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semantics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2020-11-30 Mon

#4235. quite a few ϡ¤餲Ǹǵž [euphemism][intensifier][semantics][implicature]

#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1]) ơˤĤƤ⤦ͤƤߤƼθˡŵƤߤȡquite ȤϤȤˤȤ񤷤Ȥʬ롥ƻΰ̣Ūʤɤ˱ơ֤ޤäˡפȤդɽ魯ȻפС֤ޤޤȡפȤष٤¤餲褦Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Τ褦¿ĸŪʶḤ̂ŪʬϤǤԿʤȤ¿䤽¾διͻɬפȤʤäƤ롥
(893) ϡquite a/an ιܤκǸǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ʤ quite a few/bit quite a lot ȤۤƱդնŪƹɽǤ롥Quite a few people turned up.---CEED ¿ο͡줿ˡ


ǤϡնŪפȤѸ줬ȤƤ롥Τ quite ˤϡ嵭̤ɽ¤餲Ȥǽǧ롥ŪˤСquite ̤Τ褦٤ĸȶȡŪˤ "downtoner" 䡤Ĥޤ٤򾯤ȤƸ̤ˤä٤졤Ʊ˶ȤƤΥĤ¤餲롥ޤնɽ (euphemism) ȤäƤ褤
Ȥquite a few ξ硤ͽ۳ȯŸ뤲褦Ȥȿ̤٤㤤Ȥ̣ a few 򤵤˾ʤ褦 quite դ¤餲ɽȤ򡤤ˡ׸̤ˤäƤޤޤȿž褦ʤΤǤ롥ϡŪʸ̮ˤ particularized conversational implicature ȤƤޤ߽ФŪʰ̣ˤʤäȻפ뤬줬֤Ѳ˵ڤǡgeneralized conversational implicature ؤȾʤΤǤϤʤ
⤷ζڽ񤭤ʤС̣ˤ֤äפλȤʤ롥

ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ

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2020-11-10 Tue

#4215. ʣ (2) [plural][intensive_plural][semantics][number][category][noun][terminology][countability][poetry][latin][rhetoric]

ε ([2020-11-09-1]) ˰³ʣ (intensive_plural) ˤĤơѸ Quirk et al. ʤɤˤϼ夲Ƥ餺ɤܤγعʸˡdz̤˸ڤΤΤ褦ǡƤŵ Kruisinga դΤ褦򻲾ȤƤڡ°ԡˤμŵꡤƱѤ (739--40) εμݤ򷫤֤Ȥˤʤ뤬餺

intensive plural ʶʣʷˡˡ̣Ĵ뤿ѤʣΤȡ̸ (mass word) ˸ʣǡʣθʪȤ̣ϴޤޤʸ¿롥ʪɽ̾ξ٤ζȤɽʪɽ̾ξϹꡦѡϢ³ʤɤɽ: the sands of Sahara---[Kruisinga, Handbook] / the waters of the Nile---[Ibid.] / The moon was already in the heavens.---[Zandvoort, 19757] ʷϤǤ˶ǵƤ / I have my doubts.---[Ibid.] ʻϵǰƤ / I have fears that I may cease to be Before my pen has glean'd my teeming brain---J. Keats ʻΥڥ󤬤դФλפ򽦤Ƥޤ˻ǤޤΤǤϤʤȶƤ / pure and clear As are the frosty skies---A Tennyson ƤĤΤ褦ʡ / Mrs. Payson's face broke into smiles of pleasure.---M. Schorer ʥڥ׿ͤϵޤ˴̤Ȥʤä / To think is to be full of sorrow And leaden-eyed despairs---J. Keats ʹͤ뤳Ȥᤷߤȳ赤Τʤܤ򤷤˾뤳ȡ / His hopes to see his own And pace the sacred old familiar fields, Not yet had perished---A. Tennyson ʲ²˲񤤡ʤĤζοϤƧ⤦Ȥ˾ߤϤޤääƤʤä / All the air is blind With rosy foam and pelting blossom and mists of driving vermeil-rain.---G. M. Hopkins ʰ̤絤Ф鿧ˢȷ㤷֤ȼĤĤ뿧αΤǴ⤯ۤɤˤʤ / The cry that streams out into the indifferent spaces, And never stops or slackens---W. H. Auden øʶ֤ήФƤäơ䤨⤷ʤߤ⤷ʤ㤭ˡ


ƱͤˡжԡˤμŵꡤLatinism ιफϢʬ (477) Ѥ롥

(3) ̾ʣѤɽˡ
붯ʣ (Intensive Plural) ΰǤ뤬Ȥ˥ƥɽˡ路16ȾκȤʸϤ¿졤αƶǸǤʸŪʤŪˡȤưݻƤ롥ȤСĤ˸褦 hopes, fears ϡVirgil (70--19 B.C.) Ovid (43 B.C.--A.D. 17?) ˸ƥ amōrēs [L amor love ʣ], metūs [L metus fear ʣ] ˤʤäΤȤߤʤ롥Like a young Squire, in loues and lusty-hed His wanton dayes that ever loosely led, . . . ȵ⤭ȤĤƢʤ㤤ԤΤ褦ʡġ---E. Spenser, Faerie Qveene I. ii. 3 / I will go further then I meant, to plucke all feares out of you. ͽʾΤȤ򤷤ơʤοۤ򤭤줤ˤ̤äƾ夲褦---Sh, Meas. for M. IV. ii. 206--7 / My hopes do shape him for the Governor. ʤɤ餽οͤϤ羭ȸ---Id, Oth. II. i. 55.


ۤۤƥΥȥåȤϡ줬ͥ󥹡󥰥ɤήԤ;ḽѸȤή졥ޤݤ߹᤿롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-18-1] [2021-11-09-1]

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2020-11-09 Mon

#4214. ʣ (1) [plural][intensive_plural][semantics][number][category][noun][terminology][countability]

Ѹʤ䤽¾θˤˤ̾ʣ (plural) Ȥϲ˰Ū˸ˤ (number) Ȥʸˡƥ꡼ (category) ȤϲȤΤθˤ饤ե1ĤǤ롥δ顤Ի׵ĤǤ⤷ʤȻפäƤΤɸʣ (intensive_plural) ȤݤʲŰʸˡ٤ꡥ
ޤ̾ -s ʣȤʤϤݳǰɽ魯̾ʡǥեȤԲĻ̾ˤդȼäƶʣȤ롥ξ硤̣Ūˤϡ١פζɽ魯ȤäƤ褤

It is a thousand pities that you don't know it.
She was rooted to the spot with terrors.

Τ褦ϡԲĻ̾줬׻Ū˲Ļ̾첽ʣƶդ򼨤Ȥ֤ٴΤȹͤ롥ĻԲĻζ̤ñʣζ̤⤿ʤܸθѤǤʤνŪʡֵפǤ롥֤ɽ魯̾Ȥ despairs, doubts, ecstasies, fears, hopes, rages ʤɤ롥
嵭Ȥϰۤʤꡤ¿쾯ʤŪʥΤؼ̾ǤϤ뤬̾ԲĻ̾ȤưΤϢ³סֹסֽѡפȤˤ붯դ򼨤 -s Ȥ롥

We had gray skies throughout our vacation.
They walked on across the burning sands of the desert.
Where are the snows of last year?

ۤˤ⡤ݸݤ˴ϢΤ¿clouds, fogs, heavens, mists, rains, waters ʤɤ㤬ߤ롥
ֶʣ (intensive plural) Ȥä֤ä̾ΤĤƤ뤬thanks ʤ꤬Ȥˡacknowledgements ʼռˡmillions of people ʲɴο͡ˤʤɡȶʱѸɽˤ⤤Ǥ⤢ꤽѸˤ̾βĻԲĻζ̤ȤΤ⡤ŪʤΤǤϤʤȹͤǤ롥

ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ

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2020-10-09 Fri

#4183. ֵΥ˥եŶ [semantics][semantic_change][bleaching][grammaticalisation][sign]

ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) εǤϡζ٤ޤ̣ɺ (bleaching) ˤʤ롥켫Τ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ΰǤ⤢뤬Τ褦˰̣ޤäɺ򲽤ĤơηФƿʰ̣䵡ǽǤȤĤޤŪʰ̣Ѳ³Ȥ⤷Meillet ̣Ѳ̾ʸ "Comment les mots changent de sens" (p. 7) ǡ˿Ƥ롥

En ce qui concerne spécialement le changement de sens, une circinstance importante est que le mot, soit prononcé, soit entendu, n'éveille presque jamais l'image de l'objet ou de l'acte dont il est le signe; comme l'a si justement dit M. Paulhan cité par M. Leroy, Le langage, p. 97: « comprendre un mot, une phrase, ce n'est pas avoir l'image des objets réels que représente ce mot ou cette phrase, mais bien sentir en soi un faible réveil des tendances de toute nature qu'éveillerait la perception des objets représentés par le mot ». Une image aussi peu évoquée, et aussi peu précisément, est par là même sujette à se modifier sans grande résistance.


뵭 (sign) ˤĤơ˥եޤȡˤʤäζ뤫Τ褦ˡưפ̤ΰ̣䵡ǽǤΤȤ˥եΩ줫ߤȡ˳μ¤ǶǤʡ᥷˥եˤߤȤȤˤʤ
ȴϢ۵Τϡ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1]) κǸ˿줿ȤǤ롥ؼоݤϤäƤ뤬襷˥ե⤿ʤͭ̾ˤ顤Υ˥ե褦ȤѤǧȤȤϡֵΥ˥եŶפȤǤƤӤʤ붽̣ݤǤ롥

Meillet, Antoine. "Comment les mots changent de sens." Année sociologique 9 (1906). 1921 ed. Rpt. Dodo P, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-10-13-1]

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2020-09-11 Fri

#4155. ͥɥȡˤȥȥ˥ߡʴȡ [synecdoche][metonymy][rhetoric][semantics][semantic_change][cognitive_linguistics][terminology]

ɸ2ĤΡָդΤפ뤤ϰ̣βϡ褵ޤޤ졤ƤФкƱƤ
ؿԡǧθإɻŵ٤ˤȡȡפ륷ͥɥ (synecdoche) ϡ޴طȼδطˤ˴Ťžʰ̣Υˤǡ̳ǰDz̳ǰؤꡤ̳ǰǾ̳ǰؤΤ (238) Ȥ롥ŵȤơʲΤ褦ʤΤ롥

ָ˹Ԥä
򤤤ߤäƤ
Ƭ򤤤ΩäƤ
John would have a drink with his wife.

դϲǤ
ŹǤ⤦
One has to earn one's bread.

ͥɥȤϲʬä褦ʵΤΡȡִȡפȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) Ȥζ̤Ǥ롥ºݡξԤϤФкƱƤƱŵ (239) ꡤζ̤ˤĤƲ⤷ƤսѤ褦

ȤϡΤʬδطӤȡȼδطӤ˴ؤơ˾塤Фк𤬸졤롼צ (Le groupe 1970) ʤɤϡΤʬδط (a part of whole)Ӥȡȼδط (a kind of class)Ӥ̤ˤ⤫餺ξԤȤȤư礷ƤޤäԸؤȽդޤơƣ (1978[1992]) ϡϢθǡΤʬδطӤȤڤΥƴȤȤȼδطӤ˴ŤȤȤȰͤ򼨤ºݡȤϡ A ʬ a δطˤơʬ a A ΰǤäơa A ˤϤʤʤ㤨СֲդΤȤ˴򸫤˹ԤפȸȤʬȤƤΡִפΤȤƤΡֿʹ֡פؤִפϡ켫ΤǤϡֿʹ֡פǤϤʤФȤϡ̳ǰ B Ȳ̳ǰ b δطˤơb ϡǤ1Ĥ B ˤ롥㤨СֵŹǤפˤơ֤פְʪפؤȤ֤פ⡤켫ΡְʪפǤäơǡΤʬδطȡȼδطϡܼŪ˰ۤʤ롥鸫Ƥ⡤ΤʬδطӤ˴ŤȤȤȤȼδطӤ˴ŤȤȤȤξԤ̤뤳ȤϡʤΤȸäƤ褤


ˡͤ򻲾Ȥ#2191. ȥåΤޤȤ ([2015-04-27-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ͥɥȥȥ˥ߡȻ󤲤褦

̾̾
ͥɥ (synecdoche)ŷפǡ֤ŷפ̣礬褦ˡȼδ֤δطˤȤŤựϰϤ򿭽̤ɽˡǮ롥ƤĻָ˹Ԥ
ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy)֤פ֤פؤ褦ˡǤΤΤȤΤܴطˤȤŤƻؼ򲣤٤ꤵɽˡ餬Ѥ롥ձΤ椯̬Ȼ


ʾꡤͥɥȼδطȥ˥ߡΤʬδطޤ๭ܴطɽ魯򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥
ؿѸؼŵ (1221) synecdoche ιܤߤƤߤȡͻҤۤʤ롥

synecdoche ʢ Gk sunekdokhḗ receiving together) ̽͡ȡˡ (METONYMY) ΰʬޤüʤΤ򼨤ˤäΤޤϰŪʤΤɽ魯ȡʬΤɽ魯Ȥä part for whole, L pars prō tōtō ȤȤ롥blade (= sword), hand (= workman), rhyme (= poetry), roof (= house), sail (= ship), seven summers (= seven years)


Ǥϥͥɥϥȥ˥ߡΰȤȤˤʤäƤꡤԤΤʬδطɽ魯ȤؿѸؼŵ (1221) ΰѤ򤵤³褦

ߤϼ˾嵭ΰ̣ѤƤ뤬ϤäȹǰͭƤѸǡM. Joseph (1947a) ϥꥶ٥īγǰȤƾҤΤΰʳ˼Τ褦ʤΤ򤢤Ƥ롥(a) Τʬؤ (whole for part, L tōtum prō parte): creature (= man). (b) 郎°ɽ魯 (species for genus): our daily bread (= food); gold (= wealth). (c) Τʬʬɽʬɽ (L merismus, partītiō): They first undermined the ground-sills, they beat down the walls, they unfloored the lofts---Puttenham (= A house was outrageously plucked down). (d) ʤɽ魯: the marble (= the statue of marble). (e) ̾ǸĿͤؤ (antonomasia): the Bard (= Shakespeare). (f) ¾ʪʪʪǶʪɽ魯ɽȤȤߤʤȤǤ褦ά͡


ࡤޤǥͥɥ礷Ʋ᤹ȡȥ˥ߡΤΤˤʤäƤޤǤϤʤ
Ǹ McArthur (1014) synecdoche ߤƤ

In rhetoric, a figure of speech concerned with parts and wholes: (1) Where the part represents the whole: 'a hundred head of cattle' (each animal identified by head alone); 'All hands on deck' (the members of a ship's crew represented by their hands alone). (2) Where the whole represents the part: 'England lost to Australia in the last Test Match' (the countries standing for the teams representing them and taking a plural verb).


ؿѸؼŵ٤Ʊ͡ΤʬδطܤȤͿƤ롥¤Ͽ

סԡˡؿԡǧθإɻŵ١ҡ2013ǯ
ƣ ס 졤 硡إȥåŵ١罤ۡ2006ǯ
졡ܸΥȥå١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2002ǯ
⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Joseph, Sister Miriam, C. S. C. Shakespeare's Use of the Arts of Language. New York: Columbia UP, 1947.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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2020-08-15 Sat

#4128. ʤѸǤϡַפפ brother ƱˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][japanese][semantics][lexeme][sobokunagimon][sapir-whorf_hypothesis][fetishism][lexical_gap]

hellog 饸16ϡ¿αѸؽԤֽؼԤκ餺äȵˤʤäƤפȤĤ֤䤯ѤʵǤܸǤϡַפȡפζ̤Ϥܾۤ˽פǤѸǤξԤ brother 1ˤޤȤᤢΤ̤ǤΤ˱Ѹˤ elder brother younger brother ʤɤɽϤޤǯξ岼ȤʤüʾѤüɽȤ٤ǡϤǥեȤɽ brother Ǥ礦ʤѸ֤ˤϡñΰ̣μϰϤˤĤơΤ褦ʿ㤤ߤΤǤ礦Ǥϡβɤ



üŪˤСƸʤѡˤˤȼΡָפȤȤǤܸʸˤǯξ岼طŻ뤹ȯۤäƤ־岼طפȤʤäƤޤѸʸˤǤϡ־岼طפϸǤϤޤܸˤߤ岼طȤϡŪʼʸ餦Ȥ礭ȻפޤƸμˤϡФʸŪطʤؤäƤޤ
֤ñΰ̣μϰϤۤʤäƤΤ٤ƤʸŪطʤ뤳ȤϤǤޤʸŪطʤˤ°פϡʸͥˤȯŸ䤹դɬפȻפäƤޤѸ줫ñ夲ơΰ̣ΰ㤤ܸʸȱѸʸоȤ°פ뤳ȤˤϿŤǤ٤ȹͤޤְñʸפˤդǤ
Ѥʵϡ (linguistic_relativism) 䥵ԥᥦդβ
(sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ʤɤθ礭䤤˷ҤäƤޤϢơ##3779,1868,1894,2711,1337εåɤߤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-09-1]

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2020-08-04 Tue

#4117. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡŪˤϡֹ԰ټԡ [preposition][syntax][infinitive][construction][adjective][semantics][passive]

ε#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ ([2020-08-03-1]) ³ԡŪˤϤäꤷʤ of ˡŪˤߤȤ褽褹롥ϡιʸ of ˡˤĤŪˤҤȤƹԤ
OED of, prep. ˤȡˡ of ϡ"V. Indicating the agent or doer." ȤʬβǸ16˵󤲤Ƥ롥

16. Indicating the doer of something characterized by an adjective: following an adjective alone, as foolish, good, rude, stupid, unkind, wise, wrong (or any other adjective with which conduct can be described); following an adjective qualifying a noun, as a cruel act, a cunning trick, a kind deed, an odd thing; following a past participle qualified by an adverb, as cleverly managed, ill conceived, well done.
   Usually followed by to do (something), as in it was kind of you (i.e. a kind act or thing done by you) to help him etc., and less frequently by that, both constructions introducing the logical subject or object of the statement, e.g. It was kind of him to tell me = His telling me was a thing kindly done by him.


ֹ԰ټԡפ of ȤƤ⡤ˤ狼ˤǼ⤷ʤɸʸǤСΤ you come ΰ̣μǤꡤäƹ԰ټԤȤ⤤롥Ǥ for Ѥ It is important for him to get the job. ब뤳ȤϽפʤȤˤˤƤ⡤him get ΰ̣μǤ԰ټԤǤ⤢뤫顤of for ˡΰ㤤Фʤ2Ĥֻ줬ƱˡĤȼΤϤˤ衤ʤʤΤߤ
OED ΰѤ˵ҤƤŪطʤǫɤ߲򤱤Сʤֹ԰ټԤ ofפʤΤʬäƤ롥ˡ of κǽϡɤƻľ³Ȥ⡤ƻޤ̾ľ³褦ʤΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤIt's a very kind thing of you to come. Τ褦ʹʸäȹͤ롥θιʸФϰճ٤Ѹ̤ˤʤʲOED ǽο󤲤Ƥ

1532 W. Tyndale Expos. & Notes 73 Is it not a blind thing of the world that either they will do no good works,..or will..have the glory themselves?
a1593 C. Marlowe Jew of Malta (1633) iv. v 'Tis a strange thing of that Iew, he lives upon pickled grasshoppers.
1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. ii. 101 It was a brute parte of him, To kill so capitall a calfe.
1668 H. More Divine Dialogues ii. 383 That's a very odd thing of the men of Arcladam.
1733 J. Tull Horse-hoing Husbandry 266 Is it not very unfair of Equivocus to represent [etc.]?
1766 H. Brooke Fool of Quality I. iv. 145 Indeed, it was very naughty of him.


ǽ4ϡַƻޤ̾ + ofפȤʤäƤ롥of "(done) by" ۤɤΡֹ԰ټԤ ofפȤɤؤ򤷤䤹ǻפФΤϡȤưɽ魯ֻϡǤ by ŪѸ줫ѸˤƤϡष of Ƥ¤ϸʾ of = "done by"ʤֹ԰ټԤ ofפδФǻäΤǤcf. #1350. ư֤ưѤ of ([2013-01-06-1])#1333. ѸǼư֤ưѤ줿ֻ ([2012-12-20-1])#2269. ư֤ưѤ줿 by of ζ ([2015-07-14-1]
˵󤲤Ǹ2ˤĤƤϡǤŪάơַƻ + ofפιʸؤȰܹԤƤꡤΡֹ԰ټԤ ofפδФƤƤ褦˸롥ɸιʸϡιʸΤ褦˾άʤ⡤ޤǷѾƤΤˤۤʤʤΤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2025-10-24-1] [2022-01-09-1]

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2020-08-03 Mon

#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ [preposition][syntax][infinitive][construction][adjective][semantics][apposition]

ɸΤ褦ˡĤηƻϡof + ͡פȤֻȼ

It's very kind of you to come. ʤ虜虜ƤäƤߤޤ󡥡
It was foolish of you to spend so much. ʤʤˤȤäϼͤ
It was wrong of him to tell lies. ʱĤơ褯ʤä͡
It is wise of you to stay away from him. ʷȤĤʤΤϸ
It was silly of me to forget my passport. ʥѥݡȤ˺ȤϤĤä

ŵŪ It is ADJ of PERSON to do . . . . Ȥʸʤ櫓PERSON is ADJ to do . . . . ȤʸȤ뤳ȤǤǶ̣Ȥɸ You're very kind to come. Ȥ뤳ȤǤ롥ǡŪʡfor + ͡פȼ It is important for him to get the job. ब뤳ȤϽפʤȤˤιʸȤϰۤʤäƤ롥Ԥ *He is important to get the job. Ȥϥѥե졼Ǥʤ
ɸιʸƤƻ --- ʤ important פǤϤʤ kind פηƻ --- 󤲤Ƥߤȡcareful, careless, crazy, greedy, kind, mad, nice, silly, unwise, wise, wrong (Quirk et al. 16.76, 16.82ˡ̣ŪˤϿͤιưɾƻǤ롥̤γ٤ߤȡɸʸǤ kind ʿڤʡˤʤΤϡƤ줿ȡפǤ⤢ꡤƱˡ֤ʤפǤ⤢ȤطΩġ
Ҥ important ʽפʡˤѤʸǤϡפʤΤϡֿ뤳ȡפǤꡤפ׿ʪǤ櫓ǤϤʤ顤Ϥξפΰ̣Ūۤʤ뤳ȤʬĤޤꡤimportant פ for ѤʸȤϰۤʤꡤkind פ of ѤʸǤϡkind of you ʬ you are kind Ȥ̣طޤƤΤǤ롥
Ȥȡֻ of ˡϲȸƤ֤٤Ʊ (apposition) ˡȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ɤǼޤ꤬cf. #2461. an angel of a girl (1) ([2016-01-22-1])#2462. an angel of a girl (2) ([2016-01-23-1])ˡֿʪưɾ ofפʤɤȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤˤ衤ŪõäƤߤɬפ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2020-07-20 Mon

#4102. ȿդȶ [semantics][antonymy][markedness]

ȿ (antonym) ϡΰ̣ (semantics) ˤ1ĤνפʥȥԥåǤ롥ȿոȤäƤ͡ʥפꡤ#1800. ͡ȿи ([2014-04-01-1]) ǤߤȤǤ롥ޤѸκǤŵŪȿոڥ1Ǥ old young ȤäƤߤƤ⡤How old are you? ̡ʡ̵ɸˤ How young are you? ϤѡʡͭɸˤȤǡХ󥹤μ줿ñȿդǤϤʤǤ뤳Ȥ롥ȿդȤΤϻפä
ŵŪȿդäƤħ1Ĥ polarity ʶˤ롥Ụ̄Ūˤϡ3 polarity ̤롥̡ɾ polarity Allan (130--31)

polarity This is displayed when one term of a binary opposition is described as 'positive' and the other as 'negative'. The most obvious cases are where one term carries a negative affix which the other lacks: possible: impossible, happy: unhappy, obey: disobey, dress: undress, and so on. But other types of opposition are said to have positive and negative terms. The main ones are as follows:

   1. Logical polarity is based on the principle that 'two negatives make a positive'. For instance, It's true that it's true is equivalent to It's true, but It's false that it's false changes polarity and is equivalent to It's true. From this we can conclude that false is the negative term and true is positive.
   2. Quantity polarity applies particularly to antonym pairs, where the positive term indicates 'more of' some property and the negative term 'less of', as with long (positive) and short (negative).
   3. Evaluation polarity is where the positive term expresses approval and the negative term disapproval, as with good: bad, polite: rude.


硦 polarity ȤȤȿաʸˤ˸礦ݤˤϡ3ռȺ𤻤˺Ѥࡥ

Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-04-1]

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2020-04-09 Thu

#4000. want αѸ --- ̣Ѳȸ [semantics][semantic_change][polysemy][gerund]

ε#3999. want αѸ --- 츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2020-04-08-1]) ǡwant ַ礤ƤעɬפǤעߤפȤ̣ѲФƤȤ̣ѲȤäƤ͡ʥפ롥Ṭ̌ A ̣ B ˴˼ä뤳Ȥ⤢С̣ B Ṭ̌ A Ѥ餺Ĥꡤ̤Ȥξΰ̣¤ΩäƤȤ⤢롥Ԥξ硤̻ŪˤߤʣθѤƤɽǤ뤷ŪˤߤФθ¿ (polysemy) ɽǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥want ϤޤˤθԤǤꡤΡߤפȤŪͥˤϰ㤤ʤǤŤַ礤Ƥפθ⡤˸ŤɬפǤפθĤäƤ롥
ʲŤᤫʸ⤢뤬(1)--(3) Ǥϡַ礤Ƥפθ(4)--(6) ǤϡɬפǤפθǧ롥

(1) She wants courage. ˤͦʤ
(2) The time wants ten minutes to four. 410ʬ
(3) The sum wanted two dollars of the desired amount. ʤζۤϴ˾ۤ2ɥ­ʤä
(4) This dirty floor wants a scrub. ʤα줿Ϥ᤯ɬפ롥
(5) This CD player wants repairing. ʤCDץ졼䡼Ͻɬפ롥
(6) Your hair wants to be cut. ʷȱӤϴɬפ롥

(5) Τ褦ư̾줬³ʸϡ̣ŪˤϼȤȤʤ need ˡƱǤcf. #3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1]
̾ want ƱͤǡŤɬספθŪʤĤäƤ롥The homeless are in want of shelter. ʥۡ쥹ϱϪ򤷤ΤƤ롥ˤǤϡwant need ֤ƤѤ롥ޤַ˳­פθ for want of . . . ?­ΤˡˤȤ˻ĤäƤ롥 for lack of . . . ȸ뤳ȤǤ롥Mother Goose Ƹ (nursery rhyme) ˡζ򷫤֤Ȥͭ̾ʤΤ롥

For want of a nail the shoe was lost.ţʤΤŴǤƤʤ
For want of a shoe the horse was lost.ŴǤƤʤΤϤʤ
For want of a horse the rider was lost.ϤʤΤǵΤʤ
For want of a rider the battle was lost.ΤʤΤ襤ʤ
For want of a battle the kingdom was lost.襤ʤΤǹǤӤ
And all for the want of a horseshoe nail.٤ƤŴţʤä


¿γؽϤФ񤷤ʤθ줬¿ʤΤͤƤߤȤ⤷˰̣ѲФƤǡŤξ˿ѤƤǽ⤤Ȥ櫓̣Ѳ˶μŵ򤽤Ф֤ƤǤ롥

硼 T. åץ꡼ ƻ ϻ إåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.

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2020-04-08 Wed

#3999. want αѸ --- 츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ [semantics][semantic_change][etymology][old_norse][metonymy][loan_word]

⤷ȱѲäǺǤѽФɽ I want to . . . ⤷ʤʤȤȥ٥ѲäǤϡǫ I'd like to . . . ¤Ǻǽɽ1ĤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ줵Ȥʤк¤Ѥ­ΤǤϤʤȻפۤɤδɽǤ롥ºݡ#2096. SUBTLEX-US Word Frequency List ([2015-01-22-1]) ˤä٥ꥹȤˤСwant Ϥʤ62̤Ǥ롥Ķ٤ñȤäƤ褤
¤Ϥ want Ȥѽиܤǡʤ¿ΤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥ǤϤ뤬want αѸˡפŸ뤳ȤǽʤΤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ǡ鲿󤫤ˤ錄äơwant αѸˡפΥ꡼Ϥ롥Ȥʤ뺣ϡwant θ츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ (semantic_change) ܤ롥
want ϸ츻ŪˤФ⤽ʱñǤϤʤۤɹ٤ñ줬ѸǤʤȤΤ϶ä¤Ǥ롥ưϸťΥɸ (old_norse) μѸʡ#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡťΥɸư vanta ?礤Ƥˤͳ褹뤬켫Τϥޥĸ *wan-ˤϰĸ * ˤΤܤ롥礱Ρַ礱פ̣ wane 䡤ƥ vānus (empty) ͳ褹 vain ⤳ΰ캬ͭƤ롥ϡַ礱ƤפǤ롥
ťΥɸư vanta ѸǤ wante(n) ȤƼƤ줿λ1200ǯΤȤǤ롥ǤθϤϤַ礤ƤפǤꡤۤƱ̾ȤƼ줿ݤθַ˳פäĤޤꡤϡߤפθϤʤѸˤַ礤Ƥפ̣ˤȤɤޤä
Ѹ⽪˶Ť15ȾˡɬפǤפθ礱ƤʤΤСͤϤɬפȤ뤫ΰ̣Ѳϡե󥹸 il me faut ʸϡֻˤ?礱Ƥפֻˤ?ɬפפΰ̣Ѥˤˤ㤬ߤ롥ѸȡϢư̾ˤɬספθää³ơΤɬפȤʤСͤϤߤΤƻǡߤפθդä뤳Ȥˤʤä礱ƤСɬפȤˤߤ褦ˤʤȤϢϡƼʰ̴طǤ롥ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ˤ̣ѲȤäƤ褤
ȤǡΡߤפȤǤνФ OED ˤ1621ǯΤȤǤ롥want to do ˻äƤϽ㤬1698ǯǤ롥˳ΤνиȤȤǤС18ԤʤФʤʤäȤäƤ褤ߤǤĶĤۤ٤ι⤤ȤʤäƤ뤬ˤϤ餯300ǯۤɤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ȥäλ¤

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2020-01-07 Tue

#3907. ѸνŸ [rhetoric][prescriptivism][semantics]

ϤϤסָθפतνŸʽŤͤȤСˤϡѸǤ "redundancy", "pleonasm", "tautological expression" ʤɤȸڤ롥Usage and Abusage "TAUTOLOGY" ιܤβˡμζ礬ȵ󤲤Ƥ롥ĹꥹȤ⤷Τǰʲ˰Ѥ褦

adequate enough, and etc., appear on the scene, ascend up, at about (e.g. 3 p.m.), attach together, attached hereto, both alike, burn down and burn up, classified into classes, collaborate together, connect together and connect up, consolidate together, continue on and continue yet, co-operate together, couple together, debate about (v.), descend down, discuss about, divide off and divide up, drink up and drink down, early beginnings, eat up, enclosed herewith (or herein), end up, equally as, file away (commercially), final completion, final upshot, finish up (v.t. and v.i.), first begin, flood over, follow after, forbear from, forbid from, free, gratis, and for nothing, fresh beginner, from hence, from thence, from whence, funeral obsequies, gather together, good benefit, have got (for 'have' or 'possess'), hoist up, hurry up, important essentials, in between, indorce on the back, inside of, join together, joint co-operation, just exactly, just merely, just recently, lend out, link together, little birdling, meet together, mention about, merge together, mingle together, mix together, more inferior, more preferable, more superior, mutual co-operation, necessary requisite, new beginner, new creation, new departure and entirely new departure, new innovation, not a one, (it) now remains, open up (v.t.), original source, outside of, over again, over with (done, ended, finished), pair of twins, past history, peculiar freak, penetrate into, plan on (v.), polish up, practical practice, (one's) presence on the scene, proceed on(ward), protrude out, raze to the ground, really realize, recall back, reduce down, refer back, relax back, remember of, render a return, renew again, repay back, repeat again, repeat the same (e.g. story), (to) rest up, retire back, return back, revert back, revive again, rise up, seldom ever, (to) separate apart, settle up, shrink down and shrink up, sink down, steady on!, still continue, still more yet, still remain, study up, sufficient enough, swallow down, taste of (for taste, v.), termed as, than what, this next week, twice over, two halves (except when from different wholes), two twins (of one pair), uncommonly strange, unite together, used to (do something) before, we all and you all, where at, where to, whether or not, widow woman, young infant


ʤۤɤȻפΤ⤢뤬᤯ΩƤۤɤǤʤ䡤츻̩˲ᤷ츻ˡ⤢ (cf. #720. ȥåŪȥݥȤƤθ츻 ([2011-04-17-1])) Ȥ meet together ʤ together ȼ㤬¿ưˤΰ̣ޤƤ뤫ɤưΡ˰̣ǤꡤҸؤΩ줫ϡ̣̻ŪѲƤʤ뤤϶ŪѰۤƤˤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ϤϵϤǤȤΤǧˤ衤ǵҤϵҤȤΩ⤢뤳ȤϲƤ
ξĹɽϡŪˤ̵̤¿ȤȤˤʤ뤬ŪˤϤθ̡ʶĴǰۣ椵βʤɡˤôäƤꡤ켫Τ¸߰յʤȤΤϸ᤮ȤäơǧƤ櫓ǤϤʤҲŪˤϥƥޤȼᡤѤŪˤϿ侩ʤȤäƤΤŪʤȤդϰŪˤɾǤʤ񤷤ʪʤΤ

Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-08-1]

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2019-11-05 Tue

#3844. ӵ4ˡ [comparison][adjective][adverb][semantics]

ε#3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1]) #3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1]) ǡƻ졦 (comparison) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥ʲϡؿѸؼŵ٤ comparison ιफˤʤKruisinga (Handbook, Vol. 4, §§1734--41) ˤӵ4ˡҲ𤷤褦

(i) оӵ (comparative of contrast)
a younger son ˤӵ younger ϡan elder son elder ǰƬˡоŪѤƤ롥How slow you are! Try and be a little quicker. Τ褦ˡƥŪо⤢롥unique, real, right, wrong ʤɤηƻŪоŪʰ̣ͭƤꡤ椨оӵȤ뤳ȤϤʤ

(ii) ͥӵ (comparative of superiority)
2ԤˤĤƱħĤ¾⤤٤ɽ魯Ѥ롥He worked harder than most men. Τ褦ʰŪʸǤ롥оӵ̤ʾȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥

(iii) ӵ (comparative of proportion)
ʿԤ2ĤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ƱΨáɽ롥The more he contemplated the thing the greater became his astonishment. You grow queerer as you grow older. Life seemed the better worth living because she had glimpsed death. ʤɤ㤬롥

(iv) ӵ (comparative of graduation)
á뤳Ȥɽ魯Τ and ѤӵŤͤΡThe road got worse and worse until there was none at all. ʤɡworse and worse Ȥ even worse ʤɤź⤢뤷worse 1ĤñȤѤ⤢롥

ӵ̣ŪʬषƤߤȶ̣ŪȯãĴ٤ƤߤȤ⤷

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-22-1] [2021-06-19-1]

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2019-09-22 Sun

#3800. äϤθ춦ƱΤѤȿǤ [semantics][lexeme][lexicology][sapir-whorf_hypothesis][linguistic_relativism]

äθѤ붦ƱΤδؿȿǤƤȤȤϡԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) Humboldt Ρѡ (Weltanschauung) Ǥ⾧Ƥ̤ǤꡤˤĤƹؿ⤿1ĤǤʡ#1484. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ([2013-05-20-1]) 򻲾)
ؤˤϸ (lexicology) Ȥʬ뤬θʤȤ櫓ŪˤͭյʤΤϡ1ĤˤϾ嵭󤬤뤫Kastovsky (291) դΤȤ˸ɽ路Ƥ롥

It is the basic function of lexemes to serve as labels for segments of extralinguistic reality that for some reason or another a speech community finds noteworthy. Therefore it is no surprise that even closely related languages will differ considerably as to the overall structure of their vocabulary, and the same holds for different historical stages of one and the same language. Looked at from this point of view, the vocabulary of a language is as much a reflection of deep-seated cultural, intellectual and emotional interests, perhaps even of the whole Weltbild of a speech community as the texts that have been produced by its members. The systematic study of the overall vocabulary of a language is thus an important contribution to the understanding of the culture and civilization of a speech community over and above the analysis of the texts in which this vocabulary is put to communicative use. This aspect is to a certain extent even more important in the case of dead languages such as Latin or the historical stages of a living language, where the textual basis is more or less limited.


äơȤбѸ˸ϡ1500ǯ;ˤ錄ѸüԶƱΤδؿʤʡѡˤ򤿤ɤȤʻߤȤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦ʻߤ1Ĥη¤OED Τ褦Ū§˴Ť缭ŵȤȤˤʤ롥
äѤȿǤȤϸ (linguistic_relativism) λǤ⤢뤷оȸŪʴؿƤӳФޤƤ⤯롥˴ؿΤϡ#1894. Ѹ͡ʡַסܸ͡ʡֱס ([2014-07-04-1])#1868. Ѹ͡ʡַס ([2014-06-08-1])#2711. ʸȸδط˴ؤ뤪⤷򤤤Ĥ ([2016-09-28-1])#3779. brother ȷ --- 11Ȥʤʤδط ([2019-09-01-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿ñʸӤȤ˴ŤʸФƤդ٤⤢롥#364. The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax ([2010-04-26-1])#1337. ְñʸաס ([2012-12-24-1]) ˤܤ̤Ƥ餤

Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.

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2019-09-01 Sun

#3779. brother ȷ --- 11Ȥʤʤδط [japanese][semantics][lexeme][sobokunagimon][sapir-whorf_hypothesis][fetishism][lexical_gap]

ʤѸǤϷζ̤򤻤Ҥä brother ȤΤ褯ѤʵǤ롥ʸŪʴСܸҲǤǯξ岼ȤƽפʰյäƤꡤʹִطɽ魯äˤƤϤФзΰۤʤǤѰդƤ뤬ѸҲˤƤǯξ岼ŪˤۤɽפȤʤˡ1ˤҤäƤΤǤ롥ܸǤ岼ä˽פǤʤʸ̮ǤϡַפȤäƺѤޤ뤳ȤǤ뤷դ˱ѸǤ岼ζ̤ɬפȤ elder brother younger brother ȤȤǤ롥ǥեȤȤƤϡѸǤ brotherܸǤϷȤǤ򤽤줾Ѥ롥
褯ͤƤߤȡbrother ˤ餺¿ѸñˤĤơ줤11δطϤߤʤ츫б褦ˤߤߤñΰ̣ܤ٤ƤߤȡƤ餫Υ줬ΤǤ롥ǤʤС¼ŵ±ѼŵפʤϤñʤñбꥹȤнʬȤȤˤʤ뤫
ƣ߷ (237--38) ʲΤ褦Ƥ롥

brother,

ʤ brother, rice, give Τ褦ˡѸΤۤƤʬǡܸΤۤ٤⤢Сդ˲ʤΤ褦˱ѸΤۤ٤ܸΤۤƤ⤢롥ǤϤߤͤǤ롥ѸӤˤ餺ɤ2٤ƤߤƤ褦ʤΤ¿ξ硤̣ƤʸŪװؤäƤȤǽϤˤƤ⡤ˡȤϤΤ褦ʤΤǤ򤷤ƤΤǤ롥μоȤεˤȿƤƤϿȤʤȤ餤ӤθݤǤ롥
ϢѸζ̣Ȥơ#1868. Ѹ͡ʡַס ([2014-06-08-1])#1894. Ѹ͡ʡַסܸ͡ʡֱס ([2014-07-04-1]) 䡤#2711. ʸȸδط˴ؤ뤪⤷򤤤Ĥ ([2016-09-28-1]) λ⻲ȡΤ褦ʻϡФԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ΤʤǻФ뤬#1337. ְñʸաס ([2012-12-24-1]) Ȥپ⤬뤳Ȥ˺ʤǤ

ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-09-1] [2019-09-22-1]

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2019-08-25 Sun

#3772. Wittgenstein Ρָ쥲 (2) [function_of_language][language-game][context][speech_act][pragmatics][semantics][terminology][philosophy_of_language]

ε ([2019-08-24-1]) Wittgenstein (Sprachspiel, language-game) ˿줿Bussmann (262) Ѹ켭ŵˤȼ̤ꡥ

language game
L. Wittgenstein's term referring to complex units of communication that consist of linguistic and non-linguistic activities (e.g. the giving of and complying with commands in the course of collaborating on the building of a house). Signs, words, and sentences as 'tools of language' have in and of themselves no meaning; rather meaning is derived only from the use of these items in particular contexts of language behavior.


¾ڼ (logical positivism) ž Wittgenstein ΡΤ褦 ƥȽŻθѤ̣Ѥϡů (ordinary language philosophy) 礭ʱƶͿȯù԰ (speech_act) ޤ᤿ (pragmatics) ȯŸˤ׸"the meaning of a word is its use in the language" Ȥ̣ΤȤ館ϡʤ꤬ΤΡ1ĤθȤߤʤƤ롥
̣ΰ̣˴Ϣơ#1782. ̣ΰ̣ ([2014-03-14-1])#1990. ͡ʼΰ̣ ([2014-10-08-1])#2199. Bloomfield ˤȤäƤΰ̣ΰ̣ ([2015-05-05-1])#2794. ְ̣ ([2016-12-20-1])#2795. ְ̣ؼоݡ ([2016-12-21-1]) ʤɤƤȤӤ줿

Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-26-1]

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2018-12-20 Thu

#3524. ʸʸˡ3Ĥħ [construction_grammar][semantics][pragmatics][linguistics]

ε#3523. ʸʸˡˤ빽ʸȤϡ ([2018-12-19-1]) ǡʸʸˡħ1ĵ󤲤ʸʸˡϡäʸˡΤ˰ۤʤΤȤƤȤ館ʤȤѤΩġι¤ι¤ǤϳΤʣϰۤʤΤΡȵǽڥ󥰤ñ̤Ǥǰ㤤ϤʤȹͤΤǤ롥
ʸʸˡθѤȤơۤˤħŪʤȤ롥1Ĥϡ̣ȸΤΤʶʬߤʤȤȤ̣ŪʾϡꡤѰȤäŪʾȤȤɽƤȤΩȤ롥
ʸʸˡκҤȤĤħϡ츫ȰճʤȤˡʸˡˡŪ (generative) ΩȤäƤ뤳ȤŪפȤϡʸˡŪ˵Ƥ̵¤ɽ褦ȤǡƤʤ̵¤ɽӽ褦ȤƤ뤳ȤؤʸˡΤ褦ˡѷŪ (transformational) ǤϤʤȤդɬפǤ롥졦̣Ūʷ顤餫ѷФɽؤη߽ФȤꤷƤʤ
餫ˡʸʸˡʸˡǤϤʤǧʸˡΩΤ褦˸뤬#3511. 20γƸɤ򼴾˥ץåȤ ([2018-12-07-1]) οޤǤߤ褦ˡˤ⽽ʬʤ򼨤ƤǤŪʸˡȤ⤤ܤƤʸˡХ󥵡Ūʰּˤ뤳Ȥ̥ŪʤΤ⤷ʤ

Goldberg, Adele E. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995.

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2018-09-03 Mon

#3416. may ȴ let ΰ̣Ū [pragmatics][semantics][syntax][word_order][speech_act][auxiliary_verb][optative][may]

#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1]) ǡξʸΰճȤפˤĤŪʴҲ𤷤ѸζŪ⡤Huddleston and Pullum (944) ξԤΰ̣Ū˸ڤƤ롥

[Optative may C]onstruction . . . , which belongs to somewhat formal style, has may in pre-subject position, meaning approximately "I hope/pray". There is some semantic resemblance between this specialised use of may and that of let in open let-imperatives, but syntactically the NP following may is clearly subject . . . . The construction has the same internal form as a closed interrogative, but has no uninverted counterpart.


may let ְ̣Ū˻ƤȤϼΤǤʤǤְ̣פϸޤְ̣פˡȯù԰٤ȤƤΡֵפԤʤСˡִפʤΤ;ִפʳȤơֵפդΤΤϤ
Ūˤϡ³̾礬ʤ֤뤫Ūʤ֤뤫Ȥ餫˶̤ȻŦƤ롥ΤˡξԤϤ˰ۤʤ롥may let бȯù԰٤ɽ魯ɸȤȤ館θ̾γʤζ̵̤뤹줳ȤˤСָɸ̾ʡưθˡפȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ǤꡤŪˤƤȵ뤳ȤϤǤ롥ʤȤɽŪˤƤϡߤʤ롥
may let ⡤ʸƬư츶̿ɸꡤʸƬ Oh ǴòɸꤹΤƱͤθŪʵǽǻäƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ#2923. ȱμ ([2017-04-28-1]) Ȥ줽ʡʤΤ褦˻פ롥

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-04-1]

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2018-08-19 Sun

#3401. Ѹûˤˡ [methodology][dictionary][oed][htoed][philology][lexicography][lexicology][semantics][etymology]

ε#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) Ǽ夲 Durkin ʸǤϡѸûˤμ¾ŪĴϡOED HTOED Ȥ2ġȤäƤǤ礭ʺȼȤơˡ꤬Ƥ롥 (405--06) ˡ꤬Τ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǰѤ롥

One of the most striking and well-known features of lexical data is its extreme variability: as the familiar dictum has it 'chaque mot a son histoire', and accounting for the varied histories of individual words demands classificatory frameworks that are flexible, nonetheless consistent in their approach to similar items. Awareness is perhaps less widespread that the data about word histories presented in historical dictionaries and other resources are rarely 'set in stone': sometimes certain details of a word's history, for instance the details of a coinage, may leave little or no room for doubt, but more typically what is reported in historical dictionaries is based on analysis of the evidence available at time of publication of the dictionary entry, and may well be subject to review if and when further evidence comes to light. First dates of attestation are particularly subject to change, as new evidence becomes available, and as the dating of existing evidence is reconsidered. In particular, the increased availability of electronic text databases in recent years has swollen the flow of new data to a torrent. The increased availability of data should also not blind us to the fact that the earliest attestation locatable in the surviving written texts may well be significantly later than the actual date of first use, and (especially for periods, varieties, or registers for which written evidence is more scarce) may actually lag behind the date at which a word or meaning had already become well established within particular communities of speakers. Additionally, considering the complexities of dating material from the Middle English period . . . highlights the extent to which there may often be genuine uncertainty about the best date to assign to the evidence that we do have, which dictionaries endeavour to convey to their readers by the citation styles adopted. Issues of this sort are grist to the mill of anyone specializing in the history of the lexicon: they mean that the task of drawing broad conclusions about lexical history involves wrestling with a great deal of messy data, but the messiness of the data in itself tells us important things both about the nature of the lexicon and about our limited ability to reconstruct earlier stages of lexical history.


츻ϾήưŪǤ뤳ȡǯϾ˹ˤ餵Ƥ뤳ȡǯϸʤɤˤ뿿νǯ٤Ƥǽ뤳ȡŵȤʤäƤʸΩǯѤ뤳˻ŦƤڵ (evidence) ˡνϡѸûˤʤ餺Ȥ̤ʸؤθԤʤݤ˾˰ռƤ٤ΤФǤ롥OED3 ԼԤ1ͤǤ Durkin ϡOED Ǥ顪˸ǽʥġǤϤʤ⤤Ƥ뤳Ȥΰյ礭

Durkin, Philip. "The OED and HTOED as Tools in Practical Research: A Test Case Examining the Impact of Loanwords in Areas of the Core Lexicon." The Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Merja Kytö and Päivi Pahta. Cambridge: CUP, 2016. 390--407.

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2018-08-18 Sat

#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 [loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][semantics][oed][htoed][statistics]

ѸäˤѸγ礬⤤Ȥϡܥ֥¿εǼ夲Ƥλ¤˴ؤƤȤ櫓ܤ٤ŪħȤơѸ줬ܸäˤޤǤƤȤ󤲤㤨С#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡӸˤСѸ줬ܸäȤϡ˵ȤФǤʤ٤ϴѻΤ¤Ǥꡤ褷ФлŦƤ褦ˡѸ줬ðۤǤɾ뤳ȤϤϤǤʤȤϤΤ褦ʻ㤬̸Ūˤ "unusual" (Durkin 391) ǤȤΤⷹȤƤϳΤǤ롥
Durkin ϡɸ䤤٤ OED HTOED ѤƼ¾ŪĴԤʤäޤ'Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary' ȸƤФ̸ŪͭȤܸäΥꥹȤ򻲾Ȥ100γ˿Ūʰ̣Фˡγơΰ̣ѸûˤˤƤɤΤ褦ñʷˤˤäôƤξˤäƱꤷñθ츻ʼѸ줫ݤʤɤξܺ١ˤϿƤơߡѸ줬100γ˿Ūʰ̣Τɤ줯餤򥫥СƤΤФη̤ϡDurkin (392) ˤм̤ꡥ

To summarize the results of this exercise very briefly . . ., looking in detail at the 100-meaning 'Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary' in this way suggests that, while only twenty-two of these meanings appear never to have been realized by a loanword in the data of the OED as summarized in the HTOED, there are only twelve cases where a good case can be made for a loanword being the usual realization of the relevant core meaning in contemporary English:

   (from early Scandinavian): root, wing, hit, leg, egg, give, skin, take; (from French): carry, soil, cry, (probably) crush


ѤС100γ˿Ūʰ̣Τ78ޤǤʬŪǤ첿餫μѸˤäôƤȤȤ顤Ѹ줬˿Ūʰ̣ΰʤäƤȤȤʬ롥μѸ줬Τ褦ʳ˿Ūʰ̣ΰɽ魯ñ췲ΤʤǤŵŪɽŪʸǤ뤫ɤǤꡤΤ褦ʿ򤹤ȡ嵭12ۤɤ˸ꤵȤȤ
äȤ⡤ạ̈ˤĤƲäơֳ˿פִܡפȤߤʤΤ񤷤ǤꡤˤäƷ̤οͤѤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤꤽ¾ˤĤơʲΤ褦ʵ͡˼夲ƤΤǻȤ

#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1])
#1961. ܥ٥ơ ([2014-09-09-1])
#1965. Ūʸǡ ([2014-09-13-1])
#1970. ¿٤شط ([2014-09-18-1])
#2659. glottochronology lexicostatistics ([2016-08-07-1])
#2660. glottochronology ȴܸá ([2016-08-08-1])
#2661. Swadesh (1952) ǯѤ200 ([2016-08-09-1])

#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1])
#202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ ([2009-11-15-1])
#429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ ([2010-06-30-1])
#845. Ѹθäεȳ ([2011-08-20-1])
#1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2) ([2012-08-11-1])

Durkin, Philip. "The OED and HTOED as Tools in Practical Research: A Test Case Examining the Impact of Loanwords in Areas of the Core Lexicon." The Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Merja Kytö and Päivi Pahta. Cambridge: CUP, 2016. 390--407.

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