hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ڡ / page 4 (9)

map - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-10-14 Wed

#2361. ǯɽ [timeline][history][ireland][irish_english][map]

ɱѸˤˤĤơ#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#762. ꥶ٥Ūʥˬ ([2011-05-29-1]) ε̤άҤƤطʤˤ륢ɤγ̻ˤƤȻפʡޥå󡤥ࡦޥå (60--61) 濴ˡ¿⻲ȤĤġάǯɽѰդɤϿޤ⻲ͤޤǤˡ

Map of Ireland

7000åȥɤǽο͡ΦϤĤäƥɤƽࡥ
3200ܥήƻʯĤ롥
2000ɤǶ°ٹϤޤ롥
700ȿͤɤˤäƤ롥
432ѥȥåɤơιȾ򥭥ꥹȶ˲롥
795ǽΥХ󥰤֥᤯٥˾ΦϤ롥
800餯Υɿͤνƻǡ̩ۤɤɤɽŪܡإ륺ν٤Ĥ롥
1014ɤβ֥饤󡦥ܥ롼ڤ줷󥿡դ襤ǥХ󥰤ˤ롥襤ľ塤ϻ˴
1170֥ȥ󥰥ܥפȥڥ֥񤬥ɤ˿ΥޥͤΥɿάϤޤ롥1ǯ塤ȥ󥰥ܥ󥹥βˤʤ롥
1171󥰥ɹ񲦥إ꡼2ɤʬ۲ˤ롥
1366ɤΥޥͤϤ򤪤뤿ᡤ󥰥ɤ֥륱ˡˡפꤹ롥
1494󥰥ɹ񲦥إ꡼7ɵIJ򥤥󥰥ɿ̩λ۲ˤɻۤ򶯤롥
1601󥰥ɽꥶ٥1ɤ˷ꡤƥҥ塼ˡ뤪Ʊ򥭥󥻡襤ˤ롥
1603󥰥ɤڤ
1641ȥåΥɿͤץƥȤΥ󥰥ɿԤå줿ϤɤΩ夬ꡤɴͤΥץƥȤ򻦳
1649󥰥ɤθ񶪥С०Ψ뷳ɤΥɥȥեɤǿͤԻȥåΥɿͤϤץƥȤԤˤ롥
1690󥸸ꥢबܥ襤ǥॺ2ηˤꡤɤΥץƥȵサϤ롥
1782ɵIJȼˡΧꤹ븢롥
1798ɤΩᡤ쥢ɿͶʤɤϤȿ򤪤Ԥ˽ꡤͤ˴
1801Ϣˡˤꡤ졼ȥ֥ƥ󤪤ӥϢ粦Ω
1845㥬˱¤ȯ4ǯˤֵȤʤ롥ʿΥɿ̱ͤȤʤäƥꥫʤɤϤ롥
1870ꥢࡦåɥȡ꤬ɿͤξˡŪ򶯤ᡤǽŪˤϽͭǧ뿷ˡΩ롥
1913ɼˡƤꥹ屡3ܤݷˤ
19141ȯˤꡤɵIJȡɤθ˴ؤˡ꤬٤롥
1916˪ǥɤ̱²Ϥפʷʪ򤷡ɶ¹Ωϥꥹˤäð롥
1916ॺ祤ؼ㤭ݽѲȤξ٤ǤƱμפʺȤȤƳϤ롥
1919ǯ˾ä󡦥եޤɹ̱IJʥɥˤĤꡤդӥꥹΩʥ󡦥եȤϡ֤켫ȤǡפȤ̣˥ꥹȹ̱IJٻϤȤΤƮ롥
1920ꥹIJǥˡΩ̥ɤ6ˤҤȤĤεIJ񡤤ʳΥɤˤҤȤĤεIJ񤬡줾Ĥ롥
1921ꥹΤȤƤΥɼͳΩ롥ꥹɾ󤬷Ф롥̥6ϥꥹˤȤɤޤ롥
1922ꥹδΩȤ̱²ϤȿФ򲡤ڤꡤ̱IJ񤬥ꥹɾǧٻɤȿɤȤ1ǯˤ郎ȯ
1937ɼͳѻߤΩ̱ȥμΩ뿷ˡ̱ɼˤ꾵ǧ롥
1949˪1916ǯˤǰơ4뤬ȥɤȤʤꡤꥹϢˮæह롥
1955Ϣ˲
1959󡦥ǡ餬Τ˽Ǥ
1973衼åѷкѶƱ (EEC) ˲ɶ· (IRA) ̥ɤǤιƳ
1985ꥹȤΤˡꥹɶ꤬हФ롥ˤꥢɤϡ̥˴ؤ򤢤롥
1991衼åϢ (EU) ˲
1993ꥹξ꤬ƥ԰٤뤹̥ʿĤƤȤƱʥ˥󥰳ˤ˽̾
1998ɤ̥ɤǤɼˤꡤ٥եȹաˤΤ̥᤹Ū褬ǧ롥
2004EUεĹȤʤ롥
2004衼åѺηкĹã롥
2005IRAƮν롥
2007Сƥϡ3ܤμФ롥


ʡޥå󡤥ࡦޥå󡡡إʥʥ른եåι񡡥ɡ١ۤ׽ǡ2011ǯ
¿ ͵¤ʪ쥢ɤˡ١ҡӡ1994ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-09-08 Tue

#2325. ICOME9 ˻äƵŤسĬήʤ [academic_conference][map]

رʸʸʳ칶ŤѸ˸ǡǯ٤ιݳزؤλ򤹤뵡񤬤äǯ٤Ρ#2004. ICEHL18 ˻äƵŤسĬήʤɡ ([2014-10-22-1]) ˰³ǯ٤Ͻդ ICOME9 SHEL-9 ˻äƤΤǡܥ֥Ǥ⤽򤷤 ICOME-9 ˤĤơ
2015ǯ429?53˥ݡɤΥ֥ĥ (Philological School of Higher Education) dzŤ줿 The 9th International Conference on Middle English (ICOME9) ػäƤʲˡزȯɽȯɽԤγפĤΤΩĤȻפ򼨤

Map of Poland, Wroclaw Marked

(1) زα

Jacek Fisiak Ω夲Ѹ˴ؤʸؤȸؤιݳز񡥺ȹ碌Ʋ3789˻äüԤ50?70̾ۤɡʸطϤ椷ƸطϤ¿եο̤ǻϡֱȸĿ͸ȯɽޤ3¹Ԥǡ49ȯɽ69̾ȯɽԡʥ󥻥ޤˤä

1Rydzyna, Poland (1994)
2Helsinki, Finland (1997)
3Dublin, Ireland (1999)
4Vienna, Austria (2002)
5Naples, Italy (2005)
6Cambridge, UK (2008)
7Lviv, Ukraine (2011)
8Murcia, Spain (2013)
9Wrocław, Poland (2015)


(2) Ĵֱ

Hans Sauer (University of Munich) and David Scott-Macnab (University of Jahannesburg)
"The Names of a Thousand-and-One Hunting-Hounds in a 15th-Century List"
Marcin Krygier (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan)
"Laȝamon's Foreigners"
Michiko Ogura (Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Japan)
"What Really Happened to 'Impersonal' and 'Reflexive' Constructions in Medieval English"
Rafał Borysławski (University of Silesia, Sosnowiec)
"'Dreaming of the Middle Ages'?: Dream-Visions and Transgression from Marie de France to Chaucer"

(3) ̥å

The recipe in the history of English (cf. Bator, Magdalena. Culinary Verbs in Middle English. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014.)
Translating Middle English literature

(4) ȯɽԤν°浡ؤι

ʲϡȯɽԤν°ؤιʬۡƮƤ롥

        Poland (33) ************************************
       Germany ( 6) ******
         Japan ( 4) ****
       Austria ( 3) ***
        France ( 3) ***
        Norway ( 3) ***
         Spain ( 3) ***
       Belgium ( 2) **
        Russia ( 2) **
   Switzerland ( 2) **
       Ukraine ( 2) **
           USA ( 2) **
       Finland ( 1) *
         Italy ( 1) *
  South Africa ( 1) *
United Kingdom ( 1) *

(5) زĬήʤɵŤ

ݡɿͤ濴ȤַϤθԤȸ뵡
- ơʳǤѸ˸ (cf. Jacek Fisiak)
- ܹ⡤뤤ϹݳزǤⳫϤˤäƤϽв񤤤ˤ
- ܿ͸ԤǧΤƤ
- Ū˷֤äʬ˶
礭礦ɤ褤Ϥγز
ءʸؤ礷ƤꡤǤѸʸزʷϵ˶ᤤ
Ⱥꡤ8 GW ذư

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-08-25 Tue

#2311. Tristan da Cunha [enl][world_englishes][map][geography][demography][statistics][lesser-know_varieties]

#2305. Ѹ25Ͽޡ ([2015-08-19-1]) 11ܤȤƵ󤲤Ƥ Tristan da Cunha ˤĤդä롥Tristan da Cunha ϡեꥫꥫΦΤɤ餫Υ줿䳤θ硥եꥫ2400ꥫ3360ΥƤ롥6Ĥξ礫ʤꡤͭ Tristan da Cunha Gough Island 2ĤΤߤǤ롥ηϡ1506ǯ˥ݥȥͤγ Tristão da Cunha ˤäȯ줿17ʹߡ٤ˤ錄ä꽻λߤäԤΤ1816ǯΥꥹַˤΤǤ롥St. Helena ήˤ줿ʥݥ쥪ε߽Ф˻ߤ뤿ʼȤ롥1816ǯ˱ѹΤȤʻ礵줿1817ǯ˷űषʹߤϡ˻ĤäμԤȡˤ衼åѿͤɺήԤ̱͸ΤۤȤɤǤä1886ǯˤ97ͤȤ𤬤롥1938ǯˤ St. Helena ݸΤȤʤä2009ǯˤϰ̤ϲä졤ѹ񳤳 St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ΰȤʤäƤ롥2015ǯߡ͸259ͤǤꡤΤۤȤȤѸȤ ENL ϰǤ롥

Map of Tristan da Cunha

ʲϢ볰󥯤ĥäƤ

Website of the Tristan da Cunha Government and Tristan Association
Wikipedia ˤ Tristan da Cunha ε
BBC ˤ St Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha profiles
CIA: The World Factbook ˤ Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
Edgar Allan Poe ˤ The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838) Chapter 15 ˡTristan da Cunha ŪŪʾܤҤ롥

ʤSt. Helena ˤĤƤϡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1])#215. ENS, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1])#1919. ѸγȻ˴ؤ4Ĥ crossings ([2014-07-29-1]) ǤڤƤ롥

ʸ嵭2015/09/01(Tue) McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992. "TRISTAN DA CUNHA" (1056) ι⻲ȡαѸѼϡHighland English ƱħͭȹͤƤ롥

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-04-22-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-08-19 Wed

#2305. Ѹ25Ͽ [map][link][hel_education]

Ѹˤؤ־ͭѤϿ25ĤǷǺܤƤ륦֥ڡߤĤΤǾҲ𤷤25 maps that explain the English language ǤϡϿޤ޼ɽ魯ȤΤǤѸ˾νפ꤬夲Ƥꡤ줬褽¤٤Ƥ롥25ܤ̾ȴФƤߤ褦

1. Where English comes from
2. Where Indo-European languages are spoken in Europe today
3. The Anglo-Saxon migration
4. The Danelaw
5. The Norman Conquest
6. The Great Vowel Shift
7. The colonization of America
8. Early exploration of Australia
9. Canada
10. English in India
11. Tristan da Cunha
12. Countries with English as the official language
13. Which countries in Europe can speak English
14. Where people read English Wikipedia
15. Where new English words come from
16. How vocabulary changes based on what you're writing
17. Vocabulary of Shakespeare vs. rappers
18. Where English learners speak the language proficiently
19. Scores on the Test of English as a Foreign Language
20. Immigrants to the US are learning English more quickly than previous generations
21. Where Cockneys come from
22. Dialects and accents in Britain
23. North American vowel shift
24. American dialects
25. You guys vs. y'all

ܥ֥Ǥ⤳¿夲ƤΤǡϢ뵭򥭡ɤǸ줿ϿޤɽΤ褦ʻлˤĤƤ⡤ܥ֥ǤѶŪ˷ǺܤƤmap γƵ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-25-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-07-15 Wed

#2270. ꥹ饢ꥫؤΰ̱νп (3) [history][ame][bre][ame_bre][geography][map][demography][rhotic]

#2261. ꥹ饢ꥫؤΰ̱νп (1) ([2015-07-06-1])#2262. ꥹ饢ꥫؤΰ̱νп (2) ([2015-07-07-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ[2015-07-07-1]ǤϡFisher 򻲾Ȥ Gramley ˤŪʿ⼨ʤ顤̱ο͸פñ˳ǧ Fisher Ȥ David Hackett Fischer ˤ Albion's Seed (1989ǯ) ˵äƤ褦ˡ D. H. Fischer ȤؼԤϡꥫѸ˸ԤãǤ Hans Kurath, George Philip Krapp, Allen Walker Read, Albert Marckwardt, Raven McDavid, Cleanth Brooks ˰͵򤷤ĤġŪʿ͸פο󼨤ʤ顤ꥹѸȥꥫѸϢ³ĥƤΤǤ롥
Fischer εҤꤷ Fisher ޤȤ᤿ʢ֤꤬̾Ƥƺ𤹤Τա˽̱ˤˤĤơʲ˰Ѥ褦 (Fisher 60) ̱Ϥؤΰ̱95%ʾ夬ꥹǤꡤ4Ȥˤ狼ƹԤ줿Ȥ

1. 20,000 Puritans largely from East Anglia to to New England, 1629--41, to escape the tyranny of the crown and the established church that led to the Puritan revolution;
2. 40,000 Cavaliers and their servants largely from the southwestern counties of England to the Chesapeake Bay area and Virginia, 1642--75, to escape the Long Parliament and Puritan rule;
3. 23,000 Quakers from the North Midlands and many like-minded evangelicals from Wales, Germany, Holland, and France, to the Delaware Valley and Pennsylvania, 1675--1725, to escape the Act of Uniformity in England and the Thirty Years War in Europe;
4. 275,000 from the North Border regions of England, Scotland, and Ulster to the backcountry of New England, western Pennsylvania, and the Appalachians, 1717--75, to escape the endemic conflict and poverty of the Border regions, and especially the 1706--7 Act of Union between England and Scotland, which brought about the "pacification" of the border, transforming it from a combative society in need of many warriors to a commercial and industrial society in need of no warriors, with the consequent large-scale displacement of the rural population.


Fischer Ūʥꥫؤν̱ˤεҤ͸פˤä䶯ȤȤϱѸѼϢ³ͤǤ˽פʾǤ롥
ꥹѼ狼饢ꥫѼؤϢ³ݤɬˤʤΤϡnon-prevocalic /r/ Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) ȡ#453. ꥫѸνˤ r ([2010-07-24-1]) ǹ碌Ƴ#1267. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (2) ([2012-10-15-1]) ʣ˸ڤȤFisher (75--77) ⿵ŤΩ줫餳ФƤ롥Τˡ250ǯۤ non-prevocalic /r/ ξüɥդǻϤޤäȤȤȡꥫؤΰ̱17Ⱦ˻ϤޤäȤȤϡʥʴطǤϤΤǤ⡤˸ŪϢ³˴ؤڡʼĥϿ٤ǤΤΡDZѸ˸ˤϢ³βǽդʧäƤȤϾɬפȤⴶƤ롥

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Fisher, J. H. "British and American, Continuity and Divergence." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. English in North America. Ed. J. Algeo. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 59--85.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-07-07 Tue

#2262. ꥹ饢ꥫؤΰ̱νп (2) [history][ame][bre][ame_bre][geography][map][demography]

ε#2261. ꥹ饢ꥫؤΰ̱νп (1) ([2015-07-06-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ#1301. Gramley αѸ˳Υѥ˥󥵥ȡ ([2012-11-18-1]) ȡ#2007. Gramley αѸ˳ܼ ([2014-10-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Gramley αѸ˽ϡϿޤɽ¿ؽ仲ȤǤ롥ꥹ饢ꥫؤνΰ̱ΥѥˤĤƤ⡤"Major sources and goals of immigration" (248) ꤹͭѤʥꥫ쳤ߤϿޤǺܤƤ롥Gramley ϿޤǤϡ֥ƥ礫ΰ̱Υ롼ȤΤۤɥġֽ硤ɥĤΰ̱ήηϩʤɤ⼨Ƥ롥

Map of Major Sources and Goals of Immigration from Britain to America (Gramley 248)

ΰ̱⥢ꥫѸ˲餫ι׸򤷤Ƥȹͤ뤬ε ([2015-07-06-1]) ӡ#1700. ꥹȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-22-1]) 򻲾ȤƤ狼Ȥꡤ֥ƥ礫ΰ̱Ȥ櫓פ̤ȤϤޤǤʤ֥ƥ礫ΰ̱ˤĤơ͸פޤ᤿ŪʸϤ Gramley (246) ˤΤǡѤ褦

The English language which the settlers carried along with them was, of course, that of England. The colonists surely brought various regional forms, but it is generally accepted that the largest number of those who arrived came from southern England. Baugh (1957) concludes --- on the limited evidence of 1281 settlers in New England and 637 in Virginia for whom records exist for the time before 1700 --- that New England was predominantly settled from the southeastern and southern counties of England (about 60%) as was Virginia (over 50%). Fisher's figures indicate that 20,000 Puritans came between 1629 and 1641, the largest part from Essex, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and East Anglia with fewer than 10% from London, and that 40,000 "Cavaliers" fled especially from London and Bristol during the Civil War and went to the Chesapeake area and Virginia (Fisher 2001: 60). The Middle Colonies of Pennsylvania, new Jersey, and Delaware probably had a much larger proportion from northern England, including 23,000 Quakers and Evangelicals from England, Wales, Germany, Holland, and France. Over 250,000 from northern England, the Scottish Lowlands, and especially Ulster settled in the back country . . . . In each of the areas settled the nature of the language was set by speech patterns established by the first several generations.


ꥫ New England ؤΰ̱ˤϡ󥰥νпȼԤ¿ͿꥫƤ˱Ϥؤϡ󥰥륺åȥɡɤΰ̱¿äȤƳǧǤ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Baugh, A. C. A History of the English Language. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.
Fisher, J. H. "British and American, Continuity and Divergence." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. English in North America. Ed. J. Algeo. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 59--85.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-07-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-07-06 Mon

#2261. ꥹ饢ꥫؤΰ̱νп (1) [history][ame][bre][ame_bre][rhotic][geography][map][demography]

ɸϡ#1701. ꥫؤΰ̱νпϡ ([2013-12-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ͽޤ򼨤ĤIJ⤹롥
ꥫѸ򤹤ˤϡ17˻Ϥޤ륤ꥹ礫νΰ̱ȡθΥꥫǤΰܽˤ礭ؤäƤ롥ꥹͤˤ륢ꥫؤο̱ϡ1607ǯ Jamestown ηߤ˻Ϥޤ뤬ο̱˷ȤäΤϼȤƥ󥰥пȼԤäǽԤȤθŪ礭󥰥 Jamestown ˤ⤿餵졤˥ꥫ˳Ȥ줿
1620ǯ Plymouth ˤɤ夤 "Pilgrim fathers" ˤ⡤󥰥ʤ˽пȼԤ¿äϡԤƱͤˡ褽󥰥ħȤƿΦϤäΤǤꡤNew England 濴Ȥϰˤħ夵
1680ǯ夫ϥ󥰥䥦륺Υ (Quakers) 󤷤 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania ʤɤؤϡ18ȾФ˥åȥɷϥɿ (Scots-Irish) ¿ήθưϤȤʤäޤ19ȾФˤ¿Υɿͤ󤻤ꡤؤŸ饤󥰥ʳϰ褫äƤ̱ϡɸŪȤ륤ꥹȤƿΦˤäƤΤνΥꥫˤ礿Ȥʤ (Midland dialect) μäΤǤ롥
ꥹ礫ΰ̱νпϤǰƬˡ嵭ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥ɸŪʥ󥰥Ȥ󥰥пȼԤϡɸѼ򥢥ꥫ New England ؤɸŪʥ󥰥륺åȥɡɤνȤпȼԤϡɸѼ򥢥ꥫ Pennsylvania ؤȹ绨Ĥ˿޼ȡʲϿޤ̤Ǥ롥

Map of Major Sources and Goals of Immigration from Britain to America

Τ褦ʥꥫѸ (1607--1790) ˤ̱θ̤ϡ奢ꥫѸ non-prevocalic /r/ ʬۤˤ褯ȿǤƤȸ롥#453. ꥫѸνˤ r ([2010-07-24-1]) Ͽޤ˼̤ꡤ绨ĤˤäƥꥫιϰǤ car, four ʤɤθ /r/ ȯ롤ʤ rhotic Ǥ롥ϡ#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) Ǹ褦ˡΥ󥰥ɼϰ non-rhotic Ǥ뤳Ȥб롥ꥫ New England Ǥϡ褽 non-rhotic Ǥ롥ϡ󥰥ɤ濴褽 rhotic Ǥ뤳Ȥ礹롥[2010-07-24-1]ǿ줿Ȥꡤʬۤ϶ȤȤǤϤʤŪϢ³򵿤٤
̱ηʬۤˤäƤϡ̱νпϤȷȤƤܤ뤳ȤפǤ롥Ϣơʲε⻲ȡ

#1698. ꥫαѸγȻȤΰŪʥѥ ([2013-12-20-1])
#1699. ꥫȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-21-1])
#1700. ꥹȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-22-1])
#1702. ֳϰؤΰ̱νпϡ ([2013-12-24-1])
#1711. ֳϰαѸγȻ ([2014-01-02-1])

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-05-25 Mon

#2219. vane, vat, vixen [phonetics][phonemicisation][consonant][me_dialect][cornish][map][etymology]

ɸ3ϡŪ˵ʷϩ̤ɸѸꡤ夷Ǥ롥vane סˡvat ʾ¤Ѥʤɤβˡvixen ʻ󥮥ĥ͡ˤϡƬͭ໤ v äƤ롥Ƭ v ǤϵǤⲿǤʤΤͺ˥ĥͤɽ魯 fox Фƻ󥮥ĥ vixen ٤Ƥߤ褦ˡ3ˤƤϸ츻Ū̵໤ f ͽۤȤͭ໤ðۤʤΤǤ (cf. OE fana, fæt, fyxen) ŪˤϡѸǤΤ߸Ƭ̵໤ΧͭʬۤŪ˸¤Ƥ3ˤĤƤϤɤ櫓ɸѸؤȯŸѼ˼ޤ졤̲ΤǤ롥ȤʤäƤϤۤȤɵŤʤ3ϻҲΡ¤äȯͳ褹ΤǤ (cf. vixen ˤĤƤϡAmerican Heritage Dictionary ˤ vixen ⻲ȡˡ
Ρ¤פϡΥ󥰥ɤǤ¸³Ƥ롥ǤϸƬ [f] Τ٤Ȥ [v] Τߤʤ餺[s], [ʃ], [θ] Τ٤Ȥdzơ [z], [ʒ], [ð] Ȥä褦ˡ໤Τбߤ롥Upton and Widdowson (52) Ͽޤꡤfinger θƬˤĤʬۤ򼨤

Map of

󥰥ɤκüCornwall üǤɸŪ [f] ԤƤ뤬 Cornwall αѸήΤǤϤʤ˽Υȷϸ Cornish ֤ɸѸ˥롼ĤĤΤǤ (cf. #779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])#2025. 󥰥ɤϾ¿ä ([2014-11-12-1]
ơߤǤϸƬ [f] [v] ʬۤ˸¤Ƥ뤬Ѹˤϥ󥰥˹äƤιϰϤǡ餯Ǥ˸űѸƬ໤ͭϤޤäƤΤȻפ롥ѸǤ fader vader ʬۤ Plan and Bibliography (9) ˴Ť (101) ϿޤǤߤƤߤ褦

Map of

űѸǤϡǷѲޤǤϡˤ餺 [v] [z] ϸƬ뤳ȤϤʤäȤѸǤϡѲΤߤʤ餺̤ξƬ뤳ȤǽȤʤäLass (58--59) ϡθƬȤƤ [v], [z] ΰŪʵƤͳ1Ĥϡޤ໤ͭˤȤߤƤ (cf. #1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1]))

A third factor, perhaps the most likely, was the existence in Middle English of varieties that had in Old English times undergone voicing of initial fricatives. Many southern dialects had voiced at least initial /f s/ --- a development whose relics survive still in the rural West Country ('Zummerzet'). This parallels, and may well stem from, the same process in continental West Germanic: the <v> in G Vater 'father', now pronounced with /f/, and Du. initial <v> and <z> in vader and zon 'sun' (/f s/ in more innovating dialects, still /v z/ in conservative ones) reflect this. While the voicing in England was mainly southern, it did extend well up into the midlands in Early Middle English, and the standard still has a number of forms with voiced initials like vat, vixen, vane (OE fæt, fyxen, fana). Contact between speakers of these dialects and others without voicing may have facilitated borrowing of French /v z/, making them less 'outlandish'.


Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
Kurath, Hans, Margaret S. Ogden, Charles E. Palmer, and Richard L. McKelvery. Plan and Bibliography. U of Michigan P, 1954.
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ38ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-05-21 Thu

#2215. NiueѸѸȤƤĺǾιʺǿǡ [map][austronesian][esl][demography][statistics]

522ʶˤ23ڡˤˡʡ縩來Ԥǡ來ʿΡ祵ߥå2015פ롥ܡȥꥢޤᡤʿν񤬻ä륵ߥåȤǡʿϰ߳򶯲뤳ȤȤ롥ۥȹǤܤϡߥåȳŤ˹碌콵515˶ߤǥ˥塼ɼΤΥ˥ (Niue /niˈuːeɪ/; ̱̾ȷƻ Niuean /n(j)uːˈ(w)eɪən/) Ⱦǧ뤳ȤꤷܤǧȤϤ195Ȥʤ롥˥塼ɡ񡤥ɤʤɤäƹȾǧƤ뤬ϢˤϲƤʤ
˥ϡ˥塼ɤ2400km˰֤Ѥ259ʿkmʼ縩ǷȤۤƱˡ͸1,500ͤǤ롥Ԥ AlofiʲˡϿޤȹ򼨤

Map of Polynesia Map of Niue National Flag of Niue

άˤ򵭤Captain James Cook 1774ǯ˾Φ̱μŨդˤʤ "Savage Island" ̿̾1830ǯ붵Ĥ礷1852ǯ̱ꥹȶ1900ǯ˱ѹ񤬥⥢ʬΰȤƥ˥ʻ礷1901ǯˤϡ˥塼ɤåΰȤƱʻ礷1904ǯˤʬΥƼΤȤʤä1974ǯ˥˥塼ɤȼͳϢȤ༫ܤΩŪˤϤΤȤ˻¾ΩäƤ褤̱ϥ˥塼ɻ̱Ǥꡤɱҡϥ˥塼ɤǤդǰ¸Ƥ˥塼ɤؤΰܽԤ¿
ѤƤˤĤƤСEthnologue Niue ιˤС˥ (Niuean) ȱѸ줬ѸȤʤäƤ롥̱ΤۤȤɤ˥äѸ⹭Ѥ롥˥ϡȥͥ²ݥͥɤ°ܤȥ󥬸䥵⥢롥
ѸˤδˤǤ뤳Ȥ1Ĥ롥˥깭Ū˹ȾǧΤϺΤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ˾ǧ뤳Ȥǡ˥ϡֱѸѸȤƤĺǾιפΥȥʥåȤˤʤ롥#1747. ѸѸȤƤĺǾι ([2014-02-07-1]) Ǽ夲ʥϡѤǤϥ˥⤺äȾΰ̣ǤϤޤֺǾפ͸ˤĤƤХʥ1ͤΤФ˥ɴͤȤϤǤ뤫ֺǾפȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥ѸȤʬۤ˴Ϣפ¾ξ򹹿ɬפƤ
Ϣơľܥ˥ꤳޤޤƤʤ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1])#1591. Crystal ˤѸüԤο͸ ([2013-09-04-1])#1676. The Commonwealth of Nations ([2013-11-28-1])#1700. ꥹȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-22-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿ѸγȻȤδϢǤϡ#1919. ѸγȻ˴ؤ4Ĥ crossings ([2014-07-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ
˥˴ؤ볰󥯤ȤƤϡʲΤΤ롥

̳ʤˤ˥åǡ
CIA: The World Factbook ˤ Niue Υǡ
Wikipedia ˤ Niue ε

Referrer (Inside): [2017-06-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-04-29 Wed

#2193. La Francophonie (2) [french][statistics][demography][francophonie][map]

˰³La Francophonie ˤĤơLa Francophonie θǸե󥳥եˡ ˡե󥹸˴ؤ͸פޤ͡ʿǺܤƤ롥οϡOIF (Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) ˤ2014ǯ4ǯȤ˹ˤ˴ŤΤȤ򤤤Ĥ

La Francophonie 80ιϰ褬äϢ54β23Υ֥С3ν
ե󥹸ϱѸȤȤ5ΦäƤǤ
27400ͤΥե󥹸üԡʤ5Φ21200ͤȤƻѡ
12500ͤΥե󥹸ؽԡ7600ͤȤơ4900ͤȤƳؽ
衼åѤ7700ͤŪʥե󥹸üԡڤ5200ͤΥե󥹸ǽϤͭ
5ܤˤ褯ä
3ܤζ̳Ѹʥ衼åѤǤ2ܡ
4ܤΥ󥿡ͥåѸ
2ܤ˹ݵؤѤƤ

嵭ΥȤˤϥե󥹸˴ϢϿޤ⤤ĤǺܤƤ롥ʲŽդ褦

Estimation de francophones

Le monde de la Francophonie

Le monde de la Francophonie et Commonwealth

2ܤϿޤˤ褦ˡLa Francophonie ˤ54β (États de gouvernements membres de l'OIF)23Υ֥С (États observateurs), 3ν (États associés) η80ιϰ褬äƤ롥ϰ褴Ȥ̾󤲤褦

Afrique de l'Ouest

  • Bénin
  • Burkina Faso
  • Cap-Vert
  • Côte d'Ivoire
  • Ghana (État associé)
  • Guinée
  • Guinée Bissau
  • Mali
  • Niger
  • Sénégal
  • Togo
Afrique centrale et océan Indien
  • Burundi
  • Cameroun
  • Centrafrique
  • Congo
  • Congo RD
  • Gabon
  • Guinée équatoriale
  • Rwanda
  • Sao Tomé et Principe
  • Tchad
  • Comores
  • Djibouti
  • Madagascar
  • Maurice
  • Mozanbique (État observateur)
  • Seychelles
Afrique du Nord et Moyen-Orient
  • Egypte
  • Émirats arabes unis (État observateur)
  • Liban
  • Maroc
  • Mauritanie
  • Tunisie
  • Quatar (État associé)
Amérique --- Caraïbe
  • Canada
  • Canada Nouveau-Brunswick
  • Canada Québec
  • Costa Rica (État observateur)
  • Mexique (État observateur)
  • République dominicaine (État observateur)
  • Dominique
  • Haïti
  • Sainte-Lucie
  • Uruguay (État observateur)
Asie --- Pacifique
  • Cambodge
  • Laos
  • Thaïlande (État observateur)
  • Vanuatu
  • Vietnam
Europe
  • Albanie
  • Andorre
  • Arménie
  • Autriche (État observateur)
  • Belgique
  • Bosnie herzégovine (État observateur)
  • Bulgarie
  • Chypre (État associé)
  • Estonie (État observateur)
  • Croatie (État observateur)
  • Ex-Rép. yougoslave de Macédoine
  • France
  • Géorgie (État observateur)
  • Grèce
  • Hongrie (État observateur)
  • Kosovo (État observateur)
  • Lettonie (État observateur)
  • Lituanie (État observateur)
  • Luxembourg
  • Moldavie
  • Monaco
  • Montégnégro (État observateur)
  • Pologne (État observateur)
  • Réep. Tchèque (État observateur)
  • Roumanie
  • Serbie (État observateur)
  • Slovaquie (État observateur)
  • Slovénie (État observateur)
  • Suisse
  • Ukraine (État observateur)
  • Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-09 Mon

#2142. Ѹˤ3ñʣθʬ [map][laeme][lalme][me_dialect][me][3sp][3pp][verb][conjugation][nptr]

ɸ䤤˼ü᤯ˤϡɽǻ­Görlach (68) ˤɽΰˡ

 SouthMidlandNorth
Present Indicative3sg.-(e)þ-(e)þ-(e)s
pl.-(e)þ-(e)n-(e)s


Ͽ޾˼ȡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) ̤Ȥʤ뤬ܤʬۤȤˤ LAEME ʽѸˤ eLALME ʸѸˤ򻲾ȤΤǤ (cf. #1622. eLALME ([2013-10-05-1])) ʲǤϡξȥ饹줿ϿޤβŽդ褦ʥåȤ礭ʲˡޤϡ1150--1325ǯ򥫥С LAEME ꡤ3ñʺˤʣʱˤθʬۤ򤽤줾켨

LAEME: 3sp 's' and 'th' LAEME: 3pp 's', 'th', 'n', 'e', and zero
LAEME: 3sp 's' and 'th' LAEME: pp 's', 'th', 'n', 'e', and zero


ξϿޤ˽ޤִݤ -s ˽ޤĻͳѤ -th ɽʣθǤ¾˹ѤߤƤ뤬 -n ɽˡʣ̾ܤưθ߷ -e ޤϥθȤ "Northern Present Tense Rule" (NPTR; cf. #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])nptr) ʬۿޤ򸫤褦

LAEME: NPTR pp 'e' and zero
LAEME: NPTR pp 'e' and zero


Ǥϼ˸Ѹʬۤ˰ܤ롥eLALME ǤϡμऴȤ̡Ͽޤޤ3ñ顥

eLAEME: 3sp 's' eLAEME: 3sp 'th'
eLALME: 3sp 's' eLALME: 3sp 'th'


ʬۤ褯ѤǤꡤޤ̤ -s ˡޤ̤ -th ʬۤƤΤ狼롥ʣˤĤƤϡ-s, -th, -n, -e (or zero) 4ˤĤƳơϿޤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

eLAEME: pp 's' eLAEME: 3pp 'th'
eLALME: pp 's' eLALME: pp 'th'
eLAEME: pp 'n' eLAEME: 3pp 'th'
eLALME: pp 'n' eLALME: pp 'e' or zero


ʬۤ褯ѤǤꡤ -s ʺޡˡ -th ʱޡˤͥ -n ʺޡˤĥƤ뤳ȤƼ롥ŪˡѸȸѸʬ۴֤Ūʺϸ뤬Ūˤ礭ѲϤʤȤäƤ褤  *

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-11-29 Sat

#2042. ȿ [wave_theory][japanese][dialect][dialectology][geography][geolinguistics][stress][prosody][map][prescriptive_grammar][speed_of_change]

#1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1])#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1])ޤ¾εǡ׿ŵŪŷϩȤŪ¦̤˸ڤƤ濴ŪϰϤФг׿ŪϰǤ⤢ꡤ׿ϤȾŤƤȤޤ뤿ˤˤη̡濴ϿդϸŤȤʬۤ򼨤˻롥ߤ˱Υ줿֤ĤȤݤϡ츫Ի׵Ĥˤ꤭줤Ĥ
ʾ夬ŵŪषޤäդ濴ŤդȤʬۤ򼨺㤬롥ܸΥʬۤܤǤ͡ʥȤԤƤꡤ弰ȡȡü쥢ȡ췿ȡ̵Ȥ̤롥̣ȤˡΥȤʣʬۤϤ褽ؤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥㤨2̾4Ĥη̤Ǥʣʵ弰Ȥϡ̾Ȥꡤ濴ȤƶᵦȾΦ͹ˤޤʬۤƤ롥γ¦ˤ2̾3Ĥη̤뼡ʣȤʬۤ롥ޤߤ顤ϡʸǽҤ٤̵ϰϽ̤̳ƻޤdzȤäƤꡤ϶ᵦӱۤȶ彣ˤޤʬۤƤ롥ĤޤꡤȤϡᵦʬǤƤʬܽʬۤƤ롥
³2̾2Ĥη̤ü쥢Ȥϡ彣ϤȤƤ鷺ʬۤˤȤɤޤ롥1Ĥη⤿ʤ췿ȤϡǼ縩ԾˤΤǧ롥Ǹ˷̤ʤ̵Ȥϡ븩ڸʡ縩ƶ彣ιϰʬۤƤ롥Τ褦˸ߤ˱Υ줿Ȥߤ뤳Ȥϡ۵롥
ŵŪۤʤΤϡŪˤϤŤ奢Ȥܽ˻ĤäƤꡤ꿷Ȥ¾ŸƤ뤳Ȥޤʿ»εǤ2̾5Ĥη̤ƤȤΤƤ롥ȡʿ»εΥȤΤʣˤƺǤ褯ݤäƤΤ弰Ȥǡ缡ñ㲽줿ȤȾʬۤƤȲǤ롥濴ʣǸŤդñǿȤ޼Ǥ뤬μĥȤϤषդǤ롥ܤʬ䤹Ҳ𤷤ɧ (77) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ؤˤʸŪǤϡ褯졤ȤФդ뤤⤿䤹äΤǤγ¦ؤˤʤȤ줬ޤꡤ˳ؤǤϤäȼޤޤᵦ濴˱ߤ򤨤褦ˤơ濴Ȥη򤿤¦ƤΤϡΤǤϡŪѲΤ褦ΤǤ
ߤϤʹơäסʸȯǿ줬ޤƤҤꡤˤϤդ뤤줬ΤɤȤΤȿФȡפ⤷ޤ󡥤ιͤñΤҤˤ褯ƤϤޤޤ
Ǥ⡤Ȥ濴ˤƹͤ줿򤷤㤯ϡ֥ȤʤɤΤդĤʷĤΤΤۤѲ򵯤䤹פȤȤФΤ⤦ҤȤĤѲλäƤޤ


¤ŪŪñʸʣʥȤϡѲŤλ˴ؤơ̤˰ɬפȤȤ¤ŪʣѲ®٤Ȥδ֤˲餫δϢ뤫⤷ʤȤ򼨺붽̣ݤ⤷ʤƱˡΰѤˤ⤢褦ˡϤ䶵ȤҲŪϤѤƤȤͤ롥
ʤǤʬ̵ۤȤǿȤȤǤСϺܸ쥢ȤλѤͽΤǤȤǤ롥¡ɧ (75) ϡ־ܸϤȤˤʤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥤㡤ʤǤ礦פȳοŪǤ롥  *

ɧ 롡ϤޤۤΤȤС١ꥹۡ1997ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-11-27 Thu

#2040. [geolinguistics][geography][dialect][japanese][map][gravity_model]

#2034. Ⱦʤ ([2014-11-21-1]) ڤӡ#2037. ׿Ťȸ֡ ([2014-11-24-1]) ˤ褦ˡ׿ϡ¾ʸŪ׿Ʊͤˡ֤˱äŤ뤳Ȥ¿äϥƥӤ䥤󥿡ͥåȤʤɳƼΥǥȯãʪŪʾ㳲򤤤Ȥ⤿䤹ӱۤƤޤǤʪŪʸ̤ʸŪŤδäˤä
ǻϤޤä׿䡤˸ꤵƤ֤˱äŤϡܤˤߤ롥ޤǤܤʪήδϡΦγƻǤϤʤ賤ιϩǤ롥ͽδǯ (1624--44) ˲¼ (1618--99) ˤܽϩȡܽαߤˤ˽褦ˤʤä塤ⳤܳߡĤϩȡ͡ʿδߡܳߡĤϩȡ塤ʿδߡͤϩääܳߤ褷ϩγ褯ΤƤ롥ϺϡġܸšĸҤʤɤ˴ιĮ˾ʪʡʸ澮ιĮΦӱۤơΥ줿礭ʹĮ˾뤳ȤȤʤäΤǤ롥  *
󤲤Сϩ׾פäϤˤϵηɾΡ?Ϥסʶ̸Ρ?פˤԤƤֹۤԤʤפΰդζᵦ֤㤻ס֤Ȥפΰդ֤ʤס֤ɡפΰդζ彣֤ФäƤפʤɤʹʰ塤p. 44ˡޤܸŤʤɴ긩αոĸҤǤϡ֤꤬Ȥפΰ̣ǤΡ֤ˡפʹ롥ۤĸǤϡּѤפȤ֤פɽ뤬äΤǤ롥ϤˤΤ褦ԤƤϰ褬ʤΩʬۤ򼨤Ƥ뤿ᡤβϩȤ֤˱äƤиݤȲ᤹ۤʤޤȬΡ֤פϸŤԤǡĬ˾äή夤ȸƤꡤ̣Ǹ֤˱äŤȤäƤ褤ʰ塤pp. 8--9ˡ
γäθ˵ΦŴƻ֤ȯãǿषƤäȤȤŤΥ롼ȤѤäƤäΤȻפ롥

ͺʴƽˡϿޡ١ե졼٥ۡ2009ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-17-1] [2015-04-06-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-11-24 Mon

#2037. ׿Ťȸ [wave_theory][geolinguistics][geography][dialect][sociolinguistics][map][gravity_model]

#2034. Ⱦʤ ([2014-11-21-1]) ǡԻԤԻԤؤθ׿Ť˿줿̤̤ȯãμҲǤϡ͡ιưȾ¤礭ʤư϶٤ϰ˸¤롥ξˤϡ׿ŤͼϡȾ (wave_theory) ͽۤȤˤʤ̤ȯãҲǤϡ׿㤨ƻϩ֤Ŵƻ֤˱褦ʤɤơߤ˱Υ줿ԻԤԻԤؤФΤ褦ŤΤ褦Ⱦϸߤ̷⤹ΤǤϤʤषμҲθ̤ȯã٤ѿȤ롤ŪؤȻȤǤ褦˻פ롥
Ťȸ֤ȤϢưƤ뤫Τˤϡ󥰥ǡ֤Фפɽ魯ɸ manger trough ִƤʬۤįΤ褤Survey of English Dialects ΤĴʤƤ20ȾФˤϡϰǤ trough ԤƤ̤ɸ manger ¤˿ƩĤĤäοηϩܤߤƤߤȡɥ󤫤رӤ봴ƻϩŴƻ֤ˤԤäȱ褤ʤ鿻ƩƤ뤳Ȥ狼äΤǤ롥̤Ȥơ֤˱äϰǤϿ manger ᤯դ֤鳰줿ϰǤϸŷ trough ³ƤȤ줿ʲTrudgill (130--31) ꡤϿޤȸϿޤ򼨤ξϿޤ˽Ťʤ뤫򸫤ˤϡGIF˥᡼ɤ

Map of

It can be seen that each of the three southward-encroaching prongs of the manger area, two of which actually reach the coast, coincide with the main London to Dover road and rail route, the main London to Brighton route, and the main route from London to Portsmouth. The spread of the incoming form is clearly accelerated in areas with good communications links, and is retarded in more isolated areas. (Trudgill 132)


׿˸¤餺Τˤ襦륹ˤˤ衤Τ֤˱äơŪˤϥߥ˥󡦥ͥåȥ˱äưưŤ롥ͤƤߤΤȤ󥰥ɤˤ֤ФפΤ褦ϿޤǼȡΤȤŪǤǼǤ롥ؤ˥ʥߥåǤ뤫̣碌Ƥ빥#1543. ء ([2013-07-18-1]) ʬθȤƤɾǤ롥

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-11-23 Sun

#2036. 󥰥ˤߤŵ [wave_theory][dialect][geography][isogloss][map][geolinguistics]

ȤС#1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1]) Ǥߤפ㤬褯ΤƤ롥ۤˤ⡤֤Ȥܡ١ˡפؤŤʡ礫ˤƤȵܺȤΥ줿ϰʬۤ㡤פ̣ȥ¸줬Ϥ̤ȶ彣ΩʬۤʤɤΤƤ롥衼åѤ albus ͳ褹ŷդ˻¸Ƥ⡤#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1]) ǤߤǤϡѸˤȤơ󤲤
1Ĥϡ#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) ϿޤǤ롥r æȤ׿󥰥ȯسȤäƤ롥ߤεڤǤʤʤɤμŪϰǤϡr ݻŷ¸Ƥ롥Τ褦ŵǤϡ֤ߤ˱Υ줿 (relic area) ˸롥
Upton and Widdowson Υ󥰥ϿޤѥѥįƤơ⤦1ŵŪ򸫤Ĥ뤳ȤǤʲϡUpton and Widdowson (140) ˷ǺܤƤ֡ʥ亮ΡˤФפ̣ beak ʬۤǤ롥

Map of

ɸǤ beak 󥰥ɤȾʤäƤ뤬ն bill ξ礬١ʬۤƤ롥ۤɸߤΥ줿ϰΩ bill ȯȤϹͤˤΤǡˡĤڤʤäƤ bill ׿ŪΤ beak ˵ͤ졤ƤοȤ줿褬նʬۤƤΤȲ᤹롥3 neb ⤢٤ʬۤƤꡤ㴳ʣ褹롥
beak ϸťե󥹸 bec μѸ13ȾФäƤŪǤ롥bill ϸűѸ bile ̤ǡεϸŤneb Ʊͤ˸űѸ neb(b) ̤Ǥ롥ߤϥ󥰥ΤۤåȥɤˤȤƻѤƤ뤬̴ФäʬۤϡѸŪˤϸťΥɸƱ nef ¸ߤˤä䶯줿ΤǤϤʤȹͤʤ롥
Ѹˤθ򤨤ʤ餳Ͽޤɤ߲򤯤ȡ̻ŪˤϼΤ褦ʲäΤǤϤʤ롥ޤűѸˤ bill 󥰥˹ʬۤƤ¤ neb ⤽ʤʬۤ򼨤Ƥǽ뤬Ȥ櫓ťΥɸȤܿ衤Ϥ򶯤Ƥä³Ѹ˥ե󥹸줫ο beak 餯Ƴ졤Ⱦ˥󥰥ڤŤƤäȾϰǤ beak θ֤Ĥ夷Ƥäˤ bill neb ֤ȤӤ뾮褬ȻĤ뤳ȤȤʤäʾ1ĤˤΥʥꥪˤʤʤȤϿޤμʬ̷ۤ⤷ʤʥꥪǤ롥Ͽޤɤ߲1ĤλȤơ#2019. ؤˤ6Ĥθ§ ([2014-11-06-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-11-21 Fri

#2034. Ⱦʤ [wave_theory][geolinguistics][geography][dialect][map][gravity_model]

׿ȾŤƤȤȾ wave_theory ˤĤơζ#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1])#1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1])#1055. uvular r θ춭ۤ ([2012-03-17-1])#1505. ˤ "mouse"-line "house"-line ([2013-06-10-1])#1506. The Rhenish fan ([2013-06-11-1]) ʤɤǤߤƤȾκǤʲˤС׿Ϥʸ̤ƱߤʤȤäƤȤ롥򸽼Ū֤ѸǸȡ׿濴ϤȤʤĮ¼顤̤ء٤礦Į¼˽缡ŤƤȤȤˤʤ롥
νȾˤƤϤޤʤŤλ¿ڤ롥׿Τߤʤ餺ʸŪήԤˤ¤ˤ衤ɬ٤礦Į¼ŤȤϸ¤餺Υ줿ӲФȤȤꤦ롥Ȥ櫓֤ȯãҲǤϡդ¼͸̤ꤷơԻԴ֤dz׿ͭ륿ߥ󥰤ΤۤᤤȤ¿㤨Сȯγ׿ϡ쳰Ⱦ˹ޤ⡤쳤ƻ˱äӤ˲̾͡Ųԡۤᤤ⤷ʤξ硤ȾȤꤷʤ롥ξ¾ŪʴطǤϤʤФγʾǤϲ̾͡ŲԡˤϡϤλɷˤꤽ濴ˤϤ꿷椬äơȾΤۤŪʥǥǤ餷Ȥ狼롥
Chambers and Trudgill ˤƤǴϢʲʸϤ񤤤ȤΤǰѤƤ

As for dialect-to-dialect change, the wave model was first proposed to describe the geographical diffusion of linguistic innovation. Then some geographically aware linguists developed an extended theory on linguistic diffusion over space. Chambers and Trudgill, for example, advanced the gravity model against the wave model to account for the path along which innovation diffuses in space (166). In this model, a linguistic innovation is likened to a stone skipping across a pond because it spreads not necessarily from a speaker or place to the immediate next but jumps from a speaker or place to another which may be geographically apart but socially connected. For example, linguistic innovation can spread from a big city to another, skipping through small towns in between. (Hotta 173)


׿Ť˴ؤζȤƤϡ󥰥ˤֶפɽ魯 bridge ɸˤ brig ʬۤ󤲤ʰʲϿޤ Upton and Widdowson 154 ˡԤϸűѸŪʷ (brycg) ѾǤꡤԤϸťΥɸƱη (bryggja) ƶȤǤ롥ŪʬۤȤƤϡ󥰥Ⱦ bridge Ǥ brig ԤƤ뤬ߤ2սꡤ줾Υ줿ꥢˡbridge ѤƤ뾮褬롥1ĤϺ̤ Newcastle, Sunderland, Durham ޤ२ꥢ⤦1ĤϤ Humber ϸ Grimsby ޤ२ꥢǤ롥Ϥ٤ brig Ǥϰˡ2Ĥξ褬ݥĥݥĤȾΤ褦⤫ǤݤϡϤȤɸ bridge ȾǤ露˵ͤäƤȤϡ쳤ߤԻԤԻԤؤʬۤȤƤȤŤλ򼨺롥ơ쳤ߤγԻԤ٤ؤȡ٤Ϥ褽ȾʬۤȤƤäȤ

Map of

Trudgill (129, 132) ϥ󥰥ɤԻԲĬήȴϢŤơʬۤɤ߲򤤤Ƥ롥

The geographical patterning of the occurrence of the two words suggests that the southern and Standard English word is beginning to spread north, and in a rather interesting way. In its spread northwards, bridge has first invaded the coastal city areas of Sunderland and Grimsby, and then spread outwards again from these centres. This is just one example of the importance of urban centres in the spreading of new forms in language . . ., and of the way in which the increasing urbanization of England has contributed in this century to the loss of Traditional Dialects.


Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English." PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. Glasgow, November 2005.
Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill. Dialectology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.  *
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-11-20 Thu

#2033. ܤȥ󥰥ɤϿ [hel_education][historiography][map][dialectology][history_of_linguistics][geolinguistics][geography][dialect]

͡Ͽޤįʤܸȥ󥰥ɱѸˤĤƳפؤܤȻפʲ4򤶤äɤ⳵Ūɤߤ䤹ڤϿޤΤ⤷̣廊Τ褤

𡡡ܤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1958ǯ
ԡˡܤϿޡ33ǡҡӡ2013ǯ.  *
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.  *
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

ؤȸˤ̩ܤʴطˤ롥ϤˤǺ󶡤Ƥ졤ˤμϿޤβƤ롥ξԤϢȤռС̻֤ȶ֤θȤʤ뤷ƻŪ (panchronic) ʿ̤Ȥʤ롥ѸˤεҤ䶵ˤ⡤θळȤˤꡤʲǽΤǤϤʤȴƤ롥
ơܤˤϿ޺ˤϡΤʤǤǤŤत°롥 (ii) ˤȡʸʤιĴѰɸλͤȤ뤿˲ȸˡ˴ؤĴԤ̤ȤƴԤ줿29̤Ρزʬۿޡ (1905) 37̤Ρظˡʬۿޡ (1906) ܤؤνȯǤ롥Gilliéron ˤŪʥեϿ (Atlas linguistique de la France) νǤ1902--10ǯǤ뤳ȤͤȡܤᤤȯŸƤΤ褦˻פ롥ιĴѰŪɸȤäŪʿ̤ȤƤؤΤθȯŸ礭׸뤳ȤϤʤä
ܤؤˤȤäƼνפʷȤʤäϡĹˤΡ͡ (1930) (cf. #1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1])) Ǥ롥ĤФĬήˤܺäȯŸԤʤФʤʤä塤Ω츦ʸʡʸģˤˤ絬ϤĴη̤Ȥơ300̤˵ڤܸ֡Ͽޡ (1966--74) Ԥ줿Ūؤܸˤθ˻񤹤󶡤뤳ȤǤꡤȰۤʤꡤ餫˲ʳŪ򼨤ƤܸؤܳŪߤϤ˻ϤޤȤäƤ褤˼䤹ܤϿޡ١ԡˡˤϡܸϿޡ٤300̤50̤ӽФǫ˲⤷ؤǤ롥
ѸϿ޺ϡܤ¾Υ衼åѽ٤ơ٤Ƥ󥰥ɱѸκǽܳŪϿޤϡHarold Orton Eugen Dieth ޤLeeds ؤȤƹԤ줿絬ϤĴ˴Ť Survey of English Dialects A in 1962; B in 1962--71) Ǥ롥ϡĴ1948--61ǯΤ313ˤ (Traditional Dialects) Ĵ̤Ǥꡤ󥰥ɤؤδäʤΤǤ롥
ܤˤƤ⥤󥰥ɤˤƤ⡤絬Ĵ˴Ťƺ줿ϿޤߤγƸؤδäȤʤäƤ롥줾줹ǤȾʾĴ̤ǤꡤŤᤫʤäƤ뤳ȤǤʤϿޤ11礬줾θüԤˤʪäƤꡤǤȤȤ˵Ṯ̌¯ȤʤäƤ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-11-14 Fri

#2027. 󥰥ɤdzȤ miuk ȯ [bre][dialect][phonetics][assimilation][map][rhotic][vowel][l]

ε#2026. intrusive r (2) ([2014-11-13-1]) Ǹ奤󥰥ɤʬۤ礵Ƥ븽ݤ1Ĥܤ⤦1Ĥε®ʬۤȤƤ벻ѲǤ [l] 첻Ҳ𤷤褦벻Ķˤ [l] 첻βӤӤ뷹󥰥ǸȤʤäƤƤꡤ礷Ƥ (Trudgill 63--66; Ͽޤ Trudgill 64 Ȥ˺)

Map of 'Miuk' for 'Milk'

ɽȤƵ󤲤Τmilk ȯǤ롥 [mɪlk] ȯ[mɪʊlk] Ф [mɪʊk] ؤѲƤƤ롥[l] (ä dark l; cf. #1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1])) Τĸľ첻˱ƶͿơ[ɪ] [ɪʊ] Ѥ [l] ϾäƹԤȤǤ롥첻θ [l] ³ĶǹäƤꡤhill, roll, ball ʤɤǤƱݤǧ롥ŪˤƱ (assimilation) 1ǤꡤۤȤǤʤɥä˸˵äƤꡤ쥤󥰥ɤ濴˱ƶϤϤƤȤ̣Ǥϡfill feel Ȥ [fɪʊ ? fɪʊl] ˹줷Ƥꡤdoll dole [dʌʊ] ؼ̤pull Paul [pʌʊ] ͻ礷ƤޤäƤ롥
250ǯۤ non-prevocalic /r/ æɥդǵꡤϤ礷ƤȤͤȡ non-prevocalic /l/ æɥ濴˻ϤޤäƤȤȤϼŪǤ롥塤󥰥ɤΤ깭ϰس礷󥰥ɸˤɸܤ褦ˤʤǽ롥

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-11-1] [2020-02-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-11-10 Mon

#2023. England θѸʬ (3) --- Modern Dialects [dialect][bre][flash][family_tree][map]

#1029. England θѸʬ (1) ([2012-02-20-1]) ڤӡ#1030. England θѸʬ (2) ([2012-02-21-1]) Ǹ奤󥰥ɤαѸʬ򼨤ǼΤϤ (Traditional Dialects) Ǥ롥20ȾФˤϤǤ˸षƤꡤ21θߤǤϤθब³ǤäƤȤäƤǤϤʤǡפ븽 (Modern Dialects) ääƼ㤤˱ƶϤڤܤƤꡤȤƤϼήΥפȤʤäƤ롥Υ󥰥ɤ Modern Dialects ϡܸؼԤΰͺִܸĤĤΤȤ󵯤ֿפˡĤӤ졤̣
Trudgill (5--6) ϡTraditional Dialects ֤ΤȤƤ Modern Dialects 뤤 Mainstream Dialects Ȥܤζ̤򼡤Τ褦ɽƤˤĤƤϡ[2012-02-20-1]εΰѤ򻲾ȡˡ

Mainstream Dialects, on the other hand, include both the Standard English Dialect and the Modern Nonstandard Dialects. Most native English speakers speak some variety of Mainstream Dialect. These dialects are associated with native speakers outside the British Isles, especially in recently settled areas which speak mixed colonial dialects, such as Australia and most of America and Canada. In Britain, they are particularly associated with those areas of the country from which Standard English originally came --- the southeast of England; with most urban areas; with places which have become English-speaking only relatively recently, such as the Scottish Highlands, much of Wales, and western Cornwall; with the speech of most younger people; and with middle- and upper-class speakers everywhere. The mainstream Modern Nonstandard Dialects differ much less from Standard English and from each other, and are often distinguished much more by the pronunciation --- their accent --- than by their grammar.


ʲ˼ΤϡTrudgill (66--67) ˤ Modern Dialects ζʬǤ롥ΡɤγĤǤ Flash ǤߤΤɤ

Modern Dialects in England  *  

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Blackwell: Malden, MA: 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-08-16 Sat

#1937. Ϣ -son ˤΤϸťΥɸͳ [patronymy][old_norse][onomastics][personal_name][contact][map]

#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1])#1673. ̾¿ȿ̾ء ([2013-11-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ̾ˤ褯 -son (ex. Johnson, Tomson, Williamson, Wilson) ϸťΥɸ (patronymy) ͳ褹ȤΤѸˤǤ롥κϡ8Ⱦ󥰤˽졤줿󥰥 the Danelaw ˡȤ櫓 -son Ŀ̾ǻʬۤƤȤ¤Ǥ롥ʲˡCrystal (26) ʬϿޤǺܤ롥

Map of ON Patronyms with -son

Ͽοϡ줾νޤФȹͤۤʤοɽ魯󥰥ɤ˽椷Ƥ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥä Yorkshire Lincolnshire Ǥ6Ķ̾ťΥɸαƶΤǤ뤳ȤѸνο̾Ͽ狼äƤˡʬۤʤȤϡ#818. 󥰥ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) ˷ǺܤťΥɸͳ̾ʬۤɽ魯Ͽޤ򤵤ɤŨ롥Baugh and Cable (99) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

It may be remarked that a similarly high percentage of Scandinavian personal names has been found in the medieval records of these districts. Names ending in -son, like Stevenson or Johnson, conform to a characteristic Scandinavian custom, the equivalent of Old English patronymic being -ing, as in Browning.


©Ҥ̣̾ son ϸűѸ sunu Ȥ¸ߤƤꡤޥˤ¾Υɥ衼åѽˤƱ줬롥ΤϢȤѤ뽬ϸűѸˤϤʤä̲ǤϸťΥɸƱ sunr ϢȤѤ̾Ǥ Amundsen, Andersen, Jacobsen, Jespersen, Nielsen ʤɤ̾¿ߤ줿Ѹ̾ -son ղäϡűѸθťΥɸȤܿˤäƳ줿ŤǤѤäȤߤʤȤǤ롥
Ѹ줫 -son դο̾˽ФȡAcheson, Anderson, Cookson, Davidson, Dickinson, Dodgson, Edison, Ellison, Emerson, Harrison, Henderson, Hudson, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Jonson, Larson, Madison, Magnusson, Robinson ʤ¿󤬤롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow