thu

#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ [standardisation][prescriptivism][pronunciation][walker][rp][phonetics][dictionary][ipa]

#2772. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (1) ([2016-11-28-1])#2773. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (2) ([2016-11-29-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤˤɸಽϲήΤʤȯåȤˤ줿ΤϺǤ٤ä18Ⱦȯ񤬽ǤϤ᤿ΤäܳŪȯ "codification" ߤ줿ΤϤ1塤IPAInternational Phonetic Alphabet; ݲɸʸˤ߽Ф줿19ȾΤȤäơή2021ؤ³Ƥ롥Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade (307--08) βѤ褦

It is only relatively recently that the norms of standard British (or rather English) English pronunciation were first systematically codified. Attempts were made to that effect in pronunciation dictionaries in the late eighteenth century by Walker (1791) and, in particular, Sheridan (1780). However, a more detailed codification did not become possible until the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) came into existence and began to be used by Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones and their fellow phoneticians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Jones' works ran into a large number of editions, An Outline of English Phonetics, first published in its entirely in 1918, into as many as nine. His English Pronouncing Dictionary came out in 1917 and underwent a series of revisions first by Jones himself, and later by A. C. Gimson and Susan Ramsaran (14th edition, 1977). Its sixteenth edition, prepared by Peter Roach and James Hartman, came out in 2003. The most comprehensive recent work in the field is John Wells' Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (1990), which shows both RP and General American pronunciations.


ѤǤϡȯεϲȤʤä18ȾǤȤ櫓ƶϤäΤȤ Walker Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) 򻲾ȡWalker θȤ Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ̾󤲤Ƥ뤬ȯܥ֥ǤȯˤȤ˲٤ȤʤäˤʤäƤ
ȯɸಽϲȤϤäƤ⡤񤭸դȷӤĤ䤹ֻʸˡȰۤʤꡤȯäդΰ°ΤʤΤǡɸಽϲ˾ȤƤñΤǤϤʤޤܻؤ٤ŪʥåȤǤ롥

Nevalainen, Terttu and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. "Standardisation." Chapter 5 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 271--311.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-31-1] [2018-10-15-1]

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