khelfʷѸ˥եǡʲΤϤƷ郎ȯޤ
ѸؽѤʸˡͽVintage ʸˡˡ١2ǡp. 295ˤˤϡsomething of a֤̾äȤ̾ӡʤΡ̾ӡפȽФƤޤ漭ŵˤƱͤʤȤƤޤ֤äȤפȡ֤ʤΡפܸŪ˰ۤʤޤʤΤ褦ʰ㤤ΤǤ礦⤽ something ΰ̣ʬäƤʤ㤤ǤʤΤǤ礦
ܸȤƤϳΤˡ֤äȤפȡ֤ʤΡפϰ̣ۤʤ褦˻פޤǹͤСԤ٤㤯Ԥ٤⤤ΤƤꡤषеδޤ֡ʰճʤȤˤϤäȤʤβڲȤʤǤפȤʸͤȡθỤ̄϶Ƥ褦ˤפޤѸ something of a(n) ܸΡ֤äȤפ⡤̣ȸΥ˴ؤ̯Τ褦Ǥ
Ϣ quite ִˡס֤פξĤȤפޤ#4247. quite Ρִˡפ֤פؤΰ̣Ѳ ([2020-12-12-1])#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1])#4235. quite a few ϡ¤餲Ǹǵž ([2020-11-30-1]) Ȥո (intensifier) θ˴ؤǤΤǡ#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1]) ⻲ͤˤʤ뤫Ȼפޤ
ơsomething of a ˤĤơإ˥缭ŵ٤ǤϼΤ褦˵ܤƤޤ
*sómething of a ...
((ά))[ʸ] äȤġʤΡ?She is ~ of a musician. βڤκͤϤʤΤΤǤԢڲȤǤϤʤͤѤ/I found it ~ of a disappointment. ˤϤʤ꤬äꤷޤ(I found it rather disappointing.)/Life has always been ~ of a puzzle. ϤޤǾᤤȤä.
֡ԢڲȤǤϤʤͤѤաפȤŦϡƽפǼ٤ȻפޤȤ¾μˤϡΤ褦ϤޤǤ
˳ؽѱѱѼ餤ĤʸäƤߤޤ礦
She found herself something of a (= to some degree a) celebrity.
Charlie's always been something of an expert on architecture.
The news came as something of a surprise.
The city proved to be something of a disappointment. . .
He has a reputation as something of a troublemaker.
Dz something of a(n) ϡ֤äȤפʤΤ֤ʤΡפʤΤȤäƹͤƤߤޤ礦ɽˤ anything of a(n) nothing of a(n) ȤϢɽޤsome, any, no 3ԤδطˤĤƤϡ#679. assertion and nonassertion (1) ([2011-03-07-1])#680. assertion and nonassertion (2) ([2011-03-08-1]) ǹͻޤ
no(thing) δ̵ܵפǤΤФ some(thing) δܵϡͭפǤȹͤƤޤ̵פξˤϥǤ̵Τ̵ȸäƤޤǤͭפǤˤϡ֤äȤפʤΤ֤ʤΡפʤΤʤ٤꤬ޤޤǡ̵פǤϤʤͭפʤΤȤΤ some(thing of a(n)) Ρְ̣ŪʸʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦٤ˤĤƤϡְ̣פȤƤϸꤻޤǡָŪʲǤȤäȤǤϤʤˤǤޤ
̵פȤƤȤˡҤä֤ơͭפǤ뤳ȤĥΤ some(thing of a(n)) δŪƯȹͤޤ̤Ȥơ٤㤤⤤̣ˤʤΤϡʸ̮˰¸ŪȽǤ˰ѤͤΤǤϤʤȡȤϤŪȤƤϡ̵פФơͭפǤ뤳ȤƼĥŪѤ櫓Ǥ顤٤տޤƤ륱¿ΤǤϤʤȻפޤǽŪȽǤϤϤ٤ʸ̮ʤΤǤϤʤȡ
ʤʤǤ͡
ϥݥŪʵǿ̣ʤƤߤޤǤ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) δʤΤǡǤ夲뼡Ǥ
2ۤMondȤ䥵ȤˤơѸˤ˴ϢΤ˲ȤȤԤʤäƤޤǶμȤơζ̣䤤Ƥޤ
ʤˤȤդˤ
äȤۤɶ
³Ƥ롥ʡ
Ȥ2Ĥΰ̣ޤԤΰ̣ǼѤƤݤǤѸ¾θˤ⼺ĤḤ̂ñϤΤǤ礦
ϡޤ˸źθŪʰ̣ѲΥѥ˴ؤǤո (intensifier) ϡȤ줹ȶդ긺äƤΤʤΤǡ˶դɽ魯ɽ˵ΤǤʶոΥϡȤΤǤŵ1ĤŪʴפǤݤޤˤ줷Ȥۥ顼ѸϡɤƤĴˤʤ䤹ΤǤ͡ϡʤ10äۤɹͤʬȻפޤδ10³顤äȻޤ͡
嵭μơʴDzޤ
ȤƤȶǤ⤷Ŧ꤬Ȥޤ֤פ2Ĥΰ̣ȤΤϡ줾ߤ餫Ǥ͡㤨С֤ܤĤפȤСֶפΰ̣Ȥ狼ޤ֤͡פȤС³줿פΰ̣Ȥ狼ޤ2Ĥΰ̣ä̤ʤСֶפϴμࡦ˴ؤ̣ǡ³줿פʪ١̤˴ؤ̣ȤȤˤʤޤŪˤԤԤƤΤǡ̤ؤΰ̣ѲȸäƤƤ褤Ȼפޤ
Ρּ̤ؤΰ̣ѲפȤΤϡʤŪʤ褦ǤȤ櫓ֶסˤס֤ҤɤפȤäŪʴγФɽ魯ƻ졦ϡФдμΤΤ⡤δ٤οӤܤ졤̤Ȥñʤ붯Ĵɽˤʤ겼ȤȤ褯ѥΤ褦Ǥ
ܸΡֶͥסˤס֤ҤɤפΤ褦㤫ʬ̤ꡤʸ̤Ūʼΰ̣Dz᤹ȡष̷⤹褦ɽ⤢ޤ͡Ǥ̤ΰ̣ˤʤ겼äƤȤȤȻפޤ
Ѹ줫㤬Ǥޤterrible/terribly θ촴 terror ֶݡפƱǤΡֶפΰ̣ǻȤ뤳ȤϾʤǤ (ex. a terrible weapon ֶ) ष٤η㤷ȤζĴȤ in a terrible hurry ˵ޤǡפΤ褦˻ȤȤΤۤ¿Ǥ̤ؤΰ̣Ѳ⤦1ĤǤ͡
ۤˤ amazingly, awfully, desperately, dreadfully, horribly, marvellously, sorelyʤɴ˵ϡĴˤʤ겼㤬¿褦Ǥ
äȤꡤθǤϡμŪʰ̣ϴˤʤäƤޤۤȤɤξ硤Ūʰ̣ǶĴȤѤ˻äΤȻפޤ
θǤ⡤¹ŪʸݤȤΤϡؤǤ꤬͡Ȥޤ
ϢơѸ˴ؤǤϤޤɮԤˤε
ԤϳؤӤδܤȻפޤ褯褯䤦ۤŪǤ⤦1֤ǿǯ٤ϤޤޤȤ櫓Τʤǡ䤦ˡפƤ
ո˴ؤƤϡʲε intensifier ⤴Ȥ
#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])
#1220. Ѹˤ붯γ ([2012-08-29-1])
#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])
#2190. μޤäո ([2015-04-26-1])
#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1])
ʼȤ YouTube 3ƤޤϰԤǤˤƼ㤭ǯϸ˴ؿäΤɬĶȥȡϸؤΥͥˤʤΤֱѸؤؤʰԡˡ
Τ٤Υɤϡְ̣פȻפäƤޤ䥳ߥ˥ϡ̣礦ȤΤϤǤȤؤˤƤϰ̣θ줭ΤǤȯʸϼʹܤ˸ΤĴ٤褦ޤȤ̣ϤɤˤªɤʤΤǡ椷ȤƤˡʤˤʤäƤޤΤǤ
ؤˤҤȤȡϤ̣ΰϾ˼夫äȤʬޤˤȤäܼŪǤְ̣פεʤʤä顤ؤ⤪ޤΤϤǤǤΤǡĴǤϤ졤Ϥ̣ε³Ƥޤ#1686. Ụ̄άˡ ([2013-12-08-1]) ɤǤΤǤĴʤ⡤Ф̣¦μĥϡΤ¸ߤ³ޤ
βη̤ȤäƤ褤ΤǤ礦ƬȤäƤ褤ΤǤ礦Ĥ1970ǯ夯餤顤ǤϤʤ̣ܵȤȸƤޤǧΰ̣ (cognitive_linguistics) (pragmatics) Ȥäפΰ̣ (semantics) Ǥợ椬Ƥޤ
ְ̣פϱѸ semantics ȸޤʣ -s ˤĤƤޤϾפΤǤ19衤Ĵʤ͡ʡְ̣sפޤƤ櫓ǤṬ̌ξ˿̣ääѤƤȤǤȯŸȤϡṬ̌ȿ̣¤ӤˤʤäȯŸƤ褦˻פΤǤʸ̤ʣΡְ̣sפǤ
ự椬ؤˡʤ褯äƤ櫓Ǥμ̣ȤƤϡ͡ʡְ̣sפʻ¸Ƥ뤳Ȥˤ⤷ʤȻפäįƤޤ
Ѹ̾ˤϡĻ̾ (countable noun) ԲĻ̾ (uncountable noun) 롥Ԥ괧 a(n) դʣ -(e)s դԤϤΤ褦ʤΤդʤĻ̾ŵ̾ book 佸̾ family ǤꡤԲĻ̾ŵʪ̾ water ̾ love Ǥ롥
ǡ֡̾פȤ̾μ̤Ǥ6Ĥ⸽줿δطˤϡð̣δ2ĤΥѥθ롥"bounded" "internal structure" 2ĤǤ롥
"bounded" ȤϡޤääƤפȤȤǤ롥㤨Сa book ϡ1ܤȤޤä뤳ȤǤ뤫 "bounded" Ǥ롥ʣ books ǤϡΤ줾줬ɤΤ褦ʰִطˤΤʤɤε䤬ͯΤȤƤޤä뤳ȤΤ "unbounded" Ǥ롥water love ⡤ǤŪʥˤȤǡ"unbounded" Ǥ롥
"internal structure" ϡ˹¤뤫ɤ˾ñ̤ʬ䤬ǽɤȤѥǤ롥a book 1餳ʾʬǤʤ books ϹǤ뤽줾ܤʬǤ롥⤷Τ a family Τ褦̾ǡ̾ΤĤʤäʣΥСʤ뽸Ḥ̂뤫顤¤ġͤؤʬǤ롥water love ϡŪˤϤ켫Τ¤ϤʤȤߤʤʪؤůؤΤ褦ˡȤȤͤͤ¤ȼĥǤ뤫⤷ʤǤϤޤǡְŪʸˤСפǤˡ
2ĤΥѥݤ碌ȼΤ褦Ǥ롥
| [+internal structure] | [-internal structure] | |
| [+bounded] | ̾ family | ̾ʸΡ book |
| [-bounded] | Τʣ books ̾ʣ families | ʪ̾ water ̾ love |
#4657. Գ ([2022-01-26-1]) ȤơϢοŪˤĤƳȻפޤ٤ϹͤȤΤͼ¸ǤϤʤǤ礦̵ǡޤäۤʤȤͤ2ͤǥߥ˥뤳Ȥˤʤä顤ɤʥߥ˥ˤʤΤȤǤůؤʬǤϡ2ͤδ֤Ǹ蘆٤ŪȸƤФƤޤ
ϡԳδפˤֺŪפλͼ¸ˤĤơΤ褦Ƥޤ (95--97)
磻ϡؤȤФоݡ٤ȤܤǤϡ̤ˤäԳĥƤ롥ϡؼԤʬäȤϤޤäۼ̤Τθä͡νҲ˽ȤˡࡿθɤΤ褦뤫---Τ褦ʾǤŪȸƤФ---Ȥͼ¸˴ŤΤǤ롥Ūϸ¤ˤϤޤ¸ߤʤȤΤ⡤ߤǤϤϤ䤳ϵΤۤȤɤϰ褬Ĵ졤ʤȤ鷺ǤäƤ⡤ޤϼǤäƤˤ˽͡θͤ伭¸ߤꤹ뤫Ǥ롥ʤ顤¤ˤ¸ߤʤȤ⡤Τ褦ʲŪʾǤȤɤΤ褦˹Ԥʤ뤫ȤȤͻ뤳ȤϡȤϤ⤽⤤ʤΤʤΤȤȤͤˤͭѤǤ롥
ʲ磻λͼ¸éäƤߤ褦ܿͤθؼԤ̤Τθä̤ΤμҲƧ줿Ȥ롥ࡿϸϤοͤȽФ魯ޤ⡤οͤ챩Υڤäȡοͤϡ֥פȶΤȤθγؼԤϡοͤϡ֥פ뤤ϡ֥ڤäפȸäΤȿ¬ʬΥΡȤˡ֥---פȤĤ줬䤿̾ȤǤϤʤǤʤС֥פȤɽϡ֥פȤɽͣȤϸʤ⤷ʤʤʤ顤ڤΤȤ䤿ܿͤϡ֥פ뤤ϡ֥ڤäפȸʤ뤫⤷ʤϤοͤޤȤǸǤʤǤ롥ࡿϡȤСΤ褦ʾ硤̡֥פȤ֥ʬΥƤʤʬפȸäƤΤ⤷ʤ
λ֤ϾԽʬȤȤ鵯äƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤСɤ줬֥פǤ뤫뤿ˤ˴ѻŤͤȤƤ⡤֤ϲʤΤǤ롥ȤΤϡ˥ڤΤΤȤϤο֥ͤȶ֤ΤȤϡٻ---A---ˤȤäƤϡ֥פ٤ȤȤξڵȤ뤬¾ٻ---B---ˤȤäƤϡ֥̤פ٤ȤȤξڵȤ뤫Ǥ롥
ְ챩Ρפ٤ϸ---MפȤ褦---ȡ֥פȤ߹蘆ƻѤΤѻС֥פʡ̡֥פǤϤʤˡ֥פ٤ȤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롤ȸ뤫⤷ʤΤˤϡMפְ챩ΡפȤȤꤷƤʤФʤʤȤ M ˤƤ⡤֥פƱ褦ˡʣꤦ롥ĤޤꡤM פ A ˤȤäƤϡְ챩Υפ٤⤷ʤB ˤȤäƤϡ̡֥פȤɽޤफʤʣɽ٤⤷ʤΤǤꡤΤ줬Τ餫δѻˤäƷ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤ롥
ʾϼΤ褦ˤޤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʤ
֤̤θ뤿μˤϡΰۤʤΤꤨ⡤μΤȤξΩΤΡμɤϸߤξΩʤȤȤꤦס
Ʊ̴ȸޤ礦褯ȤФβäʤɤǡϤʹƤ餫ˤ߹äƤʤΤˡܿͤϸߤ˥ߥ˥ƤȻפǤ褦˸륱ޤ˶ᤤΤǤ礦͡
֥ˤĤƤϡؤδ#920. The Gavagai problem ([2011-11-03-1]) ǤƤޤΤǡȤƤ
͵ظů١Ҧ˼2003ǯ
̣¸ߤΤȤů (philosophy_of_language) ꤬롥ǿͤǤϡ¸ߤƤȻפ櫓Ф¸ߤΤƱ褦¸ߤƤΤȼʤʤäƤ롥̤δФǤϡ˸ФϳΤ˵ҴŪ¸ߤƤ褦˻פ롥̣Ʊ褦ʵҴä¸ߤƤȤΤ̣Ȥϡ¸ߤˤƤ⡤ޤǼŪˤΤ¸ߤƤΤʤΤǤϤʤ⤷ȤȡĤޤҴŪʰ̣ȤΤ¸ߤʤȤȡä٤Ƴ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϡ (94--95) Ѥ褦
⤷ҴŪоݤȤƤΰ̣¸ߤʤȤƤߤ褦ȡͣޤפȤȤ̣ʤʤʤΤǤ롥ʲ褦
Ȥϡۤʤδ֤ǰ̣ƱɽƱΤб뤳ȤǤ롥䤿̾ҴŪоݤȤƤΰ̣¸ߤȹͤƤơθ°ɽ A 硤줬ɽ̣ m äơ m ɽ⤦θ°ɽ B ʤФˤ A бȡA B ˡ줿ȹͤƤϤʤ⤷ m ɽʤɽ C A бСϸȤΤǤ̸ά͡
Ȥάm n Τ¸ߤʤȤСɤΤ褦ˤ B A ǤꡤC ϤǤʤȼĥ褤ΤޤޤʲþˤƱ߳ʤȤ꤬ǽȤʤ뤫ɤȤäȤܰ¤ˡפȤȤϤꤦ뤬Τ褦ʴȤäȤͣޤݾڤϤɤˤʤơԳ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ϡꥫůؼ Willard van Orman Quine (1908--2000) Word and Object (1960) ǼĥԳ (indeterminacy of translation) ȸƤФ븽ݤߺդΤǤ롥ԳäƤϡʸˡ Noam Chomsky (1928--) Ȥδ֤Ǹ褬깭줿Ȥ褯ΤƤ롥
Ϣơ#920. The Gavagai problem ([2011-11-03-1]) ȡ
͵ظů١Ҧ˼2003ǯ
ε#4652. any ֤ɤ?Ǥפɽ碌褦 either ϡ֤?Ǥפɽ碌 ([2022-01-21-1]) Ǥ⤹Ǥ˼夲ޤɸܲΥߤ濴Ȥ khelf (= Keio History of the English Language Forum) Сδ֤ǮоݤȤʤäƤǤ
either ϡ2ԤΤΤ줫֡פΰ̣ɽ魯ȤȻפޤ¤ϡξפΰ̣ɽ魯⤢ȤǤ contronym Ȥޤ
إѥ¼ŵ٤ either ꡤ줾б1ȸ2Ѥޤ礦
--- ʷˡñ̾ˤĤơ
(1) 2ġ2͡ϤΤˤɤ餫ʰˤΡɤΡĤǤ⡤ɤǤǤդ
Take either apple.äɤ餫Τʤ
You may invite either boy.äɤξǯԤƤ빽Ǥ
. . . .
(3) ɤΡĤ⡤ξ
There was a chair at either end of the long table.Ĺơ֥ξüˤ줾줤֤Ƥ
ʸˡ3ΰ̣Ǥä side, end, hand ʤФɽ魯̾Ѥ뤬Τ褦 bothʡʣ̾ˤ eachʡñ̾ˤѤ뤳Ȥ¿both ϡξפƱˤޤȤơeither, each ϡ Ĥ줾̤ª봶Ȥʤ
There were chairs at both ends of the long table.
There was a chair at each end of the long table.
either A or B Ȥ٤ɽޤ̤ˤ (1) either θªƤȻפޤŪˤߤжäȤ (3) ΤۤŤΤǤOED ˤС(3) ϸűѸ줫̤˸Ǥ(1) ѸˤʤäƤ褦䤯뿷Ǥ
ɤƤʤȤˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ礦褯֤ outher ȤȤ䤳ط˴٤äƤޤäȤ𤬤褦ǤϢơ#945. either 2Ĥȯ ([2011-11-28-1]) ⤴Ȥ
#4649. Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤Ϥޤ줿Τ ([2022-01-18-1]) εƤȤɼԤϢʸ롤ȤȤǶƤޤβʹˤ¸ʤä Toyota ʸǤؤ꤬ȤǤ®ɤǤߤޤ
ʸμݤǤToyota (118) ƬꡤʸƤʸϤѤޤ
Our main question is about how the distinction between mass and count nouns evolved. Earlier English surprisingly has a relatively poor counting system, the distinction between count and mass nouns not being clear. This poor distinction in earlier English has developed into a new systems of considering certain referents as mass nouns, and these referents came to be counted differently from those considered as count nouns. There are various changes involved in this development, and it is possible that factors like language contact caused the change. This view is challenged, asking whether other possibilities, such as a change in human cognition and the world-view of speakers, also affected this development.
ƱʸˤСűѸ줫ѸޤǤϡĻ (countability) ˴ؤ̤ΤˤϤʤäȤȤǤʤμΤ褦ʤΤϤäΤǤˡϡĻζ̤ĤƤʤäȹͤĸħηѾ¸ȹͤƤ褵Ǥ
ȤѸ줫顤Ȥ櫓ѸˤơǡȤƸ̤Ļζ̤Ĥ褦ˤʤäƤޤطʤˤϡǤ˲Ļζ̤Ƥƥե줫αƶͤޤǤŪûΤʶ̤¤ʬˤǤޤǡܿˤ꿨ȯ줿ǽǧĤĤ⡤ȯŪ˱ѸˤѡסʼˤС̾ʬפۤɤǤ礦ˤѲΤǤϤʤ Toyota Ƥޤ
Helsinki Corpus ˤиŪĴȤܤͤޤȤΩƤ줿ѡפѲ¾ڤˤϥꥢʤФʤʤ꤬ޤ¿褦˻פޤǤ⡤ؤ䤹ŪʻߤȤɤळȤǤޤ⡤˴ؿͯƤޤ
Toyota, Junichi. "When the Mass Was Counted: English as Classifier and Non-Classifier Language." SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 6.1 (2009): 118--30. Available online at http://www.skase.sk/Volumes/JTL13/pdf_doc/07.pdf .
Any child can do that. Ȥʸϡ֤ɤʻҶǤ⤽줬Ǥפΰդɽ路ޤ֤ϰۤʤޤŪʰ̣ȤƤ All children can do that. Ȥ褽ƱǤ
ʿŪޤEither way will do. Ȥʸϡ֤ΤǤ⤦ޤԤޤפΰդɽ路ޤ֤ϰۤʤޤŪʰ̣ȤƤ Both ways will do . Ȥ褽ƱǤ
ä2Ĥ either both ѤʸڥƱѤȤΤϡʤʤζäǤϤʤǤ礦ȤΤϡ䤿 either (A or B) both (A and B) еɽǤȿޤƤǤ2Ĥʸ̮ˤäƤϤषɽȤ٤ΤˤʤΤǤ
either ϡ̤ˤ2ĤΤΡ֤줫סҰפ̣Ƥޤ¤ϡ֤ΡǤʤ褤ˡפȤϢϡ֡ξǤäƤʤ褤ˡפβޤؤȤǤСor ˤϡ¾Ū (exclusive disjunction) ȡ¾Ū (inclusive disjunction) ξ뤳ȤǤ礦
ȤȤǡ¿Υ˥奢ΰ㤤Ϥʤ⡤either both ǥѥե졼ǤƤޤΤǤ㤨Сȡ
Unfortunately I was sitting at the table with smokers on either side of me.
Unfortunately I was sitting at the table with smokers on both sides of me.
either vs both ΰ̣Ūĥطϡany vs all ζĥطȥѥǤԤ2ĤΤΤˤĤơԤ3İʾΤΤˤĤơȤ㤤Ǥ (cf. Quirk et al. 6.61ˡСԤϰ̣Ūξ뤤п (dual) äƤȤȤǤ
οƥνפʥСäξϡѸˤⲽŪʷǤϤޤ˺פĤƤޤboth, either, neither, other, whether ʤ -er ĤΤ¿Ǥ (cf. #3005. or θ츻 ([2017-07-19-1]))
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
̾βĻ (countability) ϸѸˤפܥ֥ǤޤȤ˰äȤʤäȤ˵Ť#4335. ̾βʬ ([2021-03-10-1])#4214. ʣ (1) ([2020-11-09-1])#4215. ʣ (2) ([2020-11-10-1])#2808. Jackendoff γǰ̣ ([2017-01-03-1]) դǴŪ˿Ƥ٤Ǥ롥伫ȡˤĤŪ˸äȤʤäȤȤ⤢롥
ܸüԤȤƱѸؤǤơʤñԲĻ̾ʤΤȵȤϰ٤٤ǤϤʤ˵ñϡΤޤ줽ǤƱѸǤϿȤȤˤʤäƤꡤ˿ˤϤñ̤ɽ魯Ļ̾Ѥɽ˥ѥե졼ʤФʤʤ㤨 Quirk et al. ʡ5.9ˤˤȼ̤ꡥ
| NONCOUNT NOUN | COUNT EQUIVALENT |
| This is important information | a piece/bit/word of information |
| Have you any news? | a piece/a bit/an item of good news |
| a lot of abuse | a term/word of abuse |
| some good advice | a piece/word of good advice |
| warm applause | a round of applause |
| How's business? | a piece/bit of business |
| There is evidence that . . . | a piece of evidence |
| expensive furniture | a piece/an article/a suite of furniture |
| The interest is only 5 percent. | a (low) rate of interest |
| What (bad/good) luck! | a piece of (bad/good) luck |
ʬ̤줿ȤŪ˥åץǡȤĤľҲ𤷤Ƥ Oxford Bibliographies ꡤ"Semantic-Pragmatic Change" ιܤȤʤ٤Ƥɤˤϥ֥饤֤ɬסˡʬνäȤ Elizabeth Closs Traugott ˤǡǿι2020ǯ128ȤʤäƤ롥 "Your Best Research Starts Here" ȤŪͽۤ뤫⤷ʤºݤˤŪʿʸ¿ޤޤƤ롥 *
ϤΥȥѤʬθΤޤҲ𤹤ˤȤɤ롥
Semantic change is the subfield of historical linguistics that investigates changes in sense. In 1892, the German philosopher Gottlob Frege argued that, although they refer to the same person, Jocasta and Oedipus's mother, are not equivalent because they cannot be substituted for each other in some contexts; they have different "senses" or "values." In contemporary linguistics, most researchers agree that words do not "have" meanings. Rather, words are assigned meanings by speakers and hearers in the context of use. These contexts of use are pragmatic. Therefore, semantic change cannot be understood without reference to pragmatics. It is usually assumed that language-internal pragmatic processes are universal and do not themselves change. What changes is the extent to which the processes are activated at different times, in different contexts, in different communities, and to which they shape semantic and grammatical change. Many linguists distinguish semantic change from change in "lexis" (vocabulary development, often in cultural contexts), although there is inevitably some overlap between the two. Semantic changes occur when speakers attribute new meanings to extant expressions. Changes in lexis occur when speakers add new words to the inventory, e.g., by coinage ("affluenza," a blend of affluent and influenza), or borrowing ("sushi"). Linguists also distinguish organizing principles in research. Starting with the form of a word or phrase and charting changes in the meanings of that the word or phrase is known as ???semasiology???; this is the organizing principle for most historical dictionaries. Starting with a concept and investigating which different expressions can express it is known as "onomasiology"; this is the organizing principle for thesauruses.
̣ѲλǤνȤƤϡ3ۤˡ#4544. ñΰ̣ѲỌ̇̄椷褦Ȼפäݤμóݤʲǡˡ ([2021-10-05-1]) Τǡ⻲Ȥ줿
͡ǯhellog?Ѹ˥֥Τդ礤꤬Ȥޤ褤ǯޤ
ƻθ (positive degree) ӵ (comparative degree) ΰ̣Ūʴطϰ츫ȼΤ褦ˤߤ롥ʲ (1) (2) ٤Ƥߤ褦
(1) John is tall.
(2) John is taller than Peter.
ѤŪʸ (1) 顤ӵѤŪʸ (2) Ū줿Τ褦ˤߤ롥ϤñǤϤʤ(1) ϥʸʤؤι⤤Ȥްդ뤬(2) ǤϥϥԡĹȤͤȤ⤵ۤؤ⤯ʤˤȤ롥С(1) μϥŪĹǤΤФ(2) μϥŪĹǤ롥(2) (1) ñ줿ΤǤϤʤ
ˡƻ tall θΰ̣ܤƤߤ褦 (1) ϥŪĹȤƤȽҤ٤褯ͤƤߤȡ⵿路ȤΤϡؤ⤤פȤŪ˵ꤵΤǤϤʤޤŪ˵ꤵΤ(1) ̣Ƥ뤳ȤϡʿŪʿ͡ʤ뤤¿ο͡ˤؤ⤤Ȥ¤ǤꡤˤӤ˻ޤƤΤǤ롥Ʊͤˡ־ݤ礭ס֥ͥߤϾפ⡤줾üԤǤʹ֤ΥۤδȤƤ־ݤϡʿʹ֤礭ס֥ͥߤϡʿʹ֤˾פۤɤްդƤȹͤ롥
ȡtall δŪʰ̣ taller αŪʰ̣ŪȤȥ졼ȤʸϲʤФʤ餯ʤ롥षդ taller ΰ̣ץߥƥǤꡤtall ϤŪ줿̣ǤʤФʤʤʤޤ˵žȯۤ (Klein 2)
̣Ū taller Τۤ tall ŪǤȤϡľѤȿ롥Ѹޤ¿θǷŪ̵ɸʤΤӵǤϤʤΤۤǤꡤºݡָפȤѸ줬ΤȤƤ (cf. #3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1])ˡ
츫Ʋ꤬ʤ tall taller ̣פΤۤäƤ뤳Ȥ˵Ť
Klein, Ewan. "A Semantics for Positive and Comparative Adjectives." Linguistics and Philosophy 4.1 (1980): 1--45.
#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ ([2021-10-30-1]) ȡ#4575. and ɽ魯3ΰ̣ ([2021-11-05-1]) ˰³³ (conjunction) ΰճ¿ (polysemy) ˴ؤ3ơor ȤŪ³ˤָɤߡסǧɤߡסȯùɤߡפ3ˡǧ (Sweetser (93--95))
(1) Every Sunday, John eats pancakes or fried eggs.
(2) John will be home for Christmas, or I'm much mistaken in his character.
(3) Have an apple turnover, or would you like a strawberry tart?
嵭 (1) ϡָɤߡפǤ롥or δܵȤäƤ褤ŪȤʤ롥˥ѥ뤤ܶ̾Ƥ٤Ȥ̿¤ˤϤޤޤ˥ѥܶ̾ƤȤ˿٤ȤƤ⡤ä̷⤷ƤȤϴʤɬξԤ٤Ȥˤϡor λѤŬڤǤ롥
(2) ϡǧɤߡפȤʤ롥üԤϥꥹޥ˵äƤ뤳Ȥμ¤ǤȡǧפƤ롥⤷Ǥʤä顤üԤϥʤ礭Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤʸμݤϡε𤽤켫ΤȤ⡤˴ؤüԤγοɽˤ롥
(3) ϡȯùɤߡפȤʤ롥üԤϥåץѥȤȤȯù٤ԤʤäƤ롥줫֤褦äƤǡ츫ŪΤ褦ˤߤ뤫⤷ʤ⤽ or ǷФ줿2Ĥϲ餫̿Ҥ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤƤ̿ʸʸɽƤ뤳ȤʬȤꡤͶȤȯù١ʡᴫͶˤԤʤƤΤǤ롥
or ¿ˤĤƾ嵭Τ褦ʴͤȤϤʤäΤǡȤƤⶽ̣
Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.
رѸŵ٤ڥڥȤäƤñʣǰ̣ΰۤʤ̾פΥڡ (p. 473) ȯΤʤΤ¿äΤǡƱѸ̾ñʣȤΤʤȻפä补㤨 glass ϡ֥饹פɡglasses ϡִפȤס
(1) ̾ʣñΰ̣˲ä̤ΰ̣Ĥ
appearance и appearances arm arms ʼ bone bones brain Ǿ brains chain chains « color colors compass compass ѥ custom customs ǡǴ future ̤ futures ʾʡءʪ letter ʸ letters ʸ line ԡ lines manner ˡ manners ˡ mountain mountains ̮ number numbers ʸ oil oils part ʬ parts ǽ quarter ʬΰ quarters ɼ spectacle spectacles tear tears ò term ֡ش terms
(2) ̾ʣñΰ̣Ȥ̤ΰ̣⤿ʤ
accomplishment accomplishments ǽ advice advices air airs arrangement arrangements ۡ attention attentions ᰦ authority authorities charge charges cloth cloths copper Ƽ coppers damage » damages »ʳۡ direction Ƴش directions ؿ force forces glass 饹 glasses good ???????????? goods ?????? ground grounds height ???? heights ???? humanity ʹ humanities ʸʳ instruction 뤳 instructions ؿ look 뤳 looks need ɬ needs ɬ pain pains physic physics ʪ power powers ΡΡ sale sales sand sands saving savings security securities ڷ spirit spirits м time times water waters γ wood ں woods work Ż works
ˤʣϻ¾òƤΤ¿ȤƱ۵˶ᤤȤȤ
Ϣơ#4214. ʣ (1) ([2020-11-09-1])#4215. ʣ (2) ([2020-11-10-1])#1169. ̾ȤƤ news ([2012-07-09-1]) ȡ
ش۳켭ŵԽԡˡرѸŵ١شۡ2006ǯ
#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ ([2021-10-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡbecause Ȥ1Ĥ³ˡָɤߡסǧɤߡסȯùɤߡפ3郎ꡤѸüԤϤȾ̵ռ˻ȤʬƤ뤳Ȥߤ3Ĥδ֤ͳߤ˹Ԥ褷ʤ顤Ʊ³ȤʤƤΤǤ롥
ޤäƱȤ˴Ū³Ǥ and ˤĤƤ⤤ȤSweetser (87--89) ꡤ3Ĥɤߤɽ魯ʸѤ褦
(1a) John eats apples and pears.
(1b) John took off his shoes and jumped in the pool.
(2) Why don't you want me to take basketweaving again this quarter?
Answer: Well, Mary got an MA in basketweaving, and she joined a religious cult. (...so you might go the same way if you take basketweaving).
(3) Thank you, Mr Lloyd, and please just close the door as you go out.
(1a) (1b) ϡand κǤ̤βǤָɤߡפȤʤʸǤ롥(1a) (1b) ΰ㤤ϡԤϥñ³Ƥꡤ̾ɤߤǤϽȿžƤ⸽¤̿˱ƶͿʤΤФơԤ and ǷФƤ2ĤνפȤʤ(1b) ˤƤϡϷæ˥סӹΤǤꡤסӹ˷æΤǤϤʤ and ϡ֡δ鸽¤ȸδ֤ο (iconicity) θƤȤ롥ˤ벿餫³ and ˤäƼƤϡξʸ˶̤Ƥ롥
(2) Ǥϡʸˤƥޤ³ and Ƥ롥ᥢϳڤʬνιꡤʻ䤬ͤȤǤϡ줬Ȥʤäơ˥ȽΤĤȤɤߤȤʤ롥ᥢϳڤʬνιꡤθǥȽΤĤȤŪϡΤ (1b) Ʊͤ˴ްդ뤬ǤϻŪ˾ƤƤ櫓ǤϤʤषüԤ2Ĥδ֤˰̴طߤƤ뤳ȤƤ롥üԤϡʥդ and ˤǧΥåɽƤΤ
(3) ǤϡդȰȤ2Ĥȯù (speech_act) and ʤϤꥳդˤǷӤĤƤ롥Ǥϸǧˤ벿餫³첽Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤޤȯù٤³ɽ蘆Ƥ롥
because Υ٤ȡand Ρ3Ĥɤߡפζ̤ϾʬˤȤ褦˻פ뤬줾 and Ρְ̣פۤʤäƤ뤳ȤϴΤǤϤʤSweetser ϡ1Ĥ³ǡ3Ĥɤߡפޤʤ뤳Ȥ because ǤϤʤ and Ǥڤ뤳ȤˤäơʬϤͭȤȤˤΤ
Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.
because ͳɽ魯äȤ̤³ŪѻƤߤȡɽ蘆Ƥͳμˤ͡ʤΤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ǰ̴طůؤĤϤʤǧθؤδ˹ʤäƹͻƤߤǤ⡤3϶̤ǤSweetser (77) ʸ褦
(1) John came back because he loved her.
(2) John loved her, because he came back.
(3) What are you doing tonight, because there's a good movie on.
3ʸˤ because ɽ魯ͳμ餫˰ۤʤ롥(1) ϤäȤ̤ǡΰ̴طɽ蘆Ƥ롥ΤȤƤ饸äƤΤˡָɤߡפȸƤǤ
(2) because ϡΰ̴طɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤäƤΤȤͳǥ褦ˤʤäȤɤߤΩʤʸθȤȤϡäƤΤȤȤƥƤΤüԤäȤȤbecause ϡüԤΰŤ뺬ȤʤäƤ롥μݤǤȤʸĥС"I conclude that John loved her, because he came back." ۤɤȤʤˡǧɤߡפȸƤǤ
(3) ϡ̿ɽ魯ʿʸǤʤʸʤΤǡbecause 餫̿ФͳǤȲ᤹뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤֺղƤ롩פȻ䤬ҤͤƤͳϡDz褬ǤƤ뤫ǤꡤDzͶȻפäƤ뤫ȤʸĥС"I am asking you what you are doing tonight, because there's a good movie on." ۤɤȤʤ롥ɽ魯ȯù (speech_act) ԤʤäƤͳ because ʲǼƤ櫓ˡȯùɤߡפȸƤǤ
3ʸˤ because 餫ͳɽ路ƤȤϤäƤ⡤ͳ°˱ơָɤߡסǧɤߡסȯùɤߡפȳơۤʤΤǤ롥3ĤΥѥɤȹͤƤ褤because 3ĤԤˤƳƤ³Ǥꡤθ𤻤˻ȤʤƤüԤޤ3ĤԤˤƸĤǤΤǤ롥
Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.
̣ (semantics) ȰˤäƤ⡤͡ʤȤ館롥ơسˤȶ롥̾ semantics ʣ -sϡǤդ路Ȥ⤤롥
礭2ĤȶʬʤСŪʷ̣ʹ¤̣ޤˤ1970ǯȾ˶äǧΰ̣Ȥʤ롥ϡ̸ؤǤȤι¤ʸˡǧθؤΩˤʤ館뤳ȤǤ
Sweetser (12) ̣2ĤȶΩˤĤơʬ䤹ҤƤ롥
Recent work in linguistics has tended to view semantics in one of two divergent ways: either meaning is a potentially mathematiziable or formalizable domain (if only we could find the right primes or premises for the mathematical analysis), or meaning is a morass of culturally and historically idiosyncratic facts from which one can salvage occasional linguistic regularities. Those who do the former kind of semantics have frequently been eager to separate linguistic meaning from general human cognition and experience, and to keep linguistic "levels" 'syntax vs semantics vs pragmatics) distinct from one another; formalization is presumed to be easier if the domain can be successfully delimited. Semanticists of the latter sort, on the other hand, are often quite ready to accept the direct influence of experience or cognition on meaning-structures, but find it hard to see how such meaning-structures could be formalized: how can airtight generalizations be made about experience-shaped semantics, when experience itself is so varied and so far from currently being described by any complete formal analysis?
ΤΩιޤȤϤʤäƤ뤬Ụ̄ȿΰ̣γơˤĹ⤢û⤢롥䴰ŪˤߤƤΤ褵Ϣơ#1686. Ụ̄άˡ ([2013-12-08-1]) ⻲ȡ
졼̡ ءοǡϰ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ2013ǯ
Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.
ΰ̣Ѳ˴ؤ Williams ɤǤơʤۤɤȻפäȤ롥ޤǤޤӤĤƤȤʤä2ĤγǰδطˤĤƹͤ줿ΤǤ롥 (metaphor) Ọ̇̄ (semantic_borrowing) ˤȿФǤϤ뤬ˤƶ̤ƤȤ⤷طˤȤȤ
ȤȤΤϡ¸θΰ̣餫ΰ̣Ūˤơ̤ΰ (domain) ˻DZѤǤ롥̣ѤȤΤϡ¸θηܤ¾Ǥθ줬ˡ¾Ǥθΰ̣Ǥ롥
֤ۤʤΤ褦˻פ뤬롥ŪˤС¸εǽ (signifiant) ϤΤޤޤˡ국 (signifié) Ū˳ĥѤȤΤǤ롥̤Ȥơȿ夤ƶ¸뤳Ȥ⤢СɤФȤ⤢뤬褽ηϤꤽȤξˤϤƤݻ¿ (polysemy) ˵뤹̣ѤξˤϤƤϤ˴ơ̤ȤƸִ (semantic replacement) Ȥˤʤ
ưŤˤĤƤСȤϼ˥ꥸʥƥդ̣δϢŤ˰¸Ƥ뤬̣ѤϤޤ¾ǻäȤˤϢŤǤꡤꥸʥƥǤ롥
嵭Υԥ졼뤳Ȥˤʤä Williams (193) ʸϤѤƤ
Semantic Replacement
In our linguistic history, there have been cases in which the reverse of metaphor occurred. Instead of borrowing a foreign word for a new semantic space, late OE speakers transferred certain Danish meanings to English words which phonologically resembled the Danish words and shared some semantic space with them. The native English word dream, meaning to make a joyful noise, for example, was probably close enough to the Scandinavian word draumr, or sleep vision, to take on the Danish meaning, driving out the English meaning. The same may have happened with the words bread (originally meaning fragment); and dwell (OE meaning: to hinder or lead astray).
ȤʤäƤ̣ѤŪȤƤ dream, bread, dwell ˤĤƤϡ#2149. ̣ѡ ([2015-03-16-1]) ȡȤ櫓 bread ˤĤƤϡ#2692. ťΥɸѸ˴ؤ Gersum Project ([2016-09-09-1]) Ȥ줿
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975.
ǯνˡ#4289. ñΰ̣ѲỌ̇̄椷褦Ȼפäݤμóݤ ([2021-01-23-1]) ȤݥȤޤܳŪưФǯٸϡѸ˴ϢΤĤμȤǡֱñΰ̣Ѳפ礿ơޤȤƷǤ뤳ȤˤƤޤǼóݤβǤޤĤʸ˲äȤդޤ̤Ȥˡ¤٤Ƥߤޤܥ֥ semantic_change semantics ɤνɲäƤȻפäƤޤ
Ρ̻ŪʴؿΤ --- ñΰ̣ѲˤĤƤΤ
߷ ⡡7ϡ̣ѲסرѸΰ̣١Ӿ ɧԡˡ罤ۡ1996ǯ113--34.ʤޤϤ餫顤ȤϤ1ϤǤ
߷ ⡡رñ --- ¿Ọ̇̄Ѳ鸫١ҡӡ2016ǯ.ʤޤϤ餫顤ȤϤ1Ǥ
δ졡8ϡ̣ѲѲס˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3 ԡˡīҽŹ2018ǯ151--69ǡcf. #3283. ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡϤǤޤ ([2018-04-23-1])
ϲ ͭԡˡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡˡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯpp. 98--107 ˥ѥȤ̣Ѳޤ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯʱѸػŵ pp. 765--80 ̣ѲγȤʤäƤޤ
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975. pp. 153--93 ̣ѲȤˤ褯Ƥޤ
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. "Words and Meanings." Chapter 10 of The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. 227--44.ʤ褯ɤޤƤѸ˳1Ϥꡤ褯̣ѲγǤ
Bloomfield, Leonard. "Semantic Change." Chapter 24 of Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984. 425--43.ʸؤθŵŪ̾1Ϥǡɤ߱ޤ
Waldron, R. A. Sense and Sense Development. New York: OUP, 1967.ʰ̣ѲܳŪʸǤ褯ޤȤޤäƤޤ
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.ʰ̣ѲθŵŪǡ٤ŪǤ
Ullmann, Stephen. The Principles of Semantics. 2nd ed. Glasgow: Jackson, 1957.Ʊ̣ѲθŵŪ̾ǡŪǤ
Meillet, Antoine. "Comment les mots changent de sens." Année sociologique 9 (1906). 1921 ed. Rpt. Dodo P, 2009.ʥե̾ʸؼԤˤΰ̣ѲθŵŪͤǤ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.ʤ긵ˤƤǤcf. #4243. ñΰ̣Ѳμŵ --- NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings ([2020-12-08-1])
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.ʰ̣ΥϥǥѸ켭ŵǤ
Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Beginnings to 1066. Vol. 1 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.ʤȲ2ϡҤѸ˥γƻˤäỌ̇̄ѲŪʵǤ
Burnley, David. "Lexis and Semantics." 1066--1476. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 409--99.
Nevalainen, Terttu. "Early Modern English Lexis and Semantics." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 332--458.ʤȤ櫓 pp. 433--54 ϰ̣ѲγȤʤäƤޤ
Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.ʱѸλỤ̄ΰܤȤƤϺΤȤͣΤΡHTOED ؤƳǤ⤢ޤcf. #3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1])
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.ʰ̣ѲȤѲᥤǤ˴Ϣ꤬ޤɤʪȤƤ⤪⤷Ǥ
Hughes, G. Words in Time. Oxford: Blackwell, 1988.ʾƱԤˤŪǤ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.ʻŪȤ櫓ѸλŪǤ̣ѲʬǤ⤢ޤ
˰졤 塤 ŵ ԡˡذ̣١ұѸʸꡡ7ҡ2005ǯʰ̣ѲޤŪʲǤ
Coleman, Julie. "Using Dictionaries and Thesauruses as Evidence." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. ˼ѤѲ̣ѲθˤĤƤΥˡƤޤФᤫλǤʤ굮ŤǤ
ΡŪʴؿΤ --- ̣Ȥϲؤ֤Τ
ԡˡذ̣١īҽŹ2012ǯʰ̣ȤƤϡܤ
ԥ롦 ƣ ذ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ1990ǯʸȤԤˤ̣Ǥ
졼̡ ءοǡϰ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ2013ǯʤʤΤܤǤ
Hofmann, Th. R. Realms of Meaning. Harlow: Longman, 1993.ʱѸɤߤ䤹̣ȤƤǤ
Ogden, C. K. and I. A. Richards. The Meaning of Meaning. 1923. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.ʰ̣θŵŪ̾Ǥ
Saeed, John I. Semantics. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.Ụ̄γǤ
ΰ̣ѲŵŪʥѥȤơΰ̣ѤʸȯŸȼäѲȤ㤬롥㤨СѸ ship ϸűѸ줫餢ųñΤؤäݤȡȡξȡΥԥ塼ܤκǿԤȤǤϡؼоݤλѷǽ礭ۤʤˤ⤫餺ֿ⤫ְưʡפȤܵǽƱǤ뤿ˡƱ ship Ȥ̾ǸƤФƤ롥ship ΰ̣ѲȤΤɤ̯ؼоݤѲƤȤȤǧᤶʤμΥפϡΰ̣ѲεˤơФкǽ˵륿פλǤ (cf. #1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1])#1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1])ˡ
Stern Ϥμΰ̣Ѳ "substitution" ȸƤǤ롥Ĵ٤ʤǽΤäΤPearce (183--84) ˤȡ"subreption" ȤѸѰդƤ褦
Subreption A process of semantic change in which objects, entities, social roles, concepts, institutions and so on change over time, but the words for them remain the same. Take, for example, the phrase 'the driver of the car looked at the dashboard'. The emphasized words have their English origins at a time when all wheeled vehicles were powered by horses: the original meaning of drive (a meaning which it still retains) was 'to force to move before one' (which is what a 'driver' did with horses); car is derived from an earlier word meaning 'chariot', and dashboard originally referred to the wooden board located at the fron of a horse-drawn carriage to prevent objects kicked up by the horses' hooves from hitting the driver.
subreption ̾ϡֵפ̣ˡΧѸǤ롥̤μǤϾܤܤäƤʤۤɤѸǤ롥OED ƤߤȡѸȤƤϷǺܤƤʤ褦1 "Misrepresentation or suppression of the truth or facts; an act or instance of this." ˤȤɤޤ롥
ΰ̣Ѳ˴ؤƲɤֵפʤΤȹͤΤȤ㤨СΰѤˤ⤢ dashboard ϡϡϼϤˤäķФ줿ť褱ġפۤɤΰ̣Ȥȡߤ̤ΰּ̣ư֡Եʤɤη״ספϡȤϤ鷺Ȥ⸶äƤޤäƤ뤳ȤϳΤߤΰ̣ dash + board QŪ˿¬̣ΥƤޤäƤ롥Τ褦ʰ̣ǤΡֵס礲ʸƤǤϤ뤬ˤȤȤ
ܸǤϡ̤ǤϤʤƤΤˡޤˡֲȢפȤȤ롥⸷̩ˤгΤˡֵפǤϤʡͤùߤɤˤ顤subreption ˤʤΤ
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.
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