hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ڡ / page 2 (9)

map - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-08-01 Thu

#3748. ޡ at ado ư [infinitive][preposition][old_norse][etymology][shakespeare][semantic_change][lalme][map]

#3741. Ѹޡ forto ([2019-07-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤ to forto ʤɤ¤ǡޡȤ at Ȥ⵩Ѥ줿θߤΤֻ at ȤʪǡťΥɸޡ at ѤΤȤ롥ξ֤ȤɤΤȤ츻ˤΤǡμѤȤϡˡμѤȤ٤㤫⤷ʤOED at, prep. ˤȡޡȤƤˡˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥ롥

VI. With the infinitive mood.
39. Introducing the infinitive of purpose (the original function also of to; cf. French rien à faire, nothing to do, nothing at do, nothing ado n. and adj.2). Obsolete exc. dialect.
   Corresponding to Old Norse at (Danish at, Swedish att) in gefa at eta to give one at eat, i.e. to eat; but not, like it, used with the simple infinitive; the nearest approach to which was in the phrase That is at say = French c'est à dire.


MED at adv. with infinitive 򻲾Ȥȡat do, at ete, at kep, at sai Τ褦ʷޤäưȤȤѤ뷹ȤMED ǽ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

c1280 Chart.in Birch Cart.Sax.2.326: Yat ye land of seint Wilfrai..fre sal be ay; At na nan..In yair Herpsac sal have at do.
c1300 Horn (LdMisc 108)906: Þe hondes gonnen at erne [Hrl: to fleon] In to þe schypes sterne.
c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)543: Ynouȝ þai hadde at ete.
c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)2495: Þat he cum wiþ þe at ete.
(1399) RParl.3.451a: The Answers of certeins Lordes, that is atte saye, of the forsayd Ducs of Aumarle [etc.].


ťΥɸˡͳ褹ȤȤ黡褦ˡޡ at ˤ褯ߤ줿eLALME Item 81 ȤƼ夲Ƥꡤʲ Dot Map 롥ΤŪʬۤ

eLALME Dot Map for AT

ʤߤ̾ ado ưݡפ at do ޤäΤͳ褹롥ԥδ Much Ado About Nothing ض٤ϡפ much to do about nothing ȤȤǤ롥֤٤ȡעݤʻŻעưפۤɤΰ̣ȯŸФȹͤ롥Фϰʲ̤ǡǤˡư͡פۤɤΰ̣ǻȤƤ롥

c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)5648: Olyuer wyþ a corde bond him fast, Ac arst was muche ado.

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2019-07-30 Tue

#37456 1ǯȾȿͤ [celtic][map][geography]

1ǯθȾ5?1ˡԤϥ륷奿åʸѤǡ顦ơʸ衼å˹Ÿ̾ϡ¿Ŵ郎ڤ La Tène פˤʤࡥΡإꥢﵭ٤о줹륱ȿͤʸȤ롥
顦ơʸŪˤ϶ä٤Τ롥4ʹߡôϥꥢƥꥢؿ3ˤϥɥʥϾή褫餽¦ˤŸ˼ϰؤȳ礷Ʊ˥Х륫Ⱦƥꥷˤ⿯󤯾ʥƥˤؤγ餬1ǯȾΡ֥ȿͤפ (119) ꡤϿޤ򼨤

Celtic expedition

顦ơʸϡ1ˤ̿ʤϤʤ륲ޥϤɤƾǤ롥η򤫤ưѤΤꥹ濴Ȥ븽Ρ֥פǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1]) Ͽޤʤɤǧ줿¾δϢ륱ȽϿޤޤϡʲε⻲ȡ

#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1])
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])
#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])

إȤο̮١̼ҡ2007ǯ

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2019-07-20 Sat

#3736. Yamna culture --- ĸôͭϸ [indo-european][map]

ε#3735. ²²ư ([2019-07-19-1]) ǡĸʬǯȤƤ褽3300ǯƤƤ뤳Ȥߤ#637. 륬ʸĸ ([2011-01-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Gimbutas ͭϤˤȡĸüԤϥ륬ʸôƱνĤǤϤʤȤ롥
͸ųŪʴä̩ˤߤȡд夫ʻѻˤƹӥԳƥå (Pontic-Caspian steppes) ĤǤ͡¸ߤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥Ȥ櫓3500ǯˤϤϰ "Yamna(ya) culture" ȤʸɤƤꡤϤԤʤƤǽ⤢äȤޤYamna ϡʬƤɡᥤɤȴϢŤ롤˰֤ "Andronovo culture" Ȥ͸ųŪʴطᤤȤȤȡYamna ôϡɡᥤͤθ뤤ϥɡ衼åѿͤΤΤǤȤǽƤ롥ǯŪˤ礭Ϥʤ
Yamna ȤϡʬŪ˹ŸƤ "Sredny Stog culture" ʵ4500--3500ˤ䡤˰֤ "Khvalynsk culture" ȯŸΤȤ⤵졤Khvalynsk ΰĸθϤǤȤ븫⤢롥
ʾ塤Fortson (41--43) εҤ˵äͤޤǤˡFortson (42) ϿޤǺܤƤ

Map of Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic Cultures North of the Black and Caspian Seas

Fortson IV, Benjamin W. "An Approach to Semantic Change." Chapter 21 of The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Blackwell, 2003. 648--66.

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2019-07-19 Fri

#3735. ²²ư [indo-european][map][archaeology][comparative_linguistics]

餯3300ǯʹߤΤʳǡ饤ʤ䥫եΥƥåӤ˽ޤäƤĸäꤿΰθϤΥ졤桼饷ΦιΰؤȰư򳫻ϤϿǯλ֤򤫤ơؤϸߤοť뼫ޤǡؤϥ䥤ɤޤǡؤϥ衼åѡΤޤǡäƤȤˤʤäưȤ櫓ȯΤϵ2ǯΤȤȹͤ졤ʹߡŪƱꤵ̱²Ȥ̾桼饷ΦΤ餳dzǧ褦ˤʤ롥ȥ͡ꥢ͡ڥ륷͡ǥ͡ߥ˲񡤥ҥåȲ񡤥ꥷ͡ȿ͡ޥ͡
غǿ˿⡡ڥȥ꡼٤ p.4 20?11ʥɡ衼åѸ²²ưˡפꤹϿޤȤƤʬ䤹ʴϢơ#637. 륬ʸĸ ([2011-01-24-1]) Ͽޤ⻲ȡˡ

Migration of the Indo-Europeans



ǵ󤲤3300ǯȤưϤ˴طǯϡĸ˺ƷȤܤ˴ؤäȡΤ褦ʻȤι͸ųŪʾڵȤΤ碌顤褽ϤФǯǤ롥Ȥ櫓פʥɤϡּءפǤ롥ȤΤϡΥ饤#166. cyclone ȥˡ§ ([2009-10-10-1])#1217. wheel reduplication ([2012-08-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡּءפɽ魯ĸ줬Τ˺ƷƤꡤޤؤΤΤνи͸ųŪ˵4ǯθȤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ĸʬξ¤ꤵ뤫Fortson (38) Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Based on the available archaeological evidence, the addition of wheeled vehicles to this picture allows us to narrow the range to the mid- or late forth millennium: the earliest wheeled vehicles yet found are from c. 3300--3200 BC. If one adds a century or two on that figure (on the assumption that the actual invention of wheeled vehicles predates the earliest extant remains), that means the latest stage of common PIE (the state directly reachable by reconstruction and before any of the future branches separated) cannot have been earlier than around 3400 BC.


Ӹؤȹ͸ųؤΥܤˤꡤŤΤθʬ̱²ưǯ夬餫ˤȤƥ󥰤Ǥ롥

̭ ϯʴƽˡԽԡˡغǿ˿⡡ڥȥ꡼16ǡ񱡡2018ǯ
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-07-20-1]

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2019-06-16 Sun

#3702. Ѹ3;ʣг̾ es ϥ줫μѤ (2) [personal_pronoun][laeme][lalme][me_dialect][clitic][map][dutch]

ε ([2019-06-15-1]) ˰³Ѹ them Ѥ es Ȥ;֤̾ˤĤơBennett and Smithers Ѥơ褽 "SE or EMidl" ˻ѤФäƤȽҤ٤LAEME eLALME ѤơѸˤǧƤ
LAEME Ǥ Map No. 00064420 Ȥ "THEM dir obj: 's' forms (sometimes cliticised), e.g. as, es, is, ys, hes, his." 󤲤ƤʲޡˡeLALME Ǥ Item 8 Ȥ "THEM: 'his' type (incl as, es, is and enclitic -(e)s)." 󤲤ƤʲޡˡǤϽ̾ƷǤƤΤǡܤϥåƳ

LAEME_and_eLALME_es_for_them_small.png



ΤȤ㤬¿櫓ǤϤʤѸ̤ East Midland Southeastern 濴ȤơʬŪˤΦ West Midland ˤ⻶Ȥäʬۤ򼨤Ƥ뤳Ȥʬ롥
ȤδϢ뤿ˤϡΥüԽĤΥ󥰥ɤؤΰ̱ʤɤ˼ҲŪطʤĴ٤ɬפ롥ŪˤС#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ14դˤӿʪǰפȯŸˤեɥ쥤󥰥ɤδط϶̩ˤʤäȤ顤East Midland ˤ es ֤ʬۤ˴ؤƤϡƶϤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤWest Midland λȯŪʻˤĤƤϡ̤˹ͤʤФʤʤ

Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-01-1]

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2019-04-04 Thu

#3629. 饤ʤˤ [map][russian][ukrainian][sociolinguistics][slavic][language_shift]

ߥȾäƥ饤ʶ¹ɤƤ롥ܲ饤ʤκäƤԤȿƤϩȤǤϰפƤ롥
饤ʤȥϡߤ˥Ȥ졦̱²ʸζ뤬椨Τ褦ʹޤϸźդƤ뤬դƤ뤫ȤäƲ褬䤹櫓ǤϤʤषդΤȤ¿
饤ʸȥδطˤĤƤС#1469. Хȡ᥹ָɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-05-05-1]) ǿ줿ȤUkrainian ϥ饤ʤ5000ͤˤääƤǤŪ˰ҿΤȶ礷Ƥꡤ̱²Ūʱưˤ줫ζ̲ܻؤƤפȤ褦ˡ饤ʸüԤΰռŪʥ줫Υȿ롥"sociolinguistic distancing" ŵȤäƤ褤Ūˤϥ饤ʸ줫ؤθ (language_shift) ƤˡߤޤǾʣƤΤǤʡ#1540. Ѹˤء ([2013-07-15-1]) ǴϢ˰Ƥˡ
Υ饤ʤˤʬۤˤĤơŤ2001ǯιĴη̤329俷ʹī˷ǺܤƤӥΡե󥳥եդʤɤǤϥ饤ʸ줬ݤƤ뤬ΥǥåǤϤۤȾǤꡤΥɥͥĥܲΥߥ¹Ǥϥ줬ݤƤ롥ΤȤƤߤС饤ʸ줬2/3ȾäƤ뤬ҲŪ԰ꤵưפͽۤΨǤ롥  *
饤ʤȤСĸθϤͭϸȤʤäƤꡤ˸ؤǤ̾Τ줿Ǥcf. #637. 륬ʸĸ ([2011-01-24-1])ˡޤѸäȤߤǤС#834. 饤ʸ줫μѸ ([2011-08-09-1]) ˤդȤǤ롥ơˤҤ٤褦ˡճ⤷ʤüԿ͸Ǥ3ͤĶ롤30٤˥󥯥󤹤Ǥ뤳ȤõƤ
饤ιܤ

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2018-11-26 Mon

#3500. ˻Ρָʸβɡ [writing][grammatology][hieroglyph][timeline][map]

⹻˻إڥȥ꡼٤įƤ顤θʸˤĤƤξ󤬤ޤȤޤäڡ (pp. 52--53) 򸫤Ĥܤζʽˤ褯ǤƤꡤ뤳Ȥ¿p. 53 Ρָʸβɡפʤɤ¤ˤ褯Ƥ롥ʲ˺Ƹ褦

ʸɼǯɻϢ
ʸʥҥաݥꥪʩ1822åȡ
ܸʸƥեȡȡ1802ڥ륻ݥꥹʸ
󥽥ʱѡ1847٥ҥȥʸ
ʸ̤ɡ
ùʸέ󭡦忶̡ݡˡš1903μȼκƲ򼨤Ƥˤϰ¿
쥿ʸʸʳʸ̤ɡ
ʸA̤ɡ
ʸBʥߥʸȥꥹʱѡˡɥåʱѡ1952 (1953)ꥷŸɽ魯ʸȽ
ҥåܸʸ֥ˡʥ1915ܥ祤ڤǴ
ʡ󡿸ʥʸ֥饤ȡơ1966ե٥åȤ
֥顼եߡʸץ󥻥סʱѡ1840硼ʸ
ʸȥॻʥǥޡ1893ۥʸ
ޥ䳨ʸȥץʱѡˤʤ


#2427. ̤ʸ ([2015-12-19-1])#2486. ʸɤˡ ([2016-02-16-1]) ȹ碌ʸɤΥޥ˿äƤ
Ʊθ² (p. 52) ȡʸ (p. 53) Ͽޤͭѡ  *

̭ ϯʴƽˡԽԡˡغǿ˿⡡ڥȥ꡼16ǡ񱡡2018ǯ

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2018-10-07 Sun

#3450. ;ϥե󥹿ͤǤե󥹸äפȹ줷ʤϤΡ˥إ꡼2 [monarch][french][map]

إ꡼2 (Henry II; 1133--89ǯ1154--89ǯ) ϡPlantagenet īγġ󥰥ɲˤơ12ȾФ衼åѤǡи󥸥塼 (the Angevin Empire) ΡֹפǤ롥塹ηѾϤ˲äꥨΡȤη뺧ˤäƳϡ䳰ˤäڤޤᡤꥹޤϰ򼣤뤳ȤˤʤäŪˤϡϿޡʷ͡p. 73Ρ֥󥸥塼פˤμȤꡤϰϤϥåȥɹ񶭤ԥ̮͡˵ڤǤꡤϤȤƤйե󥹲ͥĶƤ

Map of the Angevin Empire

إ꡼2ϡǼܳŪƳˡνٲסȽ٤γȽԤ䶵ø¡ͳԻԤǧĤʤɿζӤĤ󥿥٥꡼ʶ٥åȤȤΩꡤŪʳĥȤ¦̤Ϥ뤬ѲɾƤ褤Ѹˤδ餤С󥰥ɲǤʤ顤ե󥹿ͤǤ뤳Ȥĥե󥹸Dz̤Ȥܤ (47) ۩

إ꡼ϡ֥󥰥ɲǤϤä褷ƥ󥰥ɿͤβǤϤʤäפȤɾƤ롥ץ󥿥˥åȲȤϡ󥸥ȤηȤ֥󥸥岦ȡפȤƤФ뤬ξϡޤ󥸥ο͡Ĥޤե󥹿ͤDz̤ե󥹤饤륵ޤǤθդ򤷤Ȥʤ⡤˥󥰥ɤθդ򤷤ʤäϤ⤷ʤäΥ󥰥ɤˤν¤⡤˰ޤǤΦˤ˾ãΤμʤǤäȤ븫⤢롥बûޥ (Curtmantle)פΥ˥åͥǸƤФ줿Τ⡤ޤǤĹ֤Ȥϰۤʤ롤󥸥塦ΥޥȤȤˤ롥


μΡ֥ե󥹤֤פϡΥޥ󲦲Ȥȥץ󥿥ͥåȲȤˤƤʤλ¤äإ꡼2ϡθѤ©ҤΥ㡼1٤СΥޥǥȥ󥰥ɤ򤽤­ˤƤǤϤȤ (cf. #3447. Richard I Υ󥰥ںߴ֤6ۤɡ ([2018-10-04-1])) ϽǤϤʤեåȥηڤפǤ롥

رѹ񲦼á16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ

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2018-09-16 Sun

#3429. ޥɥ˥ο̾ [sociolinguistics][macedonia][greek][map]

ꥷ̤ٹ֥ޥɥ˥¹פι̾ѤȿФƤξܤä礤ˤꡤ֥ޥɥ˥¹פο̥̾ޥɥ˥¹ (Republic of North Macedonia) ȤƤ612˹դ줿Ȥޥɥ˥Ǥ9˹̾ѹ䤦̱ɼ»ܤ¿ȤʤʷؤνפʰȤʤʤθ塤ꥷIJˤڤɬפȤˡޥɥ˥ˤȤäEUؤβ­ȤʤäƤǤꡤƤˤʤǽФƤޥɥ˥ǼȤƻѤƤˤĤƤϡ̤֥ޥɥ˥פȸƤ³褦

Map of Macedonia

äȤ⡤嵭ιդܥ٥ιդǤꡤꥷ̱¿ǼƤ櫓ǤϤʤ98 BBC News ƻ Greek riot police fire tear gas at Macedonia name protesters ǤϡꥷΥޥɥ˥Իԥƥå˥ˤ˽ưäȤ줿ꥷΡ֥ޥɥ˥ȡ̤ٹ֥ޥɥ˥׶¹̾ΤŤʤäƤΤ⤽äΤ
ꥷϡ쥯粦ͭ̾ʸ奮ꥷΥޥɥ˥򡤥ꥷˤΰȤǧƤطʤˤˡ̱²ȡʣʷаޤ롥#1659. ޥɥ˥μҲء ([2013-11-11-1]) ۤʲ BBC News ε򻲾Ȥ줿

Macedonia country profile (2018/07/10): س
Macedonia and Greece: Deal after 27-year row over a name (2018/07/12): ͳ褬ˤδƤ
Macedonia and Greece: Backlash over name deal (2018/07/13): 7ŪդˤĤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-23-1]

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2018-05-02 Wed

#3292. ˾ǽαѸ쿢̱ Pembroke [wales][history][linguistic_imperialism][map]

#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) Ǽ褦ˡѸ줬륺Ϥ˽Ƥ餿줿ΤϡHenry I μ12ƬΤȤä1108ǯˡ륺 Pembrokeshire ˡѸä󥰥ɿ͡եɥͤȤƤ롥

Map of Wales

رѸ٤路ʿ (21) ˤСαѸΰܿϡ֥ƥˤѸΡָ쿢̱ϼפλ˾ǽȤȤ館Ȥ

륺ˤ饤󥰥ɲƤϰ褬äޤΥڥ֥ˤϡƬѸä̱ͳϤ褯ΤƤʤ졻ȬǯΥإˤ륤󥰥ɿͤȥեɥͤԡ̱ӶȼԡͤʤɤǡȯΥեɥͤ󥰥ɿͤѸؤ餷ˤϻϤȼΤȤŪǤ롥ԤϤȤ˥󥰥ɲΥץơƯ䤬ƥեɥͤ⥤󥰥ɿͤͥ褦ˤʤäޤΥ󥸡¦ΥȾˤ⥤󥰥ɿͰ̱ơ˼¼Ū˥󥰥ɿͤϤȤʤäƤ
Ȥ餤륺ͤϤξϰ褫ɤΩƤ졤ϺޤDZѸ첽줿ϰǤ뤿ˡ֥ƥˤäȤΡָ쿢̱ϼפλȸԤ⤤롥ζͤȤä붭ǤϤʤȤоŪˡۤľǤˤͰŪǤ롥ξϰϡ٤Υ륺ϰ褫ŪΩкŪΩݤäƤꡤ饦륺¦˸αƶͿȤڵ⡤դ˥륺¦ϰ˱ƶͿȤڵʤ


ǤϡѸüԤΥڥ֥ؤ֥֥ƥˤäȤΡظ쿢̱ϼ٤λפȸʤ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ뤬θ塤Ѹ줬ḽˤơ쿢̱ϼˤϸĤس礷ƤˤǰƬˤʤС֥֥ƥˤפȤפ̲ơѸθ쿢̱ϼκǤλȤߤʤȤǤ

ʿ رѸ񡡡θ1500ǯˡ١̼ҡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-07-26-1] [2018-09-23-1]

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2018-04-30 Mon

#3290. եꥫθѸ [africa][official_language][language_planning][map]

ε#3289. Swaziland eSwatini ˹̾ѹ ([2018-04-29-1]) ǡܿͤˤȤäߤȻפ륢եꥫ1夲򥢥եꥫΤ˹ƤߤƤ⡤ϤߤȤȤǤϤʤܥ֥Ǥ⡤#2472. եꥫαѸ ([2016-02-02-1]) ʤɤ񤤤ƤեꥫΰŪ˼夫äȻפϥեꥫθѸˤĤƾҲ𤹤뤳Ȥˤ
Ethnologue ˤ2000ǯǤĴˤСեꥫˤ2058줬ѤƤȤϡθ6,80930%Ǥʤʤߤ˥32%1̤Ǥꡤ3̰ʲʿϰ19%̥ꥫ15%衼åѤ3%³ˡեꥫϥ衼åѤο̱ϻۤäƤˤη̤ȤƤȤ櫓ե󥹸Ѹ줬̤ȤݤäƸ뤬θѸʣǤ롥Ѹ줬ñ줬ʣʣξ硤θϤʤΩˤ뤫¤ˤä͡Ǥ롥⤽ѸˤäɤƤ⤢롥ʲϡ1998ǯΥǡ˴Ť2002ǯλ (218--19) ˤƹϰθѸΰǤ롥󤬸Ťǽ⤢Τǡ㤨2011ǯΩäƤʤʤɡˡ̤ϳάȤ򤵤줿  *  *

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󥴥 (Angola)
ܥ٥ (Capo Verde)
˥ӥ (Guinea-Bissau)
⥶ӡ (Mozambique)
ȡᡦץ󥷥 (São Tom Príncipe)

[ڥѸϰ衡]

ʥ (Canary Islands)
ƻ˥ (Equatorial Guinea)

[ե󥹸Ѹϰ衡]

٥˥ (Benin)
֥륭ʥե (Burkina Faso)
󥴶¹ (Republic of Congo)
ܥ (Gabon)
˥ (Guinea)
ȥܥ (Côte d'Ivoire)
ޥ (Mali)
ޥå (Mayotte)
˥ (Niger)
˥ (Reunion)
ȡ (Togo)
̱綦¹ (Democratic Republic of Congo)
ͥ (Senegal)

[ѸѸϰ衡]

ӥ (Gambia)
(Ghana)
٥ꥢ (Liberia)
⡼ꥷ㥹 (Mauritius)
ʥߥӥ (Namibia)
ʥꥢ (Nigeria)
쥪 (Sierra Leone)
(Uganda)
ӥ (Zambia)
Х֥ (Zimbabwe)

[եꥫѸϰ衡]

(Seychelles)롦쥪롦ե (Seychelles Creole French)

[ʣѸѸϰʥӥˡ]

ޥꥢ (Somalia)ӥܥޥ (Somali)
ȥꥢ (Eritrea)ӥܱѸܥƥ˥ (Tigrinya)

[ʣѸϰʥե󥹸ˡ]

֥ (Burundi)ե󥹸ܥ󥸸 (Rundi)
եꥫ (Central African Republic)ե󥹸ܥ󥴸 (Sango)
ޥ (Madagascar)ե󥹸ܥޥ饬 (Malagasy)
(Rwanda)ե󥹸ܱѸܥ (Rwanda)

[ʣѸϰʱѸˡ]

ܥĥ (Botswana)Ѹܥĥʸ (Tswana)
ԥ (Ethiopia)Ѹܥϥ (Amharic)14
˥ (Kenya)Ѹܥҥ (Swahili)
쥽 (Lesotho)Ѹܥ쥽ȸ (Sotho)
ޥ饦 (Malawi)Ѹܥ (Chewa)
եꥫ¹ (South Africa)Ѹܥեꥫ󥹸 (Afrikaans)9Ĥ
兩 (Swaziland)Ѹܥƥ (Swati)
󥶥˥ (Tanzania)Ѹܥҥ

[ѸȤޤޤʤʣѸϰ衡]

롼 (Cameroon)Ѹܥե󥹸
(Chad)ե󥹸ܥӥ
(Comoros)ե󥹸ܥӥ
֥ (Djibouti)ӥܥե󥹸

ſΡ9ϡ2000θ줬äΦեꥫˤѡסϸӾˡθ¾Ҳܡ١ǡ2002ǯ217--24ǡ
ԡˡؿ񥢥եꥫˡǡ١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ2018ǯ

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2018-04-29 Sun

#3289. Swaziland eSwatini ˹̾ѹ [map][official_language][history][esl]

եꥫեꥫ¹ȥ⥶ӡ˰Ϥޤ줿Φ Swaziland ʥ兩ɡˤ (King Mswati III) ȯĤˤꡤ̾ eSwatini ʥƥˡˤѤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤBBCε򻲾ȡˡ
ιϡ֥եꥫΥפȤΤ⸶ǡ͸130ͤʤ롥͸90%ХȥϤΥ兩²ǡ兩ʥƥ; Swazi, SwatiˤäѸϥ兩ȤȤ˱Ѹ줬ѤƤ롥19ꡤꥹΥ׿̱ϤܡͤΰϤ줾ݸäܡ1902ǯ˥ꥹ̳ΤȤʤäǤŪ֤졤񲦤¸³1960ǯΥեꥫΩ˻ɷ1968ǯ˥兩ɲȤΩ֥ե2ĺΩȤʤä1986ǯѼ褤Фơॹƥ3¨̤зߤĤĸߤ˻롥Ϣˮ˲Ƥʡ#1676. The Commonwealth of Nations ([2013-11-28-1])ˡŪˤؤΰ¸٤⤫äΩ衤кѤȯŸ¸٤㤯ʤäƤȤHIVΨ⤤ʤɿƤǤ⤢롥

Map of Swaziland

ѸȤδطǤСѸ줬Ѹ1ĤȤƺѤƤΤǡESLǤ롥#2472. եꥫαѸ ([2016-02-02-1]) Ǽ褦ˡѸѤ͸5ͤۤɤȿפƤ롥αѸѼϡ#1919. ѸγȻ˴ؤ4Ĥ crossings ([2014-07-29-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤESL EFL ŪʡѼȤ롥ˤĤƤϡEthnologue Swaziland 򻲾ȡ
ޤιȤˤĤƤϡBBC Swaziland country profile Swaziland chronological profile ʤɤ򻲾ȡ
Ϣοٹեꥫ¹αѸˤĤƤϡ#343. եꥫ¹αѸѡ ([2010-04-05-1])#407. եꥫ¹ Afrikaans ([2010-06-08-1])#1703. եꥫο̱ˤȹ ([2013-12-25-1]) ɤ

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2018-03-21 Wed

#3250. ν̱²֥ΤӤ [language_planning][linguistic_right][sociolinguistics][altaic][map][russian]

ǤϥסΤ4ܤޤꡤ³Ÿ뤳ȤޤƤ롥228俷ʹī8̤ˡ¿̱²ΤӤפȤФεǺܤƤס100ʾ̱²򱿱ĤˤֹȤΰפȡּҲķפĴƤ뤬μĥŪȿǤȤơȡ̱²ζ̤θȤƤΥʤˤǤФƤ롥΢֤ƤС̱²θڻ뤹Ǥ롥
ʹǼ夲ƤΤϡ⥹800ۤɡ뻳̮Υܥ륬ή˰֤륿륹¹ˤ륿 (TaTar, Tartar) Ǥ롥ϡ륿²륯ɤ°ǡ衤ϰ˺դƤʡ#1548. 륿² ([2013-07-23-1]) 򻲾ȡˡŪˤϡ󥴥ή७ץ㥯ϥθȤʤä󡦥ϥ15--16˱ɤԤΥˤ濴˥ʸֺ餤ͤΩ줫鸫С1237--1480ǯޤǡ֥ΤӤפΤȤDzʻۤθ1552ǯ˥뤬ƤϤȤȤˤʤ롥Ϣˤϥ뼫¹Ȥ¸ߤߤϥϢˮ°̱²¹1ĤȤ¸ߤ롥륹¹θߤο͸388ͤǡΤäͤ53%ͤ40%ʥΤȤƤ⥿ͤϥͤ˼¿̱²Ǥˡ¹Ǥϥȥ줬ѸȤʤäƤ롥

Map of Tatarstan

̳عǤϡɬܤȤƤ뤬ǯɤæɬΰϤ򤫤ƤƤȤȿȯݸԤ佻̱¿ɤΥڻϥͤºĤƤ񤷤Ƥ롥춵꤬ҲȤʤäƤǤ롥
ˤĤƤϡEthnologue Ͽ⻲ȡ

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2018-03-20 Tue

#3249. The Falkland Islands [variety][world_englishes][history][map][rhotic][lesser-know_varieties]

ɸ the Falkland Islands ʥեɽ; Falklands Ȥ) ȤС1982ǯΥեʶ褬۵롥ξ塤Φ480ۤβ⤫֤νϥꥹο̱ϤŪͭĥ륢를󤬤ǯ˷ŪߤȤȯʶǤ롥ꥹϥå㡼ΤȤǥ를ȹ䤷ǡä를󷳤ݤꥹ̱ռ򤯤줿ΤȤ¦⳵ͥꥹٻλफΤ褦ʻݤ᤺θɬ⥤ꥹˤȤä˧ʤξɤ˿ɴͤλԤФä

Map of the Falkland Islands

եɽˤƤߤ褦ˤ West Falkland East Falkland 2Ĥμ礿礬롥˥ꥹϽ̱2100ͤۤɽǤ롥1690ǯꥹĹ John Strong ˾ΦȤεϿĤäƤ롥̾ϡ Strong Ĺ Viscount Falkland ˤʤ̾դΤȤ1765ǯ˺ǽεサϤߤΤ de Bougainville Ψ줿ե󥹿ͤǤꡤꥹ͵サϤηߤϤ줫1ǯ٤줿1767ǯˤϥڥ󤬥ե󥹵サϤθŪ˥ꥹͤɤʧäꥹͤ櫓ǤϤʤä1811ǯ٤ϥڥサϤűह뤳ȤȤʤä
θ塤1816ǯ˥ڥ󤫤Ω̤를󤬡1820ǯ˥եɽͭʥ를ǤϽ Las Islas Malvinas ȸƤǤ롥ϡˬ줿 Saint-Malo пȤΥ֥ȥ͵դˤʤǥե󥹸 Les îles Malouines ̾դ줿ΤΥڥ̾Ǥˡ1831ǯ˥ꥫηϤ East Falkland Υ를サϤ򹶷⤷1833ǯˤϥꥹƥ를ͤɤʧä1841ǯꥹϥեɽĤǤ̿1885ǯޤǤ2Ĥ1800ͤۤɤΥꥹͼҲ夲ơ1892ǯ˥ꥹ̱ϤȤʤä
ʹߡԤǤ East Falkland Port Stanley Ǥϡȥꥢ˥塼ɤαѸȤ֤̤äѸѼ郎ȯãƤߤ˿ܿäȤϻפʤӴϫƯԤȥꥢ˥塼ɡեɽΤƤȤ¤ꡤη̤ȤƸߤαѸѼ˻ƤʬȤȤ⤷ʤޤWest Falkland θġ¼äѼϡĤνпϤǤ륤ꥹȷӤĤȤʤեɽѼǤ non-prevocalic r ˴ؤƤ non-rhotic Ǥ롥
ʾ塤Trudgill and Hannah (123--24) McArthur (397) εҤ˰͵򤷤ƽ񤤤CIA: The World Factbook ˤ Falkland Islands Ethnologue ˤ Falkland Islands ⻲ȡ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Trudgill, Peter and Jean Hannah. International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English. 5th ed. London: Hodder Education, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-04-22-1]

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2018-01-13 Sat

#3183. ɸ [sogdian][iranian][writing][map][direction_of_writing][aramaic]

21äƤ顤ȤƤ̱²ɿͤθ椬䤫ˤʤäƤƤ롥1999ǯ˻ǿζȯꡤ輼ȯ줿ɤɲˡѻ˲Ȥ͸ųؼԤؿ򼨤ΤäǤ롥ɿͤäƤɸSogdian; θ̾αѸǤνФ1909ǯˤ䡤ɽ줿ʸˤĤƤ⡤ĸ椬ʤǤƤ餷
ɸϸߤǤϻȤʤäƤ뤬Ūˤϵ300ǯ鵪900ǯˤΥǥ (Sogdiana) ǹԤʤƤȤ롥Ūʥǥʤϥ볤ؤ2ϡ (Amu Dar'ya) ȥ (Syr Darya) ˶ޤ줿ϰؤ͸ϥޥ륫ɤǤ롥ߤΡ٥ȥդ롥

Map of Sogdiana

ɸ췲°췲°Ū˶ʥڥ륷ȤϸŪ˳֤꤬롥ɤˤĤƤϡ#1452. ɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-18-1]) ε#1146. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡFortsonǡˡ ([2012-06-16-1]) μޤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ɸϥǥʤˤͥʸǤϤäɿͤȤʤʤäΤɸȤ٤ΤΩʤäɸϥ顼ಽȤȤ˼졤ޥ륫ɤǤ10ޤǤ˥ڥ륷˼ä줿
ɸθ¸ʸȤơ20ν˥ɥĤΥȥեõˤȯ줿ʸ񤬤롥ʸʤɤС313ǯ˽񤫤줿ָʡפ¸ǸŤʸȤƤǯ˸Ť2ΤΤȤʸߤĤä
ɸ줬ɽƤ륽ʸϡʸηƱ22ʸʤäƤνˤĤơ#2449. (2) ([2016-01-10-1]) Ǥϱ񤭤θȤƿ줿ºݤˤϻˤäѲ褦2θŤʸǤϼºݤ˱񤭤äȹͤƤ뤬6ʹߤʸǤϺĽ񤭤̤ȤʤäƤ롥
ʸ˴ؤƶ̣Τϡñ򥢥̤֤äơ򥽥ɸǡַɡפ㤬äȤ꤬ʡפźƤΤ⤢롥Τ褦˷ɤä20ۤɤȸꤵƤ
եϤξή䥰Υַëǥ䥰Υָ (Yagnobi) Ȥ줬ߤǤ12ͤۤɤüԤˤԤʤƤ뤬θŪʥɸȶǤ롥ɸϰζ̸Ūϰ̤ˤä1ĤȤƥ䥰Υָ褬äȤطǤ롥
ɤϡܤȤδϢǤұʪȤΤֿղפδּ̤ӡפʸκפĤƤ롥äΤǤϡָաפ̾ΤĤΡʸտ͡ɱʣտˤήԤƤΡָաפȤϡϥڥ륷ʿ͡ˤؤΤ򤵤ƤǯθˤȤۤܥɡʿ͡ˤؤƤȹͤƤ褤Ȥ륯ɤư̮ΤɿǸפ˽ƤΤΥɿͤäΤǤ롥
ʾ塤ȤƵĤ򻲾ȤƼɮ

˭֥ɿͤθסإɿͤѤȸ ˭ԡˡˡŹ2011ǯ80--118ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-14-1]

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2017-11-20 Mon

#3129. ܸ෿ (4) [word_order][syntax][typology][world_languages][map][geography][linguistic_area]

ε#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1]) ơS, V, O ˴ؤƴܸ򼨤ŪʬۤˤĤƹͤƤߤϡ"Order of Subject, Object and Verb" by Matthew S. Dryer 2 "Geographical distribution of the dominant-order types" ǰƤΤǡʲʬȤ롥ε ([2017-11-19-1]) Ͽޤ碌ƻȤ줿
Ǥ¿ SOV ˤФäƤ뤬Ȥ櫓˸Ǥ롥˥塼˥ȥꥢ̥ꥫΦˤ⹭ʬۤƤ롥2ܤ¿ SVO ϡϥ麽Υեꥫ񤫤ˤƤϰ衤ƥ衼åѤ泤ն˹ߤ롥3ܤ VSO ʬۤФäƤ뤬쥢եꥫ̥եꥫ衼åѤΥȷϽ졤ݥͥˤϤ٤ν椬ߤ롥
Ʊˤϡ˾͡ʳǤδܸեåȤˤޤȤ᤿̣桼饷ΦϿޤǺܤƤʰʲ˼ˡ

Map of Word Order Typology Diachronic

衼åѤ泤նǤϸߤǤ SVO ¿ŤǹͤȤष SOV ͥäȤ狼ʥƥ䥨ȥꥢʤɡˡޤߤȰۤʤꡤϽνޤϰˤơĤ VSO ߤ줿ŦƤܸŪʬۤȤΤϡ֤ΤʤѤΤΤ褦δܸѲˤĤƤϡ#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸοܡ ([2017-11-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2017-11-19 Sun

#3128. ܸ෿ (3) [word_order][syntax][typology][world_languages][map][linguistic_area]

#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1]) ³ơS, V, O δܸꡥ
#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ˡS, V, O θˤĤƤŪʲ⤬롥"Order of Subject, Object and Verb" by Matthew S. Dryer ꤹ뤽βˤȡϡʤʸ (rigid order) ĸȽʸ (flexible order) ĸ礭2ʬ롥ԤˤĤƤϡʸĤȤϤ٤ŪΩȤܸ (dominant order) ȤߤʤΤľ¿ޤ3ǤΤ V ΰ֤ˤĤƤŪS O Ū֤ϷޤäƤȤ褦ʡȾפȸƤ֤٤򼨤Τ⤢롥餫ʴܸ򼨤ʤ¸ߤ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ㤨С̥ȥꥢ Gunwinyguanˡˡɥĸ䥪Τ褦˼Ǥ SVO °Ǥ SOV §줬Ū˴ŪϼǤʤܸդʤ褦ʥ⤢롥
嵭Τ褦˴ܸ෿ʣǤꡤܸη˴ؤ꤬͡뤬绨ĤʬषϿ޾˥ץåȤΤ Feature 81A: Order of Subject, Object and Verb Ǥʰʲ˺ƷǡˡɽǤ롥

Map of Word Order Typology

SOV564
SVO488
VSO95
VOS25
OVS11
OSV4
No dominant order189


"No dominant order" ϡ˽Ҥ٤褦˴ܸ礬դޤʤδ󤻽ʤΤǿȤƤ¿ʤäƤ롥ǡΨȤƹͤСȥåפ SOV 47.56%2̤ SVO 41.08%3̤ VSO 8.00% Ȥʤꡤ3ĤΤߤ95.64%򥫥С롥Ϥܸ췿 SOV Ϻ¿ʤΤǤ롥

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2017-10-16 Mon

#3094. 449ǯˤ⥲ޥͤϥ󥰥ɤ¸ߤ [anglo-saxon][history][archaeology][map]

ɸˤĤơ#2493. 󥰥ͤϲäơͤϰ󤻤줿 ([2016-02-23-1]) ǡ Gramley (16) "Pre-Conquest Germanic cemeteries" ꤹϿޤ򼨤ʰʲ˺Ʒǡˡ

Pre-Conquest Germanic Cemeteries

5ᡤƤ餯äȸŤ顤ޥͤ󥰥ɤˤȤ͸ųŪʾڵ򤫤鼨뤬դλˤĤơGramley (16--17) ѤƤ

The earliest evidence we have of Germanic settlement in Britain consists of the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries and settlements in the region between the Lower Thames and Norfolk. Others possibly lay in Lincolnshire and Kent. In Caister-by-Norwich there was a large cremation cemetery outside the town dating from about 400. Similar settlements were found near Leicester, Ancaster, and Great Chesterford. One of the most likely explanations for these settlements, virtually always outside the city walls, was that the Germanic invaders were invited there to protect the British settlements, especially after the Romans withdrew. Much as in other western provinces, the Empire relied on barbarian troops and officers from the late third century on.
  The formal end of Roman rule by 410 did not mean the end of all efforts to protect Britain from external attacks, the most serious of which came from the Scots and the Picts . . . to the north and the sea-borne Saxons among others. It may well have been that the British leaders continued to use Germanic troops after 410 and perhaps even to increase their numbers. For the Germanic newcomers it was probably of no importance who recruited them. They were simply doing what their fathers before them had done. However, without any central power to coordinate defenses the Germanic forces would soon have realized they had a free hand to do as they wished. Soon more would be coming from the Continental coast near the Elbe and Weser estuaries (the Saxons), from Schleswig-Holstein, especially the region of Angeln (the Angels (sic)), from northern Holland (the Frisians), and probably from Jutland (the Jutes).


ˤС449ǯ Hengist Horsa Ȥ塼ȿͤη郎֥ȥͤ˸ƤФǥ󥰥ɤ­Ƨ줿Ȥ뤬ºݤˤϤǤ˥ޥͤϤοǯ饤󥰥ɤ¸ߤƤꡤ5ȾФˤϡΦ֤ƤӴ󤻤Τˡ̣ǽüǤäȤΤǤ롥ޥͤΥ󥰥ɤؤοϡ⤬ۤŷŪʤΤǤϤʤäȹͤ롥
Ϣơ#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#1013. 󥰥ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#2353. ʤ󥰥ͤϥ󥰥ɤ򤫤᤯Τ ([2015-10-06-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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2017-09-20 Wed

#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤 [reformation][renaissance][bible][emode][lexicology][slide][history][link][map][hel_education][asacul]

Ѹˤˤ뽡פΰյˤĤơreformation γƵǹͤƤǤȤơֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤 (HTML) ɤ  *  *
15礫ʤ륹饤ɤǡܼϰʲ̤ꡥ

1. פȱѸ
2.
3. פȤϡ
4. Ūط
5. 󥰥ɤνפȤð
6. ͥ󥹤Ȥϡ
7. 󥰥ɤˤ뽡פȥͥ󥹤ζ¸
8. ѸʸؤΥѥ
9. ץƥƥγ
10. űѸ츦γ
11. äᤰ
12. Ϣ
13. ޤȤ
14. ʸ
15. 䡧11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤζḽ8ܿƱ

̤Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1]) ⤴

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2017-09-10 Sun

#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤 [black_death][reestablishment_of_english][history][sociolinguistics][slide][link][map][hel_education][asacul]

Ū˱Ѹˤˤ¤ΰյͤƤޤǽ񤭤Ƥ black_death ε礹̣ǡֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤 (HTML) äƤߤΤǡ
13礫ʤ륹饤ɤǡܼϰʲ̤ꡥ

1. Ѹˤˤ¤ΰյ
2.
3. (Black Death) Ȥϡ
4. ΥޥˤѸϰ̤㲼
5. Ѹ (#131)
6. ¤μҲʸءŪƶ (1)
7. ¤ȼҲʸءŪƶ (2)
8. Ѹˤ붵λϤޤ (#1206)
9. ¤ѸϾ˱ɤƤ
10. ¤ϱѸ֤򤫤ˤʤ
11. ¼塤pp. 176--77
12. ޤȤ
13. ʸ

HTML 饤ɤʤΤǡΤޤ hellog ˥󥯤ĥäéäǤȤƤѸ˥饤ɥ꡼ȤơۤˤäƤ  *  *

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