#5074. Ѹɸ43 ([2023-03-19-1])#5075. ɸθŪħ ([2023-03-20-1]) ɸ () ŪˤȤ館ƤΤ褤ȤǤ롥
¤Ϥ3ĤΥץϡɸΰ̣ˤȤɤޤ餺̤θΰ̣ʬϤݤˤ⤽ΤޤޱѤǤ롥פˡƱ۵ (homonymy) ʤΤ뤤¿ (polysemy) ʤΤȤˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#286. homonymy, homophony, homography, polysemy ([2010-02-07-1])
#815. polysemic clash? ([2011-07-21-1])
#1801. homonymy polysemy ζ ([2014-04-02-1])
#2823. homonymy polysemy ζ (2) ([2017-01-18-1])
ʸҡע ͳˡرѸɸˡŵ43δܥǥޡ١ҡ2015ǯ
#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) ӡ#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1]) splendid ȤߤƤ֤θˤĤƤϸߤ˽ŤʤȤ¿Τ⤽ɤΤ褦ʸΤߺǤ̤ηƻǤ splendid ܤƸγȤǧƤ
ȯ䤵줿Фإ˥¼ŵ6ˤȡΤ褦3ĤθͿƤ롥
(1) ԤšФ餷ʬΤʤ (excellent, great) || a splendid idea Ф餷ͤ / a splendid achievement Ωɤʶ / We had a splendid time at the beach. ӡǤФ餷ᤴ
(2) ݤͿ (magnificent); ڤ || a splendid view į / a splendid jewel ڤС
(3) ԤšաδŪˡϤФ餷绿
splendid ϡε ([2022-12-04-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡ츻ȤƤϥƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹롥ηƻ splendidus 17˱Ѹ첽֤Ǽޤ줿ȤȤǤ롥ϡ뤤ƤפۤɤѸǤνиϤषŪʸֹڤʡʡפǤ롥ǤϡξˤʤäƤǧ롥ˡФơְʡסͭ̾ʡס֤줿ˤ褤פθ⼡ȸƤ롥19ȾγǤ in splendid isolation ָɤΩפɽ蘆Ƥ褦Ūʸˡ⡤17˳ǧ롥Τ褦ʸ̻ŪȯŸȶŪȤϡե (metaphor)ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy)ɲ (amelioration) (pejoration) ʤɤδǤͤޤǤ OED θʬƤ
1.[ | ѥڡ ]
a. Marked by much grandeur or display; sumptuous, grand, gorgeous.
b. Of persons: Maintaining, or living in, great style or grandeur.
2.
a. Resplendent, brilliant, extremely bright, in respect of light or colour. rare.
b. Magnificent in material respects; made or adorned in a grand or sumptuous manner.
c. Having or embodying some element of material grandeur or beauty.
d. In specific names of birds or insects.
3.
a. Imposing or impressive by greatness, grandeur, or some similar excellence.
b. Dignified, haughty, lordly.
4. Of persons: Illustrious, distinguished.
5. Excellent; very good or fine.
6. Used, by way of contrast, to qualify nouns having an opposite or different connotation. splendid isolation: used with reference to the political and commercial uniqueness or isolation of Great Britain; . . . .
ȶʳǰб륺Х1ñ줬¸ߤʤΤ褦ʳǰˤ¿롥θݤָþηפȤߤʤ lexical gap ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥
㤨 brother 夲Ƥߤ褦#3779. brother ȷ --- 11Ȥʤʤδط ([2019-09-01-1]) #4128. ʤѸǤϡַפפ brother ƱˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-08-15-1]) dzǧ褦ˡѸ brother ǯξ岼ռѤ뤬ܸǤϡַספΤ褦ǯ˱ƶ̤롥ѸǤǯռַספ복ǰΤΤϽʬ˿ȶʤΤǤꡤelder brother younger sister ɽ뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸǤ1ñǤɽǤʤǤꡤб복ǰ礱ƤȤ櫓ǤϤޤäʤѸˡַספб1ñ줬äƤ褵ʤΤºݤˤϤʤȤǡlexical gap 1Ȥ롥դˡܸ brother б1ñ줬äƤ褵ʤΤºݤˤϤʤΤǡޤ lexical gap Ȳ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
Cruse β㤬⤷ΤǰѤƤ
lexical gap This terms is applied to cases where a language might be expected to have a word to express a particular idea, but no such word exists. It is not usual to speak of a lexical gap when a language does not have a word for a concept that is foreign to its culture: we would not say, for instance, that there was a lexical gap in Yanomami (spoken by a tribe in the Amazonian rainforest) if it turned out that there was no word corresponding to modem. A lexical gap has to be internally motivated: typically, it results from a nearly-consistent structural pattern in the language which in exceptional cases is not followed. For instance, in French, most polar antonyms are lexically distinct: long ('long'): court ('short'), lourd ('heavy'): leger ('light'), épais ('thick'): mince ('thin'), rapide ('fast'): lent ('slow'). An example from English is the lack of a word to refer to animal locomotion on land. One might expect a set of incompatibles at a given level of specificity which are felt to 'go together' to be grouped under a hyperonym (like oak, ash, and beech under tree, or rose, lupin, and peony under flower). The terms walk, run, hop, jump, crawl, gallop form such a set, but there is no hyperonym at the same level of generality as fly and swim. These two examples illustrate an important point: just because there is no single word in some language expressing an idea, it does not follow that the idea cannot be expressed.
ѺǸΡֽפפȴϢơ#1337. ְñʸաס ([2012-12-24-1]) ⻲ȡѸܸ lexical gap õƤߤȤ⤷
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
ε#4937. ˡȯûˤȿ²ۤɽ魯 ([2022-11-02-1]) ˰³ˡΤ⤦1ĤνפˡҲ𤹤롥Ū (pragmatic softener) ȤƤƯTaylor (178) Ѥ롥
The other use of the past tense that I want to consider is also restricted to a small number of contexts. This is the use of the past tense as a pragmatic softener. By choosing the past tense, a speaker can as it were cushion the effect an utterance might have on the addressee. Thus (6b) is a more tactful way of intruding on a person's privacy than (6a):
(6) a. Excuse me, I want to ask you something.
b. Excuse me, I wanted to ask you something.
Tact can also be conveyed by the past tense in association with the progressive aspect:
(7) a. Was there anything else you were wanting?
b. I was wondering if you could help me.
The softening function of the past tense has been conventionalized in the meanings of the past tense modals in English. (8b) and (9b) are felt to be less direct than the (a) sentences; (10b) expresses greater uncertainty than (10a), especially with tonic stress on might; (11b) merely gives advice, while (11a) has the force of a command.
(8) a. Can you help me?
b. Could you help me?
(9) a. Will you help me?
b. Would you help me?
(10) a. John may know.
b. John might know.
(11) a. You shall speak to him.
b. You should speak to him.
ǽҤ٤ƤʤΤϡʤʲˡ˲ŪޤȤƵǽΤȤȤַɤƱפȤ褦ˡҲŪʷɰդʪŪΥȤϢưȹͤ롥ΥեλŪ֤ꡤʤֱפɽ魯ʷˤҲŪʷɰդžѤȤΤϡʤŬäȤǤϤʤȻϹͤƤ롥
ʤưβѤȡȿ² (counterfactual) ȤʤΤѸΡֲˡפˤޤḤ̂ϡŤƤ (tense) ȤƤβ䤹ߤߤƻŪԤ˳֤äƤݤҤˡʷˤȤȤȤˡ (mood) δϡʷˤѤ뤳Ȥˤäơ¤ЪΥƤݡȿ²ۤҤ뤳ȤǤ롤Ȥ롥Ū٤εΥʪŪ֤εΥȤƤ櫓
ȤƤβǤϤʤȿ²ۤɽ魯ˤĤơTaylor (177--78) μĥ˼褦
The counterfactual use of the past tense is restricted to a small number of environments---if-conditionals (1), expressions of wishes and desires (2), and suppositions and suggestions (3):
(1) If I had enough time, . . .
(2) a. I wish I knew the answer.
b. It would be nice if I knew the answer.
(3) a. Suppose we went to see him.
b. It's time we went to see him.
The past tense in these sentences denotes counterfactuality at the moment of speaking, and not at some previous point in time. (1) conveys that, at the moment of speaking, the speaker does not have enough time, the sentences in (2) convey that the speaker does not know the answer, while in (3), the proposition encoded in the past tense, if it is to become true at all, will do so after the moment of speaking, that is to say, the past tense refers to a suggested future action. There are also a number of verbs whose past tense forms, under certain circumstances and with the appropriate intonation, can convey the present-time counterfactuality of a state of affairs represented in a past tense subordinate clause . . . :
(4) a. I thought John was married (. . . but he apparently isn't).
b. I had the impression Mary knew (. . . but it seems she doesn't).
These sentences might occur in a situation in which the speaker has just received information which causes him to doubt the (present-time) factuality of the propositions "John is married", "Mary knows". That it is a present, rather than a past state of affairs, that is at issue is shown by the choice of tense in a tag question. Imagine (5) uttered in a situation in which both speaker and addressee are preparing to go to a concert:
(5) But I thought the concert began at 8, does't it?/?didn't it?
The tag doesn't it is preferential in the present tense. In (5), the speaker is questioning the apparent counterfactuality, at the time of speaking, of the proposition "The concert begins at 8".
ȤƤϡѸˤƲˡȯûˤȿ²ۤ̿ɽ魯Ȳ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.
#2278. ̣ۣ ([2015-07-23-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡۣȤäƤ͡ʥפ롥פ1Ĥξ (ambiguity) 롥ơξΤˤ͡ʥפ롥εǤŪʤΤȸŪʤΤϤ⤦٤ߤƤߤ褦Cruse (66) ˤС4郎Ȥ
(1) Pure syntactic ambiguity:
old men and women
French silk underwear
(2) Quasi-syntactic ambiguity:
The astronaut entered the atmosphere again.
a red pencil
(3) Lexico-syntactic ambiguity:
We saw her duck.
I saw the door open.
(4) Pure lexical ambiguity:
He reached the bank.
What is his position?
줾ɽˤɤΤ褦ξǤ뤫ʬ
(1) ˤĤƤϡ(old men) and women ʤΤ old (men and women) ʤΤ(French silk) underwear ʤΤ French (silk underwear) ʤΤȤ칽¤ζڤΰ㤤ˤξͿƤ롥
(2) ˤĤƤϡ絤ؤϵؤεԡˤ1ܤʤΤ2ܤʤΤ֤ɮפʤΤֱɮפʤΤȤξؤäƤ롥츫ŪΤ褦ˤ⸫뤷뤤ϸŪˤ⸫뤫⤷ʤºݤˤϤɤȤ⤤ʤȤⰷŤ餤פξʤˤĤƤ Cruse ˤ¿εˡ
(3) ξϡΥҥΤΤΤ⤬ƤΤΤ⤬ΤΤΰ㤤˴ط롥ǤŪװȸŪװåȤǺѤƤ롥
(4) ξϡbank ڼʤΤԤʤΤposition ʬʤΤʤΤȤ˸¿˴ŤΤǤ롥
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
ε#4911. ̣Ĵˤ뾺ʤȹ߳ʡ ([2022-10-07-1]) ˰³ʸ̮Ϳ̣Ĵ (semantic modulation) ˤĤơ
̣Ĵˤϡ (promotion) ߳ (demotion) ȻƤϤ뤬̼Υפ롥"highlighting" "backgrounding" ȸΤ̡줾ʲסطʲפƤCruse (53) 㤬ʬ䤹
Another effect of contextual modulation on the sense of a lexical unit involves the relative highlighting or backgrounding of semantic traits. Different sorts of trait can be affected in this way. Two examples will suffice. First, some part of an object (or process, etc.) may be thrown into relief relative to other parts. For instance, The car needs servicing and The car needs washing highlight different parts of the car. (This is not to say that car refers to something different in each of these sentences --- in both cases is is the whole car which is referred to.) Second, it is commonly the case that what is highlighted or backgrounded is an attribute, or range of attributes, of the entity referred to. For instance, We can't afford that car highlights the price of the car, Our car crushed Arthur's foot its weight. It is in respect of 'contextually modulated sense' that a lexical unit may be justifiably said to have a different meaning in every distinct context in which it occurs.
ʸ̮˱Ʊ car Ȥ˰̣ĴƯ̯Ƥ櫓ʲʤطʲˤϡؼоݤΡʬפ°פܤǡȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ȴط
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
ΰ̣ʸ̮ˤäĴ븽ݤϡ̣Ĵ (semantic modulation) ȸƤФ롥̣ĴܼȤϢ³ŪήưŪǡ̯ʤΤǤ롥̣Ĵμ1Ĥ˾ (promotion) ȹ߳ (demotion) 롥ʸ̮ˤꤢΰ̣ħ "canonical" ˤʤä硤ΰ̣ħϾʤ줿Ȥ롥ȿФˡ̣ħʤʤä硤Ϲ߳ʤ줿Ȥ롥Cruse (52) 褦
(1) A nurse attended us.
(2) A pregnant nurse attended us.
(1) nurse ˤϡ¿ξֽפȤ̣ħޤޤƤͽ롥餯Ǥꤽ餯ǤϤʤۤɤͽǤ롥
(2) nurse ˤäƤϡֽפȤ̣ħ "canonical" Ǥ롤Ĥޤ᤹ɬܤΰ̣ħǤ롥ʸ̮ʤ뤤 pregnant ȤζˤˤäợħֽפñˤꤽȤϰ̤顤ǤʤФʤʤȤϰ̤˾ʤȤȤդˤСפȤ̣ħϡˤäƤϤȤϰ̤顤ФˤʤȤϰ̤˹߳ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
⤦1С
(3) Arthur poured the butter into a dish.
Ȥʸˤơbutter ɬŪˡֱפȤ̣ħӤӤ롥̾ butter αϡˤäƤϤ٤ΰ̣ħˤʤʸ̮ʤ뤤 poured ȤζˤˤäƤϡǤʤФʤʤȤϰ̤˾ʤƤΤǤ롥
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
ͤʪǥ1ļ夲ʤ顤I like this apple. ȤʸȯäƤ̤Ƥ䤿ϤαʸֻϤΥǤפưפǤޤΰ̣ǤƤȻפǤޤˤǤ礦ʸ¿ŪȤʤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤȤǤ礦Ȥ櫓 this apple ʬճΤǤ
ޤthis apple unit ɤߤ type ɤߤȤ¿ޤ٤ΥǤϤʤ夲Ƥ뤳ΥפȤĤǤ unit ɤߤȤʤޤ٤ȢʼΥǤϤʤ夲ƤΤɽƤʼΥ㤨С֤դסˡפǤ type ɤߤȤʤޤ
type ɤߤˤ͡ʲǽޤ嵭ǤϤޤޡʼפȤ type ʬΤǤtype ʬˤ¾δ⤢ޤݤȤζʬ⤢ޤϤ줿ऴȤζʬ⤢ޤ礭١ʤȤ⤢ޤºݤʸ̮Ǥϡδ type ʹ꤬⤤Ψǿ¬Ǥ륱ۤȤɤȤϻפޤthis apple Ȥɽ˾ʤȤŪ¿뤳ȤʬäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ؼ this Τľͳ褹̣ŪŪ¿̾ apple λؼоݤǤ֤פΰ̣ŪŪ¿蘆äơ츫ȲȤΤʤ this apple Ȥɽΰ̣Ƥäۤʣ¿ͤǤ뤳ȤʬäȻפޤ
ʾ塤Cruse (50) εȤƼɮޤ
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
Cruse (12--13) ˤȡľŪ˰̣ΰ۾Τˤϡ4ĤμפʥפȤ̣Ū˸̩ʬȤϡľŪ˶ʬǤʬȤȤʬϵΥȤȤƤϤƤȻפ
A. Pleonasm
Kick it with one of your feet.
A female mother.
He was murdered illegally.
B. Dissonance
Arthur is a married bachelor.
Let us drink time.
Pipe ... ditties of no tone. (Keats: Ode to a Grecian Urn)
Kate was very married. (Iris Murdoch: The Nice and the Good)
C. Improbability
The kitten drank a bottle of claret.
The throne was occupied by a pipe-smoking alligator.
Arthur runs faster than the wind.
D. Zeugma
They took the door off its hinges and went through it.
Arthur and his driving licence expired last Thursday.
He was wearing a scarf, a pair of boots, and a look of considerable embarrassment.
A, B, D ϤựŪȤʤ뤬C ϤषŪꡤäȤ̿ȸ¤ȸ
D ܸǤϡ֤Ӥˡפȸ졤ФХȥå䥸硼Ѥ롥ʸ̤ΰ̣ȥǥŪʰ̣äơ2Ĥΰۼɽ1ĤˤޤȤΤ¿㤨СֻϲȤǦѤΤƤסɡȿס֥ȤȥԡûۤɤפΥפǤ롥
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
̣δ顤餫ǰ̣ôäƤŪñ̤̣ (semantic constituent) ȸƤ֡㤨 the cat sat on the mat ˤơthe cat, sat, on the mat ϳợǤǤȤ롥on the mat ܤС on, the, mat ʬǤγơϰ̣ŪˤϤʾʬǤʤñ̤Ǥ뤿ᡤǾ̣ (minimal semantic constituent) Ȥ롥
Ǥϡcranberry, bilberry, raspberry, gooseberry ʤɤˤĤƤϤɤͤФ褤cf. #554. cranberry morpheme ([2010-11-02-1])#886. ǤˤޤĤ̻Ū ([2011-09-30-1])ˡ berry μؤδȾǤ cran-, bil-, rasp-, goose- 줾ڤФȻפ뤫⤷ʤ̣δ餳γợǤȲᤷƤ褤Τ
С̣ǤȤϲǤʤȤ櫓 cran-, bil-, rasp- Τʰ̣äƤʤ褦˴뤫줾ǤϡʤȤ cranberry, bilberry, raspberry Ȥñߤ˶̤ۤɤôäƤ롥ְ̣פȤˤʤ⤹뤬ŪʡפϳΤ˲̤Ƥ롥Τ褦Ǥ̣ (semantic tally) ȸƤǤgoose- ˤĤƤϤ켫Τǡ֥祦פΰ̣ñȤʤ뤬Ǥ¾ʿŪ˰̣ȲᤷƤʤȾ berry ̣Ƽ (semantic categoriser) ȸƤ֤Ȥˤ롥
̣ˤ cran-, bil-, rasp-, goose- Τ褦ʰ̣ (pure tally) ⤢СʬŪ˰̣ôäƤȲǤԽʰ̣ (impure tally) ⤢롥㤨 blackbird ʥɥˤϡɬ⤹٤ƤθΤȤϸ¤ʤʼºݡ㿧餷ˡȤפħȤʤäƤĻˤϰ㤤ʤθ¤ˤ black ʹˤΰ̣Ϥ٤ƤȤ롥ϰ̣ôʤֻפˤʤϤäỌ̇̄ɽФƤȤǡԽפȤ櫓Ǥ롥
blackbird ˤ black- Τ褦ˡ̣ǤȤϤʤΤβ餫ΰ̣ôäƤȹͤ롤ȾüʿǤ˥٥ŽäƤ̣ɸ (semantic indicator) ̾դƤblackbird ˤ black- ɸ (full indicator) ȤʤСgreenhouse -house ʬɸ (partial indicator) ȸƤ٤greenhouse ϡֲȡפ餷ΤǤϤ뤬ֲȡפΤΤǤϤʤȤạ̇̄ΤԽʬ˴뤫Ʊͤ disappoint, disgust, dismay dis- ʤɤ⡤̣ǤȤϤʤΤβ餫ΰ̣ôäƤȹͤΤạ̇̄ɸȤߤʤƤ褤⤷ʤ
Ǹˡ졦ָ (onomatopoeia) 䲻ħ (sound_symbolism) Τ褦ǤϡΤʰ̣äƤȤϤ̣ǤȤʤʤƤʤ鷺˰̣餷ΤôäƤȤȤ館Ω줫ϡꥮΰ̣Ūñ̤ȤߤʤơỤ̄Ƴм (phonetic elicitor) ۤɤǸƤǤȤǽ
ʾ塤Cruse (24--35) ȤợѸ⤷
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
ؾ塤ƤʤʸæʸʸȸƤФ롥ʸʸˡŪ˰æƤΤ̣Ū˰æƤΤȽǤ롥ˤĤ Cruse (1--8) ε˰͵ƹͤƤߤ
㤨 The green idea sleep. ȤʸϤɤ3ñ -s ȴƤȤ餫ʸˡʸǤȽǤǤǤϡThe green idea is sleeping. ʤɤʸˡŪСʸǤϤʤʤΤǤϰ̣ΰæͿƤ褦˴롥ñؤ The green lizard is sleeping. ȤСʸǤϤʤʤĤޤꡤȤ The green idea sleep. ʸϡ1ʸˡŪǤꡤ2˰̣ŪǤ⤢ȤȤˤʤ롥
The cake was baken. Ϥɤޤʬ줬ְäƤȤʸˡʸȲ᤹뤳ȤǽǤŤ baken ʬäȤϤƤˡξ硤The cake was baked. Ф褤
ؤ The cake was taken. ȤưæȤˡ⤢뤫⤷ʤθỤ̄Ūʴʸϡʴ롥ʸ̮ taken ǤʤȤ shaken, forsaken ʤɤǤäƤޤ˶ΤϡȤư bake take, shake, forsake ʤɤδ֤˰̣Ūʶʤ˺ݤơŪؤμͳ٤⤹ΤǤϤʤȤФ롥
Cruse Ͼ嵭Τ褦ʹͻФǡʸˡŪʸȽỌ̇̄ŪʸȽˤĤƼΤ褦ʴƤ롥
(i) an anomaly which can only be removed by replacing one or more open set items is semantic;
(ii) an anomaly which cannot be removed by replacing one or more open set items, but can be removed by changing one or more closed set items, is purely grammatical;
(iii) an anomaly which can be cured either by changing one or more closed set items or by replacing one or more open set items is semantic (albeit with grammatical implications) if the open set replacements are distinguished by the possession of certain semantic properties; otherwise, it is purely grammatical.
Cruse ΰϢεɤߡؼԤδ֤ˤʸȽůؤΤ褦ʤΤͭƤΤǤϤʤȴϡʸμæǾΰæȤʤ褦ˤʸᤷ褦ȤˤǤ롥СʸΤˤʤ٤ʤǤ褦ʡΤ褦ʸȽꤷ褦Ȥ٤æƤ褦˸Ƥ⡤ʤ٤ʸȤϤߤʤꥮޤʸȤƲǤƻõꡤǤæȤߤʤʤˤϡæ٤ǾȤʤ褦ʲõȡϡդβǽʤ٤Ĥʤ줿ΤݤäƤȤ̤ۤͤΤ褦˻פ롥
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
(pragmatics) ϡ̣ (semantics) ȤȤˡդΰ̣椹ΰǤդΤΤΰ̣ȤüԤΰ̣տޤܤޤŪʰ̣ǤϤʤüԤդȤäƤ븽ˤΩƤΰ̣ǤäˤƤϡäʹϸŪ˹٤ʰ̣Ѥ饤Ǽ路ƤΤǤ
ϱѸؤǤȯŸΰ˭٤ǤDay 5 ǤϡֶĴθפȡֲäδްաפ˹ʤäƸιͤδܤ⤷ޤ
1. Ĵθ (cooperative_principle)
1.1 #1122. Ĵθ ([2012-05-23-1])
1.2 #1133. Ĵθι ([2012-06-03-1])
1.3 #1134. ĴθˤȤ ([2012-06-04-1])
1.4 #4851. tautology ([2022-08-08-1])
2. äδް (conversational implicature)
2.1 #1976. ŪްդȤ¾͡ʴްա ([2014-09-24-1])
2.2 #3402. presupposition trigger Υס ([2018-08-20-1])
2.3 #3403. presupposition 3Ĥ ([2018-08-21-1])
6. heldio #452. Ĵθεå
դΰ̣ȤϲؼԤůؼԤǺޤ³ƤǤ֤ϼʹܤ˸ꤹʪǡʬϤ䤹ΤǤ̣ƬΤʤ˼ޤäƤʪǡưפʬϤǤޤϰ̣礦ƻȤС̣ǤȤǤ̣θʡ̣ (semantics)ˤϸػˤΤʤǤǤΩƤޤcf. #1686. Ụ̄άˡ ([2013-12-08-1])ˡ
̣õϵ®˿ޤäƤƤޤcf. #4697. 褯ؤäƤ̣桪 ([2022-03-07-1])ˡ̣ˤ͡ʥץޤ礭Ụ̄ǧΰ̣ޤ Day 4 ǤϡξԤγפؤӤޤ
1. ̣Ȥϲ
1.1 #1782. ̣ΰ̣ ([2014-03-14-1])
1.2 #2795. ְ̣ؼоݡ ([2016-12-21-1])
1.3 #2794. ְ̣ ([2016-12-20-1])
1.4 #1990. ͡ʼΰ̣ ([2014-10-08-1])
1.5 #2278. ̣ۣ ([2015-07-23-1])
2. Ụ̄
2.1 #1968. ΰ̣ʬʬϡ ([2014-09-16-1])
2.2 #1800. ͡ȿи ([2014-04-01-1])
2.3 #1962. ǰء ([2014-09-10-1])
2.4 #4667. Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ȤϲʤΤ --- ð̣ˤʬϡ ([2022-02-05-1])
2.5 #4863. ưΰ̣ʬϤ3Ĥδ ([2022-08-20-1])
3. ǧΰ̣
3.1 #1961. ܥ٥ơ ([2014-09-09-1])
3.2 #1964. ץȥס ([2014-09-12-1])
3.3 #1957. Ụ̄ǧΰ̣ˤ복ǰ ([2014-09-05-1])
3.4 #2406. metonymy ([2015-11-28-1])
3.5 #2496. metaphor metonymy ([2016-02-26-1])
3.6 #2548. ǰե ([2016-04-18-1])
4. heldio #451. ̣ȤäƤ͡ʰ̣εå
ư (reciprocal verb) ȸƤФ췲ư줬롥̣Ū2ब֤ߤʤˡˡפΰ̣Ǵؤ礤तư졤뤤ưˡΤȤǤ롥ŵ marry Τ褦ưǡMary married John last month. ξͤδطεҤܤ John married Mary last month. Ȥ⤤뤷John and Mary married last month. Ȥ⤤롥
ɽŪưȤƤϡۤ consult, cross, embrace, fight, greet, kiss, love, marry, meet, quarrel (with), see, touch ʤɤ롥love ˤĤƤ John and Mary loved each other. ʤɤɽ⤢ꡤ#4147. ̾ ([2020-09-03-1]) Ȥؤġ
ơ嵭 marry ѤưʸˤơMary John δ֤˵ä¤ܤС3ΤɤθƱ̣פɽ魯ȤȤ館롥Mary married John last month. John married Mary last month. Ȥ2Ĥʸ٤ơƱ̣פȤΤľѤȿ褦ˤⴶ롥㤦
Ǥϡ㤦ΤȹͤȡۤʤΤȤȤ˵Ť⸫ (104) ˤС
ä꤬νɤΤ褦Ω줫̤Ƥ뤫ǰۤʤȹͤ롥ȥᥢ뺧硤äϤνΩ줫Ǥ⡤ᥢΩ줫Ǥ⡤뤤ξԤΩΩ줫Ǥ̤뤳ȤǤ롥Τ褦Ωä (viewpoint)뤤 (empathy) Ȥġġά͡ġġä꤬ͧãǡᥢΤȤϤۤΤʤäꡤʹȥäƤȤʤɤϡäϥλȤꡤġġά͡ġĵդˡä꤬ᥢͧãǡΤȤϤۤΤʤäꡤʹȥᥢäƤȤʤɤϡᥢλȤꡤġġά͡ġĤơä꤬ΩλȤСJohn and Mary ʤ뤤 Mary and John They married last month. Τ褦˸Ǥ
ưѤ3 marry ʸϡ̤ȤƱȤäƤ褤ۤʤäƤ뤿ˡƱ̣פǤϤʤȴΤǤ롥ְ̣פȤ̿ꤽΤΤ˿ԤΤǤϤʤ̿ɤΤ褦ˤȤ館ΤȤޤ߹ΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ
⸫ 졡4ϡǽŪʸסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ε#4862. ưΡפ3Ĥΰ̣ ([2022-08-19-1]) ˰³ư (verb) ΰ̣ˤĤơ (135) ˤСưΰ̣ʬϤݤ3Ĥνפʴ롥
1. ̣ (semantic_role)
2. óǰ¤ (lexical conceptual structure)
3. ڥ (aspect)
1Ĥΰ̣Ȥϡưΰ̣Ωǡʡ (argument)ˤ줾˳꿶줿̣εǽǤ롥ư (Agent)о (Theme) (Location) (Source) (Goal) ʤɤĤꤵƤ롥㤨 Marvin traveled from Boston to San Francisco. Ȥʸˤơư traveled 濴ȤƼϤۤΰ̣ߤƤߤȡMarvin ư礫ġʰưΡоݡfrom Boston to San Francisco Ȥʤ롥Τ褦˰̣δबФ¤칽¤Ȥ϶̤ơ¤ (argument structure) ȸƤ֡ʾp. 137ˡ
2Ĥθóǰ¤ȤϡỤ̄ʬʬ (componential analysis) ˡǤ롥㤨 ride, swim, run Ȥưˤϡ [GO+MANNER PATH] Ȥ̣ʬͭƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ζ̹ΤȤǡMANNER ξܺ٤ȤƤ줾־ʪ˾äơסֱˤǡסäơפȤȼղỤ̄ޤΤȹͤʾp. 139ˡ
3ĤΥڥȤϺ夲̤Ǥ롥
ư˸̤ΰ̣뤳ȤϳΤð̣Ω줫ϡʤ٤¿ưΰ̣Ū˵Ҥ뤿ˡʤ٤ΥѥꤹΤ˾ޤ嵭3Ĥδϡλߤ1ĤǤ롥
ס5ϡð̣סоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
ư (verb) ˴ؤ (category) Ȥơ (tense) Ȥ̤ (aspect) 롥#4655. ưΡפäƲǤ ([2022-01-24-1]) Dz⤷̤⤦1ľ (141--42) ˤҲ𤷤
ڥȤȤϡưɽּ֤˱äƤɤΤ褦Ÿ뤫ۤʤ鸫븫Ǥ롥뤿ˡ㤨ХӥǥΥΤ褦ʤΤƤߤȤ褤ŻߤΤϥˤƤ⥳ޤȤξѲϤʤưΤѲΡ㤨ХåפƳ륷ʤɤϡޤȤ˰ä̤ǤϤǤ롥Ʊͤˡưɽּ֤˱äŸʬɤΤ褦Ÿ뤫ȤʬषΤڥȤȤ롥
ʬ͡ˤʤ뤬Ūˤϰʲ3Ĥΰ̣ȤȤ߹碌ˤΤΤƤ롥ޤ3Ĥΰ̣ʾp. 142ˡ
a. [dynamic]ưŪ (dynamic) / Ū (static)
b. [punctual]ִŪ (punctual) / ³Ū (durative)
c. [telic]Ū (telic) / Ū (atelic)
ˡ3Ĥΰ̣Ȥ߹碌ư4ʬषƤߤ롥 (142) ɽʸäΤ
dynamic punctual telic ex. a. (State) - - - Marvin resembled his mother. b. ư (Activity) + - - Marvin walked. c. 達 (Accomplishment) + - + Marvin built a house. d. ã (Achievement) + + + Marvin arrived.
ס5ϡð̣סоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
ʣΤưŪǤޤޤ̾̾졤뤤̾ȷƻǤʤΤ1ʣ̾ȸƤ֡ (56--57) ꡤѸܸ줫Ƥߤ褦Ȥ櫓2Ǵ֤ΰ̣طܤ줿
a. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾˻Ƥ
catfish ʥʥޥˡeggplant ʥʥˡ껱ۤ
b. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾Ӥɽ
ashtray ʳˡbirdcage Ļˡ֥饷
c. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾ΰǤ
doorknob ʥɥμüˡpianokey ʥԥΤθסˡƬ𤸤
d. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾Ф
honeybee ʥߥĥХˡsilkworm ʥˡȥ
e. ǽñ줬ƻ2ܤ̾Ǥ
darkroom ʰżˡblackboard ʹġˡĿ桤ֿ
1Ǥ2ǤȤȡΤ褦ˤޤȤ
a. Τ褦ʢ
b. Τ
c.
d. 뢤
e. ʢ
ŵŪ2Ǵ֤ΰ̣ط㼨ΤˤʤʣˤϤ¾͡ʰ̣ط롥㤨С#4856. Ĺʣ --- farm produce delivery truck repair shop ([2022-08-13-1]) student film society committee scandal ְͿȹפʤɤϤɤǴ֤ΰ̣طϤ줤Ǥʤ餤¿ͤǤ롥
2ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
tautology ȿȡȥˤϡޤäƽ (rhetoric) ѸȤȯŸƤꥷ tautó (the same) + lógos (word) ˵ƥФơ16ȾФ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ʲؿѸؼŵ٤ tautology ιܤ˽äƳͿ롥
ؤǤϾˡ (pleonasm) ŸƱѤ (cf. #2191. ȥåΤޤȤ ([2015-04-27-1]))㤨 a philatelist who collects stamps, These words come out successively one after another., Will you repeat that again? तɽ#3907. ѸνŸ ([2020-01-07-1]) 㤬Ƥ뤬ۤŪǴŪʸˡȤȤǤ⤢롥
tautology ιʸŵ "A is A." ȤǤ롥̣ˤС쳵ǰΤʤˤǤ˽Ҹ쳵ǰޤޤƤޤäƤ뤿ˡդʤȤˤʤꡤθ¤ˤʸϡ̵̣פȤʤ롥̤γ٤餤Сιʸϰ̣Ū˾˿Ȥʤ롥"A is A." Τۤ Philatelists collect stamps., The man who won won., Lynda loves the boy she loves. Τ褦ʹʸ⤢롥ʬʸ (analytic sentence) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ롥
tautology ϰ̣Ūˤо嵭̵̤̣פŪˤɬ̵̣ǤϤʤष˭ʴްդ߽ФȤ롥Philatelists collect stamps. ξ硤philatelist ڼȡˤŪñǤꡤñΰ̣뤿ˡʸȯƤǽ롥ޤThe man who won won. ˤĤƤϡϤ餫տޤȯƤΤ⤷ʤ
Ǥϡtautology Grice ζĴθ (cooperative_principle) ΤȤ뤳Ȥ¿tautology ȯüԤĴθưȿ褦ȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤȽǤΤǤСʹϤ tautology ˱줿̣տޤФȤƲ餫δްդ߽ФΤǤ롥
tautology ϰ̣Ūˤ̵̣ǤäƤŪˤϤФ̣ͭȤʤ롥ԻĤtautology ǧθؤܤʤ
Ϣơ#1122. Ĵθ ([2012-05-23-1])#1133. Ĵθι ([2012-06-03-1])#1134. ĴθˤȤ ([2012-06-04-1]) ȡ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
2פɽ魯ƥͳ褹Ƭ bi- դɸñϡξŪǤ䤳bi- week ˷Ȳ᤹ʤС2֡ʤ1١ˡפweekly ˷ȤʤС֡1֤ˡ2١פȤʤ롥Ʊξ bimonthly, biyearly, biannual ʤɤˤƤϤޤ롥
Τ䤳ñˤĤƤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פΥꥹʡ˻ŦƤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ Voicy ۿ#429. ꥹѸ fortnight 2֡פθǤƤΤǡҤ⤪ʹ
biweekly, bimonthly ʤɤθξˤĤƤϡˡǤɬŦƤꡤɤ鰭̾⤤Τ褦3ۤɰѤƤߤ褦
bi-. This prefix, which was first used in contexts of time (biweekly, bimonthly, biyearly, etc.) in the 19C., is a cause of endless confusion. Each compound can mean 'occurring or continuing for two ---', 'appearing every two ---', or 'occurring twice a ---'. Because ambiguity is usually present, and cannot be resolved by the devising of rules, it is always better to use unambiguous equivalents, e.g. twice a week, twice-weekly; every two weeks, fortnightly; twice-yearly; every two years; etc. (Fowler's Modern English Usage)
bimonthly means either 'twice a month' or 'every two months'. Similarly, biweekly is either 'twice a week' or 'every fortnight'. It is therefore probably safer to spell it out as 'twice a month', 'fortnightly', etc. Semi-monthly and semi-weekly can only mean 'twice a month/week'. (Usage and Abusage)
bimonthly, semimonthly, biannual, biennial ¿ɾȤʸˡȤ bimonthly 21Ρפΰ̣ǡsemimonthly ַ2Ρפΰ̣Ѥ٤ȼĥƤ롥㤨СMorris & Morris (1985) ϡĴ166̾ΤդǤ92%äդ91%2ĤθƱ褦˻ȤȤȿФƤȤƤ롥ºݤˤ semimonthly ȤϤޤȤ줺bimonthly ɤΰ̣ˤȤ뷹semiweekly, biweekly ˤĤƤƱ: A bimonthly magazine is issued six times a year.---SFID ʳַ֤λǯ6ȯԤ/The bimonthly meetings are on the first and third Wednesdays of each month.---Ibid. ʷ2βϡƷ13ο˹Ԥʤˡʤߤ Peters (2004) Ǥϡsemimonthly Ѥ٤Ȥ롥
ʤbiannual ϡǯ2Ρפΰ̣ǡ2ǯ1Ρפΰ̣Ǥ biennial Ѥ뤬 [Wood-Flavell-Flavell (1990)]̣Ʊ뤳Ȥꡤbiannnual biennial ΰդѤ뤳Ȥ [Peters (2004)]κ뤿ˡWDEU Ǥ biannual semiannual Ѥ뤳ȤƤ롥ظѸˡŵ
ˡȤƤ뤦ˡ⤺äȺ𤷤Ƥ¤Ǥñʤ
ϢơƬ bi- ˤĤƤϡ#538. monokini trikini ([2010-10-17-1]) ⻲ȡ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
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