ѲȤ櫓ѲοʹԤλˤĤơؤʬ䤹Ҳ𤷤Ƥ뤳ȤɾΤ Aitchison (100) Τ褦Ƥ롥
Syntactic change typically creeps into a language via optional stylistic variants. Particular lexical items provide a toehold. The change tends to become widely used via ambiguous structures. One or some of these get increasingly preferred, and in the long run the dispreferred options fade away through disuse. Mostly, speakers are unaware that such changes are taking place. Overall, all changes, whether phonetic/phonological, morphological, or syntactic, take place gradually, and also spread gradually. There is always fluctuation between the old and the new. Then the changes tend to move onward and outward, becoming the norm among one group of speakers before moving on to the next.
ѲϡˤäȿʹԤ뤿ˡ줬ƤüԤˤȤäƤƳŤʤΤǤ롥ξ¸֤ˤϡ#3318. Ѳκˤ뿷Ѱ۷äơ ([2018-05-28-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡξԤΤ˲餫δỤ̄Ѱΰ㤤ռ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ۤɰռ줺ˡ¾夿Ρɤ (fluctuation) ȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿Ѳϸä˥äƿʤफΤ褦ηŤƤǡ춦ƱΤǤ⤢üԤ̤üԤؤŤƤ (lexical_diffusion) Ѳ creep 礦ˤ褦˿ʤȤȤϡ̯Ǥ롥
ޤ̤βս Aitchison (107) ϡJoseph (140) Ѥʤ顤ѲΥ뤤϶˸ڤƤ롥
[S]peakers in the process of using --- and thus of changing --- their language often act as if they were in a fog, by which is meant not that they are befuddled but that they see clearly only immediately around them, so to speak, and only in a clouded manner farther afield. They thus generalize only 'locally' . . . and not globally over vast expanses of data, and they exercise their linguistic insights only through a small 'window of opportunity' over a necessarily small range of data.
ġüԤϡ礭ήΤʤˤѲṲ̄ϸƤ餺Ū˹ưƤǤ롥ѲΡָ (invisible_hand) Ū (teleology) ˤľ뤹븫Ǥ롥
ɸΤ褦ˡָѲ̸Τʤ礦褦ˤƿʤǤפΤʤΤ
Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.
Joseph, B. D. "Diachronic Explanation: Putting Speakers Back into the Picture." Explanation in Historical Linguistics. Ed. G. W. Davis and G. K. Iverson. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1992. 123--44.
ʸˡǤ be ưβˡȤơ1;ñ3;ñ was ʤ were Ѥ롥If I were you . . . as it were ǡǤ롥Τ褦ʷʸŪʸΤǤλѤΥСǤľˡ˰ĥ was Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤƤȸ㤨СI wouldn't do that, if I was you. I wish I was dead! ʤɡˡ
ŪʲʹѤԤǤСΤ褦 was ˡָѡפȴλѼԤüԤȤߤʤ⤷ʤѲȤߤԤϡwas λѤäˤäơ̯ʿ벾ˡʲˤƤȤ֤⤷ʤۤˤϡʪήžסֹԤϤή䤨ơפãѤƸѲįͤ⤢ȤơѲκˤʤȤܤ˿Ѱ۷ϡߤ˰ۤʤỤ̄ (connotation) ˥奢͡ʼҲŪʸŪʲͤӤӤ뤳Ȥ¿
ΰ⤦ǫ褦A B ȤѲƤˤϡʤ A B Ѥ֤롥ξǤСˡ If I were . . . (= A) If I was . . . (= B) ξѤ֤롥ζѴ֤ˤϤʤĹꡤʤɤζ̤̤뤬̤˱ A B ΤˤϼҲŪʸŪͤѰˤƳƼκۤ뤳Ȥ¿̤ǤϡA ˤμB ˤϿʪȤƤηʶ뤫⤷ʤ̤ζ̤ǤϡA ϶ܤB ̵ܤɸ뤫⤷ʤޤ̤ζ̤ǤϡA ϵʷϵޤȤäſ뤪भB Ͽͽ㡹뤫⤷ʤǽŪ A äB ΤߤǽȤʤäȤޤǤγƶ̤ǤξԤΥ饤ХطϡʻפФв˲ΥɥޤȤʤäƤꡤǤϴλƤΤǤ롥
If I were/was . . . ˤ餺ѲȤϤΤ褦ʤΤѲΤʤǶŪƤüԤˤȤäƤϡξΩϸ߿ʹΥꥢʥɥޤʤΤǤꡤݼ顤¾Ω줬ΤޤʤΤǤϤʤ
ʸˡǤ be ưβˡȤơ1;ñ3;ñ was ʤ were Ѥ롥If I were you . . . as it were ǡǤ롥Τ褦ʷʸŪʸΤǤλѤΥСǤľˡ˰ĥ was Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤƤȸ㤨СI wouldn't do that, if I was you. I wish I was dead! ʤɡˡ
ŪʲʹѤԤǤСΤ褦 was ˡָѡפȴλѼԤüԤȤߤʤ⤷ʤѲȤߤԤϡwas λѤäˤäơ̯ʿ벾ˡʲˤƤȤ֤⤷ʤۤˤϡʪήžסֹԤϤή䤨ơפãѤƸѲįͤ⤢ȤơѲκˤʤȤܤ˿Ѱ۷ϡߤ˰ۤʤỤ̄ (connotation) ˥奢͡ʼҲŪʸŪʲͤӤӤ뤳Ȥ¿
ΰ⤦ǫ褦A B ȤѲƤˤϡʤ A B Ѥ֤롥ξǤСˡ If I were . . . (= A) If I was . . . (= B) ξѤ֤롥ζѴ֤ˤϤʤĹꡤʤɤζ̤̤뤬̤˱ A B ΤˤϼҲŪʸŪͤѰˤƳƼκۤ뤳Ȥ¿̤ǤϡA ˤμB ˤϿʪȤƤηʶ뤫⤷ʤ̤ζ̤ǤϡA ϶ܤB ̵ܤɸ뤫⤷ʤޤ̤ζ̤ǤϡA ϵʷϵޤȤäſ뤪भB Ͽͽ㡹뤫⤷ʤǽŪ A äB ΤߤǽȤʤäȤޤǤγƶ̤ǤξԤΥ饤ХطϡʻפФв˲ΥɥޤȤʤäƤꡤǤϴλƤΤǤ롥
If I were/was . . . ˤ餺ѲȤϤΤ褦ʤΤѲΤʤǶŪƤüԤˤȤäƤϡξΩϸ߿ʹΥꥢʥɥޤʤΤǤꡤݼ顤¾Ω줬ΤޤʤΤǤϤʤ
Prins (267--68) αѸ첻˳κǸˡѲˤĤƤͤĤƤ롥äȤȤ٤ΤʤΤ¤ˤ줿ƤʸϤ첻 (gvs) ƤꡤβѲȤʤäƤ롥Ū¤Ūװˤ벻Ѳ⤢뤳ȤǧĤġŪװϼҲŪʤΤǤȳˤƤ롥ͤΰǤϤ뤬Ȥ櫓̣ɤͤΤʬȴФ
Though it may be difficult to account for a given change, it is possible to account for the possibility of change as such. Language is a social phenomenon and apart from the psychological causes operative in linguistic phenomena, it is obvious that social causes must have been largely responsible for or instrumental in sound-changes like the Great Vowel Shift in English, to which I shall confine my attention. The fundamental condition which makes sound-changes of this kind possible is the fact that phonemes are not always realized in the same manner by all people and in all circumstances, but that there are generally several allophones. If the phoneme had the unalterable rigidity of the signals, say, of the Morse code, evolution in language would be impossible. Since this is not the case and a certain latitude in the phonetic realization of phonemes is found, a certain allophone in a certain number of words may become the normal phonetic realization, which may then spread to other words and subsequently to all words containing that phoneme. Hence after a lapse of time the phoneme /i:/ may come to be realized as [əɪ] and later as [aɪ] and this may even --- though not necessarily --- affect the organically related back-vowel /u:/, which will then be realized as [əʊ], subsequently [ɑʊ]. Similarly the phoneme /e:/ may come to be realized as [i:], and the corresponding back-vowel /o:/ may --- but need not necessarily --- come to be realized as [u:].
This drift, then, to diphthongization of the high vowels can also be observed in Present Day English, though there is no evidence of the tendency to raise the mid-vowels /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ in PDE. Why the drift or tendency takes that particular direction is difficult to say, but that the change is socially conditioned is obvious. Such a tendency is often held in check or prevented by a strong formal tradition as observed in schools or universities or influential educated sections of the population, but when such traditions are weakened owing to social upheavals like domestic wars or internal migration or the mixing of population groups or the rise into power of other classes, such tendencies may spread and what was at one time a vulgar, regional or dialectal pronunciation may become the standard. This would also account for the fact that though linguistic change is a continuous process, there are periods when it is definitely accelerated. These will be found to coalesce with periods of social change, when standards of pronunciation break down. The result is a so-called independent sound-change. These few remarks must suffice here. A full discussion of the problem would require a book in itself.
203ȾȤŪᤤʳǡҲŪʴ鲻ѲȤ館ƤȤ˶äҲŪѤȼ춦ƱΤɤθήˤꡤͭϤʲηϡˤƬƤȤʥߥåªϡǤˤȤɤޤ餺˲Ǥ餢롥
Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.
Hopper and Traugott ˤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ªҲ𤷤ƤʸˡȤȤϸѲΤѥؤȤ⤢СΤ褦ʸѲ椹ȤߤΤȤؤȤ⤢롥ޤϡHopper and Traugott (231) ꡤդ顥
. . . we have considered grammaticalization as (i) a research framework for studying the relationships between lexical, constructional, and grammatical material in language, whether diachronically or synchronically, whether in particular languages or cross-linguistically, and (ii) a term referring to the change whereby lexical items and constructions come in certain linguistic contexts to serve grammatical functions and, once grammaticalized, continue to develop new grammatical functions.
(ii) ΰ̣ǤʸˡˤĤơHopper and Traugott (231) ϡܼäʹδ֤ˤ̣θĤǤȤߤƤ롥ʸˡϡΤ褦˥ߥ˥δŪʥݥȤΩӤƤ뤬椨ˡŪʴǧθŪʴޤ߹ळȤˤʤꡤե졼ȤȤˤʤΤ
We have argued that grammaticalization can be thought of as the result of the continual negotiation of meaning that speakers and hearers engage in in the context of discourse production and perception. The potential for grammaticalization lies in speakers attempting to be maximally informative, and in hearers attempting to be maximally cooperative, depending on the needs of the particular situation. Negotiating meaning may involve innovation, specifically, pragmatic, semantic, and ultimately grammatical enrichment. This means that grammaticalization is conceptualized as a type of change not limited to early child language acquisition or to perception (as is assumed in some models of language change), but due also to adult acquisition and to production.
μιʸˡ̥Ϥ1ĤȤäƤ褤
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ŵȤơ̤ɽ魯ư be going to ȯã (cf. #417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1])#2106.ֶʸˡȡֹʸˡ ([2015-02-01-1])#2575. Ѳΰ ([2016-05-15-1]) ) λѤơʸˡޤ̣ŪѲ2Ĥμ˱äơĤޤ2ĤΥᥫ˥ˤäȯʹԤ뤳ȤΤHopper and Traugott (93) Ǥ롥2ĤΥᥫ˥Ȥϡsyntagm, reanalysis, metonymy åȤǹᥫ˥ȡparadigm, analogy, metaphor ʤᥫ˥Ǥ롥ʲοޤȡ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Syntagmatic axis
Mechanism: reanalysis
|
Stage I be going [to visit Bill] |
PROG Vdir [Purp. clause] |
|
Stage II [be going to] visit Bill |
TNS Vact |
(by syntactic reanalysis/metonymy) |
|
Stage III [be going to] like Bill |
TNS V |
(by analogy/metaphor) |
Paradigmatic axis
Mechanism: analogy
In summary, metonymic and metaphorical inferencing are comlementary, not mutually exclusive, processes at the pragmatic level that result from the dual mechanisms of reanalysis linked with the cognitive process of metonymy, and analogy linked with the cognitive process of metaphor. Being a widespread process, broad cross-domain metaphorical analogizing is one of the contexts within which grammaticalization operates, but many actual instances of grammaticalization show that conventionalizing of the conceptual metonymies that arise in the syntagmatic flow of speech is the prime motivation for reanalysis in the early stages.
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ˤѲβž®ΰȤΤ롥#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) #1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡո (intensifier) 䡤֡ɽ (taboo) ζ餲նɽ (euphemism) ޤƤϾä뤳Ȥϡ褯ΤƤ롥ѤСɽϥ饤ե뤬ûȤȤˤʤ
Ʊͤˡε#3267. ɸȤηϩ ([2018-04-07-1]) Ǽ夲ɸ⡤Ū饤ե뤬ûȤƤ롥ºݡɸŪ˿ɽޤƤϾä֤ƤεǤ⼨褦ˡɸääդˤ٤⤤ȡƼθ줦뤳ȤطʤˤΤˤĤ Lewis (909) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Discourse markers are known for their frequent renewal. Particularly subject to sociolinguistic factors and fashion, they tend to be "caught" easily, spreading quickly among social networks. Choice of markers therefore can reflect age, social position, and so on. Discourse markers date quickly: many of the most frequent discourse markers and connectives of the 20th century arose only in the 18th or 19th century, including of course, after all, still, I say.
饤ե뤬®ȤäƤʾλ֤褦Ǥꡤոնʸˡ˸饤եۤ®櫓ǤϤʤΤˤäѤˤʤȸ路ۤɤˤϡֵ§ŪʡѲΰȤߤʤޤѤκǽˤ褦ˡɸüԤħŤȤΤⶽ̣˼ҲŪʴѻоݤˤʤ뤳Ȥ̣뤫ɸήԤȤƤ¦̤ϡäܤƤ褤
Lewis, Diana M. "Late Modern English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 56 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 901--15.
ɸ (discourse marker, DM) ˤĤơ#2041. ɸ졤 ([2014-11-28-1]) discourse_marker γƵǼ夲ƤǤϡԸ椫ޤȤ Archer ˽äơɸħȷϩˤĤƾҲ𤹤롥
ޤɸħ顥Archer (660) ϼ4夲Ƥ롥
- DMs are phonologically short items that normally occur sentence-initially (but can occur in medial or final position . . .);
- DMs are syntactically independent elements (often constituting separate intonation units) which occur with high frequency (in oral discourse in particular);
- DMs lack semantic content (i.e. they are non-referential/non-propositional in meaning)
- DMs are non-truth-conditional elements, and thus optional (i.e. they may be deleted).
ƤɸϡˤɤСɸʤɤǤϤʤäˤβǡɽɸ餷ʤäƤȤȤǤ롥ǤϡɤΤ褦ɽɸؤȯŸ䤹ΤŵŪɸηϩˤĤƤϡŪʴ鵭ҤΤȡ̣ŪʴΤΤ롥ޤԤˤĤ (Archer 661)
- adverb/preposition > conjunction > DM;
- predicate adverb > sentential adverb structure > parenthetical DM . . .;
- imperative matrix clause > indeterminate structure > parenthetical DM;
- relative/adverbial clause > parenthetical DM.
̣Ūʴηϩϡ̤ (Archer 661)
- truth-conditional > non-truth conditional . . .,
- content > procedural, and nonsubjective > subjective > intersubjective meaning,
- scope within the proposition > scope over the proposition > scope over discourse.
Archer, Dawn. "Early Modern English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 41 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 652--67.
ˤˤή (drift) ȡʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ĥѲΰ (unidirectionality) ϸߤ˴طοǰΤ褦˻פ롥ξԤδطˤĤơ#685. ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1) ([2011-03-13-1])#1971. ʸˡˤӸݤ ([2014-09-19-1]) ǤƤ Hopper and Traugott ε̤ƤͤƤߤ
Sapir ǽήȸƤȤǰƬˤäΤϡѸˤޤξüӱŪɽȯãΤȤä礫ʬϤءפȤήΤȤǤ (cf. synthesis_to_analysis) θԤϡŪʰ̣絬ϤʸѲȤƤȤ館ĤޤꡤʸˡΤȤƤɤƻڤȤƤǤ롥
ʸˡʸ̮ǤФѤȤϡˤŪѲˤĤƸ뤳ȤϤʤʸˡ¤ɤȤƻڤˤĤƤγǰѸǤꡤפˤäȶɽŪʰ̣礤ǻȤȤȤ
Drift has to do with regularization of construction types within a language . . ., unidirectionality with changes affecting particular types of construction. (Hopper and Traugott 100)
ήȰϡŪɽŪ絬ϤϤʸפε§˴ؤΤġιʸפѲ˴ؤΤȤ顤ߤ˰ۤʤΤȤƤȤ館Τ褵ְפȤѸ줬ѤȤˤϡѸȤƤǤϤʤƤʸˡȤѲνѸȤѤȤȤռƤʤȡ㤤ǽΤդǤ롥
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
2֤ε ([2018-02-14-1], [2018-02-15-1]) ³ɡΡܤλ͡٤ꡤʪʲȸѲˤĤƹͤ롥Ʊˤϡ֤ȤȤ˶ո줫鶯դƤ碌뿷ʶո줬ޤ븽ݡʤֶˡ§פȸƤ֤٤ꤢƤս꤬ (349--50) ֲַԡפ̣ñ star ˤޤĤ붯˿Ƥ롥
̸ˤϡͽŪDzʹѤʤ̣ŪʡʲΤ褦ʷõƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ợΥ졼Ȥǡʤ뤤̤γ٤餽СಽȤȤˤʤΥեɥХåξڵ줵ȤС֥פȤñϡޤäޤ̾DẓͥΤȤƻȤƤ줫餽ñϡDzǼоʪΰͤ餸뤯餤̤̣ͥ褦ಽäơޤ̾ȤȤΰ̣᤹ˡñϡ֥ѡפ˥졼ȤʤФʤʤäΤDz襹֥ѡפȤñߤʤʹȤʤ褦ͥˤޤǻȤΤǡ֥ᥬפؤΤʤ륨졼äƤޤǤϡ¿ФΡ֥ᥬפ뤬ʤȤ䤬ޤʹȤʤʪʤΤǡ֤Υ졼Ϥ⤦֥ϥѡפαʹȤˤʤΤȻ褦ΥեɥХåϡ֥աפȤñβͤȤƤޤäñϥեΥաɡ奤̤Ƥꡤ˼Υդ뤤Ḷ́Ƥ롥ϥåեɼŵ˺ܤäƤ̣Ǥ롥ĤޤϿ˼ͤΥդʤϤȤ餯̤ݤĤ̾ΡˤΡ˥å䤫ΥϥС֤Ǥ⤬ʬΤȤ֥աפȸƤӽФη̡ޤǤϡ֥ĹפʤƱȿŪʸޤ路Фʹ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
ɡϡǡ֥פ֥աפΤȤȤΰ̣ߡ (meme) ȤƤȤ館ƤΤ⤷ʤʴϢơ#3188. ߡȤƤθ (1) ([2018-01-18-1])#3189. ߡȤƤθ (2) ([2018-01-19-1])ˡˤ衤Ѳ˲ʹѤޤʤȤǡɡŰƬŰ˥ȤǤ롥
դ˴ؤȤƤϡ#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) #1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])#2190. μޤäո ([2015-04-26-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
ɡ㡼ɡˡ ͵ƣ ƣ ɥ ءˡ δʴƽˡܤλ͡϶١˼2004ǯ
ε ([2018-02-14-1]) ˰³ɡΡܤλ͡٤ǸˤĤƸڤƤսܤ롥ϡɡʬʬˤĤơʪξȤΰƱŦʤƤʬꤢ褦 (348--49)
ϲ餫ηʬʬƤ鲿ФĤˤĤơߤǤʤʤäƤޤΤǡ餫˿ʲȸ롥ʿΤ⤫¿硹ϡʲθΤγʹκƤ롥ۤʤθϤ餫˻̤äƤꡤΤǰäƤñοˤäƤ餬ɤäƤ뤫Τ¬뤳ȤǤ褦ʪϡάʬʬؤʪȤؤ褯Ƥ롥ʬñο¬֤ΰ㤤ϡޥ¬֤εΥФƥվΥץåȤ줦롥վ˥ץåȤ줿ϤζŪˤɤʷƤ뤫ˤäơ礫ءñˤȻƤ®٤ˤĤƲȤ狼Ϥñϥ̡ˤäưưȤɤΥƤ뤫ˤäƤ㤷ֳ֤ķӰܤäƤĤΤʤǤϡҤȤѰۤΤȤۤȤƱ褦ˤơñϰ®٤Ѳ롥⤷礬˳ΥƤСθϻ֤ФĤˤĤƲ餫οʲŪѲä¾θ줫ʤˤʬƤˤɤϡˤɤ٤ơ̡ˤñθή®٤餫®ޤθϡΥ줿θ⿷̤äƤ롥ݤϡΤǴѻΥѥΤǤꡤȤϤȸХ㡼륺˥ԥ졼Ϳѥΰۤʤäˤե˴ؤ¤̩ܤʥʥΩġ礦ñ줬̡ˤä礫ķӰܤäƤ褦ˡҤĻΤˤä礫ķӰܤäƤ
ºݡʿΤ硹ν֤δطõΤˡŪʼˡѤ븦Ǥ롥ʿΤΥư²θƤ⡤Ȥ˿ŪʼˡŬѤƤʡ#1129. ĸʬϵ5800--7800ǯ ([2012-05-30-1]) ȡˡSwadesh ˤǯؤ⡤ȽƤΤΡƶ̥ϤϴˤϼƤʤ褦˸ʡ#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1]) glottochronology γƵȡˡǯΥѥؤȯŸ䥳ԥ塼ηϤθˤꡤ׳ (lexicostatistics) ȤʬäƤƤ롥ʪؤˡؤˤѤȤɡȯۤϡľǤ⤢뤷ºݤˤĤˡDZѤƤƤ⤤ΤǤ롥
Ϣơ⤦1սꡤɡƱǸʬʪʬˤʤ館Ƥս꤬롥ǤϡʬǤϤʤ礹뤳Ȥ⤢Ȥǡʪ㤹ȻŦƤ (412)
ʬǤϤʤäƤޤȤ⤢롥ѸϡϤ뤫ʬޥȥޥλǤꡤäƤɤΤ褦ʳŪҤοˤ⤭äޤäƤʤѸϤؤϤɤǸꡤʬŪ˽ʣꤹ뤳Ȥ狼ʪŪʬؤϡФˤΤ褦˸ꤷʤΥ٥ʾʪʲϤĤͤʬǤ롥
ʪˤϺϤʤȤĥʪʲˤơȤȸ˺˦äߥȥɥꥢΤƿ˺˦Ȥ붦⤬Ƥ뤳ȤդƤϽκӤ븽ݤ⤷ʤ
ɡ㡼ɡˡ ͵ƣ ƣ ɥ ءˡ δʴƽˡܤλ͡϶١˼2004ǯ
ɡ̾ܤλ͡١ʸ The Blind Watchmaker (1986)ˤϡʥͥ˥˥κDZνǤ롥ѲˤȤäʪοʲȸοʲѲȤɤޤͭȤϷŪʽäƤꡤⶽ̣šʤΤȤͭȸ³ζܤΤ
ɡξǽɤ뤫ꡤľܡܤ˱ѲǽʲսŦС3褦˻פ롥(1) Ū (teleology) θ(2) ʬʬࡤ(3) ̣ɺȸŪŶ (1) ŪˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ɡ (24--25) ϡʪʲ̵Ūʤܤλ͡ˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥οʲѲˤĤƤ⡤ΤޤƤϤޤȹͤ롥
ͣλͤϡ̤ʤϤ餭ǤϤΤΡܤʪŪʽϤʤΤʪλͤθ̤äƤ롥ʤǾŪƻ֤ХͤǥߤˤɤȤ߹碌뤫פȤ̿ʤ¸ߤ뤫줬ʤŪäƤ褦˸뤫ΤȤơȯΤμϡܤΡռ⤿ʤưŪǤꡤŪäƤʤΤˤϿʤпʤ⤢ϤʤײʤС⡤̤⡤Ÿ˾ⲿʤ⤷λͤ餸ƤȸäƤ褤ʤ顤ܤλͤʤΤ
Ѳ⡤θüԤôäƤˤϰ㤤ʤüԤα餸ȤϤޤ̵ŪΡܤλ͡פǤȹͤ롥ΤˡüԤϤλκΥߥ˥Τ˻ͤդӡºݤȯƤ뤫⤷ʤϤ̤ʤΤˤ줬뤹뤫⤷ʤѲˤĤơǤˤʳüԤǤȤϻפʤѲϤΤ褦ͽꤵƤΤǤϤʤΰ̣ˤ̵ŪǤꡤܤʤΤǤ롥ϡġüԤϡܤλ͡פ餸Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤŪˡֻ͡פݤܤλ͡פݤˤʤΤ
ѲˤŪ˴ؤˤĤƤϡteleology γƵȤ줿
ɡ㡼ɡˡ ͵ƣ ƣ ɥ ءˡ δʴƽˡܤλ͡϶١˼2004ǯ
#2867. Ѳζɬ ([2017-03-03-1]) 嵴¤Ρض٤ɤǡƤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ɬ餫Ω복ǰǤ롥䤿ϤȤˡֶɬפɬŪפʤɤΥˤ롥ʤΤ褦̷⤷ɽǽʤΤ
嵴 (74) ˤСŪɬŪŪϷӤĤ䤹ŪŪŪɬϷӤĤ䤹Ĥޤְۼפ䤹Ȥ
褽ѤϤŰ줷ˤƤϰŪɬΤߤǧʤäưŪ¸ߤ;ϤϤʤŪŪɬꤷη̤ȤơŪŪǧ롥ʳŪѤϤηɽƤ롥ȿơŪѤŰŪʷäˤϡŪŪɬˤäƤΤ߰ڤ褦Ȥ롥äŪŪ¸ߤʤˡŪɬη̤ȤơŪ¸ߤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ķؤΰջ֤ˤäƤ٤Ƥ硤Ụ̄ؤ¸ߤǧΤϤδط˴𤤤Ƥ롥ΰ̣ˤơŪɬŪŪȷ礷䤹ŪŪɬϰŪȷ礷䤹ֶɬפȤ褦ʵŪθϤβǽ˴ŤΤǤ롥
Ĥޤꡤ븽ݤɬǤ⤢Ǥ⤢פȤ1Ĥβϡ줬ŪˤɬŪŪˤ϶ǤȤȤΰۼβϡŪ (teleology) ǤϤʤ (mechanism) ΩβǤ롥äơŪСѲޤɬǤ⤢Ǥ⤢ݤʤΤǤ롥
ΰۼȴϢơ嵴 (244) ̤βսǡֶȱ̿פˤĤͤƤʰʲ˵ϲ֤ˡ
ФŪðۤ̿Фðۤη뤳Ȥ롥ʹ֤μ¸ˤȤäƳ˿ŪͳỤ̄ͭĤȤϱ̿ȸƤФΤǤ롥Ʊ̿ȤƤζϡɬȤΰۼˤäơɬԡפι¤ĶŪϤäƸȤƿʹ֤¸פΤǤ롥
ιͤˤС̿ȤϡͤˤȤäơֳ˿ŪͳỤ̄פġŪˤɬŪŪˤ϶Ǥ븽ݤǤʿСͤˤȤäƤƽפʷ̤⤿餵줿硤ŪŪ˶ǤäȤƤ⡤ŪŪɬǤ뤫Τ褦ˤȤ館Ƥޤꡤ̿ȸƤӤȤȤ
ѲˤơȤ˱̿ɽ뤳Ȥ⤢ drift ήˤˤĤơδͤƤߤȤ⤷²ǤϿǯδ֡ޤοȤ drift ³ƤȤ뤬ζưϤθǤ뤫ˤĤƤΤʽФƤʤäơα̿ǤȤȤ館Ԥ롥Τ褦Ԥϡdrift ²ˤȤäơֳ˿ŪͳỤ̄פĤΤȿƤꡤ椨ŪŪɬθݤǤ뤫Τ褦˴ơ̿ȸƤǤΤǤϤʤĤޤꡤdrift Ȥݤ¿ʲͤƤ뤫餳ҤäȤȶνˤʤΤ̿ȤĤ̾ǡðۤäƸƤӤʤΤǤϤʤ
Ѳζɬ̿ˤĤƤϡinvisible_hand spaghetti_junction ιͤ⻲Ȥ줿
嵴 ¤ض١ȽŹ2012ǯ
#3176. ȤưŪʿˤ륷ƥफ (1) ([2018-01-06-1])#3177. ȤưŪʿˤ륷ƥफ (2) ([2018-01-07-1]) εǡưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) ιͤȤƥ˱ѤǤ뤫ȤˤĤ
ʡοǤϡưŪʿդʪʳؤα㤬¿Ƥ㤨СưŪʿȿפưŪʿշݽפʤɡˡưŪʿշݽפꤹ륨åˤơʡ (170--71) ϰȤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥Ѳΰ̴ط (causation) ǼŪǤ롥
ΤǤϡߤϢؤ٤Ƥ¿δطǷҤꤢäƤ롥Ĥޤˤ⡤Τˤ衤ʬϤʤʬȸƤӡʬȤڤФΤʤΤҤϡߤ¾Χ뤤䤷Ƥ롥ΤȤˤϡִ֤ªƤߤȡȼ꤬褦˸롥ʬνִ֤ȡȷ̤ϵžƤ롥뤤ϡޤ̤ʿդưƤ롥Ĥޤꡤˤϡΰ̣ǰ̴طȸƤ֤٤Τޤ¸ߤʤʬʤȤˤϤ狼ʤʬƤ狼ʤΤǤ롥䤿ϳΤ˺ѥࡦեȤɬפʤΤμ꤬ϤɤˤΤ
ʡưŪʿˤƤϡ̿ɮƬȤưŪʿդˤ륷ƥˤȤäơ֤ܼŪʥѥǤ롥֤ΤʤDzƯ³Ƥ뤫餳ǽݤäƤȤͤäơǤϥѥȤץŻ뤵뤳Ȥˤʤ롥֤ǤϤʤư֤֡ǤϤʤ̻֤νŻȤ
塼θؤˤƤ⡤ѥ֤֡餫ˤ뤳Ȥ饨ͥ륮䤵Ƥǡץư̻֤֡θϤʤˤƤȤäƤ褤ԤԤȤˤȤäƤϡؤˤѥࡦեȤɬפΤ褦˻פ롥ȤϤʬʤȤˤϤ狼ʤʬƤ狼ʤפȤȤΰ̣Ǥ롥ѥࡦեȤȤäƤǤ롥
ʡ 졡ưŪʿ3Ͻ줿ˤΤ߹ߤΩġ١ڳڼҡ2017ǯ
ε ([2018-01-06-1]) ˰³ưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) ˤĤơ
εǡʡ (276) ꡤ̿ϡ֥ȥԡˡ§ꤷơƺƹۤȤžŪʤפΤäƤȤŪʸҲ𤷤ǻפФΤϡ2016ǯ˥Ρ٥ؾޤޤŵˤ륪ȥե (autophagy) Ǥ롥ȥեȤϡ̿ưŸ뤿ѶŪʼ˲٤ΤȤǤ롥̿ϡ츫ԲIJʤȤˡ뤳Ȥʬ뤳ȤˤؤϤ䤷Ƥ餷ۤ˿ϤƤΤˤĤơʡ (297) ϳοŪǤ롥
̿ˤȤäƽפʤΤϡ뤳Ȥ⡤ȤǤ롥˦ϤɤʴĶǤ⡤ʤǤ⡤Ȥʤषʤǡͥ륮ȤäơѶŪˡꤷơ˦ι¤ʪɤɤƤ롥ʤ̿ưŪʿդݻ뤿Ǥ롥
Τɬư縶§ȥԡˡ§Ǥ롥ˤơǤΤ̿Τ̿Τˤ⥨ȥԡˡ§ƼϤʤꡤˡϷʪȯ롥䤨֤ʤӽʤСФȤǤʤΤ䤨ʬĤġƱ˺ƹۤȤХή줬ɬפʤΤ줬Ƥ뤳ȡĤޤưŪʿդǤ
Ȥä٤ˤϡϤƸˤ̤Τ
ʡ̤βսǤҤ٤Ƥ (290--91)
ΤȤ̿Ȥ䤨ưŪǤꡤĶ˸äƳƤΤǤ롥γ̤ơʪͥ륮ꤷƤꡤνꤳ̿ήʤΤǤ롥ʤưŪʿդȤϡʿդȤϸʤ顤ɤŪãʿդǤϤʤ¤ʿդǤꡤ̿ȤϳϤʤΤǤ롥
ΰѤˤƤ⡤̿פָפ֤ȡ٤ƶ롥Ⳬϡ뤤ϡ#3142. ۥᥪ (1) ([2017-12-03-1]) ʤΤǤϤʤ
ʡ 졡ؿǡưŪʿա̿Ϥʤ˽ɤΤ١شۡҾشۿӡ2016ǯ
ʡΤưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) ϡ̿ݤ븶ȤƲŪʤΤǤˤȤɤޤ餺⤷ȸ츽ݤˤѤǤΤ⤷ʤưŪʿդˤĤƤϡ#3171. 1/f 餮 ([2018-01-01-1]) εǴñ˿줿ϤιͤäƤߤ褦ʡ (261--63) ΤʸϤΤǤŬڤ
ΤƤʬҤϡ٤ƹ®ʬ졤ʪȤݼ褷ʬҤ֤Ƥ롥ΤΤȿ˦ȤϤƾ˺Ѥ졤³ƤΤǤ롥
顤䤿οΤʬŪʼΤȤƤϡμʬȤϤޤäʪˤʤäƤ롥ʬҤϴĶäƤơäȤߤȤƻ䤿Фνִ֤ˤϤޤĶؤȲƤ
ĤޤꡤĶϾ˻䤿οΤ̤ȴƤ롥̤ȴפȤɽΤǤϤʤʤʤ顤ˤʬҤ̤פ٤Ƥʪä櫓ǤϤʤƤʪȸƤǤ䤿ομΤ̤ĤĤʬҤ켡Ū˷äƤˤʤǤ롥
ĤޤꡤˤΤϡή줽ΤΤǤʤήǡ䤿οΤѤĤġưξ֤ݤäƤ롥ή켫ΤƤפȤȤʤΤǤ롥ϥޡϡ̿ðŪʤ褦ʥߥåƥȡưŪʾ֡ˤȸƤϤγǰ˳ĥ̿ζѹդν궯Ĵ뤿ưŪʿաפѸǼ dynamic equilibrium equi= librium=ŷˤȤʤ롥
ǻ䤿ϲơ̿ȤϲפȤ䤤뤳ȤǤ롥̿ȤưŪʿդˤ륷ƥǤפȤǤ롥
ơˤϤ⤦Ĥνפʷ롥ϲŪǥƥʥ֥ħȤ̿ȤƥϡʪŪ¤סĤޤ깽ʬҤΤΤ˰¸ƤΤǤϤʤή줬⤿餹ָ̡פǤȤȤ̿ݤȤϹ¤ǤϤʤָ̡פʤΤǤ롥
ƥʥ֥Ǥ뤳ȤͤȤ¿ΤȤƤ롥ƥʥ֥ʤΤϾưƤ롥ưϡήס⤷ϴĶȤ۴Ĥؤˤ롥ƥʥ֥ήʤ⡤ĶȤΤ˰ʿվ֤ݤäƤ롥
ؼ֤˾äƥХݤĤȤΤ褦ˡषߤưƤ뤫餳ʿդݻǤΤƥʥ֥ϡưʤʬȺ֤ʬؤƤ롥椨˴ĶѲŬѤǤޤʬν䤹ȤǤ롥
Τ褦˹ͤȡƥʥ֥Ǥ뤳ȤȤϡʪŪŪ¸ꡤ餷ꤹ뤳ȤǤϤʤΤΤΤ롥
ƥʥ֥ʤΤϡ츫ѤΤ褦˸ơ¤ϾưʤʿդݤĤ鷺ʤѲ³Ƥ롥εפȱưΤäȸˤʤäơֿʲפȸƤ٤뤳Ȥˡ䤿ϵŤΤ
ʸϤΡ̿פΡפָפ֤¾ѸŬڤ˸ŪɤؤƤ⡤Ǥ褦˻פ롥Ѳ³ʤʿվ֤ݤäƤ륵ƥʥ֥ʥƥǤꡤŪʹ¤ȤưŪʡָ̡פȤƤߤΤǤϤʤȡ
ѲƤ뤳Ȥष˹Ȥ츫ȤŪ˻פ븫ϡưŪʿդȤѸФȤ⡤ǯǤʣ (complex_system) (chaos_theory)1/f 餮 (1/f) ȤδϢǻŦƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ ([2017-11-13-1])#3142. ۥᥪ (1) ([2017-12-03-1])#3143. ۥᥪ (2) ([2017-12-04-1])#3171. 1/f 餮 ([2018-01-01-1]) ʤɤǿƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
⤦1ġưŪʿդȥȥԡ (entropy) δطˤĤơʡ (276--77) ѤƤ
ΤϤ٤礹ԲŪ˿ʤߡϤ䤬Ƽ줤ǻ䤬פϡפ뤤ϡ֥ƥפȸƤ褤٤ƤϡפߥѤ䤬ƾ㳲롥ĤޤꥨȥԡϾ礹ΤǤ롥
̿ϤΤȤ餫ῥߡĤνȥԡˡ§ꤷơƺƹۤȤžŪʤĤޤꤽ줬ưŪʿաפǤ롥
Ĺ֥֡ȥԡˡ§פɤäƤ뤦˾ʬҥ٥»Ѥ䤬ƥȥԡɤȴƤޤĤޤݤƤʤɬ롥줬ΤλǤ롥
λˤϤǤ˼žȤϼ˥Хȥå졤ΤȤƤ̿ư³̿Ϥϵ˻Ȭǯˤ錄äϢʤȰݻ³ƤΤĤɬ̤ȤΤܼŪˤ¾ŪʤʤΤǤ롥
̿ϼʬθΤ¸뤳Ȥ˴ؤƤϥƥå˸뤱ɡ٤Ƥʪɬ̡ˤä̿Ūˡ̤θΤ˰ܹԤꥻåȤ롥¤¾ŪʥƥʤΤǤ롥
äơƤפȤϡưŪʿաפˤäơ֥ȥԡˡ§פޤ礤ĤƤȤȤǤ롥С֤ήˤ˹ΤǤϤʤʤ顤¸ˡѤƤ롥
⡤륷ƥȤ¸³뤿ˡּƺƹۤȤžŪʤפѤƤȹͤ
ʡ 졡ؿǡưŪʿա̿Ϥʤ˽ɤΤ١شۡҾشۿӡ2016ǯ
#3162. Ű ([2017-12-23-1]) #3172. 饤ҥ㡼ηŪȯۤϥǤϤʤʸؤ ([2018-01-02-1]) ǻȤƤˤСʹ֤ιԤʤʪʬˡϡʬ͡ (group thinking) ȡַ͡ (tree thinking) ̤ȤȤʬहȽļηطȤʬहΤ (107) Ϥ줾˴ŤʳؤʬʳءפȡָŰʳءפȸƤӡξԤΤ褦оȤƤ롥
| ʬʳ | ʬ | ե | 硿 | ǧΥƥ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Űʳ | | ȥ˥ߡ | Ρʬ | ˡʥ֥ |
| ǰŪ | Ū | |
|---|---|---|
| ηϳ (Systematik) | (Phylogenetik) | |
| (Formverwandtschaft) | ط (Blutsverwandtschaft) | |
| (Metamorphose) | ȯ (Stammesentwicklung) | |
| ηϳŪʳ (systematischen Stufenreihen) | (Ahnenreihen) | |
| (Typus) | (Stammform) | |
| (typischen Zuständen) | Ū (ursprüngliche Zuständen) | |
| Ū (atypischen Zuständen) | Ū (abgeänderte Zuständen) |
| ʬʳ | Űʳ |
|---|---|
| ¤ (structural linguistics) | Ӹ (comparative linguistics) |
| (typology) | ˸ (historical linguistics) |
| (linguistic area) | ² (language family) |
| ܿ (contact, borrowing) | (inheritance) |
| (space) | (time) |
| (synchrony) | ̻ (diachrony) |
| ط (paradigm) | Ϣط (syntagm) |
| ѥ (pattern) | ץ (process) |
| ???? (variation) | ???? (change) |
| (type) | ȡ (token) |
| ե (metaphor) | ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) |
| How | Why |
ʲͤƴĤȤƹ⤯Ǥ뤿ˤϡ䤿ʬͤйϤĤ⤦ĤλȤȤƥԡ뤹ɬפ롥ȤСܤˤΤ֤ɤΤ褦ˡƤΤʻװˤ˴ؤ뵿ϼºݤ̿ץʬʪؤؤȤߤʤ롥ФơΤ֤ʤפΤ褦ˤäΤʵװˤ˴ؤ뵿ϿʲʪؤȤ٤
ѲΡ֤ɤΤ褦ˡפȡ֤ʤפ (how_and_why) ˤĤƤϡ#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1])#2255. Ѳθɵ椹ͤˤĤơ ([2015-06-30-1])#2642. ѲμȻȤߤν̡ ([2016-07-21-1])#3133. Ѳ "how" "why" ([2017-11-24-1]) ǰäƤʪؤθˤ꿷ȯۤ줿롥
ؿʲͤҥȤϿݤɤηϲ뤫١NHKǡ2010ǯ
2018ǯȤʤޤǯ hellog ³Ƥޤꤤפޤ
ǯǽϡ֤餮פˤĤơ¸ߤ餮ˤϵ§ŪȤΤ⤢СޤäͽԲǽʤΤ⤢뤬¿θݤˤƤϡȤϤȤ⤢ͽ¬Ǥ餮ǧ롥ʤǤ1/f 餮פȤΤƤΤϡȤβˤ¿ǧ졤Ȥ櫓ʹ֤ΤΤʤˤФдޤޤƤȸ롥Τ餮ϳܤǯءαλݤߡż֤ɤ졤ŤĮ¤ߡࡤܡҡݤΥꥺࡤȸȤХåϤ⡼ĥȤγڶʤʤɤˤߤۤ١˦¤ˤǧȤ1/f 餮פȤƾΤϡоݤΤ餮μȿ (frequency) ʬʬϤʬζŪäƥղȡľ뤳Ȥˤ롥1/f2 1/f-1 Ǥʤ 1/f ǤȤɤʹ֤ˤȤäƤβΥݥȤ餷ԡpp. 24--39ˡ
1/f 餮ʹ֤̩ܤʤȤ¿ȤΤϡηϡˤˤߤǽ뤳Ȥ롥ǸˤȤäƤ餮Ȥϲˤʤ롥Ū variation ꤹ뤳ȤǤѲ (language_change) (frequency) ® (speed_of_language_change) ʤɤˤ⸫뤫⤷ʤ㤨С1/f 餮óȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȴؤäƤ餪⤷
1/f 餮ϡʣ (complex_system) 䥫 (chaos_theory) Ȥط롥ηϤʣϤǤꡤѲŬѤоݤȤʤꤦ뤳Ȥϡ#3112. ȸѲ (2) ([2017-11-03-1])#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ ([2017-11-13-1])#3142. ۥᥪ (1) ([2017-12-03-1])#3143. ۥᥪ (2) ([2017-12-04-1]) ʤɤǿƤȤС1/f 餮ޤ˴ͿƤǽ⤤ιͤˤⶦ̤ƤΤϡưƤʥƥळϤͽǤʤưŬ䤹Ȥ꤫꤬٤ޤ褦ʥƥǤ롥ŪʸˤϡưŪʰ괶פȤäƤ褤뤤ϺǶβʳؤΥɤǤСưŪʿա (dynamic_equilibrium) Ǥ롥ͷӡפˤ̤Τ롥
ȴϢơ (127--28) 1/f 餮ܤξˤĤƤζ̣Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥
ܤʪΤθ¦˾碌ƤޤƾϡԥäȰΤȤ˻ߤޤäƤΤǤϤʤĤˤդդưƤΤǤ
ư1/f 餮˶ᤤΤǤ
ˤäˤäꡤ礳礳䤨ưƤΤϡưƤۤΤΰ֤ѤäȤˤ碌ľ䤹Ǥƥ˥꤬֤ȤˡƾΤɤäƤޤϻߤޤäƤȡܡ뤬ǤȤΤưʤǤ礦ܤξƱȤǤ
ޤϡ褦ȤΤ˹碌ƤΤ̤Τ褦ǤƤΤưȡƲܤ䤱ޤ⤷ʪΤ˹äƤȡΤƤ˹ԤäƤ⡤ܤ䤱ȤǤƱȤˤʤޤǤϾ碌ľΤˡɤ˾ưФ褤ΤȤäȽǤǤޤƤΤ⡤˾ޤäƤСΤ饺ƱưȤΤϤäꤷƤޤεդ˼ưСܤ䤱㤷ʤޤƱˡϾ˹碌ƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ˤ餤ǤۤΤȤѲб䤹ȤȤǤ礦
ηϤˤ餤Ǥ뤫餳ʹ֤Υߥ˥ߵ䤨Ѳ¨ǤʥƥȤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤ1/f 餮θؤαѤ̤οؿƤ
ؤ餮ȯۡ1/f 餮ˤޤ١Ƕ1994ǯ
1220դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ12ε֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡޤ
κǸǤϡɸε֤ʤѸ϶Ż뷿Ż뷿θؤڤؤꡤκݤˤʤܸSVOȤ줿ΤפȤؤȥѥե졼ޤȾǤϤ褤褳䤤ܳŪޤڤɤ褦5W1HΥߥƥΩƤäŸޤ
Ѳˤ餺˸ݤεˤ䤤 Why Ǥεˤ˶Ťˤϡˤʳ4W1Hä겡ڵѤ߾夲ƤɬפޤξǡŪ Why ؤβƤȤǤϡαʸˡ˾ǤŪѲ1ĤλȸΩơ5W1H˥ߥƥΩƤꤿȻפޤ
ϢܵŸϲǤͭϤʲǤϤޤ˾λǤŪ뤳ȤϤۤԲǽȸ虜ޤϺε˸¤ޤѲݤˡ¤褯Ĵ١λ¤ȿʤǰ̴طΥȡȤΩƤ뤳ȤϲǽǤ⡤λߤ1ĤȤƤФȻפޤʲϢܵΰѤǤ
ѲϷ褷ƶ櫓ǤϤʤȤ狼äȻפޤѲظˤϸŪŪʽװʣŪ˺ѤƤꡤΤˤΰĤҤȤĤͤߤ뤳ȤΤǤWhat, When, Where, Who, How ¤ɤƤСǸˤϵˤ䤤 Why ˤ᤹ܶ뤳ȤǤΤǤ
ϢܵȤƤϺǽȤʤޤ줫ܥ֥䤽¾ΤǡѸѤʵˤäƤȻפޤΤǡȤꤤ夲ޤ
#1986. Ѳ multiple causation 뤤 "synergy" ([2014-10-04-1]) ۤ¿εǿƤƸѲ "multiple causation" θ§ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤThomason ϡܿ˴ؤϥɥ֥åεΤʤǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . a growing body of evidence suggests that multiple causation --- often a combination of an external and one or more internal causes --- is responsible for a sizable number of changes. (32)
The search for internal and external causation should proceed in parallel, because of the strong possibility, an actuality in many cases, that both internal and external causes influenced the linguistic outcome of change. (46)
ǡThomason ϸˤ⡤Ȥ "multiple causation" Ȥˤ衤ѲεˤΡ֤ʤפ뤳ȤԲǽǤƤ롥ϤäսʤΤǡΤޤްѤ롥
. . . in spite of dramatic progress toward explaining linguistic changes made in recent decades by historical linguists, variationists, and experimental linguists, it remains true that we have no adequate explanation for the vast majority of all linguistic changes that have been discovered. Worse, it may reasonably be said that we have no full explanation for any linguistic change, or for the emergence and spread of any linguistic variant. The reason is that, although it is often easy to find a motivation for an innovation, the combinations of social and linguistic factors that favor the success of one innovation and the failure of another are so complex that we can never (in my opinion) hope to achieve deterministic predictions in this area. Tendencies, yes; probabilities, yes; but we still won't know why an innovation that becomes part of one language fails to establish itself in another language (or dialect) under apparently parallel circumstances. there is an element of chance in many or most changes; and there is an element of more or less conscious choice in many changes. Even if we could pin down macro- and micro-social features and detailed linguistic features to a precise account (which we cannot), accident and the possibility of deliberate change would derail our efforts to make strong predictions. This assessment should not be taken as a defeatist stance, or discourage efforts to find causes of change: recent advances in establishing causes of changes after they have occurred and in tracking the spread of innovations through a speech community have produced notable successes. More successes will surely follow; seeking causes of change is a lively and fruitful area of research. But the realistic goal is a deeper understanding of processes of change, not an ultimate means of predicting change. (32--33)
ޤäƱǤ롥Ѳ˴ؤˤ Why 뤳ȤԲǽ How ФȤϲǽǤ Why ˶ŤƤϤϤ٤Ǥcf. #3026. ˤˤ How Why ([2017-08-09-1])ˡϢ Thomason ν긫ϡʲεǤƤΤǻͤޤǤˡ
#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1])
#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])
#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])
#1781. ܿ ([2014-03-13-1])
#2113. ʸˡѤξ ([2015-02-08-1])
ˡ#2589. ѲưΤϷǽ (2) ([2016-05-29-1]) Ǥ "multiple causation of language change" Ż뤹٤Ȥ˿ƤΤǡεȤŽäεɤ
Thomason, Sarah. "Contact Explanations in Linguistics." The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 31--47.
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