hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 / page 2 (2)

dutch - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-06-15 Sat

#3701. Ѹ3;ʣг̾ es ϥ줫μѤ (1) [personal_pronoun][me_dialect][dutch][borrowing][havelok][clitic]

Bennett and Smithers Ǥ14ƬκʤȤ Havelok ɤǤ롥East Midland ǽ񤫤ƤꡤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿ޤǤ뤳ȤΤƤ뤬East Midland ϥ줫αƶ꺻ϰǤ롥
Havelok ll. 45--52 ΤѤ褦

Þanne he com þenne he were bliþe,
For hom he brouthe fele siþe
Wastels, simenels with þe horn,
Hise pokes fulle of mele an korn,
Netes flesh, shepes, and swines,
And hemp to maken of gode lines,
And stronge ropes to hise netes
(In þe se-weres he ofte setes).


ǸιԤ he often set them in the sea-weir ̣setes -es Ԥ hise netes (= "his nets") ؼܸ첽줿3;ʣгʤ̾ȲǤ롥פ "them" ȤѤ -es Ȥ櫓η֤ˤĤ Bennett and Smithers (293) ǼΤ褦˲⤷Ƥ롥

setes: i.e. sette es 'placed them'. Es, is (ys in Hav. 1174), hes, his, hise are first recorded in England c. 1200, as the acc.pl. or fem. sg. of the pronoun of the third person, and (apart from 'Robt. of Gloucester's' Chronicle are restricted to SE or EMidl texts. This pronoun is best explained as an adoption of the comparable MDu pronoun se, which is likewise used enclitically in the reduced form -s; for a pronoun (as an essential and prominent element in the grammatical machinery of a language) would hardly have escaped record till 1200 if it had been a native word.


Ĥޤꡤ -es б֤ѤΤȤȤǤ롥ɾäƤϴϢ򿵽ŤĴƤɬפ뤬ѸˤˤƥαƶᾮɾƤȤͤȡ̥ŪǤϤ롥
ѸˤȥδؤˤĤƤϡ#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])#3436. 󥰥ɤӤȤܿˡ ([2018-09-23-1])#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1])#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1])#140. եޥ줫Ѥؾ -kin ([2009-09-14-1]) ޤ dutch ε򻲾

Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-01-1] [2019-06-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-23 Sun

#3436. 󥰥ɤӤȤܿ [dutch][flemish][contact][borrowing][loan_word][history][anglo-saxon][norman_conquest][sociolinguistics]

ε#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1]) ơChamson ʸ˵ꡤѸϽüԤ˾夤ʤ뵡ܿƤʤϤˤάҤ
ξԤܿˤϡǤС5Υ󥰥Υ֥ƥؤΰưλ顤ĶȤƸ򰮤ä17ޤǡǯʾ˵ڤ֡ΤʤܤͤΤϡ(1) 󥰥塤(2) ΥޥȤθ塤(3) ξϰ֤ӿʪǰפȯã14--15(4) ˱ɴǤ16--174Ĥλ줾ˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ

(1) 󥰥

5Υ󥰥͡͡塼ȿͤΥ֥ƥؤΰư夫顤¾ϥޥɤν²Ʊ֥ƥϤäƤȤʬäƤ롥Τ褦˻夬ŤиŤۤɡߤθ礭ѤηŪʾڵˤ󥰥ɤ̾Τʤ "Frisians" "Flemings" ¸ߤ򼨤ΤʤʤȤդ٤Ǥ롥㤨СDunfries, Freseley, Freswick, Frisby, Friesden, Friesthorpe, Frieston, Friezland, Frisby, Frisdon, Frizenham, Frizinghall, Frizingon, Fryston; Flemingtuna, Flameresham, Flemdich, Flemingby ʤɡ̾Ǥ⡤Flandrensis, Fleemeng, Flammeng, Flameng, Flemang, Fleamang, Flemmyng, Flamenc, Flemanc ʤɤ "Flemings" ΰ۷Ǥ⥤ꥹͤ¿ĤäƤ롥

(2) ΥޥȤθ

Υޥޤ William դä񷳤Τʤˤϡ¿ΥեɥͤޤWilliam κ Matilda ϥեɥ Baldwin V ̼äȤ⤢ꡤեɥͤι׸ϺΩäƤ⤳Υեɥͤϥ֥ƥˤȤɤޤä餷
1107ǯ˥եɥǹ夬äݤˡHenry I ϡҤեɥͤ󥰥˰ܽ뤳ȤĤȼä̤Υեɥͤ󤻡ȾФˤ Wales ü Pembrokeshire ˺ưܽʤɤλ֤ˤȯŸƤ (see #3292. ˾ǽαѸ쿢̱ Pembroke ([2018-05-02-1])) ̤ȤơPembrokeshire Ǥϥ륺ͤ򲡤Τƥեɥͤ꽻褦ˤʤꡤο͸16εҤˤߤۤɤǤ롥
ۤˡ12ȾˤϡHenry II ȤλҶ褤ˤƥեɥͤη⤬Ѥ줿Ȥ⤢äˡ12ʹߤˤϡNorwich Norfolk ʤɤΥ󥰥ĮϡӤԤ졤եɥȤǰפǤ˱ɤä Norwich London ˼͸ĮȤʤäˡϡԥ󥰥Υޥͤȥ󥰥ɿͤΤĤʤܤ̤ǽ⤢롥

(3) ξϰ֤ӿʪǰפȯã14--15

嵭Τ褦֤ʤ顤ӡʪȤפȤξϰǰפ礤˱ɤƤɬĤޤطä櫓ǤϤʤ14ǰ໤ͳ褹ŨпȤ⤢ä󥰥䥹åȥɤ¿Υեɥͤܽ󥰥ɤϫƯԤδ֤ۤɤˤʤä񲦤ϡǰפˤ׳ȥ󥰥ɹ̱ηкŪݸȤΤ񤷤ɼƤΤǤ롥դˤСλ塤ξԤŪ̩ܿƤںǤ⤢롥

(4) ˱ɴǤ16--17

16--17ˤϡӤϥ衼åΤ˵ʱƶϤڤܤϰؤĹƤꡤȥפ֥塼ϥ衼åѤɽԻԤȤʤäƤ16ȾӤϥڥۤΩ褤ΤʤǡץƥȤȥڥۤ³Ȥʬ褤ơΰ̱̤˥󥰥ɤϤäƤθ⽡Ū褤˵ñ̤ΰ̱Ȥ17ȾФޤǿǯ֤³Ӥȥ󥰥ɤο͡δ֤ˡ˾Ǥ絬Ϥǿ̩ʴطۤ뤳ȤȤʤä

ʾ塤Ūʸܿβ̤ˤϿʤä˾塤ξԤܿǤʤ³ƤȤChamson ʸ˵äƼϡüѤޤŪʱƶߤưפ餷᤿ҲŪȸ뤳ȤǤ

Chamson, Emil. "Revisiting a Millennium of Migrations: Contextualizing Dutch/Low-German Influence on English Dialect Lexis." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 281--303.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-22 Sat

#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ [dutch][flemish][frisian][contact][borrowing][loan_word][historiography]

ϥɥĸʤɤΡ (the Low Countries) ν줬ѸͿƶˤĤơαѸˤǤϡҤʤΤˤȤɤޤäƤǰƬˤΤϼȤƸŪʱƶΤȤ줬ᾮɾƤȤϡ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1])#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1]) ʤɤεǤ⼨Ƥ̤Ǥ롥
夲 Chamson ͤܤȤޤäʤϽαƶᾮɾƤΤˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (281)

While historical records attest to continual and intense migrations to Britain from the Low Countries over a period of roughly a thousand years, our knowledge of the linguistic consequences of this contact --- i.e. the impact of Dutch, Frisian, and the Low German dialects on English --- remains sketchy. One main reason is inherent, i.e. due [to] the similarities of the languages involved. Another is extrinsic: the nature of the contact, at once commonplace and elusive, has meant that discussions of the history of English frequently pass over this area, favoring the big players and the exotics.


ޤᾮɾطʤˤϡѸϽ줬ŪƤȤܼŪͳ Chamson ϽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ʊޥ췲ϥޥȤơá֤̤äƤꡤŪˤߤڤδطİˤȤ𤬤롥ĤޤꡤʤΤѸʤΤˤŤ餤Τ
츻ˤŤ餤ΤϡʤˤѸϽ˸¤äȤǤϤʤѸȸťΥɸƱͤӤȤơե󥹸Ѹ줫ƥѸ줫Ƚʤʤɤפ⤫֡ťΥɸ졤ե󥹸졤ƥϡChamson ˸碌СѸ˾̾٤ι⤤ "the big players and the exotics" ʤΤǤ롥3ϱѸʼҲˤ͡ʷǴͿƤꡤѸˤ˥饤ޥåꤷɥޥå˻Ωƾ夲ƤΩԤʤΤФơϽϤ󤻤Ƥ
ꥹӤμҲŪʴطʰ̱꽻׳ưˤϡűѸѸ˻ޤǡ绨Ĥˤä700ǯ1700ǯޤǤǯ֤ȤĹˤ錄äƤäݤƤΤǤꡤŪˤϡߤθŪʱƶ⤽˽ä礭äϤǤ롥ŪʥʴطѸˤΥɥޤ˶ĥ߽ФʤװʤΤ

Chamson, Emil. "Revisiting a Millennium of Migrations: Contextualizing Dutch/Low-German Influence on English Dialect Lexis." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 281--303.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-12-30 Sat

#3169. űѸ⳰ˤեꥸͤγ [frisian][anglo-saxon][history][norman_conquest][dutch]

ӸؤˤСѸȺǤƤθϥեꥸ (frisian) Ǥȸ (cf. #787. Frisian ([2011-06-23-1])) üԤǤեꥸͤȤϡɤΤ褦ʽĤäΤ󥰥ɤǥ󥰥ͤưƤűѸǰƬˡκեꥸͤߤΥϤ⳰Ǥ˳Ƥ򡤺ƣ (21--23) ˽äƳ⤷褦
46Υޥ̱²ưλˤϡƱޥϤǤեꥸͤ԰äե󥯲 (481--987ǯ) λ۲ǰ᤹ȡ7ꥪ⳰dzȯʾȳưŸ饤濴˥ɥΦˤޤǿʽФȤȤˡϤäƥ󥰥ɡȥȾ硤ǥʥؤưϰϤ򹭤ʪ磻Ӥ顤θפԤʤäƤꡤˤƤȤ
Τ褦ʥեꥸͤξϤθʲäΤƣ (21--22) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤʰʸΡ֥ƥספȤϳΤʤߤ줿͹ڤǡĬˤʤΤ褦ˤʤä͡εサϤؤˡ

ե꡼ͤϼȬˤʤΤ褦˹ϰϤˤ錄뾦ȳưŸǤΤǤˤդ줿褦ϥƥפξ˽ߡϩǶ٤ȤĤʤäƤ򤷡˿ƤߡΤϤΤΤǤäƥפξ餹ե꡼ͤϥҥĥʤɤܤȥ祦ȤȤȤǡιʪϤɤƤۤʤФʤʤä줬餯򾦶ȳư˶ΩƤȻפ롥θ֤Ӥ顤ӡʤɤäƽФ˲äơ⤷פСˤΤ٤褦ʳϤûʪ򰷤ΤϼήǤ롥
̱²ư԰ʻ夬ȤȤˡե꡼ͤ깭ȳưŸȤϡͤˤΤҤȥޤȤܤƤ褤Ǥ䤬ư켷ˤϥͤμĤγͺ뤬ͽ褦ʥե꡼ͤγǤ롥Τ硹Ū˹ǰפ򤯤깭Ȥʤɤϡޤ˥ե꡼ͤξȤѤΤȤ뤫⤷ʤ


ޥåʥեꥸ˴ѤȤ뤬⤦1Ūˤ⤷Τϡեꥸͤȥ󥰤δطǤ롥ե꡼ɤϥ󥰤θϤ˶ᤤΤǡǽΥåȤȤʤ뱿̿ä9ˤϥ󥰤ˤ絬ϤΫå깭줿ŪʶᤵΤߤʤ餺եꥸͤˤ˭٤ʾȻ񸻤˰Ĥ줿ˤʤեꥸͤϤˤäǷΤϳΤǤϥ󥰤˾褸ǡϰؤξȳư򤵤˳ȯ餷
7ʹߤΥեꥸͤˤ衤17ʹߤΥͤˤ衤ĶŪ˳ưˤ̱²̾ۤɤαƶϤ򼨤ΤΡĹŪƤ򾧤뤳ȤϤʤäȤƤƱͤˡեꥸ䥪ϱ³ŪƸ򰮤뤳ȤϤʤäʬ錄Ѹ줬ʹߤƤΤ΢ʢˡषϤθȤ夷ƤȤˤʤ롥

ƣ ؿ⡡ˡ١Ͻн˼2012ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-08-1] [2022-02-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-06-06 Tue

#2962. ֥塼֥Х٥פϥθҤŤ⤯Ǥ [bible][tower_of_babel][dutch][hebrew][history_of_linguistics][language_myth]

1ۤɤδ֤ˡ֥Х٥ߤε򤤤Ĥ񤤤Ƥtower_of_babel) Ѵ֥塼֥Х٥ŸŤƤΤ˰äƽ񤤤ƤΤ褦䤯Ѵۤؤˬ̤
֥塼Ρ֥Х٥סʥܥޥѴǡˤμʪվޤäơˤĤɾ򻲾Ȥ¤¿̣ͤ襤褦ʤ֥塼ϤΤ褦򤢤Τ褦طʤȤȤΤʤ1568ǯȤΤΰտޤϲʤΤ˽äŪʹۤʤΤ뤤Ϥռ˼äڴŪʻäΤ뤤ξɾɤǤʪ򸫤Ƥ⡤ĤʤޤޤǤ롥
֥塼Ρ֥Х٥פ16衼åѽ¯Ȥȹ̱γΩȤ괬ҲŪĬδɤ߲򤳤ȤΤˡߤˤ롥Ҳ𤷤褦
Υ衼åѤζȤϡƥΤӤ졤ä¯ (vernacular) (national language) ȤƬƤȤĬήΤʤˤäȤȤΩƤ뤳Ȥ⳰Τ餷ʤȤơҤФʳΩ̳ȹͤƤǤСꤷǸҤṮ̌˹顦뤳Ȥǽ㤨Сե󥹤ϡե󥹸򤽤Τ褦ϰ̤֤Τˡۤɤλ֤ȥͥ륮פʤäȤ˼ϤСˤϤ롥
Ϥ񡹡ä˥ץƥȽȤϡγΩ˼ּäǡ餬򸢰ҤŤˡȤƺѤΤϡˤθҤտ路Ƥߤʤ졤θθȹͤƤإ֥饤礤˽ФȤθŪϢޤȤ䤫⤯Ȥάäơɥĸ䥪줬餳ǥإ֥饤ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤä
θҤŤλߤˤĤơ (83--85) εҤѤ롥

ϻȬǯʹߡڥλۤæ뤿ᡤȬǯ˵ڤΩ򶯤줿͡ǥȤǤϡǯˤϻǯȥڥĮԤȤƳưʤ줪Ӹθ˾Ǯϥͥԥ٥̥ʥ󡦥ե󡦥ۥסˡʰް--ǯˤإȥڥε (Origines Antwerpianae)٤θϡֿפ᤭ޤ줿ΤǤꡤǤϸդȻʪͭŪʴطäƤƤطŵϥ˸Ф롤⤤ͳϤȤСȥڥͤǤ륭֥ͤϥڥȤľϤλ¹ǤꡤڥȤλ¹ϡ֥Х٥פβˤʤä˸κȤ졤ƥȥڥͤθ¸ȤΤǤ롥ԥ٥̥ϡ츻ˤߤʤ顤줬ñ¿äƤ뤳ȡ˭¾ΤˤޤäƤ뤳ȡʣ߽ФϤäƤ뤳Ȥ򺬵˼褦ȤƱͤλߤϽäƤ⸫졤ϻǯ˴Ԥ줿ɥꥢ󡦥ե󡦥ǥ꡼ʰϻ--ϻǯˤΡŨмԤν (Adversariorum libri)٤Ǥϡ֤˥إ֥饤ϿŪǸΤΤǤ뤫ס֤ɤΤ褦ˤƤΤȤ˥塼ȥ̥ͤΤפξߤƤ롥
ΤȤޤǺǤ褯Τ֥Х٥פԡƥ롦֥塼ʰ޺--ϻǯˤԥ٥̥ƱƱȥڥdzưեɥβȤäȤ¤ΰ̣˵Ť֥塼뤬¸ΡԥХ٥դϰϻǯκ˸Ϥƽϻ齽ˤ¿Ρ֥Х٥פγĤԤõʤ顤إɥꥯե󡦥졼ʰ--ȬǯˤˤƤ⡤٥롦ޡʰ޼--ϻǯˤˤƤ⡤ȥڥdzưեɥβȤǤ롥󡤤϶ΰפǤϤʤκ˾ħ͡κ԰ʾ򡤤λ¤ϼƤ롥ƥ衼åѤǤϡϤˡ֥Х٥פΩ


¯Ȥȹ̱γΩ̳ȹͤƤǤϡ󥤥ꥹ㳰ǤϤʤꥹ⡤͡ʺϮƹ줿ѸθҤŤ忴ζȤ⡤˹񱿤¿򤫤ƤȤäƤǤϤʤơθ塤ȴ֤ζФơǽṲ̄ͥΩäΤꥹǤꡤˤäƹŪʸҤιޤäΤѸǤäФγ٤ǤϤ뤬֥塼֥Х٥פϡѸŪˤվޤ롥

ظ쵯η١̼ҡ2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-06-11-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-05-29 Mon

#2954. 㥬θƤ̾ [loan_word][spanish][japanese][homonymic_clash][taboo][dissimilation][dutch][history]

Ѹǡ֥㥬פ potato Ǥ롥֥ĥޥ (sweet potato, batata) ȶ̤٤Irish potato white potato ȸƤ֤Ȥ⤢롥㥬⤬Ƹʥڥ롼ȥܥӥˤޤƥƥмդϤȤˤǤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬1570ǯ˥ڥͤˤäƥ衼åѤػޤ졤17ˤŸƤˤäơθƤ̾͡Ǥä
ƣˡإ㥬ˡ (44--45) ˤȡƤθϤǤθƾΤ papa ǤꡤǽϤΤޤޥڥäȤˡ̣ papà ƱǤ뤳Ȥ鶲¿Ȥͳ򤱤졤򾯤ѹ patatabatata ȤβѲưŤȤСǵäȤ (1) Ʊ۵ (homonymic_clash) βȡ(2) ֡ (taboo) ο˶ư줿(3) 2Ĥ p t ֤۲ (dissimilation) κѡʡ#90. taper paper ([2009-07-26-1]) 򻲾ȡˤȡ(4) ta η֤Ȥʣ (reduplication) ȤͿƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѥ˴ؤ벻ŪʲȤƤϡ֤뤪⤷
ڥ patata ϡȤ˼㴳βѲϤˤ衤Ѹ (potato) ˤ16Ⱦäꥢ (patata) 䥹ǥ (potatis) ˤäcf. #1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1])#1966. ʡʤäƤѸΰʪ˥塼 ([2014-09-14-1]
ܲι⤤ʪȤɾ򤳤ơϤΥ󥴡פ뤤ϡϤΥʥפȤƾΤȯãե󥹸 pomme de terre aardappel ʤɤɽǥ jordpäron ȤΤ뤷ɥĸ Erdapfel, Erdbirne θƾΤ⤢롥
̷Ǥϡɥĸ Kartoffel 롥ϥȥդؤꥢ tartufo ͳ褹뤬ƥ㥬ܤڥͤȥդȴ㤤Ȥä˴Ť kartofel ϡɥĸѤΤ
ܸ֥㥬פϡ㥬⤬16ܤˡͤμˤꥸΥ㥫ȥʸ㥫륿θ̾ˤޤ줿ȤüȯƤ̾Ǥ롥ܤ¸ȤƤ͡ʸƾΤԤʤƤ뤬⤷ȤǤϡԡˤϿޤˤȡ̴줫̤ʿ¦ǥåץ顤ץ顤ץȤʹ롥ϡҤΥ aardappel ˴ŤΤȹͤʰƣp. 167ˡ

ƣ ϼإ㥬ˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ
ԡˡܤϿޡ33ǡҡӡ2013ǯ.  *

Referrer (Inside): [2017-06-02-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-05-19 Fri

#2944. ship, skiff, skip(per) [doublet][etymology][phonetics][palatalisation][consonant][digraph][cognate][germanic][sgcs][loan_word][dutch]

#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡޥ [sk] ϸűѸ˸ȻФ [ʃ] ؤѲԤϡűѸǤ scip (ship) Τ褦 <sc> ȤŻ (digraph) ֤줿#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1]) ȤꡤѸˤϿŻ <sh> ֤褦ˤʤä
ޥƱˤƤ [sk] ݤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿Τǡ餬Ѹ˼ѤȡѸȤȤŸ (doublet) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѹ shirt ȸťΥɸ줫 skirt δط褯ΤƤ뤬ɸ˵󤲤 ship, skiff, skip(per) Τ褦ʻŸȤ⤤٤ط鸫Ĥ뤳ȤǤ롥
פ̣Źϥɥĸñ scifɥĸǤ Schiff Ǥ롥Ҳ [f] ϡ2ޥҲ (sgcs) η̤Źϥɥĸ sciff ϸťꥢ schifo ȤƼѤ졤˸ťե󥹸 esquif ФѸ skif Ȥƾ̣Ȥä줬Ѹ skiff Ǥ롥ե󥹸 equip ˤϢ
Ƭ [sk] ݤä楪 schip ղä skipper ϡḶ́ȤѸꡤߤ˻롥θʬṳ̂졤ɤ skip ȤʤΤǡǤߤȤ˻Ÿ줬Ǥ롥skipper ˤĤƤϡ#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
ʤ캬ϥꥷ skaptein ʤȴˤȶ̤Ƥꡤڤ򤯤̤ƺäΥ᡼ˤĤʤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-22-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-07-25 Mon

#2646. Ѹ˴ؤ [loan_word][borrowing][dutch][flemish][afrikaans][statistics]

ε#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1]) ڤӡ#148. եޥȥ ([2009-09-22-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ褦ˡȴϢѼʥեޥ졤ϥɥĸ졤եꥫ󥹸ʤɤޤߡȤȤˤ٤ƹ碌 "Low Dutch" ȸƤФˤѸäѸϰƳ¿Durkin ˤ OED3 ˤʬŪĴˤСθ줫μѸˤޤĤȾȤˤޤȤȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ (Durkin, p. 355 "Loanwords from Dutch, Low German, and Afrikaans, as reflected by OED3 (A--ALZ and M-RZZ)" ꤹɽƸ)

Loanwords from Dutch, Low German, and Afrikaans, as reflected by OED3 (qtd. from Durkin 355)

Ѹˤ̤ƤŪʿǤСLow Dutch μѸϡ¤˸ťΥɸ줫μѸ¿ȤΤϰճ⤷ʤ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1]) ɽǤϡDutch/Flemish θŪƶ "minimal" ɽƤ뤬ºݤˤϤ⤦ɾɽǤäƤ褵ťΥɸۤɱѸδܸä˾׷Ϳ櫓ǤϤʤξӤ뤳ȤˤդʤФʤʤLow Dutch θüѤ˴ؤƸħȤơ鸽ޤڤ뤳Ȥʤä򶡵뤷ƤϻŦƤ
̤ˤߤȡѸпǤιפ϶ḽιפ򲼲뤬ȤƤä˸Ѹ˼ѤäȤ褯狼롥Ѹ Low Dutch μѸȤϸ츻ŪŪ˶̤ΤĤʤȤ¿ºݤˤϸűѸǤ⾯ʤ̼ѤäǽȡLow Dutch ѸΤıѸ˾ŪʰյϾʤ褦˻פ롥
Low Dutch ѸפˤĤơDurkin (356--57) ϼΤ褦˵Ƥ롥

The fullest study of words of Dutch or Low German origin in English remains that of Bense (1939), who drew his data chiefly from the first edition of the the (sic) OED. Bense's study groups loanwords from Dutch and Low German together under the collective heading 'Low Dutch', although at the level of individual word histories he frequently distinguishes between input from each language. His companion work, Bense (1925), provides a summary of the main historical contexts of contact. Bense discusses over 5,000 words, for most of which he considers Low Dutch origin at least plausible; this is thus much higher than the OED's etymologies suggest. His total includes some words ultimately of Dutch origin that have definitely entered English via other languages, e.g. plaque (from a French word that ultimately has a Dutch origin), and also many semantic loans; OED3 has over 150 of these in parts so far revised, e.g. household (a. 1399) or field-cornet (1800, after South African Dutch veldkornet). Nonetheless, Bense does make a case for direct borrowing from Dutch for many words for which the OED does not posit a Dutch etymon; even if one agrees with the OED's (generally more conservative) approach in all cases, Bense's suggestions are by no means absurd, and his work highlights very well the difficulty of being certain about the extent of the Dutch contribution to the lexis of English.


5000ĶȤ Bense λϤ緶ǤäƤ⡤ȤƤϼƤʤΤǤϤʤȤ Durkin ɾ⡤ʤʤŪǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Bense, J. F. Anglo-Dutch Relations from the Earliest Times to the Death of William the Third. Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1925.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-07-24 Sun

#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ [loan_word][borrowing][dutch][flemish][wycliffe][etymology][onomatopoeia]

#148. եޥȥ ([2009-09-22-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸˤˤƥϤȤӤνˡصŪ˴ϢѼ Low Dutch ȤޤȤƻؼ뤳ȤˤθüѤϡѸ줫Ѹޤڤ뤳Ȥʤ³ƤǤ12--13ˤϡ󥰥ɤȥեɥȤηкѴطӤιȤȼ濴˱ɤƤꡤХ (75) θ褦ˡ֥Ȥȥ֥塼Ȥϡ󥰥ɤȤӤ2Ĥ˼äס
ˤ⡤ͽ۰ʾᤤ饤󥰥ɤȥեɥ̾ϹԤʤƤǤ9ˡեå粦ϥեɥϤϻϼԥܡɥ2̼եꥹȷ뺧Ƥꥢϥܡɥ5̼ΥޥƥǤȷ뺧Ƥ롥ԤؤϡΥꥢ2ȥإ꡼1ޤ©Ҥޤ졤˥إ꡼1פѤ̤쥢ǥȤ̼ޤƤΤ褦˥󥰥ɤӤϡ׼Ԥδ֤ǤⲦ²δ֤Ǥ⡤Ť̩ܤʴطݤäƤΤǤ롥
ѸˤӤν줫¿μѸ줬ήñΤʤˤϡѸȤƤܸȤƤ߿ΤʤʤʲΥѸ򤤤Ĥ󤷤Ƥߤ13ˡֿƬפΰդäƤ poll ϡ17ȯãĴפΰ̣Ǻ̤ѤƤ롥clock ϡɥ1ξեɥλ׿ͤˤꡤ14˥󥰥ɤˤ⤿餵줿Ҥʤμ顤pickle ⤿餵졤ӡ˷礫ʤ hop ѸäطǤϡ13 buoy , 14 rover, skipper Ѥ졤15 deck, freight, hose ⤿餵줿ȴطǤϡgroat, sled 14ˡguilder, mart 15äƤ롥¾13 snatch, tackle 14 lollard 15 loiter, luck, groove, snap 줾ѸäΰȤʤä
ä󤲤פñ lollard ˤĤƿƤθϡ1300ǯ¿ͤϤ͡ä򤷤ƤΤؤƤ줬Τ򤳤ƥդҤˤŬѤ褦ˤʤä餬Ӥ䵧äƾƤΤ򵼲ˤ̾ˤΤȤ⤵Ƥ롥ѸǤνϥɤˤ񤬽Фľ1395ǯǤ롥

ݡ롦Х ס رѸθá١ҡʸ˥ӡ1976ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-09-12 Sat

#2329. ѸμѸ [borrowing][loan_word][me][lexicology][contact][latin][french][greek][italian][spanish][portuguese][welsh][cornish][dutch][german][bilingualism]

ѸθüѤȤСޤե󥹸줬פ⤫ (#1210. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹΰ ([2012-08-19-1]))˥ƥ줬󤬤 (#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1]), #1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])) μϥޥ졤ťΥɸʤɤθ̾󤲤뤬ե󥹸졤ƥαǤۤϴʤ
ºݤΤȤѸϾ嵭ʳ¿θȤܿƤΤˤ¾θ줫μѸο¿ϤʤäۤȤɤľܤǤϤʤȤƥե󥹸ͳƴŪäƤѸǤ롥¿ (multilingualism) ȤѸ򹭤̣ǼСѸ쥤󥰥ɼҲϳΤ¿ѼҲäȤΤǤ롥ѸˤѸȡΤ褦ˤʤ (Crespo (28) ɽƷ)

LANGUAGESDirect IntroductionIndirect Introduction
Latin--- 
French--- 
Scandinavian--- 
Low German--- 
High German--- 
Italian through French
Spanish through French
Irish--- 
Scottish Gaelic--- 
Welsh--- 
Cornish--- 
Other Celtic languages in Europe through French
Portuguese through French
Arabic through French and Spanish
Persian through French, Greek and Latin
Turkish through French
Hebrew through French and Latin
Greek through French by way of Latin


#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽 ([2010-05-24-1]) ǰѤ̤ꡤ"French acted as the Trojan horse of Latinity in English" Ȥ⤤ϻ¤ե󥹸ѸˤϡƥΤߤʤ餺äȤä¿θ줫μѤΡפȤƵǽƤΤǤ롥
Ϣơ#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1])#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crespo, Begoña. "Historical Background of Multilingualism and Its Impact." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000. 23--35.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-22-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-07-06 Sun

#1896. ܸäθ [loan_word][borrowing][japanese][lexicology][borrowing][portuguese][spanish][dutch][italian][russian][german][french]

ܸθ줬ƻޤ줿Τϡ16ȾФǤ롥#1879. ܸˤ޻ˡ ([2014-06-19-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡݥȥͤ褬äꥹȶѸȤȤ˰ŪѸ⤿餵줿Ԥϸ˶ضȤʤäȤ⤢ä夷ʤäԤǤϡإȥͭʿ(alfeloa) ƥ (Castella)å (capa)ܥCambodia)륵ʷסcalsãnˡ륿 (carta)ڥȥʶʿconfeitosˡ饵ʹӡsaraçaˡܥ (zamboa)ܥ (sabão)ХۡgibãoˡХʱtabacoˡ (charamela)ȥ (tutanaga)ѥ (pão)ӥɥ (vidro)ӥåȡʥӥåȡbiscoitoˡӥ (veludo)ե饹 (frasco)֥ (blanço)ܥ (bolo)ܥ (botão) ʤɤĤä16ˤϥڥäƤ夷Τϥ䥹 (medias) 餤ä
ؤȡμѸ줬ήǤ롥ʳؤθä¿˷طθääޤءؤǤϡƥ (ether) (extract)֥顼 (oblaat)륷 (calcium)ե (kamfer, kampher) (cholera)ꥹ (digitalis)ݥ (spuit)ڥ (pest)᥹ (mes)ҥ (morphine)ءʪŷʸǤϡ륫 (alkali)륳 (alcohol)쥭ƥ (electriciteit)ѥ (kompas) (soda)ƥ쥹 (telescoop)ԥ (brandpunt) (lenz)طǤϡ르 (orgel)ޥ (diamant) (koffij)å (kok)åסkop; cf. #1027. åפȥåס ([2012-02-18-1])ˡ (gom)å (siroop)å (schop)å (doek)åסʥסsoepˡå (jak)ӡ (bier)֥ꥭ (blik)ڥ (pen)ڥ (pek), ݥ (pomp)ۥå (hoek)ۥå (hop) (lamp)طǤϡ٥ (sabel)ԥȥ (pistool)ɥ (ransel)
ˤθΤʤǤϱѸ줬ͥȤʤäƤ뤬ˤϤޤ֥åסס֥ɥȥפʤɥѸλѤƤʹߤϱѸϤȾ褦ˤʤꡤΡ֥åספѸΡ֥ספִ줿褦ˡȯѸؤ줵Ƥ롥ѸʳθȤƤϡ龼¤ˤƥɥĸʼ˰ءлůشطˡե󥹸ʼ˷ݽѡطˡꥢʼ˲ڴطˡ⸫褦ˤʤä줾󤲤Ƥߤ褦

ɥĸ졧ΥNeuroseˡơKarteˡGazeˡץKapselˡ說VakzinˡǥIdeologieˡߥʡSeminarˡơޡThemaˡơTheseˡååRucksackˡSeilˡҥåơHütteˡ֥顼 (Oblate), 쥪 (Kreosot)
ե󥹸졧ǥådessinˡ󥯡concoursˡ󥽥chansonˡޥromanˡץespritˡgenreˡȥꥨatelierˡcrayonˡ롼rougeˡͥꥸnégligeˡġomeletteˡ˥åcognacˡѥchampagneˡޥ͡mayonnaise
ꥢ졧ڥoperaˡʥsonataˡƥݡtempoˡեʡfinaleˡޥˡmacaroniˡѥåƥspaghetti
졧åvodkaˡѡkampaniyaˡڥpechkaˡΥޡnorma

θ8䤬ѸϤǤꡤѤоݤȤʤѸѼȤƤʿϤDZѤƤؤڤؤä
ʾ塤ƣ (179--80, 185--86) Ӳƣ¾ (74) 򻲾ȤƼɮϢơ#1645. ܸθʬۡ ([2013-10-28-1])#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡ ([2012-03-29-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿

ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
ƣ ɧ ɹ ԡܸ쳵١դ1989ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-06-10 Mon

#1505. ˤ "mouse"-line "house"-line [dialectology][dutch][geography][isogloss][wave_theory][map][phonetics][vowel]

ɸѸ mouse house ˤ [əʊ] 2첻ޤޤƤ롥2첻ϥޥĸǤ *[uː] äߤΥޥ¿Ǥϡ¿¿ͤ餫2첻Ĺ첻̤ξ˸롥㤨СɸɥĸǤ [aʊ] Ǥꡤɸ४Ǥ [øy] Ǥ롥
Ȥ٥륮ȥˤޤϰϿޡʵ򻲾ȡˤƤߤȡ2첻ˤĤƶ̣ʬۤ餫ˤʤ롥ˤϸŤ [uː] ĤäƤꡤ[muːs, huːs] 롥ˤϡϤȤƤʬۤǤϤ뤬߿Ĺ첻 [yː] ޤ [myːs, hyːs] ԤʤƤ롥ޤüˤ [øː] ޤ [møːs, høːs] ١ʬۤƤ롥ơȾˤɸ४ [øy] äƤ롥줾ϰǡۤʤΤΡ"mouse" "house" ξƱĹ첻2첻Ƥ뤳ȤǧǤ롥
Ȥ[muːs, huːs] [myːs, hyːs] ˶ޤ줿Ȥˡξ첻οä [muːs, hyːs] 򼨤ꥢΤǤ롥ΤȤϡ"mouse" "house" 첻Ѱۤɽ魯 (isogloss) ߤ˰פƤʤȤʪäƤ롥mouse Τۤ "house" ⹭ϰˤơŤ2첻ݤäƤȤȤˤʤ롥άϼޤʲ˼



ʬۤΤˡΤ褦ʥʥꥪꤵ롥ΤȤ餯Υեɥdz׿ [yː] ʸṲ̄ͥ椨ˡγ׿Ū첻Ⱦ˹äƤä줫̥ɥĤΥϥԻԤ濴Ȥ⤦1ĤʸαƶˤꡤŤ [uː] ⺬ʬۤƤʸ椬Υꥢդʣˤ֤ĤꤢŶλʪȤ⤤嵭ʬۤΤǤ롥ºݡߤǤ [yː] ʤϤäȷ³ƤȤ
16--17餯ȥȯǡʤ׿Ū2첻 [øy] Ф줬λޤǤͥȤʤäƤ [yː] ֤Ƥ椭ɸŪȯȤʤäƤä
[muːs, hyːs] ߽Фפʤϡ[2012-10-21-1]εǿ줿 chaque mot a son histoire "every word has its own history" Τ΢դΤǤ롥
ʾ塤Kloeke, G. G (De Hollandsche Expansie. Noorden Zuid-Nederlandsche Dialectbibliotheek 2. The Hague: 1927.) Ĵ⤷ Bloomfield (328--31) 򻲾ȤƼɮʲϿޤϡBloomfield (328) ꡥ

Kloeke's Map of

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-12-23 Sun

#1336. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ (2) [pragmatics][personal_pronoun][honorific][dutch][t/v_distinction][sobokunagimon]

ɸˤĤơ[2012-05-28-1]εɲäƽҤ٤Bloomfield (401--02) ǡƾΤɾΤˤäƶवȤϡѸΤߤʤ餺ˤ⸫졤ǤϤ˼ʳ˿ʤǤȤ

There is an advantage, often, in applying well-favored terms to one's hearer. The habit of using the plural pronoun 'ye' instead of the singular 'thou,' spread over Europe during the Middle Ages. In English, you (the old dative-accusative case-form of ye) has crowded thou into archaic use; in Dutch, jij [jej] has led to the entire obsolescence of thou, and has in turn become the intimate form, under the encroachment of an originally still more honorific u [y:], representing Uwe Edelheid [ˈy:we ˈe:delhejt] 'Your Nobility.' (401--02)


Ȥϡ#185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction ([2009-10-29-1]) ǿ줿ַɰˡ§פΤ⤦ĤȤƱ²θǤΤ褦ʲǧȤȤϡѸˤʿŪäΤǤϤʤȵʤΤ⼫Ǥ롥
ɰˡ§ϡɰդɽ魯Ϥθ줫ɰդƤ椯ˡʷɰդɽ魯٤ʤ줬ƳȤȤҤ٤Ƥ뤬ȤƤΤϡ餫θä˷ɰդɽ路ȤüԤΰտޤǤ롥ɰդθϲƤ椯ΤǤɰդɽ魯ȼΤϤ᤿ʤȤǤ⤤⤷ŪȤСthou you ¤äˡˡǫ you ֤ȤŬäƤ褦˻פ롥ȤȲʤǡɾΤ thou ֤ȤϡԹ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-11-10 Thu

#927. ޥζޤο [germanic][inflection][synthesis_to_analysis][contact][geography][map][dutch][german][faroese][icelandic][danish][afrikaans]

Map of Germanic Europe

ΥޥɤüԤʬۤϿޤ˼ȡü Continental Scandinavianü High Germanü Englishü Icelandic ˤĻշ롥Ͽޤ붽̣ϡĤǼ English Continental Scandinavia Ū˶ޤ㤷פƤޥǤꡤ֤Ǽ Icelandic High German Ū˶ޤǤ褯ĤƤޥǤȤ¤ơ׿Ū졦üݼŪü˰Ϥޤ줿ФǼշ˴ޤޤ Faroese, Dutch, Frisian, Low German ϡޤ򤢤٤פƤ뤬٤ݻƤȤŪʤ򼨤ȸѲشطϸΤΤ뤤ϼ¼ŪʤΤ
ˤĤƹŸƤΤO'Neil Ǥ롥

Now from the point of view of their inflectional systems, it is in the languages of the extreme southwest and northeast areas, among the Scandinavians and the English, that things are farthest from the state of the old languages, where --- in fact --- the old inflectional system has become so simplified that the languages can barely be said to be inflected at all. It is in the other two areas, in the northwest in Iceland and in the southeast among the High Germans (but most especially in Iceland) that an older inflectional system is best preserved. Between these two extremes and their associated corners or areas and languages, lie other Germanic languages (Faroese, Frisian, Dutch, etc.) of neither extreme characteristic: i.e. not stripped (essentially) of their inflections, nor heavily inflected like the older languages. (250)


ľܤ˸Ѳ˱ƶڤܤȤȤϤʤüԤŪΩ˱ƶڤܤŪΩ줬ˤ˱ƶڤܤˤȯŸ˱ƶڤܤȤŪʴطꤹ뤳Ȥϲǽ
ޤ礤ñ㲽Ѹξ硤ťΥɸ (Old Norse) Ȥܿñ㲽ηŪʰȤʤäȤϡǤϹƤ[2009-06-26-1]ε#59. ѸˤˤťΥɸΰյ򶵤äפ򻲾ȡˡǡɸ (Icelandic) Ū˸ΩƤ뤬椨ˡŤޤޤǤ褯ĤƤȤȤ褯[2010-07-01-1]ε#430. Ѳ˳װפ򻲾ȡˡŪ˷иƤܿ٤ȤδؿȤƤ뤬θܿˤȤؾװˤä礤˾դƤΤǤ롥ǤϸѲŪˤŪưŤƤȤ
ǤϡѸ䥢ɸʳΥޥˤĤƤ⡤ƱͤǽO'Neil ϡΦ󥸥ʥӥζޤñ㲽ѸΤʿŪʴطˤȼĥ롥ξ硤Φ󥸥ʥӥ줬ܿΤϥɥĸ (Middle Low German) Ǥ롥

It is clear then that Continental Scandinavian is inflectionally simple like English, with --- however --- its idiosyncratic sense of simplicity. The reasons for its simplicity seem to be exactly those that led to the development of the neutralized northern Middle English inflectional system: language contact between Middle Low German and Danish in the countryside and between Middle Low German and all Continental Scandinavian languages in the centers of trade. (267)


ˡѸΦ󥸥ʥӥƱ褦ñ㲽ޤĥեꥫ󥹸 (Afrikaans) ˤĤƤ⡤ƱͤεΩġǤϡ (Dutch) ϥޥ (Low German) ȤܿͿƤ롥

. . . the original population that settled Capetown and then the Cape was not a homogeneous Dutch-speaking population. The group of people that arrived in Capetown in 1652 was first of all predominantly German (Low German mercenaries) and the Dutch part of it was of mixed Dutch dialects. Thus just the right conditions for the neutralization of inflections existed in Capetown at the time of its settlement. (268--69)


¾ˤ⡤եꥸ (Frisian) ȥ (Dutch) ȤԻǸܿи̤ȤƤ "Town Frisian" (268) 󤲤롥
ȿФˡʣʶޤŪ褯ݤäƤȤơɸ¾˵󤲤ƤΤϥɥĸ (High German) Ǥ롥Ǥ O'Neil ϡϥɥĸ⥢ɤۤɤǤϤʤŪ˸ƳΥƤƤ롥

. . . High German has not been so completely isolated as Icelandic. But then neither is its inflectional system as conservative. Yet in fact the area of High German has been generally isolated from other Germanic contact --- the sort of contact that would lend to neutralization, for the general motion of High German has always been away from the Germanic area and onto its periphery among non-Germanic peoples. (277)


ǸˡϿ޾λշǼޤŪʶ٤򼨤췲ˤĤƤ O'Neil ŪشطǧƤΤǡŦƤʲϡե (Faroese) ζޤŪħŤƤʬΰѤǤ롥

. . . the Faroese fished and worked among the Icelanders and still do, at the same time being administered, educated, and exploited by continental Scandinavians. Thus for centuries was Faroese exposed to the simplified inflectional systems of continental Scandinavia while in constant contact with the conservative system of Icelandic. Unless this conflict was resolved Faroese could neither move toward Continental Scandinavian, say, nor remain essentially where it began like Icelandic: neither completely neutralize its inflections, nor simplify them trivially. The conflict was not resolved and as a consequence Faroese moved in a middle state inflectionally. (280)


O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-09-23 Wed

#149. եޥȱѸ [flemish][dutch][loan_word]

ε[2009-09-22-1]ǥեޥʤ뤤 Netherlandic language ˤαפ򳵴Ѥä˱ѸˤȤδϢˤĤƹͤƤߤʸŪˤϡĤΥݥȤȹͤ롥
ܤϡҤ٤⤽ӸŪ˥եޥȱѸδط˶ᤤȤȤǤ롥ͽۤ褦ˡξθ෿˶ᤤ
ܤϡ[2009-08-31-1], [2009-09-02-1], [2009-09-14-1]ˤ褦ˡѸʹߡեޥ줫ѸäѸ줬ճ¿¸ߤǤ롥̤ơեɥ롤ɥΤ the Low Countries ȥꥹȤθήä赤ή⤿餷ΤϡӻȤȯŸǤ롥ꥹ˻ӤӿʪȤʥեɥ͢ФƱˡӿʪο̤˥ꥹذܽƤ13ˤϡEdward I ȤơꥹľӿʪȤδ˾Ǥ London ʤɡեɥǤ Dordrecht, Louvain, Antwerp, Bruges ʤɤ˥ơץȸƤФӼԾ줬ߤ졤Ūʸפ˱ɤʪŪŪήطʤˡʹߡ¿θ줬졦եޥ줫ѸؤήΤǤ롥
ˤȡߤޤǤ˥졦եޥ줫Ѥ줿ο2500ˤΤܤȤǤϤΰ찮󤲤ˤȤɤ褦ƱˤȿǤҳȡݽѴطѸ줬¿

bluff, bowsprit, cruise, deck, dock, easel, freight, groat, guilder, knapsack, landscape, lighter, mart, nap, poppycock, roster, rover


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 1993. 183--84.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 126.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-09-22 Tue

#148. եޥȥ [flemish][dutch][germanic][map]

[2009-08-31-1], [2009-09-02-1], [2009-09-14-1]ʤɤǥեޥ ( Flemish ) ˤĤƿ줿⤽եޥȤϲˤĤƿƤʤäѸˤǤۤȴФƤʤΤǡñ˾Ҳ𤹤롥
ŪˤС֥եޥᥪפȥǤĤʤƺ٤ʤѸǤ Flemish Dutch ȸƾΤʬ뤬¾ƱȹͤƤ褤ʤƾΤʬ뤫ȤС줾ظ˹ƤȤۤʤ뤫Ǥ롥 ( The Netherlands ) ȤǻѤ륪ΤȤ֥ ( Dutch ) ȸƤӡ٥륮 ( Belgium ) ȤǻѤ륪ΤȤ֥եޥ ( Flemish ) ȸƤʬƤäǤ롥
٥륮äƤѼ Vlaams ȸƤФ줬ꡤ Flemish ȤñƤ礬Τդפ롥ξˤϡFlemish Ϥ륪ΰȤ̣ˤʤ롥Flemish ȤˤΤ褦Ĥˡ뤳ȤΤȤΤ櫓ˤ衤ƱΤ鷺ФۤʤѼȤȤ館ƤФ褤ܺ٤ʾϡEthnologue Υ٥륮ιEthnologue Υ٥ͥ륯Ͽ򻲾ȡ
ơDutch Ȥ Flemish ȤۤʤƾΤѤ뤳ȤϺ򾷤Τǡʬ Netherlandic language ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ롥ΤˤΤۤäꤹ롥̾ Netherlandic language ϡߡʲΤ褦ʹϰǻѤƤ롥

ʸѸȤơ
٥륮ΥեɥʱѸ̾ Flanders ֥եסˡʥե󥹸ȤȤ˹θѸȤơ
եΥ٥륮ϰ8ͤۤɤüԤ
ʥʹθȤơϿޤ򻲾ȡ
Υƥ ( the Netherlands Antilles )ʹθȤơϿޤ򻲾ȡ

Suriname
Netherlands Antilles

Ȥ̤17եꥫο̱Ϥ Netherlandic language ޤ졤ȼȯŸ줬롥ϸ Afrikaans ȸƤФƤǡեꥫ¹ǹäƤƱθѸΰĤǤ롥
ơ Netherlandic language ʤȤ Afrikaans ˤϡӸؤˤȡѸƱޥɤ°Ƥꡤ⤽ѸȤδطϤʤᤤʰη[2009-06-17-1]򻲾ȡˡե²äƤ Old Low Franconian ʤ줬700ǯ˼դΥޥȤθܿФơޤѤäפΤ Netherlandic language ȹͤƤ롥οǽ񤫤줿¸ǤŤʸϡ12ΤΤȤ롥ʤߤ˱ѸκǸŤʸ700ǯȤΤǡʸŪˤ Netherlandic language ϡֿפ˸롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-09-14 Mon

#140. եޥ줫Ѥؾ -kin [dutch][flemish][suffix][onomastics]

[2009-08-30-1]εǡ-ot Ȥ ؾ ( diminutive ) Ҳ𤷤⤦ġ ( Dutch ) 뤤ϥեޥ ( Flemish ) Ѥ줿̣ؾ롥ήԤ̾ղä -kin ȤǤ롥
ϡΦޥˤƱ ( cognate ) 롥㤨СɥĸǤ -chen бǡKindchen ־ʻҶסHaüschen ־ʲȡסMädchen ־פʤɤ˸롥ȤűѸˤ cognate ʤʤMED ǤϸűѸ˵Ȥ⤬Ƥ롥
ѸǤ̾ղä㤬12˸Ϥ뤬ΤۤȤɤ졦եޥ줫̾ȼڤƤΤΤ褦ǡ-kin Ѹ¦Ū˻ȤʤϤۤȤɤʤʲΤ褦̾롥

Dawkin, Haukyn, Janekin, Melekin, Perkin, Piperkin, Potekin, Simkin, Tymkin, Watekin, Wilekin


1400ǯʹߡ-kin դ̾̾ȤƤήԤʤʤäȤƤ -s -son դäǸߤˤĤäƤ ( e.g. Dickens, Dickinson, Jenkins, Perkins, Watkins, Wilkinson )
̾饹ȤȡѸʹߤϰ̾ˤ -kin դ褦ˤʤäѸʤΤѸ¦ǤθʤΤΥ⾯ʤʤ
̾ȤƤϡnapkin, lambkin ʤɤ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-08-31 Mon

#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶ [contact][flemish][dutch][japanese]

Gelderen (102) ˡCeltic, Latin, Scandinavian, French, Dutch/Flemish 5줬ѸͿƶɽ롥ˡ⤦ Greek äơ6ˤƶɽǤ롥

 vocabularymorphologysyntax
Celticyesnopossibly
Latinyessomewhatno
Scandinavianyesyesyes
Frenchvery muchyesminimal
Dutch/Flemishminimalnono
Greekyessomewhatno


[2009-08-16-1]εǥե󥹸ȸťΥɸˤƶ͡ʻӤΤȤϰۤʤꡤʬȤؤαƶ绨Ĥ˼ɽˤʤĤζ̣ݥȤƤ롥̤αѸ˳ǤϤޤ갷ʤܡ뤤ռƤӳФޤƤܤܤߤޤä

ȸؤαƶ "possibly" ˤʤ
ƥؤαƶ "no" ȤΤ
졦եޥˤѸؤαƶ򡤥ƥե󥹸ʤɤƱӤȤΤΤ¿

졦եޥˤĤƤϡ衤ѸؤαƶȤե㡼뤳ȤϤޤʤäΤ˱Ѹ˳ǸäμѤȤƷڤ夲뤳ȤϤ뤬ޤǥޥʡȤƤǤ롥Ԥ Gelderen ͤǤꡤ¿ʬˤҤܤϤ˥åΰ˴ؿȤΤϡѸˤλ˭ˤƤȤǴޤ٤Ǥ롥
ʸϤ񤤤Ƥ뤦ˡҤȤܸޤ᤿ʤä

 vocabularymorphologysyntax
Celticyesnopossibly
Latinyessomewhatno
Scandinavianyesyesyes
Frenchvery muchyesminimal
Dutch/Flemishminimalnono
Greekyessomewhatno
Japanesesomewhatnono


[2009-06-12-1]εǡֲ50ǯǡѸؤμѸ8%ܸ줫פȾҲ𤷤Τǡ"minimal" Ǥʤ "somewhat" ȤƤߤȽǤϤ

Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow