¡¡ºòÆü¤Îµ»ö ([2023-08-05-1]) ¤Ë°ú¤Â³¤¡¤¶çư»ì¼Åµ Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs (= ODPV) ¤ò»²¾È¤·¤Ä¤Ä¶çư»ì (phrasal_verb) ¤ÎÉʻ잴¹ (conversion) ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¥
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This index covers all the nominalized forms (ie nouns derived from verbs + particles/prepositions) recorded in the main part of the dictionary (usually but not always the base form of the verb + particle/preposition, with or without a hyphen). For a full treatment of these forms, see The Student's Guide to the Dictionary.
Nominalized forms sometimes consist of the -ing form of the verb + particle/preposition (eg (a) dressing-down, (a) summing-up, (a) telling-off). The more common examples are recorded here.
Each nominal form is listed alphabetically and is followed by the headphrase(s) of the entry (or entries) in which it appears in the main text:
change-over change over (from)(to); change round/over
output put out 7
When the nominalized form is the headphrase itself, the fact is noted as follows:
fall-out (main entry)
(There is no finite verb + particle expression in regular use from which fall-out derives: a sentence such as *The nuclear tests fell out over a large area is unacceptable.)
When a nominalized form is generally used attributively, a noun with which it commonly occurs is given in parentheses after it:
(a) see-through (blouse) see through 1
start-up (capital) start up 2
Whether a nominalized form appears as one word, as one word with a hyphen, or as two words, is often a matter of printing convention or individual usage. The entries in the dictionary and in this index generally show the most accepted form in British usage, but variations are recorded where appropriate, eg. a) poke(-)about/around.
¡¡¤Á¤Ê¤ß¤ËÂè1ÃÊÍî¤Ç»²¾È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë The Student's Guide to the Dictionary ¤Î³ºÅö²Õ½ê (xiii) ¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤¢¤ë¡¥
1 what is a nominalized form?
A nominalized form ('nom form' for short) is a noun formed from a phrasal verb: make-up, for instance, is formed from make up (ie 'apply cosmetics to one's face') and take-off is formed from take off (ie 'leave the ground in an aircraft'). Sometimes nom forms have a spelling which includes the letters -ing: tell off (ie 'reproach, reprimand') has the nom form telling-off.
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¡¡¡¦ Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.
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¡¡¡¦ Hotta, Ryuichi. "Thesauri or Thesauruses? A Diachronic Distribution of Plural Forms for Latin-Derived Nouns Ending in -us." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 106 (2010): 117--36.
¡¡¡¦ Hotta, Ryuichi. "Noun-Verb Stress Alternation: An Example of Continuing Lexical Diffusion in Present-Day English." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 110 (2012): 39--63.
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| G2 | 1993ǯ |
| G3 | 2001ǯ |
| G4 | 2006ǯ |
| G5 | 2014ǯ |
| G6 | 2022ǯ |
¡¡¼ê»ý¤Á¤Î The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs (6th ed.) ¤ò A ¤«¤é½ç¤Ëį¤á¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤³¤ÎǯËöǯ»Ï¤Ë¤Ç¤â¾¯¤·¤º¤ÄÆÉ¤ß¿Ê¤á¤Æ¤¤¤³¤¦¤È»×¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸Á (proverb) ¤Ë¤Ï¸Å¤¤Ê¸Ë¡¤ä¸ìË¡¤¬»Ä¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Â¿¤¯¡¤±Ñ¸ì»Ë¤È¿ÆÏÂÀ¤¬¤¢¤ë¤Î¤À¡¥

¡¡Áᮡ¤1¥Ú¡¼¥¸ÌÜ¤Ë absence ¡ÖÉԺߡפ˴ؤ¹¤ë¸Á¤¬2¤Ä½Ð¤Æ¤¤¿¡¥absence ¤Èʹ¤±¤Ð¡¤¸Á¤Ë¤Õ¤µ¤ï¤·¤¤¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¿ÍÀ¸¤ÎÃηäò»×¤¤É⤫¤Ù¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥»ä¤Ë¤ÏÁÛÁü¤Ç¤¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤¬¡¤¤¿¤¤¤Ø¤ó°Û¤Ê¤ë2¤Ä¤Î¸Á¤¬Èô¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Æ¤¤Æ¶Ã¤¤¤¿¡¥
¡¡1¤Ä¤á¤Ï Absence makes the heart grow fonder ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤¢¤ë¿Í¤¬ÉԺߤÀ¤È¡¤¤½¤Î¿Í¤ò¤Þ¤¹¤Þ¤¹¹¥¤¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤È¤¤¤¦¶µ·±¤À¡¥ODP ¤òÆÉ¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤Æ¤ª¤â¤·¤í¤¤¤Î¤Ï¡¤Â¾¸À¸ì¤Ç¤Î´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ëɽ¸½¤ä¡¤±Ñ¸ì»Ë¾å¤Ç¤ÎÊѰ۷Á¤È¤½¤ÎÍÑÎã¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¯¤ì¤ëÅÀ¤À¡¥¤³¤Î¸Á¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ë¥é¥Æ¥ó¸ì¤Îɽ¸½¤¬µ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
Cf. PROPERTIUS elegies II. xxxiiib. I. 43 semper in absentes felicior aestus amantes, passion [is] always warmer towards absent lovers.
¡¡±Ñ¸ì»Ë¾å¤ÎÍÑÎã¤â¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«µó¤²¤é¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤ºÇ½é¤ÎÎã¤Ïc1850ǯ¤Î¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¶½Ì£¿¼¤¯´¶¤¸¤¿¤Î¤Ï¡¤1923ǯ¤Î Observer 11 Feb. 9 ¤«¤é¤ÎÍÑÎã¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥È¿°Õ¤Î¸Á¤È¤·¤ÆÍ̾¤Ê Out of sight, out of mind ¤¬¸ÀµÚ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
These saws are constantly cutting one another's throats. How can you reconcile the statement that 'Absence makes the heart grow fonder' with 'Out of sight, out of mind'?
¡¡2¤Ä¤á¤Î¸Á¤Ï He who is absent is always in the wrong ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤¤¤ï¤æ¤ë·çÀʺÛȽ¤Î¤³¤È¤À¡¥·çÀʼԤϰ¼Ô¤Ë¤µ¤ì¡¤ÉÔÍø¤ÊΩ¾ì¤ËÄɤ¤¹þ¤Þ¤ì¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤â¤Î¤À¡¥1640ǯ¤Î¸Á¼Åµ¤Ë "The absent partie is still faultie" ¤È¸½¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤¬½é½Ð¤À¤¬¡¤´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ëɽ¸½¤Ï15À¤µª¤Î Lydgate ¤Ë½Ð¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì¤Ë¤âÂбþɽ¸½¤¬¤¢¤ë¤è¤¦¤À¡¥
If a person is not present to defend himself it is easy for others to say he is the person at fault. Cf. Fr. les absents ont toujours tort; c 1440 J. LYDGATE Fall of Princes (EETS) m. l. 3927 For princis ofte . . . Wil cachche a qu[a]rel . . . Ageyn folk absent.
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1736 B. FRANKLIN Poor Richard's Almanack (July) The absent are never without fault, nor the present without excuse.
¡¡1¤Ä¤Î¥¡¼¥ï¡¼¥É¤«¤éÍÍ¡¹¤ÊȯÁÛ¤ò°ú¤½Ð¤¹¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤¿¡¥¸Á¼Åµ¤Î¿·¤¿¤ÊÍÑÅÓ¤ò¤ß¤Ä¤±¤¿´¶¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥¤Á¤Ê¤ß¤Ëº£Ä«¤Î Voicy ¤Î¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸ì¸»¤¬¿È¤Ë¤Ä¤¯¥é¥¸¥ª (heldio)¡×¤Ç¤â¡Ö#575. ±Ñ¸ì¸Á¼Åµ¤ò A ¤«¤éÆÉ¤ß»Ï¤á¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡ª¡×¤ÈÂꤷ¤ÆÏ¢Æ°¤¹¤ë¤ª¤·¤ã¤Ù¤ê¤ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡¥¤¼¤Ò¤ªÄ°¤¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.
¡¡º£Ä«¤Î Voicy ¤Ç¡ÖÁᵯ¤¤Ï»°Ê¸¤ÎÆÀ¡×¤ò¿ä¤·¤Ä¤Ä¡¤¤½¤Î±Ñ¸ìÈǤΤ³¤È¤ï¤¶ The early bird catches the worm ¤ò¾Ò²ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¤¤Ê¤ó¤È¸½Âå¤Ç¤ÏȯÁÛ¤òž´¹¤µ¤»¤¿¿·¤·¤¤¸Á¤â¤É¤ It's the second mouse that gets the cheese. ¤¬ÂæÆ¬¤·¤Ä¤Ä¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¾ðÊó¤òÆÀ¤Þ¤·¤¿¡¥¤¿¤Þ¤²¤Ä¤Ä¤â¡¤¤Ê¤ë¤Û¤É¤ÈǼÆÀ¤·¤¿¼¡Âè¤Ç¤¹¡¥
¡¡¤Þ¤º¤ÏÏä·¤ÎÁ°Äó¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤¸ÅŵŪ¤Ê¡Ê»þ´Ö½Ñ¤Ê¤é¤Ì¡Ë·ò¹¯½Ñ¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î The early bird . . . . ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ»ä¤¬¸ì¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëº£Ä«¤Î Voicy ÊüÁ÷¡Ö#513. ¸ÅŵŪ¤Ê»þ´Ö½Ñ --- The early bird catches the worm. ¡ÖÁᵯ¤¤Ï»°Ê¸¤ÎÆÀ¡×¡×¤ò¤ªÄ°¤¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡¥
¡¡The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs ¤è¤ê17À¤µª¤Î½é½Ð¤«¤é¸½Âå¤Þ¤Ç¤Î°Û·Á¤äÍÑÎã¤òµó¤²¤Æ¤ß¤Þ¤·¤ç¤¦¡¥
The EARLY bird catches the worm
The corollary in quot. 2001, it's the second mouse that gets the cheese, is attributed to US comedian Steven Wright (born 1955); it is found particularly in the context of entrepreneurial or technological innovation, where the advantages of being the first (the early bird) may be outweighed by the lower degree of risk faced by a follower or imitator (the second mouse).
¡¡¡¡¡¡¢¢¡¡1636 W. CAMDEN Remains concerning Britain (ed. 5) 307 The early bird catcheth the worme. 1859 H. KINGSLEY Geoffrey Hamlyn II. xiv. Having worked . . . all the week . . . a man comes into your room at half-past seven . . . and informs you that the 'early bird gets the worm'. 1892 I. ZANGWILL. Big Bow Mystery i. Grodman was not an early bird, now that he had no worms to catch. He could afford to despise proverbs now. 1996 R. POE Return to House of Usher ix. 167 'I got home at midnight last night and I'm here at seven. Where are they? . . . Well, it's the early bird that catches the worm, and no mistake.' 2001 Washington Post 4 Sept. C13 The early bird may catch the worm, but it's the second mouse that gets the cheese. Don't be in a hurry to take a winner. . . .
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¡¡¡¦ Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.
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¡¡¡¦ Takahashi, Rumi, Yukiyoshi Asada, Marina Arashiro, Kazuo Dohi, Miyako Ryu, and Makoto Kozaki. "An Analysis of Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Tenth Edition." Lexicon 51 (2021): 1--106.
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¡¡¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì´ü¤ËÌܤò¸þ¤±¤ë¤È¡¤Î㤨¤Ð±Ñ¸ì»Ë¾å½é¤Î±Ñ¸ì¼½ñ¤È¤¤¤ï¤ì¤ë 1604ǯ¤Î Robert Cawdrey ¤Î A Table Alphabeticall ¤È¡¤»þÂå¤â²¼¤Ã¤Æµ¬ÈϼçµÁ¤¬À®½Ï¤·¤¿1755ǯ¤Î Samuel Johnson ¤Î A Dictionary of the English Language ¤È¤Ç¤Ï¡¤ÊÔ»¼¤µ¤ì¤¿»þÂåÇØ·Ê¤â°Û¤Ê¤ì¤Ð¸À¸ìÂÖÅÙ¤â°Û¤Ê¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¤Æ±¤¸¸«½Ð¤·¸ì¤ÎÄêµÁ¤Ê¤É¤òÈæ¤Ù¤¿¤È¤·¤Æ¤â¡¤¤½¤³¤Ë¤Ï³Î¤«¤ËÄÌ»þŪ¤ÊÊѲ½¤¬È¿±Ç¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë²ÄǽÀ¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤â¤Î¤Î¡¤¤½¤â¤½¤â¤ÎÊÔ»¼°Õ¿Þ¤¬°Û¤Ê¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦ÅÀ¤ò¹Íθ¤·¤Æ¤ª¤«¤Ê¤¤¤ÈÄˤ¤Ìܤ˹礦¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥Coleman (99--100) ¤¬¡¤¤³¤ÎÅÀ¤ò»ØÅ¦¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
For example, the title of Cawdrey's Table Alphabetical (1604) explains that the dictionary was compiled "for the benefit and help of ladies, gentlewomen, or any other unskillful persons. Whereby they may the more easily and better understand many hard English words, which they shall hear or read in scriptures, sermons, or elsewhere, and also be made able to use the same aptly themselves" (spelling modernized). Similarly often quoted is the preface to Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755):
When I took the first survey of my undertaking, I found our speech copious without order, and energetic without rules: wherever I turned my view, there was perplexity to be disentangled, and confusion to be regulated; choice was to be made out of boundless variety, without any established principle of selection. (Johnson 1755: Preface)
These quotations illustrate changing ideas about the status of English and the purpose of a dictionary. Cawdrey acknowledged that the vocabulary of English was varied and challenging, but apparently did not consider this to be a problem. His purpose was to help uneducated people struggling to understand loans from classical and modern languages: the deficit was in English speakers, not the language. Johnson, on the other hand, considered the exuberance of English to be problematic in itself, and for him the priorities were regulation and control of the language.
¡¡17À¤µª½é¤á¤Î Cawdrey ¤ÏÌäÂê¤Ï±Ñ¸ìÏüԤˤ¢¤ë¤È¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤¬¡¤18À¤µªÈ¾¤Ð¤Î Johnson ¤ÏÌäÂê¤Ï±Ñ¸ì¤½¤Î¤â¤Î¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤È¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡¥¼½ñÊÔ»¼¤Î¥Ý¥ê¥·¡¼¤¬¸ß¤¤¤Ë°Û¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤Î¤â̵Íý¤«¤é¤Ì¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡É¸Âê¤Ë¤â·Ç¤²¤¿Ä̤ê¡ÖÎò»ËŪ¼½ñ¤Ï¸À¸ì¤ÎÃæÎ©Åª¤Ê¾ðÊ󸻤ǤϤʤ¤¡×²ÄǽÀ¤¬¹â¤¤¤Î¤À¡¥°ìÊý¡¤¤³¤ÎÅÀ¤òµÕ¼ê¤Ë¼è¤ì¤Ð¡¤Îò»ËŪ¼½ñ¤òÄ̤¸¤Æ¡¤ÄÌ»þŪ¤Ê¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î¾Úµò¤ÏÆÀ¤é¤ì¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â¡¤³Æ»þÂå¤Î¸À¸ìÂÖÅÙ¤ò¤³¤½Éü¸µ¤Ç¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ê¤Î¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥Îò»ËŪ¼½ñ¤Ï»È¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Coleman, Julie. "Using Dictionaries and Thesauruses as Evidence." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 98--110.
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¡¡¡¦ cell/sell
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¡¡¡¦ pain/pane
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¡¡¡¦ peace/piece
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¡¡¡¦ read/red
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¡¡¡¦ rose/rows
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¡¡¡¦ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. 10th ed. Ed. A. S. Hornby. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2020.
¡¡¡¦ Takahashi, Rumi, Yukiyoshi Asada, Marina Arashiro, Kazuo Dohi, Miyako Ryu, and Makoto Kozaki. "An Analysis of Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Tenth Edition." Lexicon 51 (2021): 1--106.
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¡¡¡¡¡¡"OPAL" ¤Èά¾Î¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¤³Ø½Ñ±Ñ¸ì (English for Academic Purposes) ¤ËÍÍѤʸì×á¥Âç³Ø¤Î¹ÖµÁ¡¤¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼¡¤¥ì¥Ý¡¼¥È¡¤Â´ÏÀ¤Ê¤É¤Î±Ñ¸ì¤òǰƬ¤ËÊԤޤ줿ñ¸ì°ìÍ÷¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤Î°ìÍ÷¤Ï¡¤½ñ¤¸ÀÍÕ¥³¡¼¥Ñ¥¹ The Oxford Corpus of Academic English (= OCAE) ¤ÈÏä·¸ÀÍÕ¥³¡¼¥Ñ¥¹ The British Academic Spoken English (= BASE) ¤ò¥½¡¼¥¹¤È¤·¤¿¥¡¼¥ï¡¼¥É (keyword) ʬÀϤ˴ð¤Å¤¯¤â¤Î¤Ç¡¤³Ø½Ñ±Ñ¸ì¤Î½¬ÆÀ¤ËÌòΩ¤Äñ¸ì°ìÍ÷¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤Á¤é¤«¤é¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤Ç¤¤ë¡¥
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¡¡¡¦ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. 10th ed. Ed. A. S. Hornby. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2020.
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He [Tooke] maintained that originally language consisted just of nouns and verbs with everything else (adjectives, prepositions, pronouns, articles, and so on) being abbreviations of underlying noun and verb sequences. He also believed that each word had a definite meaning which had remained constant from its origin. What makes the modern reader squirm most is the way in which Horne Took applied these principles, absolutely off the top of his head. For example, conjunction through was believed to be related to noun door, and conjunction if was said to have come from the imperative form of verb give. If did have the form gif in Old English and verb give was giefan, but these are not cognate, the similarity of form being coincidental.)
Sometimes there was vague similarity of form, other times not. 'I believe that up means the same as top or head, and is originally derived from a noun of the latter signification'. 'From means merely beginning, and nothing else', so that in 'Lamp hangs from cieling (sic)'), it is the case that 'Cieling (is) the place of beginning to hang.'
There are dozens more of such mental meanderings, lacking any basis in fact. From actually goes back to preposition *per in PIE and up to PIE preposition *upo. It is true that some prepositions have developed from lexical words, but none in the way Horne Tooke imagined. Through relates to the PIE verb *tere- 'to cross over, pass through, overcome'. . . . Door is a development from *dhwer, which meant 'door, doorway' in PIE.
Horne Tooke's book was simply a raft of wild ideas. There may have been other books of this nature, but the scarcely believable fact is that The Diversions of Purley was accepted by the British public as an example of brilliant insight. Philosopher James Mill found Horne Tooke's work 'profound and satisfactory', 'to be ranked with the very highest discoveries which illustrate the names of speculative men'. The account of conjunctions 'instantly appeared to the learned so perfectly satisfactory as to entitle the author to some of the highest honours of literature'.
¡¡Åö»þ¡¤¶áÂå¸À¸ì³Ø¤ÎÁö¤ê¤È¤·¤Æ William Jones ¤Ë¤è¤êÈæ³Ó¸À¸ì³Ø (comparative_linguistics) ¤Îü½ï¤¬³«¤«¤ì¤Ä¤Ä¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤â¤Î¤Î¡¤¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¤Ø¤ÎËܳÊŪ¤ÊƳÆþ¤Ï¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤é¤º¡¤Tooke ¤Î¯¼ª¤ËÆþ¤ê¤ä¤¹¤¤Á°²Ê³ØÅª¤Ê¸ì¸»ÏÀ¤Ï¹¥É¾¤òÇ¤¿¡Ê¤«¤Îů³Ø¼Ô James Mill ¤âÀ仿¤·¤¿¤Û¤É¡Ë¡¥¤¤¤ä¡¤¤à¤·¤í Tooke ¤Î½ñ¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¤¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¤Ø¤ÎÈæ³Ó¸À¸ì³Ø¤ÎƳÆþ¤¬Ã٤줿¤È¤¹¤é¤¤¤¨¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡Êº´¡¹ÌÚ¡¦ÌÚ¸¶¡¤p. 353¡Ë¡¥
¡¡¤·¤«¤·¡¤1840ǯº¢¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¤Ï Tooke ¤ÎÌÂÌѤ«¤éÈ´¤±½Ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡¥Tooke ¤Î½ñ¤Ï¡¤"gratuitous", "incorrect", "fallacious", "frivolous" ¤Ê¤É¤Î·ÁÍÆ»ì¤Çɾ¤µ¤ì¤ë»þÂå¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë (Dixon 151)
¡¡¡¦ º´¡¹ÌÚ Ã£¡¤ÌÚ¸¶ ¸¦»° ÊÔ¡¡¡Ø±Ñ¸ì³Ø¿Í̾¼Åµ¡Ù¡¡¸¦µæ¼Ò¡¤1995ǯ¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
¡¡¡Ö#3155. Charles Richardson ¤Î A New Dictionary of the English Language (1836--37)¡× ([2017-12-16-1]) ¤Ç¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤Richardson (1775--1865) ¤Î±Ñ¸ì¼½ñ¤Ï¡¤Johnson, Webster, OED ¤È¤¤¤¦¼½ñ»Ë¤Îή¤ì¤Î¤Ê¤«¤ËËäËפ·¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤º£¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤Þ¤ê¸Ü¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤â¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤19À¤µªÈ¾¤Ð¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Ï½ÅÍפÊÌò³ä¤ò²Ì¤¿¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡¥
¡¡Ä¹½ê¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¤±Ñ¸ì¼½ñ»Ë¾å½é¤á¤ÆËܳÊŪ¤Ë¡ÖÎò»Ë¡×¤ò°Õ¼±¤·¤¿¼½ñ¤À¤Ã¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥°úÍÑʸ¤Ë¤è¤ëÄêµÁ¤Î¥µ¥Ý¡¼¥È¤Ï Johnson ¤Ë»Ï¤Þ¤ë¤¬¡¤Johnson ¤È¤ÆÅµµò¤Ë¤·¤¿Ê¸¸¥¤Ï²¦À¯Éü¸Å°Ê¸å¤Î¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤Ãæ±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤Þ¤ÇÁ̤뤳¤È¤Ï¤·¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤Richardson ¤ÏÃæ±Ñ¸ì¤ò¤â»ëÌî¤ËÆþ¤ì¡¤¿¿¤Î¡ÖÎò»ËŪ¸¶Â§¡×¤ÎÃÏÊ¿¤ò³«¤¤¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤·¤«¤â¡¤°úÍÑ¿ô¤Ï Johnson ¤òÍÚ¤«¤Ë¾å²ó¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤¾®¤µ¤¤Ê¸»ú¤Ç°õºþ¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¬¤é2000ÊǤòͤ¹¤È¤¤¤¦¡Ê¤Ï¤Ã¤¤ê¤¤¤Ã¤Æ»È¤¤¤Å¤é¤¤¡ËÂçÃø¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤¿ (Dixon 146) ¡¥
¡¡¤â¤¦1¤ÄĹ½ê¤ò»ØÅ¦¤¹¤ë¤È¡¤¶áÂå´ü¤Î¼½ñÊÔ»¼¤ÏÁ±¤«¤ì°¤·¤«¤ì´û¸¤Î¼½ñ¤ÎÄêµÁ¤«¤é¤ÎÑ÷ÀबÅöÁ³¤È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤¬¡¤Richardson ¤Ï¥ª¥ê¥¸¥Ê¥ë¤òÌܻؤ·¤¿¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¼ê¤Î¤«¤«¤ë¥ª¥ê¥¸¥Ê¥ë¤Î¼½ñÊÔ»¼¤òÁª¤ó¤À¤Î¤Ï¡¤Á°¤Ë¤Ï Johnson¡¤¸å¤Ë¤Ï OED ¤òµó¤²¤ì¤Ð¿Ô¤¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤Û¤É¤Î¾¯¿ôÇɤǤ¢¤ê¡¤¤³¤ÎÅÀ¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ Richardson ¤ÎÇÆµ¤¤Ïɾ²Á¤»¤¶¤ë¤òÆÀ¤Ê¤¤¡¥
¡¡Ã»½ê¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¤Àè¤Îµ»ö¤Ç¤â¿¨¤ì¤¿¤È¤ª¤ê¡¤"a word has one meaning, and one only" ¤È¤¤¤¦¶Ëü¤Ê¸¶Íý¤ò¿®Êô¤·¡¤¼ç¤Ë¸ì¸»µ½Ò¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤ÆÆÈÁ±¤Ë´Ù¤Ã¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¤³¤È¤À¡¥¤³¤Î¸¶Íý¤Ï Horne Tooke (1736--1812) ¤È¤¤¤¦¡¤¤ä¤Ï¤êÆÈÁ±Åª¤ÊÀ¯¼£²È¡¦¸ì¸»ÏÀ¼Ô¤Ë¤è¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¡¤¤³¤Î¿Íʪ¤Ïº£¤Ç¤Ï´ñ½ñ¤È¤¤¤¦¤Ù¤2´¬¤â¤Î¤Î±Ñ¸ì¸ì¸»¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÃø The Diversions of Purley (1786, 1805) ¤ò¤â¤Î¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥Richardson ¤Î¼½ñ¤òÈãȽ¤·¤¿ Webster ¤â¡¤¤³¤Î Tooke ¤Î櫤ˤϤޤä¿1¿Í¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¤³¤Î»þÂ塤¸ì¸»³ØÊýÌÌ¤Ç Tooke ¤ÎÉé¤Î±Æ¶Á¤¬¤Ï¤Ó¤³¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤³¤È¤¬Ê¬¤«¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤¤¤º¤ì¤Ë¤»¤è Richardson ¤Ï¡¤±Ñ¸ì¼½ñ»Ë¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¼çÍפʼ½ñÊÔ»¼²È¤Î¤Ï¤¶¤Þ¤Ç³èÌö¤·¤¿19À¤µªÈ¾¤Ð¤Î½ÅÍ×¥¥ã¥é¤À¤Ã¤¿¡¥
¡¡¡¦ º´¡¹ÌÚ Ã£¡¤ÌÚ¸¶ ¸¦»° ÊÔ¡¡¡Ø±Ñ¸ì³Ø¿Í̾¼Åµ¡Ù¡¡¸¦µæ¼Ò¡¤1995ǯ¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
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