Bennett and Smithers Ǥ14ƬκʤȤ Havelok ɤǤ롥East Midland ǽƤꡤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿ޤǤ뤳ȤΤƤ뤬East Midland ϥ줫αƶ꺻ϰǤ롥
Havelok ll. 45--52 ΤѤ褦
Þanne he com þenne he were bliþe,
For hom he brouthe fele siþe
Wastels, simenels with þe horn,
Hise pokes fulle of mele an korn,
Netes flesh, shepes, and swines,
And hemp to maken of gode lines,
And stronge ropes to hise netes
(In þe se-weres he ofte setes).
ǸιԤ he often set them in the sea-weir ̣setes -es Ԥ hise netes (= "his nets") ؼܸ첽줿3;ʣгʤ̾ȲǤ롥פ "them" ȤѤ -es Ȥ櫓η֤ˤĤ Bennett and Smithers (293) ǼΤ褦˲⤷Ƥ롥
setes: i.e. sette es 'placed them'. Es, is (ys in Hav. 1174), hes, his, hise are first recorded in England c. 1200, as the acc.pl. or fem. sg. of the pronoun of the third person, and (apart from 'Robt. of Gloucester's' Chronicle are restricted to SE or EMidl texts. This pronoun is best explained as an adoption of the comparable MDu pronoun se, which is likewise used enclitically in the reduced form -s; for a pronoun (as an essential and prominent element in the grammatical machinery of a language) would hardly have escaped record till 1200 if it had been a native word.
Ĥޤꡤ -es б֤ѤΤȤȤǤ롥ɾäƤϴϢŤĴƤɬפ뤬ѸˤˤƥαƶᾮɾƤȤͤȡ̥ŪǤϤ롥
ѸˤȥδؤˤĤƤϡ#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])#3436. ɤӤȤܿˡ ([2018-09-23-1])#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1])#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1])#140. եޥ줫Ѥؾ -kin ([2009-09-14-1]) ޤ dutch ε
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
ε#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1]) ơChamson ʸ˵ꡤѸϽüԤ˾夤ʤ뵡ܿƤʤϤˤάҤ
ξԤܿˤϡǤС5ΥΥ֥ƥؤΰưλ顤ĶȤƸä17ޤǡǯʾ˵ڤ֡ΤʤܤͤΤϡ(1) 塤(2) ΥޥȤθ塤(3) ξϰ֤ӿʪǰפȯã14--15(4) ˱ɴǤ16--174Ĥλ줾ˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ
(1)
5Υ͡͡塼ȿͤΥ֥ƥؤΰư夫顤¾ϥޥɤν²Ʊ֥ƥϤäƤȤʬäƤ롥Τ褦˻夬ŤиŤۤɡߤθ礭ѤηŪʾڵˤɤ̾Τʤ "Frisians" "Flemings" ¸ߤΤʤʤȤդ٤Ǥ롥㤨СDunfries, Freseley, Freswick, Frisby, Friesden, Friesthorpe, Frieston, Friezland, Frisby, Frisdon, Frizenham, Frizinghall, Frizingon, Fryston; Flemingtuna, Flameresham, Flemdich, Flemingby ʤɡ̾Ǥ⡤Flandrensis, Fleemeng, Flammeng, Flameng, Flemang, Fleamang, Flemmyng, Flamenc, Flemanc ʤɤ "Flemings" ΰ۷Ǥ⥤ꥹͤ¿ĤäƤ롥
(2) ΥޥȤθ
Υޥޤ William դäΤʤˤϡ¿ΥեɥͤޤWilliam κ Matilda ϥեɥ Baldwin V ̼äȤ⤢ꡤեɥͤιϺΩäƤ⤳Υեɥͤϥ֥ƥˤȤɤޤä餷
1107ǯ˥եɥǹ夬äݤˡHenry I ϡҤեɥͤ˰ܽ뤳ȤĤȼä̤ΥեɥͤȾФˤ Wales ü Pembrokeshire ˺ưܽʤɤλ֤ˤȯŸƤ (see #3292. ˾ǽαѸ쿢̱ Pembroke ([2018-05-02-1])) ̤ȤơPembrokeshire Ǥϥ륺ͤΤƥեɥͤ꽻褦ˤʤꡤο16εҤˤߤۤɤǤ롥
ۤˡ12ȾˤϡHenry II ȤλҶ褤ˤƥեɥͤη⤬Ѥ줿Ȥ⤢äˡ12ʹߤˤϡNorwich Norfolk ʤɤΥĮϡӤԤ졤եɥȤǰפǤ˱ɤä Norwich London ˼ĮȤʤäˡϡԥΥޥͤȥɿͤΤĤʤܤ̤ǽ⤢롥
(3) ξϰ֤ӿʪǰפȯã14--15
嵭Τ褦֤ʤ顤ӡʪȤפȤξϰǰפ礤˱ɤƤɬĤޤطä櫓ǤϤʤ14ǰͳ褹ŨпȤ⤢ä䥹åȥɤ¿ΥեɥͤܽɤϫƯԤδ֤ۤɤˤʤäϡǰפˤ׳ȥɹ̱ηкŪݸȤΤɼƤΤǤ롥դˤСλ塤ξԤŪ̩ܿƤںǤ⤢롥
(4) ˱ɴǤ16--17
16--17ˤϡӤϥ衼åΤ˵ʱƶϤڤܤϰؤĹƤꡤȥפ֥塼ϥ衼åѤɽԻԤȤʤäƤ16ȾӤϥڥۤΩ褤ΤʤǡץƥȤȥڥۤ³Ȥʬ褤ơΰ̱̤˥ɤϤäƤθ⽡Ū褤˵ñ̤ΰ̱Ȥ17ȾФޤǿǯ֤³Ӥȥɤο͡δ֤ˡ˾Ǥ絬Ϥǿ̩ʴطۤ뤳ȤȤʤä
ʾ塤Ūʸܿβ̤ˤϿʤä˾塤ξԤܿǤʤ³ƤȤChamson ʸ˵äƼϡüѤޤŪʱƶߤưפ餷ҲŪȸ뤳ȤǤ
Chamson, Emil. "Revisiting a Millennium of Migrations: Contextualizing Dutch/Low-German Influence on English Dialect Lexis." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 281--303.
ϥɥĸʤɤΡ (the Low Countries) ν줬ѸͿƶˤĤơαѸˤǤϡҤʤΤˤȤɤޤäƤǰƬˤΤϼȤƸŪʱƶΤȤ줬ᾮɾƤȤϡ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1])#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1]) ʤɤεǤ⼨Ƥ̤Ǥ롥
夲 Chamson ͤܤȤޤäʤϽαƶᾮɾƤΤˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (281)
While historical records attest to continual and intense migrations to Britain from the Low Countries over a period of roughly a thousand years, our knowledge of the linguistic consequences of this contact --- i.e. the impact of Dutch, Frisian, and the Low German dialects on English --- remains sketchy. One main reason is inherent, i.e. due [to] the similarities of the languages involved. Another is extrinsic: the nature of the contact, at once commonplace and elusive, has meant that discussions of the history of English frequently pass over this area, favoring the big players and the exotics.
ޤᾮɾطʤˤϡѸϽ줬ŪƤȤܼŪͳ Chamson ϽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ʊޥ췲ϥޥȤơá֤̤äƤꡤŪˤߤڤδطİˤȤ𤬤롥ĤޤꡤʤΤѸʤΤˤŤ餤Τ
츻ˤŤ餤ΤϡʤˤѸϽ˸¤äȤǤϤʤѸȸťΥɸƱͤӤȤơեѸ줫ƥѸ줫Ƚʤʤɤפ⤫֡ťΥɸ졤ե졤ƥϡChamson ˸碌СѸ˾̾٤ι⤤ "the big players and the exotics" ʤΤǤ롥3ϱѸʼҲˤ͡ʷǴͿƤꡤѸˤ˥饤ޥåꤷɥޥå˻Ωƾ夲ƤΩԤʤΤФơϽϤƤ
ꥹӤμҲŪʴطʰ̱꽻׳ưˤϡűѸѸ˻ޤǡ绨Ĥˤä700ǯ1700ǯޤǤǯ֤ȤĹˤ錄äƤäݤƤΤǤꡤŪˤϡߤθŪʱƶ⤽˽ä礭äϤǤ롥ŪʥʴطѸˤΥɥޤ˶ĥ߽ФʤװʤΤ
Chamson, Emil. "Revisiting a Millennium of Migrations: Contextualizing Dutch/Low-German Influence on English Dialect Lexis." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 281--303.
ӸؤˤСѸȺǤƤθϥեꥸ (frisian) Ǥȸ (cf. #787. Frisian ([2011-06-23-1])) üԤǤեꥸͤȤϡɤΤ褦ʽĤäΤɤǥͤưƤűѸǰƬˡκեꥸͤߤΥϤ⳰Ǥ˳Ƥƣ (21--23) ˽äƳ⤷褦
46Υޥ̱²ưλˤϡƱޥϤǤեꥸͤäե (481--987ǯ) λ۲ǰ᤹ȡ7ꥪ⳰dzȯʾȳưŸ饤濴˥ɥΦˤޤǿʽФȤȤˡϤäƥɡȥȾ硤ǥʥؤưϰϤʪ磻Ӥ顤θפԤʤäƤꡤˤƤȤ
Τ褦ʥեꥸͤξϤθʲäΤƣ (21--22) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤʰʸΡ֥ƥספȤϳΤʤߤ줿ڤǡĬˤʤΤ褦ˤʤä͡εサϤؤˡ
եͤϼȬˤʤΤ褦˹ϰϤˤ錄뾦ȳưŸǤΤǤˤդ줿褦ϥƥפξ˽ߡϩǶ٤ȤĤʤäƤ˿ƤߡΤϤΤΤǤäƥפξ餹եͤϥҥĥʤɤܤȥ祦ȤȤȤǡιʪϤɤƤۤʤФʤʤä줬餯ȳư˶ΩƤȻפ롥θ֤Ӥ顤ӡʤɤäƽФ˲äơ⤷פСˤΤ٤褦ʳϤûʪΤϼήǤ롥
̱²ưʻ夬ȤȤˡեͤ깭ȳưŸȤϡͤˤΤҤȥޤȤܤƤ褤Ǥ䤬ư켷ˤϥͤμĤγͺ뤬ͽ褦ʥեͤγǤ롥Τ硹Ū˹ǰפ깭Ȥʤɤϡޤ˥եͤξȤѤΤȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ޥåʥեꥸ˴ѤȤ뤬⤦1Ūˤ⤷ΤϡեꥸͤȥδطǤ롥եɤϥθϤ˶ᤤΤǡǽΥåȤȤʤ뱿̿ä9ˤϥˤ絬ϤΫå깭줿ŪʶᤵΤߤʤ餺եꥸͤˤ˭٤ʾȻ˰Ĥ줿ˤʤեꥸͤϤˤäǷΤϳΤǤϥ˾褸ǡϰؤξȳư˳ȯ餷
7ʹߤΥեꥸͤˤ衤17ʹߤΥͤˤ衤ĶŪ˳ưˤ̱²̾ۤɤαƶϤΤΡĹŪƤ뤳ȤϤʤäȤƤƱͤˡեꥸ䥪ϱ³ŪƸ뤳ȤϤʤäʬ錄Ѹ줬ʹߤƤΤʢˡषϤθȤ夷ƤȤˤʤ롥
ƣ ؿ⡡ˡ١Ͻн˼2012ǯ
1ۤɤδ֤ˡ֥Х٥ߤεĤƤtower_of_babel) Ѵ֥塼֥Х٥ŸŤƤΤ˰äƽƤΤ褦䤯Ѵۤؤˬ̤
֥塼Ρ֥Х٥סʥܥޥѴǡˤμʪվޤäơˤĤɾȤ¤¿̣ͤ襤褦ʤ֥塼ϤΤ褦Τ褦طʤȤȤΤʤ1568ǯȤΤΰտޤϲʤΤ˽äŪʹۤʤΤ뤤Ϥռ˼äڴŪʻäΤ뤤ξɾɤǤʪƤ⡤ĤʤޤޤǤ롥
֥塼Ρ֥Х٥פ16衼åѽ¯Ȥȹ̱γΩȤ괬ҲŪĬδɤ߲ȤΤˡߤˤ롥Ҳ𤷤褦
Υ衼åѤζȤϡƥΤӤ졤ä¯ (vernacular) (national language) ȤƬƤȤĬήΤʤˤäȤȤΩƤ뤳Ȥ⳰Τ餷ʤȤơҤФʳΩ̳ȹͤƤǤСꤷǸҤṮ̌˹顦뤳Ȥǽ㤨СեϡեΤ褦ϰ̤֤Τˡۤɤλ֤ȥͥ륮פʤäȤ˼ϤСˤϤ롥
Ϥä˥ץƥȽȤϡγΩ˼ּäǡ餬ҤŤˡȤƺѤΤϡˤθҤտ路Ƥߤʤ졤θθȹͤƤإ֥饤礤˽ФȤθŪϢޤȤ䤫⤯Ȥάäơɥĸ䥪줬餳ǥإ֥饤ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤä
θҤŤλߤˤĤơ (83--85) εҤѤ롥
ϻȬǯʹߡڥλۤæ뤿ᡤȬǯ˵ڤΩ줿͡ǥȤǤϡǯˤϻǯȥڥĮԤȤƳưʤ줪Ӹθ˾Ǯϥͥԥ٥̥ʥեۥסˡʰް--ǯˤإȥڥε (Origines Antwerpianae)٤θϡֿפޤ줿ΤǤꡤǤϸդȻʪͭŪʴطäƤƤطŵϥ˸Ф롤⤤ͳϤȤСȥڥͤǤ륭֥ͤϥڥȤľϤλ¹ǤꡤڥȤλ¹ϡ֥Х٥פβˤʤä˸κȤ졤ƥȥڥͤθ¸ȤΤǤ롥ԥ٥̥ϡ츻ˤߤʤ顤줬ñ¿äƤ뤳ȡ˭¾ΤˤޤäƤ뤳ȡʣ߽ФϤäƤ뤳Ȥ˼褦ȤƱͤλߤϽäƤ⸫졤ϻǯ˴Ԥ줿ɥꥢեǥʰϻ--ϻǯˤΡŨмԤν (Adversariorum libri)٤Ǥϡ֤˥إ֥饤ϿŪǸΤΤǤ뤫ס֤ɤΤ褦ˤƤΤȤ˥塼ȥ̥ͤΤפξߤƤ롥
ΤȤޤǺǤ褯Τ֥Х٥פԡƥ롦֥塼ʰ--ϻǯˤԥ٥̥ƱƱȥڥdzưեɥβȤäȤ¤ΰ̣˵Ť֥塼뤬¸ΡԥХ٥դϰϻǯκ˸Ϥƽϻ齽ˤ¿Ρ֥Х٥פγĤԤõʤ顤إɥꥯե졼ʰ--ȬǯˤˤƤ⡤٥롦ޡʰ--ϻǯˤˤƤ⡤ȥڥdzưեɥβȤǤ롥϶ΰפǤϤʤκ˾ħ͡κʾλ¤ϼƤ롥ƥ衼åѤǤϡϤˡ֥Х٥פΩ
¯Ȥȹ̱γΩ̳ȹͤƤǤϡꥹ㳰ǤϤʤꥹ⡤͡ʺϮƹ줿ѸθҤŤ忴ζȤ⡤˹¿ƤȤäƤǤϤʤơθ塤ȴ֤ζФơǽṲ̄ͥΩäΤꥹǤꡤˤäƹŪʸҤιޤäΤѸǤäФγ٤ǤϤ뤬֥塼֥Х٥פϡѸŪˤվޤ롥
ظ쵯η١̼ҡ2014ǯ
Ѹǡ֥㥬פ potato Ǥ롥֥ĥޥ (sweet potato, batata) ȶ̤٤Irish potato white potato ȸƤ֤Ȥ⤢롥㥬⤬Ƹʥڥ롼ȥܥӥˤޤƥƥмդϤȤˤǤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬1570ǯ˥ڥͤˤäƥ衼åѤػޤ졤17ˤŸƤˤäơθƤ̾͡Ǥä
ƣˡإ㥬ˡ (44--45) ˤȡƤθϤǤθƾΤ papa ǤꡤǽϤΤޤޥڥäȤˡ̣ papà ƱǤ뤳Ȥ鶲¿Ȥͳ졤ѹ patata 뤤 batata ȤβѲưŤȤСǵäȤ (1) Ʊ۵ (homonymic_clash) βȡ(2) ֡ (taboo) ο˶ư줿(3) 2Ĥ p t ֤۲ (dissimilation) κѡʡ#90. taper paper ([2009-07-26-1]) ȡˤȡ(4) ta η֤Ȥʣ (reduplication) ȤͿƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѥ˴ؤ벻ŪʲȤƤϡ֤뤪⤷
ڥ patata ϡȤ˼㴳βѲϤˤ衤Ѹ (potato) ˤ16Ⱦäꥢ (patata) 䥹ǥ (potatis) ˤäcf. #1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1])#1966. ʡʤäƤѸΰʪ˥塼 ([2014-09-14-1])ˡ
ܲι⤤ʪȤɾơϤΥפ뤤ϡϤΥʥפȤƾΤȯãե pomme de terre aardappel ʤɤɽǥ jordpäron ȤΤ뤷ɥĸ Erdapfel, Erdbirne θƾΤ⤢롥
̷Ǥϡɥĸ Kartoffel 롥ϥȥդؤꥢ tartufo ͳ褹뤬ƥ㥬ܤڥͤȥդȴ㤤Ȥä˴Ť kartofel ϡɥĸѤΤ
ܸ֥㥬פϡ㥬⤬16ܤˡͤμˤꥸΥ㥫ȥʸ㥫륿θ̾ˤޤ줿ȤüȯƤ̾Ǥ롥ܤ¸ȤƤ͡ʸƾΤԤʤƤ뤬⤷ȤǤϡԡˤϿޤˤȡ̴줫̤ʿ¦ǥåץ顤ץ顤ץȤʹ롥ϡҤΥ aardappel ˴ŤΤȹͤʰƣp. 167ˡ
ƣ ϼإ㥬ˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ
ԡˡܤϿޡ33ǡҡӡ2013ǯ. *
#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡޥ [sk] ϸűѸ˸ȻФ [ʃ] ؤѲԤϡűѸǤ scip (ship) Τ褦 <sc> ȤŻ (digraph) ֤줿#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1]) ȤꡤѸˤϿŻ <sh> ֤褦ˤʤä
ޥƱˤƤ [sk] ݤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿Τǡ餬Ѹ˼ѤȡѸȤȤŸ (doublet) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѹ shirt ȸťΥɸ줫 skirt δط褯ΤƤ뤬ɸ˵ ship, skiff, skip(per) Τ褦ʻŸȤ⤤٤ط鸫Ĥ뤳ȤǤ롥
פ̣Źϥɥĸñ scifɥĸǤ Schiff Ǥ롥Ҳ [f] ϡ2ޥҲ (sgcs) η̤Źϥɥĸ sciff ϸťꥢ schifo ȤƼѤ졤˸ťե esquif ФѸ skif Ȥƾ̣Ȥä줬Ѹ skiff Ǥ롥ե equip ˤϢ
Ƭ [sk] ݤä楪 schip ղä skipper ϡḶ́ȤѸꡤߤ˻롥θʬṳ̂졤ɤ skip ȤʤΤǡǤߤȤ˻Ÿ줬Ǥ롥skipper ˤĤƤϡ#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
ʤ캬ϥꥷ skaptein ʤȴˤȶ̤Ƥꡤڤ̤ƺäΥˤĤʤ롥
ε#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1]) ڤӡ#148. եޥȥ ([2009-09-22-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ褦ˡȴϢѼʥեޥ졤ϥɥĸ졤եꥫʤɤޤߡȤȤˤ٤ƹ碌 "Low Dutch" ȸƤФˤѸäѸϰƳ¿Durkin ˤ OED3 ˤʬŪĴˤСθ줫μѸˤޤĤȾȤˤޤȤȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ (Durkin, p. 355 "Loanwords from Dutch, Low German, and Afrikaans, as reflected by OED3 (A--ALZ and M-RZZ)" ꤹɽƸ)

Ѹˤ̤ƤŪʿǤСLow Dutch μѸϡ¤˸ťΥɸ줫μѸ¿ȤΤϰճ⤷ʤ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1]) ɽǤϡDutch/Flemish θŪƶ "minimal" ɽƤ뤬ºݤˤϤ⤦ɾɽǤäƤ褵ťΥɸۤɱѸδܸä˾Ϳ櫓ǤϤʤξӤ뤳ȤˤդʤФʤʤLow Dutch θüѤ˴ؤƸħȤơ鸽ޤڤ뤳Ȥʤä뤷ƤϻŦƤ
̤ˤߤȡѸпǤιפ϶ḽιפ뤬ȤƤä˸Ѹ˼ѤäȤ褯狼롥Ѹ Low Dutch μѸȤϸ츻ŪŪ˶̤ΤĤʤȤ¿ºݤˤϸűѸǤ⾯ʤ̼ѤäǽȡLow Dutch ѸΤıѸ˾ŪʰյϾʤ褦˻פ롥
Low Dutch ѸפˤĤơDurkin (356--57) ϼΤ褦˵Ƥ롥
The fullest study of words of Dutch or Low German origin in English remains that of Bense (1939), who drew his data chiefly from the first edition of the the (sic) OED. Bense's study groups loanwords from Dutch and Low German together under the collective heading 'Low Dutch', although at the level of individual word histories he frequently distinguishes between input from each language. His companion work, Bense (1925), provides a summary of the main historical contexts of contact. Bense discusses over 5,000 words, for most of which he considers Low Dutch origin at least plausible; this is thus much higher than the OED's etymologies suggest. His total includes some words ultimately of Dutch origin that have definitely entered English via other languages, e.g. plaque (from a French word that ultimately has a Dutch origin), and also many semantic loans; OED3 has over 150 of these in parts so far revised, e.g. household (a. 1399) or field-cornet (1800, after South African Dutch veldkornet). Nonetheless, Bense does make a case for direct borrowing from Dutch for many words for which the OED does not posit a Dutch etymon; even if one agrees with the OED's (generally more conservative) approach in all cases, Bense's suggestions are by no means absurd, and his work highlights very well the difficulty of being certain about the extent of the Dutch contribution to the lexis of English.
5000ĶȤ Bense λϤ緶ǤäƤ⡤ȤƤϼƤʤΤǤϤʤȤ Durkin ɾ⡤ʤʤŪǤ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Bense, J. F. Anglo-Dutch Relations from the Earliest Times to the Death of William the Third. Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1925.
#148. եޥȥ ([2009-09-22-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸˤˤƥϤȤӤνˡصŪ˴ϢѼ Low Dutch ȤޤȤƻؼ뤳ȤˤθüѤϡѸ줫Ѹޤڤ뤳Ȥʤ³ƤǤ12--13ˤϡɤȥեɥȤηкѴطӤιȤȼ濴˱ɤƤꡤХ (75) θ褦ˡ֥Ȥȥ֥塼ȤϡɤȤӤ2Ĥ˼äס
ˤ⡤ͽ۰ʾᤤ饤ɤȥեɥ̾ϹԤʤƤǤ9ˡեå粦ϥեɥϤϻϼԥܡɥ2̼եꥹȷ뺧Ƥꥢϥܡɥ5̼ΥޥƥǤȷ뺧Ƥ롥ԤؤϡΥꥢ2ȥإ1ޤ©Ҥޤ졤˥إ1פѤ̤쥢ǥȤ̼ޤƤΤ褦˥ɤӤϡԤδ֤ǤⲦ²δ֤Ǥ⡤Ť̩ܤʴطݤäƤΤǤ롥
ѸˤӤν줫¿μѸ줬ήñΤʤˤϡѸȤƤܸȤƤ߿ΤʤʤʲΥѸĤƤߤ13ˡֿƬפΰդäƤ poll ϡ17ȯãĴפΰ̣Ǻ̤ѤƤ롥clock ϡɥ1ξեɥλͤˤꡤ14˥ɤˤ⤿餵줿Ҥʤμ顤pickle ⤿餵졤ӡ˷礫ʤ hop ѸäطǤϡ13 buoy , 14 rover, skipper Ѥ졤15 deck, freight, hose ⤿餵줿ȴطǤϡgroat, sled 14ˡguilder, mart 15äƤ롥¾13 snatch, tackle 14 lollard 15 loiter, luck, groove, snap 줾ѸäΰȤʤä
äפñ lollard ˤĤƿƤθϡ1300ǯ¿ͤϤ͡äƤΤؤƤ줬ΤƥդҤˤŬѤ褦ˤʤä餬Ӥ䵧äƾƤΤˤ̾ˤΤȤ⤵Ƥ롥ѸǤνϥɤˤФľ1395ǯǤ롥
ݡ롦Х ס رѸθá١ҡʸ˥ӡ1976ǯ
ѸθüѤȤСޤե줬פ⤫ (#1210. ѸΥեѸΰ ([2012-08-19-1]))˥ƥ줬 (#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1]), #1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])) μϥޥ졤ťΥɸʤɤθ̾뤬ե졤ƥαǤۤϴʤ
ºݤΤȤѸϾ嵭ʳ¿θȤܿƤΤˤ¾θ줫μѸο¿ϤʤäۤȤɤľܤǤϤʤȤƥեͳƴŪäƤѸǤ롥¿ (multilingualism) ȤѸ̣ǼСѸ쥤ɼҲϳΤ¿ѼҲäȤΤǤ롥ѸˤѸȡΤ褦ˤʤ (Crespo (28) ɽƷ)
| LANGUAGES | Direct Introduction | Indirect Introduction |
| Latin | --- | |
| French | --- | |
| Scandinavian | --- | |
| Low German | --- | |
| High German | --- | |
| Italian | through French | |
| Spanish | through French | |
| Irish | --- | |
| Scottish Gaelic | --- | |
| Welsh | --- | |
| Cornish | --- | |
| Other Celtic languages in Europe | through French | |
| Portuguese | through French | |
| Arabic | through French and Spanish | |
| Persian | through French, Greek and Latin | |
| Turkish | through French | |
| Hebrew | through French and Latin | |
| Greek | through French by way of Latin |
ܸθ줬ƻޤ줿Τϡ16ȾФǤ롥#1879. ܸˤˡ ([2014-06-19-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡݥȥͤ褬äꥹȶѸȤȤ˰ŪѸ⤿餵줿Ԥϸ˶ضȤʤäȤ⤢ä夷ʤäԤǤϡإȥͭʿ(alfeloa) ƥ (Castella)å (capa)ܥCambodia)륵ʷסcalsãnˡ륿 (carta)ڥȥʶʿconfeitosˡ饵ʹӡsaraçaˡܥ (zamboa)ܥ (sabão)ХۡgibãoˡХʱtabacoˡ (charamela)ȥ (tutanaga)ѥ (pão)ӥɥ (vidro)ӥåȡʥӥåȡbiscoitoˡӥ (veludo)ե饹 (frasco)֥ (blanço)ܥ (bolo)ܥ (botão) ʤɤĤä16ˤϥڥäƤ夷Τϥ䥹 (medias) 餤ä
ؤȡμѸ줬ήǤ롥ʳؤθä¿˷طθääޤءؤǤϡƥ (ether) (extract)֥顼 (oblaat)륷 (calcium)ե (kamfer, kampher) (cholera)ꥹ (digitalis)ݥ (spuit)ڥ (pest) (mes)ҥ (morphine)ءʪŷʸǤϡ륫 (alkali)륳 (alcohol)쥭ƥ (electriciteit)ѥ (kompas) (soda)ƥ쥹 (telescoop)ԥ (brandpunt) (lenz)طǤϡ르 (orgel)ޥ (diamant) (koffij)å (kok)åסkop; cf. #1027. åפȥåס ([2012-02-18-1])ˡ (gom)å (siroop)å (schop)å (doek)åסʥסsoepˡå (jak)ӡ (bier)֥ꥭ (blik)ڥ (pen)ڥ (pek), ݥ (pomp)ۥå (hoek)ۥå (hop) (lamp)طǤϡ٥ (sabel)ԥȥ (pistool)ɥ (ransel)
ˤθΤʤǤϱѸ줬ͥȤʤäƤ뤬ˤϤޤ֥åסס֥ɥȥפʤɥѸλѤƤʹߤϱѸϤȾ褦ˤʤꡤΡ֥åספѸΡ֥ספִ줿褦ˡȯѸؤ줵Ƥ롥ѸʳθȤƤϡ龼¤ˤƥɥĸʼ˰ءлůشطˡեʼ˷ݽѡطˡꥢʼ˲ڴطˡ⸫褦ˤʤä줾Ƥߤ褦
ɥĸ졧ΥNeuroseˡơKarteˡGazeˡץKapselˡ說VakzinˡǥIdeologieˡߥʡSeminarˡơޡThemaˡơTheseˡååRucksackˡSeilˡҥåơHütteˡ֥顼 (Oblate), 쥪 (Kreosot)
ե졧ǥådessinˡconcoursˡchansonˡޥromanˡץespritˡgenreˡȥꥨatelierˡcrayonˡ롼rougeˡͥꥸnégligeˡġomeletteˡ˥åcognacˡѥchampagneˡޥ͡mayonnaise
ꥢ졧ڥoperaˡʥsonataˡƥݡtempoˡեʡfinaleˡޥˡmacaroniˡѥåƥspaghetti
졧åvodkaˡѡkampaniyaˡڥpechkaˡΥޡnorma
θ8䤬ѸϤǤꡤѤоݤȤʤѸѼȤƤʿϤDZѤƤؤڤؤä
ʾ塤ƣ (179--80, 185--86) Ӳƣ¾ (74) ȤƼɮϢơ#1645. ܸθʬۡ ([2013-10-28-1])#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡ ([2012-03-29-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
ƣ ɧ ɹ ԡܸ쳵١դ1989ǯ
ɸѸ mouse house ˤ [əʊ] 2첻ޤޤƤ롥2첻ϥޥĸǤ *[uː] äߤΥޥ¿Ǥϡ¿¿ͤ餫2첻Ĺ첻̤ξ˸롥㤨СɸɥĸǤ [aʊ] Ǥꡤɸ४Ǥ [øy] Ǥ롥
Ȥ٥륮ȥˤޤϰϿޡʵȡˤƤߤȡ2첻ˤĤƶ̣ʬۤ餫ˤʤ롥ˤϸŤ [uː] ĤäƤꡤ[muːs, huːs] 롥ˤϡϤȤƤʬۤǤϤ뤬߿Ĺ첻 [yː] ޤ [myːs, hyːs] ԤʤƤ롥ޤüˤ [øː] ޤ [møːs, høːs] ١ʬۤƤ롥ơȾˤɸ४ [øy] äƤ롥줾ϰǡۤʤΤΡ"mouse" "house" ξƱĹ첻2첻Ƥ뤳ȤǧǤ롥
Ȥ[muːs, huːs] [myːs, hyːs] ˶ޤ줿Ȥˡξ첻οä [muːs, hyːs] ꥢΤǤ롥ΤȤϡ"mouse" "house" 첻Ѱۤɽ魯 (isogloss) ߤ˰פƤʤȤʪäƤ롥mouse Τۤ "house" ϰˤơŤ2첻ݤäƤȤȤˤʤ롥άϼޤʲ˼

ʬۤΤˡΤ褦ʥʥꥪꤵ롥ΤȤ餯Υեɥdz [yː] ʸṲ̄ͥ椨ˡγŪ첻Ⱦ˹äƤä줫̥ɥĤΥϥԻԤ濴Ȥ⤦1ĤʸαƶˤꡤŤ [uː] ⺬ʬۤƤʸ椬Υꥢդʣˤ֤ĤꤢŶλʪȤ⤤嵭ʬۤΤǤ롥ºݡߤǤ [yː] ʤϤäȷ³ƤȤ
16--17餯ȥȯǡʤŪ2첻 [øy] Ф줬λޤǤͥȤʤäƤ [yː] ֤Ƥ椭ɸŪȯȤʤäƤä
[muːs, hyːs] ߽Фפʤϡ[2012-10-21-1]εǿ줿 chaque mot a son histoire "every word has its own history" ΤդΤǤ롥
ʾ塤Kloeke, G. G (De Hollandsche Expansie. Noorden Zuid-Nederlandsche Dialectbibliotheek 2. The Hague: 1927.) Ĵ⤷ Bloomfield (328--31) ȤƼɮʲϿޤϡBloomfield (328) ꡥ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
ɸˤĤơ[2012-05-28-1]εɲäƽҤ٤Bloomfield (401--02) ǡƾΤɾΤˤäƶवȤϡѸΤߤʤ餺ˤ⸫졤ǤϤ˼ʳ˿ʤǤȤ
There is an advantage, often, in applying well-favored terms to one's hearer. The habit of using the plural pronoun 'ye' instead of the singular 'thou,' spread over Europe during the Middle Ages. In English, you (the old dative-accusative case-form of ye) has crowded thou into archaic use; in Dutch, jij [jej] has led to the entire obsolescence of thou, and has in turn become the intimate form, under the encroachment of an originally still more honorific u [y:], representing Uwe Edelheid [ˈy:we ˈe:delhejt] 'Your Nobility.' (401--02)
Ȥϡ#185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction ([2009-10-29-1]) ǿ줿ַɰˡ§פΤ⤦ĤȤƱ²θǤΤ褦ʲǧȤȤϡѸˤʿŪäΤǤϤʤȵʤΤ⼫Ǥ롥
ɰˡ§ϡɰդɽ魯Ϥθ줫ɰդƤ椯ˡʷɰդɽ魯٤ʤ줬ƳȤȤҤ٤Ƥ뤬ȤƤΤϡ餫θä˷ɰդɽ路ȤüԤΰտޤǤ롥ɰդθϲƤ椯ΤǤɰդɽ魯ȼΤϤʤȤǤ⤤⤷ŪȤСthou you ¤äˡˡǫ you ֤ȤŬäƤ褦˻פ롥ȤȲʤǡɾΤ thou ֤ȤϡԹ
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

ΥޥɤüԤʬۤϿޤ˼ȡü Continental Scandinavianü High Germanü Englishü Icelandic ˤĻշ롥Ͽޤ붽̣ϡĤǼ English Continental Scandinavia Ū˶ޤ㤷פƤޥǤꡤ֤Ǽ Icelandic High German Ū˶ޤǤ褯ĤƤޥǤȤ¤ơŪ졦üݼŪü˰Ϥޤ줿ФǼշ˴ޤޤ Faroese, Dutch, Frisian, Low German ϡޤ٤פƤ뤬٤ݻƤȤŪʤȸѲشطϸΤΤ뤤ϼ¼ŪʤΤ
ˤĤƹŸƤΤO'Neil Ǥ롥
Now from the point of view of their inflectional systems, it is in the languages of the extreme southwest and northeast areas, among the Scandinavians and the English, that things are farthest from the state of the old languages, where --- in fact --- the old inflectional system has become so simplified that the languages can barely be said to be inflected at all. It is in the other two areas, in the northwest in Iceland and in the southeast among the High Germans (but most especially in Iceland) that an older inflectional system is best preserved. Between these two extremes and their associated corners or areas and languages, lie other Germanic languages (Faroese, Frisian, Dutch, etc.) of neither extreme characteristic: i.e. not stripped (essentially) of their inflections, nor heavily inflected like the older languages. (250)
ľܤ˸Ѳ˱ƶڤܤȤȤϤʤüԤŪΩ˱ƶڤܤŪΩ줬ˤ˱ƶڤܤˤȯŸ˱ƶڤܤȤŪʴطꤹ뤳Ȥϲǽ
ޤ礤ñ㲽Ѹξ硤ťΥɸ (Old Norse) Ȥܿñ㲽ηŪʰȤʤäȤϡǤϹƤ[2009-06-26-1]ε#59. ѸˤˤťΥɸΰյäפȡˡǡɸ (Icelandic) Ū˸ΩƤ뤬椨ˡŤޤޤǤ褯ĤƤȤȤ褯[2010-07-01-1]ε#430. Ѳ˳װפȡˡŪ˷иƤܿ٤ȤδؿȤƤ뤬θܿˤȤؾװˤä礤˾դƤΤǤ롥ǤϸѲŪˤŪưŤƤȤ
ǤϡѸ䥢ɸʳΥޥˤĤƤ⡤ƱͤǽO'Neil ϡΦʥӥζޤñ㲽ѸΤʿŪʴطˤȼĥ롥ξ硤Φʥӥ줬ܿΤϥɥĸ (Middle Low German) Ǥ롥
It is clear then that Continental Scandinavian is inflectionally simple like English, with --- however --- its idiosyncratic sense of simplicity. The reasons for its simplicity seem to be exactly those that led to the development of the neutralized northern Middle English inflectional system: language contact between Middle Low German and Danish in the countryside and between Middle Low German and all Continental Scandinavian languages in the centers of trade. (267)
ˡѸΦʥӥƱ褦ñ㲽ޤĥեꥫ (Afrikaans) ˤĤƤ⡤ƱͤεΩġǤϡ (Dutch) ϥޥ (Low German) ȤܿͿƤ롥
. . . the original population that settled Capetown and then the Cape was not a homogeneous Dutch-speaking population. The group of people that arrived in Capetown in 1652 was first of all predominantly German (Low German mercenaries) and the Dutch part of it was of mixed Dutch dialects. Thus just the right conditions for the neutralization of inflections existed in Capetown at the time of its settlement. (268--69)
¾ˤ⡤եꥸ (Frisian) ȥ (Dutch) ȤԻǸܿи̤ȤƤ "Town Frisian" (268) 롥
ȿФˡʣʶޤŪ褯ݤäƤȤơɸ¾˵ƤΤϥɥĸ (High German) Ǥ롥Ǥ O'Neil ϡϥɥĸ⥢ɤۤɤǤϤʤŪ˸ƳΥƤƤ롥
. . . High German has not been so completely isolated as Icelandic. But then neither is its inflectional system as conservative. Yet in fact the area of High German has been generally isolated from other Germanic contact --- the sort of contact that would lend to neutralization, for the general motion of High German has always been away from the Germanic area and onto its periphery among non-Germanic peoples. (277)
ǸˡϿλշǼޤŪʶ٤췲ˤĤƤ O'Neil ŪشطǧƤΤǡŦƤʲϡե (Faroese) ζޤŪħŤƤʬΰѤǤ롥
. . . the Faroese fished and worked among the Icelanders and still do, at the same time being administered, educated, and exploited by continental Scandinavians. Thus for centuries was Faroese exposed to the simplified inflectional systems of continental Scandinavia while in constant contact with the conservative system of Icelandic. Unless this conflict was resolved Faroese could neither move toward Continental Scandinavian, say, nor remain essentially where it began like Icelandic: neither completely neutralize its inflections, nor simplify them trivially. The conflict was not resolved and as a consequence Faroese moved in a middle state inflectionally. (280)
O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.
ε[2009-09-22-1]ǥեޥʤ뤤 Netherlandic language ˤαפѤä˱ѸˤȤδϢˤĤƹͤƤߤʸŪˤϡĤΥݥȤȹͤ롥
ܤϡҤ٤⤽ӸŪ˥եޥȱѸδط˶ᤤȤȤǤ롥ͽۤ褦ˡξθ˶ᤤ
ܤϡ[2009-08-31-1], [2009-09-02-1], [2009-09-14-1]ˤ褦ˡѸʹߡեޥ줫ѸäѸ줬ճ¿¸ߤǤ롥̤ơեɥ롤ɥΤ the Low Countries ȥꥹȤθήä赤ή⤿餷ΤϡӻȤȯŸǤ롥ꥹ˻ӤӿʪȤʥեɥ͢ФƱˡӿʪο̤˥ꥹذܽƤ13ˤϡEdward I ȤơꥹľӿʪȤδ˾Ǥ London ʤɡեɥǤ Dordrecht, Louvain, Antwerp, Bruges ʤɤ˥ơץȸƤФӼԾ줬ߤ졤Ūʸפ˱ɤʪŪŪήطʤˡʹߡ¿θ줬졦եޥ줫ѸؤήΤǤ롥
ˤȡߤޤǤ˥졦եޥ줫Ѥ줿ο2500ˤΤܤȤǤϤΰ찮ˤȤɤ褦ƱˤȿǤҳȡݽѴطѸ줬¿
bluff, bowsprit, cruise, deck, dock, easel, freight, groat, guilder, knapsack, landscape, lighter, mart, nap, poppycock, roster, rover
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 1993. 183--84.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 126.
[2009-08-31-1], [2009-09-02-1], [2009-09-14-1]ʤɤǥեޥ ( Flemish ) ˤĤƿ줿⤽եޥȤϲˤĤƿƤʤäѸˤǤۤȴФƤʤΤǡñ˾Ҳ𤹤롥
ŪˤС֥եޥᥪפȥǤĤʤƺ٤ʤѸǤ Flemish Dutch ȸƾΤʬ뤬¾ƱȹͤƤ褤ʤƾΤʬ뤫ȤС줾ظ˹ƤȤۤʤ뤫Ǥ롥 ( The Netherlands ) ȤǻѤ륪ΤȤ֥ ( Dutch ) ȸƤӡ٥륮 ( Belgium ) ȤǻѤ륪ΤȤ֥եޥ ( Flemish ) ȸƤʬƤäǤ롥
٥륮äƤѼ Vlaams ȸƤФ줬ꡤ Flemish ȤñƤ礬Τդפ롥ξˤϡFlemish Ϥ륪ΰȤ̣ˤʤ롥Flemish ȤˤΤ褦Ĥˡ뤳ȤΤȤΤ櫓ˤ衤ƱΤ鷺ФۤʤѼȤȤ館ƤФ褤ܺ٤ʾϡEthnologue Υ٥륮ιEthnologue Υ٥ͥ륯Ͽȡ
ơDutch Ȥ Flemish ȤۤʤƾΤѤ뤳ȤϺΤǡʬ Netherlandic language ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ롥ΤˤΤۤäꤹ롥̾ Netherlandic language ϡߡʲΤ褦ʹϰǻѤƤ롥
ʸѸȤơ
٥륮ΥեɥʱѸ̾ Flanders ֥եסˡʥեȤȤ˹θѸȤơ
եΥ٥륮ϰ8ͤۤɤüԤ
ʥʹθȤơϿޤȡ
Υƥ ( the Netherlands Antilles )ʹθȤơϿޤȡ


Ȥ̤17եꥫο̱Ϥ Netherlandic language ޤ졤ȼȯŸ줬롥ϸ Afrikaans ȸƤФƤǡեꥫ¹ǹäƤƱθѸΰĤǤ롥
ơ Netherlandic language ʤȤ Afrikaans ˤϡӸؤˤȡѸƱޥɤ°Ƥꡤ⤽ѸȤδطϤʤᤤʰη[2009-06-17-1]ȡˡե²äƤ Old Low Franconian ʤ줬700ǯ˼դΥޥȤθܿФơޤѤäפΤ Netherlandic language ȹͤƤ롥οǽ줿¸ǤŤʸϡ12ΤΤȤ롥ʤߤ˱ѸκǸŤʸ700ǯȤΤǡʸŪˤ Netherlandic language ϡֿפ˸롥
[2009-08-30-1]εǡ-ot Ȥ ؾ ( diminutive ) Ҳ𤷤⤦ġ ( Dutch ) 뤤ϥեޥ ( Flemish ) Ѥ줿̣ؾ롥ήԤ̾ղä -kin ȤǤ롥
ϡΦޥˤƱ ( cognate ) 롥㤨СɥĸǤ -chen бǡKindchen ־ʻҶסHaüschen ־ʲȡסMädchen ־פʤɤ˸롥ȤűѸˤ cognate ʤʤMED ǤϸűѸ˵Ȥ⤬Ƥ롥
ѸǤ̾ղä㤬12˸Ϥ뤬ΤۤȤɤ졦եޥ줫̾ȼڤƤΤΤ褦ǡ-kin Ѹ¦Ū˻ȤʤϤۤȤɤʤʲΤ褦̾롥
Dawkin, Haukyn, Janekin, Melekin, Perkin, Piperkin, Potekin, Simkin, Tymkin, Watekin, Wilekin
1400ǯʹߡ-kin դ̾̾ȤƤήԤʤʤäȤƤ -s -son դäǸߤˤĤäƤ ( e.g. Dickens, Dickinson, Jenkins, Perkins, Watkins, Wilkinson )
̾饹ȤȡѸʹߤϰ̾ˤ -kin դ褦ˤʤäѸʤΤѸ¦ǤθʤΤΥ⾯ʤʤ
̾ȤƤϡnapkin, lambkin ʤɤ롥
Gelderen (102) ˡCeltic, Latin, Scandinavian, French, Dutch/Flemish 5줬ѸͿƶɽ롥ˡ⤦ Greek äơ6ˤƶɽǤ롥
| vocabulary | morphology | syntax | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | yes | no | possibly |
| Latin | yes | somewhat | no |
| Scandinavian | yes | yes | yes |
| French | very much | yes | minimal |
| Dutch/Flemish | minimal | no | no |
| Greek | yes | somewhat | no |
| vocabulary | morphology | syntax | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | yes | no | possibly |
| Latin | yes | somewhat | no |
| Scandinavian | yes | yes | yes |
| French | very much | yes | minimal |
| Dutch/Flemish | minimal | no | no |
| Greek | yes | somewhat | no |
| Japanese | somewhat | no | no |
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