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language_change - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2017-12-11 Mon

#3150. ܿϸñˤ뤫ʣˤ뤫 [contact][language_change][geolinguistics][linguistic_area][pidgin][creole][creoloid][koineisation]

ܿ (contact) ϸñˤΤ뤤ʣˤΤźθܿλ򻲾ȤȡΥ⤢ΤƤ롥Trudgill ˤĤƤΤǡҲ𤷤褦ޤܿϸʣ˴ͿȤˤĤơ

. . . there is considerable evidence that language contact can lead to an increase in linguistic complexity. This appears to occur as a result of the addition of features transferred from one language to another . . . . This is then additive change in which new features derived from neighboring languages do not replace existing features but are acquired in addition to them. A sociolinguistic-typological consequence of language contact is therefore that languages which have experienced relatively high degrees of contact are more likely to demonstrate relatively higher degrees of this type of additive complexity than languages which have not. (301)


ȴϢơϰؤΩ줫顤बޤ䤹Ū¿äŪñʸ칽¤򼨤䤹 "spread zones" Ȥư²ιԤʤƤϰʤɡˤȡȿФ˸Ū¿ʣħŤ "residual zones" Ȥƥ˥塼˥ʤɡˤȤǰˤĤƤ⿨Ƥ롥Ĥޤꡤ"contact among languages fosters complexity, or, put differently, diversity among neighbouring languages fosters complexity in each of the languages" (303) ǤȤĤιͻФȤǾ嵭ŤΤβսǤ롥

We can thus take seriously the sociolinguistic-typological hypothesis that languages spoken in high-contact societies are relatively more likely to have relatively more complexity, not just in terms of having more features such as grammatical categories and articulation types, but also in terms of possessing features which are inherently more complex. (305--06)


ǡŪʤ⡤ܿñ㲽⤿餹ϹǧƤʤۤˡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])) ⻲Ȥ줿ˡ

. . . the paradox here is that contact can also, and just as clearly, lead to simplification. This is very well known, and is a point which has been made by many writers. Pidgins, creoles, and creoloids . . . are all widely agreed to owe their relative structural simplicity to language contact; and koines to dialect contact . . . . (306)


ǤϡܿΤʤ¦̤ʣñ㲽ꤹΤTrudgill ϡܿζ١֡콬˴ؤ׳ȤװŦƤ롥׳ȤϡפˡܿиƤο͡ҶͤȤ㤤Ǥ롥Trudgill ηϰʲ̤ꡥ

1 high-contact, long-term pre-critical threshold contact situations are more likely to lead to additive (and only additive) complexification;
2 high-contact, short-term post-critical threshold contact situations are more likely to lead to simplification;
3 low contact situations are likely to lead to preservation of existing complexity.


Ӻ෿Τ褦ˤ⸫뤬̣Ǥ롥

Trudgill, Peter. "Contact and Sociolinguistic Typology." The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 299--319.

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2017-12-04 Mon

#3143. ۥᥪ (2) [chaos_theory][complex_system][language_change][variation]

ε ([2017-12-03-1]) ³ԡҡ (205) ˤȡۥᥪȤϡּ夤ѿδطˤפǤ롥ҡ (205--06) ϡۥᥪ̿ȤʣϤˤʤ顤Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

̿ϤΡפȤˤ꼡ߺѤʤ롥ƱΤνĤǤäƤ⥫ˤäʬϤᡤ¿ޤ롥äƤǤ¿ϥۥ⥫֤Ȥưݻ롥ξ֤ǤϥŪˤ곰ξϤФ¿ͤĽʱԤäƤ롥


ѤƤ֥Ūפ⡤ʣϤʬΥ㡼Ǥ롥ҡʡ¿߽ФסХ󥹡1994ǯ5ˤϥŪ򼡤Τ褦Ƥʵȱʡp. 163 ¹ˡ

㤨СǤۤĤΥ饹ʬƤ줾Ǥۤܰǿư֤Ĺ³塤ФФˤʤꡤ򤷤Ф餯³ǡޤۤȤġʤʤġˤΥ饹ޤФФˡġĤȤäȤ򷫤֤ĤޤꡤĤŪʾ֤δ֤줿֤ͳƥåƤΤǤ롥


ˤƤ֥ۥᥪפ֥ŪפŪ˸롥㤨СʸˡŪ˶ޤ˰¸ȸ˰¸Ȥξˤδ֤ɤưΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ΥեȤʳǡɤ餮줬뤫⤷ʤ椯椯Ϥʤ夯ΤǤϤʤηϤˤƤ⡤ηϤˤƤ⡤ɤưȤ̣ŪȤΤϤʤưŪ˥Х󥹤ݻƤ롥
ʿξǴŻߤƤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ξߤɤѤƥХ󥹤Ȥ³뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥Ȥɤ礭ʤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Υԥä뤿ˡ¦˻פڤäƥХ󥹤򷹤뤳Ȥǡ̤ȤƺƤӰ֤˲󵢤뤳ȤϤ롥ľΩưŻ߾֤ȤŪˤϤ뤬ŪˤϤʤݡŪǽꤷǤ԰ưŪǤ뤳ȤȤΤۥᥪǤ롥

ˮɧ ϺʣϤΥŪʥꥪ١īҽŹ1996ǯ
ȱ ءʣϡפȤϲ١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ1996ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-06-1] [2018-01-01-1]

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2017-12-03 Sun

#3142. ۥᥪ (1) [chaos_theory][complex_system][language_change][variation]

ηϤȼȿħȤʣϤǤ뤳ȤˤĤơʲεǼ夲Ƥcf. #3111. ȸѲ (1) ([2017-11-02-1]) #3112. ȸѲ (2) ([2017-11-03-1])#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ ([2017-11-13-1])#3123. ȥե饯 ([2017-11-14-1])#3130. ʣϸء ([2017-11-21-1]
ѲѰۤ򸦵оݤˤƤȡ˴ؤ븽ݤΤޤʣ˰ݤ롥ɤΤ褦˹ͤƤ򤭤ˤȸäʣϤˤư롥и̵ۤΤ褦ˤߤơǤְ㤤ʤ餫ϤľȤʣϤ˰㤤ʤȤȯۤˤʤ롥Ū濴ηǡưŪʰ¸ߡ̤ȤƥХ󥹤ݤ륢Х󥹡ΤʤѲѰۡΤ褦̷⤹ħݤʪݤʪȤäǤǤʤоݤΤߤ롥
ءʣϡפȤϲ٤路ȱ (169) ϡΤ褦Ҥ˽äơ֥ۥᥪפȤ¤ǸƤǤ롥

ʬؤϡȿȤդäƥ᡼褦ʡŪʰǤϤʤ¿μͳ٤ļ夤Ūưˤ櫓ǤʤȤäƴˤФФˤʤ櫓Ǥʤߤƶ礤¸礤ʤ顤Ĥޤ¿ݻʤ顽뤤¿Ĥ椨ˡڤǤϤȤʤ֤äơæʤΤ褦ʤդޤ򤹤롤ưŪʰ֤Ǥ롥

ҤϤ¿ݻ֥ۥᥪ homeochaosפȸƤǤ롥ۥᥪŪŪꤷ餮ФᤷΥեɥХåȹͤƤΤФۥᥪϤΤ褦۾֤ۤʤƤ⤤Ȥ򶵤ƤƤ롥

ˡΥۥᥪˤΤϡΡּפּͳ١פȤäȤߤΤΤѲۤʤȤߤ뤳ȤȤȤϥץ󥫥ʳˤȸƤФʵȱ, pp. 169--70ˡ

ۥᥪȤ˽פˤʤΤϡ֤μ륷ƥऽΤΤμͳ٤ư륱Ǥ롥ŪˤϡŪʥ˥åȤߤߺѤФʬꡤޤ椫üꤹǤꡤȤк˦ʤɡȾΥƥϤͳ٤ưƥˤʤäƤ롥
ͳ٤ꤵ줿ä֤μѤݤ줿Ĥƥ˸̾ΥǤϡ֤Ǥεƻ԰ˤʤäƿФƤȡɤޤꤿޤ롥֤ΤΤѤ뤳ȤϤʤȤͳ٤ư볫ƥǤϡ԰礷ƤäƱưԵ§ˤʤȡǼͳ٤Υפ뤳Ȥ롥ơ˽и;ʬʼͳ٤԰ꤵʬۤȡ缫ͳ٤μ夤֤˥ۥᥪεƯơ¿ݻ롥Τ褦ʳƥͭʥΥʥߥҤϡֳפȸƤǤ롥


ƥ򥷥ƥȤưݻ뤿ưŪʵƤΤǤСϸˤŬѤǤǽ⤤줯餤ưŪʣǤ롥

ȱ ءʣϡפȤϲ١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ1996ǯ
ˮɧ ϺʣϤΥŪʥꥪ١īҽŹ1996ǯ

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2017-11-24 Fri

#3133. Ѳ "how" "why" [causation][language_change][how_and_why]

Ѳ "why" ϡ˸ؤˤƵˤ䤤Ǥ롥˾ǤŤˤϡ¾4W1H䤤ؤ¤Ѥ߽ŤͤƤۤʤǤ "why" ˴ˤɤ夯ΤϤۤȤԲǽǤꡤ "how" 餫ˤΤؤλǤ롥 "how" Ǥ顤ΰФʤȤ¿
ܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ѳ how_and_why ˤĤƤϡ#784. ˸ؤ abductive discipline ([2011-06-20-1])#2255. Ѳθɵ椹ͤˤĤơ ([2015-06-30-1])#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1]) ʤɤǰäƤ
ε#3130. ʣϸء ([2017-11-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Kretzschmar (251--52) ϡʣϤѤƸѲʶŪˤϥꥫѸνѼȤˤ뤳Ȥˤꡤ"why" 䤤ˤʤȤƤ⡤"how" 䤤ФƤͭͿ뤳ȤǤȼ򼨤Ƥ롥

We cannot answer the question "why" American English is as it is --- there is never a good answer to the "why" question in linguistics --- but it is now possible to address more adequately the question "how" it came to be as it is.


Kretzschmar θոˤȡ츽ݤ򶦻Ū褦Ȥݤ䤤 "why" ǡ̻ŪŪ褦Ȥݤ䤤 "how" Ǥ褦ˤⴶ롥뤤ϡѲθ䤦Τ "why" ǡѲη䤦Τ "how" ǤȽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˤʹ롥
Ԥˤä "how" "why" ȤˤäƲؤΤϤ˰ۤʤȤȤǧ᤿ǡѲ how_and_why ˤ³Ƥ

Kretzschmar, William A., Jr. "Complex Systems in the History of American English." Chapter 4 of Developments in English: Expanding Electronic Evidence. Ed. Irma Taavitsainen, Merja Kytö, Claudia Claridge, and Jeremy Smith. Cambridge, 2015. 251--64.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-09-1] [2018-01-05-1]

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2017-11-21 Tue

#3130. ʣϸ [chaos_theory][complex_system][variety][zipfs_law][language_change][contact][methodology]

Kretzschmar ϡʣϤȤƤȤ館Ѳ븦ԤǤ롥ǶʸǡʣϤγǰѤơꥫѸνѼ郎ˤƤȤƤ롥ʸƬ (251) ǡȯäʣϤȤƤȤ館븫üŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . language in use, speech as opposed to linguistic systems as usually described by linguists, satisfies the conditions for complex systems as defined in sciences such as physics, evolutionary biology, and economics . . . .


ʣϤȤߤʤ٤2Ĥħʤ "non-linear distribution" "scaling" ƤȤ (253) "non-linear distribution" ϡŪˤСж (A-curve) ʬۤؤƤ롥ȤƤ˻פ⤫֤Τϡ#1103. GSL ˤ Zipf's law θڡ ([2012-05-04-1]) #1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 zipfs_law ΥդǤ롥ιٸ¿ٸˤꡤĹդ롥Kretzschmar ϡ˴ؤ¾θݤǤ⤳Τ褦ʥդȼĥ롥
ָʣϡפ˴ؤ⤦1ĤħǤ "scaling" ϡA-curve Τ褦ʬۤΰۤʤ٥ˤƷ֤ؤƤ롥ꥫˤñ¸ˤĴǡƷ֤ˤĤٽ̤ι⤤¤٤٤ץåȤƤ A-curve Ȥʤ뤬New York ˸¤äƱͤΥդƤ뤷üԤ˸¤äդǤϤƱͤζȤ (255)
դǤꥹ롦ե꡼ȤȤˤʤСʤ#3123. ȥե饯 ([2017-11-14-1]) ۵롥Ϣơ#3111. ȸѲ (1) ([2017-11-02-1])#3112. ȸѲ (2) ([2017-11-03-1])#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ ([2017-11-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Kretzschmar (263--64) ʸκǸǡѼΤʣϤιͤͭѤǤȷŤʣϸؤ򾧤롥

Complexity science is the model that can cope successfully with the problems of language variation and change that we are interested in solving for the history of American English. Complexity science addresses the emergence of a new American variety, along with its component regional varieties, more adequately than traditional approaches. Complex systems replace the notion of monolithic "language contact" or Fischer's "cultural shift" with interaction between speakers. Complex systems can deal with the extension of existing varieties into new areas, and still account for the evident acquisition of new variants from important cultural groups in different areas. Finally, complex systems can cope with contemporary American cultural change and attendant language change, again without recourse to monolithic thinking. We are just at the beginning of research to understand the operation of the complex system of speech, but it is already clear that it gives us a good way to describe how the process of emergence and change really works.


Τ褦 "monolithic" ʸܿ˴ŤǤϤʤ˴ޤ߹褦ʣϤ줫θѲ٤ƤΤǤϤʤȤ櫓Τ˻ɷŪǤ롥

Kretzschmar, William A., Jr. "Complex Systems in the History of American English." Chapter 4 of Developments in English: Expanding Electronic Evidence. Ed. Irma Taavitsainen, Merja Kytö, Claudia Claridge, and Jeremy Smith. Cambridge, 2015. 251--64.

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2017-11-13 Mon

#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ [chaos_theory][language_change][invisible_hand][complex_system]

إŪ٤ԥ奢 (481--82) ˤȡˤĤƶ̣ȤϡȤζܤ˶ᤤ֥ձפˤơʤ̲äƤȤȤǤ롥

ʣϥγǰξۤΤǤ롥ºݡʣˤ뤵ĤޤȤܸ졽뤤ϤΤˤϴѶ硽ϡ֥ΤդձˡפȤǤ롥ȵ§ࡤ֤ǤǤ׻ųݤαΤ褦ˡĤΥƥñʻǤդޤݤ򼨤ƥϤäȤäʣʻǤդޤζüȤơʬҤΤȤƤΥʱư롥֤ˤ륷ƥϡäȶ̣ΤդޤʣǤϤ뤬ѥż褦ʤդޤ򼨤ʣǤϤ뤬ȿ줿ƥϡޤȥδ֤ܾ֤ˤ褦˸ơ줳֥ձפʤΤǤ롥ǼΤϡˤ뤤ϳؽˤäƥƥबζ˹ԤĤȤȤǤ롥ޤñʥƥϡŪĶΤʤǤĤʤʤʤ顤ʣ̯ʥƥϤε§򿩤ʪˤ뤳ȤˤäñʥƥФȴ뤫Ǥ롥ʤ⤷⤢븽͢Ҥμ֤轵θ˶Ԥ餪ꡤΤƱ롼Ȥ̤ä͢Ȥ顤ϤȤñ˸⶯å餺뤳ȤǤˤޤäʥƥޤĤʤʤʤ餽ƥϡΤʥҡȤʡˤȤϲʤ뤲ʤǤ롥ʤ⤷⸽֤͢ޤäʥ롼ȤȤȤ顤Ԥ夹ޤǤ˻֤ޤˤꤹ夹ˤλŻ̤βҤåƤޤˤ顤ĤȤǤϡΤȤƤι¤򼺤äƤʤʤ٤ˤǤ뤫ʣΤפˤʤΤǤ롥ʲ륷ƥϡձˤȤɤޤ褦ƤΤǤ롥


ηϤ⡤ĶѲ˽ŬηϤǤ롥Ѱۤܿϡ֥ձפȤȤ館뤳ȤǤޤˤǺǤ⤪⤷ݤ깭Ƥ롥ϡĤƤñ㤹ʣ⤷ʤ1ĤΥƥʤΤǤ롥
Ϣơ#3111. ȸѲ (1) ([2017-11-02-1])#3112. ȸѲ (2) ([2017-11-03-1]) ⻲ȡ

奢ȡˡ ס¼ ˡˡإŪʣϤβʳؤء١ȼҡ1998ǯ

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2017-11-03 Fri

#3112. ȸѲ (2) [chaos_theory][language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][complex_system]

ε ([2017-11-02-1]) ˰³ƤꡥȸѲܤѸ˸Ԥ Smith 롥Smith (194) ϡѲˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Change . . . is the result of the complex interaction of extralinguistic and intralinguistic developments, and any resulting change itself interacts with further developments to produce yet more change. The conception is therefore a dynamic one . . . .


Smith (195) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ǡΤ褦¿ͤ¦̤ĸѲ֥פ븽ݤȤ󼨤Ƥ롥

   Such a multifarious conception of language change . . . seems to correspond to the most recent paradigm in both the natural and human sciences: 'chaos-theory'. Chaos-theory is really about order, about the way in which order results from complex interaction. The best-known popular example of this process --- the butterfly stamping in the forest causing a storm a thousand miles away --- is really about how a tiny innovation can make a difference, by interacting with other innovations to produce a snowball effect. If language is a metastable system deployed by interacting innovative and conservative language-users, it does not, in a chaotic world, require or imply some divine plan or overall grand design. Rather, living languages are the result of what Dawkins has called a 'blind watchmaker' effect, whereby order comes out of chaos.
   Such an approach is hardly revolutionary, and . . . no claims of special newness are made here.


Smith ϡѲ򡤸˴ͿǤ "complex interaction" ΤޤΤȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥Smith θѲѤˤĤƤϡ#1123. Ѳθ˸ء ([2012-05-24-1])#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1])#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ ([2014-08-07-1]) 򻲾ȡΰѤˤ⤢ "blind watchmaker" ȤȴϢơteleology invisible_hand εɤ

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2017-11-02 Thu

#3111. ȸѲ (1) [chaos_theory][language_change][complex_system]

1960ǯꡤ (chaos_theory) ϡֻפα״Ѥ뼫ʳؤΥѥȤƼƤΤߤʤ餺Ҳʳؤ¾ΰؤѤƤϡݳءʪءŷʸءؤ˻ϤޤꡤʪءкѳءҲؤˤޤǿ򹭤Ƥ롥㤨Сݸݡήϳءءʪθο®١Ωο񤤡ʲ֤βʤʤɤȤ졤ۤˤϼŪʤȤCGˤѤƤ롥
ϡ̾Ȥ΢ʢˡ¤˴ؤǤ롥츫ͽ¬Ǥʤݤˤ⡤ηȼĥ롥ޤϡ郎Ϥ˰ۤʤǤ⡤θο񤤤˿ʱƶڤܤŦ롥κǤͭ̾㤬Хե饤 (butterfly effect) إ޴աѥǡ (351) ˤСХե饤̤Ȥϡ

ϤμħǤֽ礭פɽ뤿ˡɥɡĤͰƤѸ졥ѹȤ鷺ǤäƤ⡤ݤ٤֤ⷫ뤦ˡ礭ʺƤޤȤ򼨤ĤϡijʥХե饤ˤ֥饸DZФȡƥεפɽΥǡ줿ǥȥġȥ饯ɤϡˤijη򤷤Ƥ롥ŪʸݤοʹԤ򼨤ΥǥǤϡʹžƱפ2٤̤ʤ


Lorenz' Attractor

"Lorenz' attractor" ȸƤФijʤȤ뤳3ΥդϡŷεפɽƤ롥κɸȤϤǤۤʤȡƻ礭æۤʤ뱩ΰʳơ䤫ŷȹӤ줿ŷɽ魯ˤص夹Ȥ
ζϤʰۤʤ꤬˿ʺۤ⤿餹ݤ򡤿ؤδñdzΤ뤳ȤǤ롥A ʤǤ A = 2 ȤˤȤx0 01δ֤ȤΤȤʤǤ x0 = 0.9 ȤˡΤȤx1 Ax0(1 - x0) Сx1 = 2 * 0.9 * (1 - 0.9) = 0.18 Ȥʤ롥Ʊͤˡx2 = Ax1(1 - x1) = 2 * 0.18 * (1 - 0.18) = 0.2952 ȤΥ򷫤֤ơx0 xn ޤǤο롥̤ϡ0.09, 0.18, 0.2952, 0.4161, 0.4859, 0.4996, 0.5000, 0.5000, ... Ȥʤꡤ0.5000ǰꤹ롥A ͤ23ޤ礭Ƥ⡤ޤǤΥΤΡǽŪˤϰꤹ롥ϡҤ¿𤵤Ƥ⡤ǽŪˤɤ줬ꤷƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ館롥
ȤA 3Ķȡ2ĤοԤ褹ط˻ʤͽǤʤ񤤤򼨤褦ˤʤ롥ơA 3.57٤ˤʤȡĤޤǤäƤ򼨤ʤ֡ʤξ֤˵뤹롥㤨СA 3.7Ȥͤ x0 0.9 ֤ȡϤ˰ۤʤ 0.9000009 ֤οƥդץåȤȡʲΤ褦˶̣̤롥

Horizon of Predictability

35ޤǤ2ĤΥդϻ¾ŤʤäƤ뤬ʹ40뤯餤ޤǤˤΰŪʬ򼨤褦ˤʤꡤθϸߤ̵طΥŪ褹롥٤ƤϡͤζϤʺͳ褹ΤѤСν郎ۤܰפƤȤƤ⡤1Ĥξˤ0.000009ۤɤκСˤɤ뱿̿ŷϤۤɤޤǰ㤨Τ˽ʬǤȤȤˤʤ롥
ϡִĶפͿ뤢ȤʬŬѤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤäƤƤ롥ȤѲִĶפΤʤǺѤƤΤǤ뤫顤̵ǤϤʤ㤨СرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡΡ3.5.2 -e οΰȡפǼȤꡤѸˤˤ޸μ岽ȤĴζϤѲȤʤäơѸȤؤ줿㤬ΥХե饤̤б⡤ְưפʤΤǤ롥
εǤ⡤³򰷤

ǥࡦϡȡƽˡ ̡ʴˡإ޴աѥǡ١Ͻн˼ҡ2014ǯ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-08-09 Wed

#3026. ˤˤ How Why [historiography][history][causation][language_change][methodology][prediction_of_language_change]

˸ؤϸѲ򰷤ʬʤѲΤȤ (causation) õ椹ȤĤߤˤĤƤ͡Ω줬롥ܥ֥ǤѲ (language_change) Ρָסװסֶưϡפ͡Ƥ֤ʤפФϤ⤽¸ߤΤȤǰˤĤޤȤäƤ롥Ϳ줿餷ΤϡѲΡ֤ʤ (Why?) ФǤϤʤ֤ɤΤ褦ˡ (How?) ФˤʤΤǤϤʤȡѲ How Why ˤĤƤϡ#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1]) ȡ#2255. Ѳθɵ椹ͤˤĤơ ([2015-06-30-1]) ̡䤤Ǥ뤫Τ褦˰äƤ2Ĥ䤤ϤɤΤ褦ʴطˤΤ
ϢȤƤ Harari (265--66) ϡ˳ؤΩ줫餳ƤꡤWhy Ф How ν⤤Ƥ롥

What is the difference between describing 'how' and explaining 'why'? To describe 'how' means to reconstruct the series of specific events that led from one point to another. To explain 'why' means to find causal connections that account for the occurrence of this particular series of events to the exclusion of all others.
   Some scholars do indeed provide deterministic explanations of events such as the rise of Christianity. They attempt to reduce human history to the workings of biological, ecological or economic forces. They argue that there was something about the geography, genetics or economy of the Roman Mediterranean that made the rise of a monotheist religion inevitable. Yet most historians tend to be sceptical of such deterministic theories. This is one of the distinguishing marks of history as an academic discipline --- the better you know a particular historical period, the harder it becomes to explain why things happened one way and not another. Those who have only a superficial knowledge of a certain period tend to focus only on the possibility that was eventually realised. They offer a just-so story to explain with hindsight why that outcome was inevitable. Those more deeply informed about the period are much more cognisant of the roads not taken.


Ǥϡˤ Why ǤϤʤ How ƧߤȤɤޤʤ˳ؤȤϲΤˤΤHarari (48) ϲΤ뼡Τ褦ʸդǸڤ롥

So why study history? Unlike physics or economics, history is not a means for making accurate predictions. We study history not to know the future but to widen our horizons, to understand that our present situation is neither natural nor inevitable, and that we consequently have many more possibilities before us than we imagine. For example, studying how Europeans came to dominate Africans enables us to realise that there is nothing natural or inevitable about the racial hierarchy, and that the world might well be arranged differently.


̤ͽ¬˳ؤŪǤϤʤƱ褦ˡѲ򰷤˸ؤ⡤̤ͽ¬ŪȤƤʤ
ͽ¬ǽˤĤƤϡ#843. Ѳͽκ ([2011-08-18-1])#844. Ѳͽۤ뤳Ȥϴݤ ([2011-08-19-1])#1019. Ѳͽ¬ˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2012-02-10-1])#2154. Ѳͽ¬Բǽ ([2015-03-21-1])#2273. Ѳͽ¬ǽˤĤƺơ͡ ([2015-07-18-1]) ϤȤ (prediction_of_language_change) ε򻲾Ȥ줿

Harari, Yuval Noah. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. 2011. London: Harvill Secker, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-12-13-1]

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2017-07-29 Sat

#3015. Ѹؤδؿιޤ (2) [lmode][history_of_linguistics][language_change][sociolinguistics][gender][world_englishes][variety]

#2993. Ѹؤδؿιޤ ([2017-07-07-1]) ǡǯѸθ椬夬äƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿ͳ͡Ǥ褦˻פ뤬Kytö et al. (4--5) λŦƤ4˼򷹤褦19αѸ줬ͤͳȤơεǿ줿Τȹ碌ƳǧƤ

(1) 19˼Ψ夬äȤˤꡤ¿¿ͤʥƥȤ˭٤߽Ф줿Ȥ櫓ȸѲδط褯ĴǤ褦ˤʤä
(2) Brown Family Τ褦ʸѸΥѥˤ븦̤Ȥơǯۤɤû֤ˤѲܤޤä顤ѸμҲŪŪʽȡθѲδطõ븦椬ߤ褦ˤʤä
(3) λ˥ι꤬줿äˡ修ʹ⡤ʳؤθʤɡˤƽȤˤʤ뤬󤵤줿ȤƽפǤ롥
(4) 19ϡꥹʳαѸѼ¿ˤȤäƷ롥

ιܤ⡤Ѹͭü˻ȿǤƤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤʾ˶ǯΥѥءҲءȤäץδƤػŪطʤϢưƤ뤳ȤפǤ롥ȤŪʬǤȤϤˤΤɤ¦̤˴ؿ󤻤䤹ΤؿΤȤŪư˸ưƤΤȤ狼롥

Kytö, Merja, Mats Rydén, and Erik Smitterberg. "Introduction: Exploring Nineteenth-Century English --- Past and Present Perspective." Nineteenth-Century English: Stability and Change. Ed. Merja Kytö, Mats Rydén, and Erik Smitterberg. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 1--16.

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2017-07-17 Mon

#3003. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ (4) [lmode][historiography][language_change][speed_of_change][phonetics][sound_change][variety][contact]

ε ([2017-07-16-1]) ˰³ɸ4ơѸФؿܤܳŪƤΤϡ#2993. Ѹؤδؿιޤ ([2017-07-07-1]) ǸȤꡤäƤȤäƤǤϤʤˤ⤳λ˴ؿ󤻤ġθԤϤᤤȤǤϡѸˤ̾1Ĥ路 Strang ⡤ʤ̴ؿäƸѸ򵭽ҤStrang ϡληŪʲѲƤʤŦƱ夬ڻ뤵ƤȤʤ⡤ȤäƸ٤ѲʤȤȤˤϤʤʤƤ롥

Some short histories of English give the impression that changes in pronunciation stopped dead in the 18c, a development which would be quite inexplicable for a language in everyday use. It is true that the sweeping systematic changes we can detect in earlier periods are missing, but the amount of change is no less. Rather, its location has changed: in the past two hundred years changes in pronunciation are predominantly due, not, as in the past, to evolution of the system, but to what, in a very broad sense, we may call the interplay of different varieties, and to the complex analogical relationship between different parts of the language. (78--79)


ʲѲθ줬ѤäȤ⤷ǤϡϤɤ˰ưȤСѼ֤ܿȤҲŪΰǤꡤηʣѤȤΰȤ
Strang ˼ǤʤСǤϡˤѲϡΤ褦ΰ̵äΤ䤤餯̵ȤȤϤʤĤƤƱͤˡѼ֤ߺѤηѤϤ˴ͿƤۤʤΤϡĤƤλθϸѸ⥢ˤʣ⸫ˤȤȤǤϤʤѸϡ٤μҲŪʾ뤳ȤǤƤޤ椨ˡʣ´䤹ȤȤ٤⤤˱줬ΩġȤǤĤޤꡤѲθ줬ѤäȤϡǽ餫餢äˤ⤫餺ˤä줬褯褦ˤʤäƤɽΤ⤷ʤ󡤸ѸˤĤƤϡʤ褯뤳ȤϸޤǤʤ

Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

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2017-07-16 Sun

#3002. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ (3) [lmode][historiography][language_change][speed_of_change]

ɸ˴ؤơ#319. ѸüԿ͸ζɤեǥ ([2010-03-12-1])#339. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ ([2010-04-01-1])#386. Ѹ˵äƤѲ礭 ([2010-05-18-1])#622. ѸʸˡѲŪʸŪ ([2011-01-09-1])#1430. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ (2) ([2013-03-27-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ⤦1ĵκɲä
Ѹ鸽ѸˤƤλ򰷤ä Cambridge Ѹ˥꡼4Լ Romaine ϡϤǤλ򼡤Τ褦ħŤƤ (1)

The final decades of the eighteenth century provide the starting point for this volume --- a time when arguably less was happening to shape the structure of the English language than to shape attitudes towards it in a social climate that became increasingly prescriptive. . . . The most radical changes to English grammar had already taken place over the roughly one thousand years preceding the starting year of this volume.


λˤϡηϤ˱ƶ褦ѲϤۤɵäƤ餺षüԤ٤ˤѲʼȤƵϼŪѤˤ˸ΤȤСŪѲȤϼҲŪѲħŤȤȤǤꡤ˼ҲŪ¦̤åפȤȤˤʤ롥
λäʸˡʬ絬ϤѲȤƸ٤ΤʤȤϡ#622. ѸʸˡѲŪʸŪ ([2011-01-09-1]) ǿ줿̤Romaine (2) ƱݤǼΤ褦Ƥ롥

The immediately preceding period dealt with in Volume III (1476--1776) of this series, the Early Modern Period, has often been described as the formative period in the history of Modern Standard English. By the end of the seventeenth century what we might call the present-day 'core' grammar of Standard English was already firmly established. As pointed out by Denison in his chapter on syntax, relatively few categorical innovations or losses occurred. The syntactic changes during the period covered in this volume have been mainly statistical in nature, with certain construction types becoming more frequent.


󡤡ʸ˶Ѹ˱Ѹˤή줬˻ߤޤä櫓ǤϤʤŪѲϡԤ椷ƳΤΩʤȸ쳰ŪѲϷ㤷Ƥ롥ѸˤŪˡ̻ˡˤȳŪˡʳ̻ˡˤ¤Ǥʾ塤ή줬ߤޤ뤳ȤϷ褷Ƥʤ

Romaine, Suzanne. "Introduction." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 1--56.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-05-23-1] [2017-07-17-1]

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2017-06-28 Wed

#2984. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (5) [hel_education][language_change][variation]

ɸˤĤơCrystal (296--97) ν˶ᤤʬǡϤäƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

It is no more than common sense for those who have invested a childhood, or adult time and money, in successfully acquiring the English language to maintain an active interest in the language's progress. The more we learn about where the language has been, how it is structured, how it is used, and how it is changing, the more we will be able to judge its present course and help to plan its future. For many people, this will indeed mean a conscious altering of attitude. Language variation and language change --- the two aspects of English which are at the centre of its identity, and which are most in the public eye --- are too often blindly condemned. If just a fraction of the nervous energy which is currently devoted to the criticism of split infinitives and the intrusive r were devoted to the constructive promotion of forward-looking language activities, what might not be achieved?


Crystal ϡѸѲѰ (change and variation) ؤ֤Ȥˤꡤθߤ褯ȽǤ̤褯ײ褹뤳ȤǤ⤷Ƥ롥줬ѸˤϤᡤ¤ѰۡѤؤְյߡ̤˸ơѸȤޤդäƤμǤηäȤʤ롥ˡѸˤؤ֤Ȥϡޤ᤿̤Ф򹭤Ƥ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤ׸롥⡤ʬΤ礭ʲǽŦ⤤ƤȻפäƤ롥
Ϣơ#24. ʤѸˤؤ֤ ([2009-05-22-1])#1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2) ([2012-08-08-1])#1200. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (3) ([2012-08-09-1])#1367. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (4) ([2013-01-23-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

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2017-05-06 Sat

#2931. ϸŤӽΤǤϤʤ䤹 [language_change][register][semantic_change][printing]

󥹥ˡػˡ٤ɤˤˤĤƤϡ#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1]) Ǥⰷä̩ܤ˴ϢѤΥƥΥȹ碌ơ椬ʸ˰ʹ׸ʤȤϵ褦ʤ
󥹥λˤνҤϰʤƥΥˤ˴ؤŪʸλŦ⼨٤Ǥ (11)

ƥΥˤؤ֤٤פʤȡ̤˸äʤƤ뤳ȤϤۤˤ⤢롥ƥΥϸŤƥΥӽȤΤΤҤȤĤϤäˤϵʤѥԥ륹ϻ椬ƳƤ泤ߤ濴ȤϰDzȤĤŤϤޤ˻ȤƤ롥ŵȡ֤ȯƤϧʤʤ뤳ȤϤʤäǤ褦ˤʤäƤͤϥڥǽ񤯤ȤʤäƥӤϥ饸षʤäDzϷʤʤäۡӥǥDzۤʤʤä󤲤ΤϤɤäͽ¬򤿤Ƥ줿ФλѤ򽪤餻뤳ȤǤʤäΤˡơŪ«줿ŵõȡޥͿ줿ȬǯʾФäߤǤ⡤ꥫ罰ǻɴҤϹ¤ȼԤ¸ߤ褽ͤνȰۤǯ֤󽽲ɥʾ夲Ƥ롥󽽰κǽνǯˤϹ夲ӤۤɤϹλȤӤ礭Ѥäɤ⡥ƱͤΤȤ¤ˡӤˤĤƤⵯäʥƥΥϸŤƥΥӽȤ䤹Τԥ塼ϤޤʤѤ椬ä뤳ȤϤäƤʤ


Τˡ˰줿Ҥ줿ȤĹ餯ϤȤ櫓ʸˤդ路ǺȤߤʤ³18ΥꥫΩˤƤǽ񤫤٤Ȥ⤫줿ۤɤǤ롥
򺣡νҤŻҽҤζˤĤƤε󥹥 (461--62) Ͼ嵭ΥƥΥѤ򤵤˲ʤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤롥

ǥ˾äƤ椯ǤΤͽ¬ޤˡʸĤäƤȤȤפФƤߤΤ⤤ܤ¥ʤǺǽˤʤ륤٥ȤԤˤϯɲǤäꤹΤϡͤˤϼʹΤɤߤʤ뷹뤫ǥ֥å͵ȤʤäƤ롥


ʤۤɡŤƥΥϿƥΥˤ֤ȤϡäʵǽݻĤġ¸³Ƥ椯Ȥ¿Τ⤷ʤϡ礦ɸŤ줬֤ΤǤϤʤˡѰòƤ֤ȤĤäƤͤˤƤ롥ŤΤϼҲΰय⤷ʤѴƤޤ櫓ǤϤʤषΰĤȤѤ߽ŤͤƤɽΥꥨ˭ˤƤΤʤΤ

ޡ󥹥ˡ һҡˡػˡˤͤư줿ѡ١ֽŹ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-16-1] [2017-11-07-1]

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2017-04-02 Sun

#2897. ɰνҤ٤ָưδϡ [language_change][lexical_diffusion]

ɰȸʳءˤϤޤӤĤʤȻפ뤬Ȼס٤ΤʤΡֽδϡפꤹǡνⰭν͡˴Τ顤褯ĤʤФʤʤ⤯꤬롥ǡָưפ㳰ǤϤʤȤơŤˤĤơƼ¼ŪˤϸѲˤĤƿƤ (pp. 101--02)

ưΤȤϡäνꡤνʺ褦ϡ褷ʤڤ󤰤С迷ʹޡʸ롥äοʹˤʸкܤ줿Ȼפȡ줬ޤʺοʹܤ졤ˤϼҲ̤θȤơïޤ̤Ȥˤʤ롥Ρ֥ϥפȤפȤդϡʤΰǤ롥ؽҤθդʤɤϤ꺸ͤǡẢνѤˡ֤褯äƤפȤ֤פȤθѤΤ⡤νΤȤäƺ٤ʤޤ̵äּ¶ȡפȤʸΤȤ⡤ϺὬȤʤꡤ¶ȤȤФˡȤΤȤפ碌褦ˤʤä褿ΡԻΡפȤʸʤɤ⡤̤鸫ǯοͤǤʤФʤȦǤΤˡǤϷͤؤƤԻΤȤïͤΤʤ˻äƤ롥äƽǡ˴ϤäƤ뤫Τ­Ǥơ뤬ϡͤνϽŷνȤʤ꤫ͤޤǤ뤫顤ФƤϿդʧȤȤˡޤŤƤͤФʤ̤ΤǤ롥


οոͻҤʬäƤ⤷οФɬ⹥ŪǤϤʤä褦ɤ뤬ˤ衤ۤɸդ⶯ϤϤäƤΤȤȤ⤫Ƥ롥
ޤ줬ŤȤϡưŤȤ򤷤ƤΤ⤪⤷줽ΤΤ⡤üԤ˰ᤤΩ줫Ѳ򸫤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ִפȡϡפȴϢơóȻνˤĤơ#5. ڥե륨󥶤󼡴ȸóȻ"take-off" ([2009-05-04-1])#1572. ʤѲSȹͤΤ ([2013-08-16-1])#2299. Ȼζư3 ([2015-08-13-1]) ޤ lexical_diffusion γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

ɰ졡Ȼס١Ʋ1927ǯKADOKAWA2008ǯ

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2017-03-10 Fri

#2874. [evolution][language_change][speed_of_change][functional_load][schedule_of_language_change][entropy]

ʲʪؤǤϡ (natural selection) ȴϢ (selective pressure or evolutionary pressure) Ȥǰ롥 (23) 򸫤Ƥߤ褦

ζٹ礤ɽ魯Ȥˡ (selective pressure ޤ evolutionary pressure) ȤդȤޤˤŬ٤ΰ㤤礭ȤϹ⤯ʤޤȤСĶ¿θΤ¹Ĥ˻䤨Ŭ٤ι⤤θΤ¹Ĥ˱ɤ褦ʾǤϡϹ⤯ʤޤ
⤤ȤʲԥԡɤǿʤߤޤŬ٤Ϸˤä礭ۤʤΤǡ⤤Ŭ٤ФƤŬ٤򲼤ϵ®˼Ƥޤդˡ㤤ǤϡäƤ⤽ۤŬ٤˺ޤ󡥤äơФƤѲϤޤ긫ޤ


ϡȤƥӥβ󤲤Ƥ롥ӥβΤϥե顼夬ʤΤǡ̤¸Ψ롥ĤޤŬ٤򲼤ʤΤǡ̾ι⤤ǤϡƤȤۤȤɤǤ롥ȤðŤƶʤɡե顼夹뤳Ȥ̣⤿ʤĶˤƤϡ㤤ᡤӥβΤŬ٤ä뤳ȤˤϤʤʤƶˤƤϡӥβʤ̵ͭˤϽ⤿ʤΤǤ롥
ơǸ˰ܤѲ򡤹̣ǸȤޤĶѲŬ뤿μǤªΤǤСˤȤΤͤ뤳ȤͭѤ⤤ǤϡäȤѰۤǤӤӡŬ٤ι⤤ѰΤ򤵤ǽ⤤㤤ǤϡʤΩѰۤǤäƤ⤵ۤɽ⤿ʤᡤѰΤä餱Ȥ褦ΥץؿʤǤʤ
Ǥϡˤι⤤֤㤤ĶȤϲηǤΰϤȸηϳΰϤʬƹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ԤˤĤƤϡ¤Ūʴ鵡ǽô (functional_load)ΩθΨηϤоʤɡ͡ʹͤ롥ԤˤĤƤϡҲؤǼ夲üԴ֤ߺѤܿʤɤθĶѰդǤȤʤ롥
ʪˤʲ®٤ˤطȤȤϡˤĤƤƤϤޤꤽǤ롥⤱С餯Ѳϥԡǥ˿ʤ˴ؤƤϡȥԡ (entropy) Ȥ⤦1Ĥζ̣۵롥#1810. ѰۤΥȥԡ ([2014-04-11-1])#1811. "The later a change begins, the sharper its slope becomes." ([2014-04-12-1]) ε򻲾Ȥ줿

ˡʪʲȤϤʤˤ١٥ǡ2016ǯ

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2017-03-03 Fri

#2867. Ѳζɬ [language_change][causation][teleology][entropy][unidirectionality][spaghetti_junction][invisible_hand]

ʵڤӤΩȤƤɬˤȤϲȤ䤤ůؾѲθõݤˤ򤱤̤櫓ˤϤʤ׳ؼԡΨԤǤˤֶפ˴ؤ뿷ɤǤߤ
ϡֶɬŪʪ (139) Ȥɽ󤵤Ƥ褦ˡɬΩ복ǰȤϡषȤ߹蘆äƸݤϢ³ŪưǤȹͤƤ롥㤨СʪʲˤĤơѰۤεˤϤʤΰϤΤȤǡѤ߽ŤͤˤפȽҤ٤Ƥ (138) ѰۼΤϤޤǡֶפζθΤäΤˤäơΰ褬ޤꡤ褬ФΨޤ롥Τ褦˲⤫ʤǤˡǽŪˤ褬1Ĥ˹ʤ졤Ψ1ʤɬפȤʤ롥ʤֶפȯʤ⡤ˡפʤ졤ĤˤϡɬפؤϢʤ롤Ȥ櫓
̤ȹ̤2ĤλԤͤƤߤ褦ޤ1λԡˤƱ̤ȹ̤äƤȤ롥̵٤1ĤФ̤̤Ͽ᤹ȤȤ򷫤֤줫ζ̤ФΨϡˡ§ˤ1/2Ȥʤ뤳ȤϼǤ롥Ǥϼ2λԡǤϡ̵٤1ļФˡƱΤ⤦1Ĥζ̤ä᤹ȤȤ򷫤֤Ƥߤ롥ǽμФǤοФ뤫γΨ1/2㤨Фޤ̤ФȤơ᤹ݤˤϡ⤦1Ĥ̤ä᤹ΤǡμФ˺ݤƤγΨη׻ϡ̤ͭʼؤѤμ㴳ͭ椨˼ºݤ˼β̤ФȤȡμβˤϤ̤ͭȤʤŤͤ뤴Ȥ̤ͭǽŪˤ̤ФΨϸ¤ʤ1˶ŤƤϤǤ롥ǽ϶äΤǸˤϤۤɬȤʤäƤޤǤ롥
2ĤλԤ顤Ѥˡ2ढ뤳Ȥʬ롥1ܤǤϤĤޤǤäƤ1/2ȤΨѤ餺ष㲽ƤΤ褦Сȥԡ硤뤤Ͼ̤θǤ롥2ܤϡǽζˤˤФäƤǽŪɬ˶ŤƤϡȥԡθ뤤Ͼ̤Ȥ (74) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Τʶ̤ˤơ֥ȥԡˡ§פȡ־ˡ§פȤƯƤȻפĤޤꡤˤɬȤʤȤΤ¸ߤƶˤˡ§Ω褦ʡ˸¤ˤƴʰ⤿餹ΤΤȡѤ뤳ȤˤäƾȤƯδĶβǿФ褦ʤΤȤब롥Ԥζϥȥԡ⤿餹ԤϾ̤⤿餹ΤǤ롥ܤС˺Ф줿󥷥ƥˤäª뤳Ȥˤäơꤷݻ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥


븽ݤǤ⤢ɬǤ⤢ȤΤϰ츫̷⤷Ƥ뤬Τ褦˹ͤĴ¤롥θϡѲˤ¿μͿƤ롥㤨СѲ˴ؤˡunidirectionality invisible_hand spaghetti_junction ȸƤФ벾⤬ʡ#2531. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" ([2016-04-01-1])#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) ([2016-04-03-1])#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡˡޤˤ륨ȥԡˤĤƤ entropy γƵǰäƤΤǡ⻲ȡ

ضȤϲѶỤ̄١ȽŹҴȿӡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-20-1]

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2017-02-27 Mon

#2863. ʬˤ³ʿפȡַ [evolution][punctuated_equilibrium][origin_of_language][language_change][speed_of_change]

ʲ쵯ϡФпʲʪؤβ򻲾Ȥ롥ʬǥȤʪμʬ˴ؤǥ뤬ͤȤ뤬ԤǤ2Ω벾⤬ΩƤƤ롥³ʿ (punctuated_equilibrium) ȷ (phyletic gradualism) Ǥ롥Сʡɡåɤοʲγꡤʬ˴ؤѤ (60--61)

븦ԤϡϽΤäѲ뤳Ȥȹͤ롥βϡַ (phyletic gradualism)פȤФ졤ʬϡ֥ʥͥʿʲ (anagenesis)פˤäƵȸʤ롥ۤθԤϡŪ˳Υ줿νĤ®Ѳ뤳Ȥȹͤ롥βϡ³ʿ (punctuated equilibrium)פȤФ졤®ѲѲδ֤δ֤ˤϡؤѲϵ餺̵ŪʻʤդĤ (random walk)ˤʤȸʤ롥³ʿˤϡʬʲ (cladogenesis)פȤФ졤ȼȤδηŪ˰ꤷ֤ڴ (stasis) ȹͤ롥ۤܤ٤ƤθԤϡʲˤѲϼʬΤȤ˵ǧƤ롥


޼ȡʲΤ褦ˤʤʥåɡp. 61 򻲹ͤˡˡ

Phyletic Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium

ΥǥˤƤ⡤ʬȤ櫓ʻꤵƤ롥Ŭ (adaptative radiation) ȸƤФ졤ĶȤ˵뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ롥
ʪʲȤɤޤǸʲѤΤʤΤ;ϤϤ뤬оȤȶ̣Ϣơ#807. ޤʪޤ ([2011-07-13-1]) ⻲ȡȤ櫓εʲѲ®٤˴ؤ³ʿαѤˤĤƤϡ#1397. ³ʿեǥ ([2013-02-22-1])#1749. οʲŤΥԡɡ ([2014-02-09-1])#1755. οʲŤΥԡ (2) ([2014-02-15-1])#2641. Ѳ®٤ˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2016-07-20-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

СʡɡåɡˡϾ ͪˡˡؿοʲȻǤˤõ١ǡ2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-03-09-1]

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2017-02-10 Fri

#2846. Ѳˤ [language_change][kanji][semantic_change][generative_grammar][diachrony][semantic_change][polysemy]

26俷ʹīΥʡפˡgeneration ȤƤΡפˤĤơ⤬ä衤פȤϡǯסֻס塹ס塹פۤɤΰ̣ǻȤƤȾζʽʤɤʪѸȤưŪʰ̣ǤΡפޤäƤäȤˡ19--20˥ɥĿʸؤŪθͭƱǯؤνġפ̣ˡůءҲءݽѡʸؤʤɤˤƹäȤ櫓롦ޥϥ (1893--1947) ҲŪϤפͻȤǡĬήܤˤƤ⡤Ūʰ̣ǤΡפ夹褦ˤʤä
ʪŪʡפȼҲŪʡפȤǤϡȤƤƱñǤäƤ⡤礭ʰ̣κ롥ԤϽ˸ؤƤȤ̣Ǥʳɽ魯ΤФơԤƱǯؽĤȤƤη³ްդ롥㤨СIJפβʹѤϡȤȤ˹ǯϾ夬äƤΤΡ켫ΤѲʤȤǷ³Ȥ롥
Ԥκƣ˻ˤСξΰ̣ˤƶ̤ƤΤϡȤˤϡڤˤơռ뷹פȤȤƬ˽Ҥ٤ˤС塹פȤϡŤ̤ͤ³Ƥ᡼פäĤޤꡤפʹƴ륤᡼ϡءפϡָήפΤۤ˶ᤫäǽ롥
פФ2ĤΥ᡼κϡѲͻäƤ⼨ŪǤ롤ʸˡΩ줫ϡѲȤʸˡѲΤȤǤꡤǤϡפȯۤ§Ǥ롥ҲŪΩ줫鸫СѲΥ᡼ϡָήפΤۤ˶ᤤǯüؤǯüؤǤϡΤ˸ոʿͤϰۤʤäƤġüԤ򸫤Сǯθոαƶǯοͤ⤤СεդΥ⤢롥ξüؤϡޤ줿ǯϰۤʤΤΡߤޤढδ֡ʸͭƤΤ顤ζͭ٤˱ơ¿ʤȤ¸ߤƤγʺѲϡؤˤꥫȿʤǤ¦̤⤢뤫⤷ʤָήˤꤢޤǴˤ䤫˿ʤǤȤʬ礭ΤǤϤʤ
Bloomfield θѲˤפǧ⡤#1352. ߥ˥̩٤̻֡ ([2013-01-08-1]) Ǹ褦ˡָήפȯۤ˶ᤫä褦˻פ롥

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2016-12-27 Tue

#2801. ȯﴱŪȸѲ [speech_organ][language_change][causation][phonetics][phonology][vowel]

ҥȤȯﴱŪʪǤ뤳ȤˤĤơ#544. ҥȤȯﴱοʲŬ ([2010-10-23-1]) Ǥߤη̤ȤƥҥȤθ͡ħ뤤¤Ĥ˻äȻפ뤬Ѳ䡤ˤϸѲ⡤ҥȤȯﴱŪüȴϢƤȤ롥 (15) ϡޥƥͤθ򼡤Τ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

Ͼ˶ΤȤ줿ηϤؤѲ롥ʹ֤ȯﴱϡȯ켡ǽȤƤĤΤǤϤʤ塤Ͽʪݼ褷𤷡߹िˤǤƤꡤȯﴱϡòǽξˡСŪǽȤƤˤʤäơδﴱϡʪξòˤԹ褯ǤƤƤ⡤ȯɬԹ褯ǤƤʤȯﴱȤƤߤԶѹդˤǤƤꡤѹդΤȤ줿ηϤܻؤηϡä첻ҲηϤȤ¸˰ܤȯﴱȤ礷ƤʤΤȤŪʸѲװǤꡤºݤˤФȯѲѲθȤʤ롥


ĴؤؤλΩƤС㤨첻ߤʬ褦ˡȸоŪԶѹդǤ롥#19. 첻շ ([2009-05-17-1]) #118. 첻շʤ첻ϻΡ ([2009-08-23-1]) οޤߤСФ򲣤ߤȤˡĹǤϤʤʤ줹Ūʿ޼ˤǤ롥ȤŪˤС㤨ܸΤ褦5첻ηϤˤơ/i, e, a, o, u/ γƲǤϺоΤͥʻѷʤ뤤Vˤդξ֤Τ̤Ǥ롥ۤоŪ¤оŪȤޤˤ롥
ΰѤǼĥƤ뤳Ȥϡۤȸ¤Υ줳¤Ѳ븶ưϤǤ롤ȤΡۡפˤϡΩηϤǤȤ륽塼ι¤ŪʸѤǻȿǤƤ롥

աإ塼ȥԥθۡؤ򤹤뤿ˡ١ҡ2014ǯ

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