hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ڡ / page 10 (17)

language_change - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-04-12 Sun

#2176. ʸˡ̣Ѳ [frequency][grammaticalisation][semantic_change][schedule_of_language_change][language_change]

Ѳ٤δطˤĤƤϡ#1239. Frequency Actuation Hypothesis ([2012-09-17-1])#1243. ٤θ̻ŪΤˡ ([2012-09-21-1])#1265. ٤ȲѲνδط˵ŤƤ Schuchardt ([2012-10-13-1])#1864. ȴդٸ̡ ([2014-06-04-1]) ʤɤǵƤεǤϡٸٸǤϤɤ餬˸Ѳ˴ޤ뤫ʤɤνꡤ뤤ϥ塼 (schedule_of_language_change) ˼㤬äȤ̤ˡٸ줢뤤ٸˤʤѲǤȤष䤹ѲǤȤΤ褦ʤȤϤΤ
Ѥ Fortson (659) ϡʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ٤δطˤĤƤ뤬ȤƤξԤδ֤شطϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ĥޤꡤʸˡ̣ѲϹٸˤѤ뤷ٸˤƱ褦˺Ѥ롥ˡ٤ȤװƳɬפϤʤȤ

We have seen, then, that both frequent and infrequent forms can be reanalyzed; both frequent and infrequent forms can be grammaticalized. If all these things happen, then frequency loses much or all of its force as an explanatory tool or condition of semantic change and grammaticalization. The reasons are not surprising, and underscore the sources of semantic change again. Frequent exposure to an irregular morpheme, for example (such as English is, are), can insure the acquisition of that morpheme because it is a discrete physical entity whose form is not in doubt to a child. By contrast, no matter how frequent a word is, its semantic representation always has to be inferred. Classical Chinese shì was a demonstrative pronoun that was subsequently reanalyzed as a copula; exposure to shì must have been very frequent to language learners, but so must have been the chances for reanalysis.


Fortson Τ褦˼ĥΤϡε#2175. Ūʰ̣Ѳ෿ؤȽ ([2015-04-11-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡ̣ѲˤϡФпƤ褦Ϣ³ϤʤषϢ³ŪʤΤǤȹͤƤ뤫Ǥϡʸˡ̣Ѳ¾θѲۤʤ櫓ǤϤʤٸ줢뤤ٸɤȤǤϤʤȤ٤ͿƤ뤫Τ褦˸ȤС diffusion (or transition) μˤƤǤäơimplementation μˤ٤δͿϤʤȡϡ#1872. Constant Rate Hypothesis ([2014-06-12-1]) ۵ѲѤǤ롥

Fortson IV, Benjamin W. "An Approach to Semantic Change." Chapter 21 of The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Blackwell, 2003. 648--66.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-03-25-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-04-03 Fri

#2167. "orderly heterogeneity" diffusion [lexical_diffusion][language_change][variation][diachrony]

#1997. Ѳ5Ĥ¦̡ ([2014-10-15-1])#1998. The Embedding Problem ([2014-10-16-1])#2012. ѲȤ٤̸§7 ([2014-10-30-1]) ǡWeinreich, Labov, and Herzog θѲ夲ƤWeinreich et al. ˤȤʤ¤ˡ"orderly heterogeneity" äۼˤ롥ηŪѰ۲ǽ (systematic variability) ȸƤǤ褤Ѱۤ츫ФФ¸ߤƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ΤȤƤϹ¤ʤƤȤˤ "orderly heterogeneity" ֤ǤƱˡϸ줬ѲƤ뤳ȤθǤ롥
"orderly heterogeneity" ϡѲäδ֤˥Τ褦˽˿ʹԤƤȼĥóȻ (lexical_diffusion) βˤ˴ѻ롥ѲϤĶ̤θĶؤηϤ򤤤Ϥ⤤ƤΤλ֤γ̤ߤȡȿäѰۤ«롥̻ŪѲΥѥȶŪѰۤȤߤбͤѻΤǤ롥äȤ⡤˽Ҥ٤ΤŪʾǤꡤºݤˤϸ¤Ϻ٤ȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ⡤Ūʥǥ򼨺ڵϿ¿θФƤ롥
Wolfram and Schilling-Estes (716) ϡCharles-James N. Bailey (Variation and Linguistic Theory. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1973.) ˰͵򤷡Ѳκˤ "orderly heterogeneity" ɤΤ褦˸Τ򼨤ǥͿƤ롥Ѳεȿ X, Y ȤY ȤäƤ2ĤθĶ E1, E2 ȤȡѲϼγʳФƿʹԤƤ

Variation model of change

Stage of change E1E2
1Categorical status, before undergoing changeXX
2Early stage begins variably in restricted environmentX/YX
3Change in full progress, greater use of new form in E1 where change first initiatedX/YX/Y
4Change progresses toward completion with movement toward categoricality first in E1 where change initiatedYX/Y
5Completed change, new variantYY


̻ŪʳȻȶŪѰۤбäƤ뤳ȤˤĤơWolfram and Schilling-Estes (716) "the systematic variability of fluctuating forms will correlate synchronic relations of "more" and "less" to diachronic relations of "earlier" or "later" stages of the change" ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
嵭ǰäƤϡѲ transition ʰܹԡˤ embedding ߡˤ˴ؤǤ롥ǤϻȤƤ̻֤ȶ֤ζ̤ϤĤ뤫⤷ʤݤȤƤ̻ŪǤⶦŪǤʤͻ礵ѲѰۤϳؤΤΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ˤĤơ#2125. 르󡤥ͥ륲 ([2015-02-20-1])#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1])#2159. ֤̻֤ӤĤ diffusion ([2015-03-26-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Weinreich, Uriel, William Labov, and Marvin I. Herzog. "Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change." Directions for Historical Linguistics. Ed. W. P. Lehmann and Yakov Malkiel. U of Texas P, 1968. 95--188.
Wolfram, Walt and Natalie Schilling-Estes. "Dialectology and Linguistic Diffusion." The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003. 713--35.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-09-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-28 Sat

#2161. Ҳ¤Ѳϸ칽¤ľܤȿǤʤ [sociolinguistics][language_change][causation]

ѲθŪװȸ쳰ŪװˤĤƤϡ¿εǹͤƤ (cf. #442. Ѳθ ([2010-07-13-1])#443. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ ([2010-07-14-1])#1015. ҲѲȸѲΰ̴طɵǤ뤫 ([2012-02-06-1])#1582. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (2) ([2013-08-26-1])#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1])#2151. Ѳθ3ء ([2015-03-18-1]))
쳰Ūװ1ĤȤƼҲ¤Ѳ󤲤뤬Ҳ¤Ѳ칽¤ˤȿǤ뤫Ȥ϶̣ηϤγˤäΤ˼ޤȤΤϡäɤȤʤΤ㤨СѸ˱Ѹȥե󥹸 diglossia ˤѤμҲŪʾ岼ط줿Ȥξ岼طϡswine pork Τ褦ʸä register ˤ岼طȤƱѸθηϤȿǤ뤳ȤȤʤäȿǤȤϡäɤΤ褦ʻȤߤǵäƤΤˤĤƤϡ#1489. Ferguson diglossia ʸ󥰥ɤ triglossia ([2013-05-25-1])#1491. diglossia borrowing δط ([2013-05-27-1])#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1]) εǤ夲
ꥦ (169) ϡǽҤ٤ȿǡפλȤߤˤĤƤϾܤҤ٤Ƥʤ줬ŪǤ뤳Ȥ򼡤Τ褦Ƥʸʸη֤Ƥˡ

ֳŪװʰ²֤κ¤ʸ濴ϤȤΤ褦ʡˤϡά͡ưľܤ˷ꤹ뤳ȤΤʤŪװǤ롥餬ꤹΤŪμιǤäơä԰٤ξȤʤ롥äơŪͳФƤϡ²֤κ¤ΤΤǤϤʤΤȤĿʹ֤θŪμξ֤Ǥ롥ƱȤϡּҲ¤ѲפˤĤƤΤǤäơʤ󤺤AᥤϡѲεˤͳǤȤҲ¤ѲŪ¤ˤΤޤȿǤʤΤϡƱ¤ȤϤäƤ⡤ξԤδ֤ʿմطʤǤ롥Ҳ¤ϸŪ¤ʤμҲŪؤбƤ롥ơʸΤȤǤ롥ҲŪʤΤϡʤΡֿʲפˤפľŪװǤϤ뤬Ūμ¿ͲȳزΤȤФˤäơĤޤʸװȤƤΤߤΤǤ롥


ꥦϡ³սƱˤäơˤϸ칽¤ľܤȿǤʤƤ롥Ҳˤװڻ뤷ƤΤǤϤʤȸ칽¤Ȥ̤μˤΤȤĥδ餹ȡŪװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פȤϡۤʤ٥2ĤΤΤ٤ƤȤǡʥ󥻥󥹤ȤȤˤʤ롥ɤۤʤ뼡ˤƽפȤȤ
ѤǿƤᥤθѲθˤĤƤεϡ#1973. Meillet ΰ̣Ѳ3Ĥθ ([2014-09-21-1]) 򻲾ȡ

E. ꥦˡ ɧˡظѲȤ꡽̻֡֡ˡ١ȽŹ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-26 Thu

#2159. ֤̻֤ӤĤ diffusion [lexical_diffusion][diachrony][dialectology][language_change][geography][geolinguistics][sociolinguistics][isogloss]

#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1]) ǡ̷֤̻֤⤹ΤǤϤʤȤ륳ꥦεߤξԤ̷⤷ʤȤϡ1Ĥθ¤2Ĥ¦̤ˤʤΤǤꡤषºݤˤͻ礷ƤΤǤ롥ΤȤϡʬۤóȻθ򤷤ƤȤ褯ʬ롥֤ή줬֡Ū֤Ҳؤζ֡ˤ˺פĤȤǤФ褤ưŤƱ路ƤΤΤ褦ʻ򤦤ޤ뤳ȤϤǤʤͤƤȤWolfram and Schilling-Estes ˤؤȸŪȻˤĤƤʸϤƬ (713) ˡƤΤߤĤ̯

Dialect variation brings together language synchrony and diachrony in a unique way. Language change is typically initiated by a group of speakers in a particular locale at a given point in time, spreading from that locus outward in successive stages that reflect an apparent time depth in the spatial dispersion of forms. Thus, there is a time dimension that is implied in the layered boundaries, or isoglosses, that represent linguistic diffusion from a known point of origin. Insofar as the synchronic dispersion patterns are reflexes of diachronic change, the examination of synchronic points in a spatial continuum also may open an important observational window into language change in progress.


"spatial" ȤȤ֤ؤƤ褦˻פ뤬ƱȤϼҲ֤ˤƤϤޤ롥ºݡWolfram and Schilling-Estes (714) ϡ2Ĥΰۤʤ֤ؤγȻƱˤĤƹͤƤ롥

Although dialect diffusion is usually associated with linguistic innovations among populations in geographical space, a horizontal dimension, it is essential to recognize that diffusion may take place on the vertical axis of social space as well. In fact, in most cases of diffusion, the vertical and horizontal dimensions operate in tandem. Within a stratified population a change will typically be initiated in a particular social class and spread to other classes in the population from that point, even as the change spreads in geographical space.


֤ȼҲ֤ؤƱγȻΤۤˤ⡤͡ʼؤƱγȻͤ뤳ȤǤ롥óȻ (lexical_diffusion) Ϥ⤽֤ˤȻǤ뤷֤ϰήʤΤǡֳȻפȤɽʤʡֶֻ֡פȤ̯ʸؤΡ˰γȻȤͤ롥Τ褦¿ŪʸȻθˤĤƤϡ#1550. ȾóȻްռ (3) ([2013-07-25-1]) ǡ"double diffusion" "cumulative diffusion" ȸƤӤʤȤǤ⤢롥ˡƱ¿Ȼ (simultaneous multi-dimensional diffusion) ̾դפ̿̾Ϥ塼ˤ֤ζ̤μ뤿Υɤ1ĤȤơ

Wolfram, Walt and Natalie Schilling-Estes. "Dialectology and Linguistic Diffusion." The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003. 713--35.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-23 Mon

#2156. C16b--C17a 3ñ -th -s Ѳ [verb][conjugation][emode][language_change][suffix][inflection][3sp][lexical_diffusion][schedule_of_language_change][speed_of_change][bible]

Ѹˤư츽߿;θ -th -s ѲˤĤƤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ󡤤˴Ϣ Bambas ʸɤߤκǿθ̤ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ⤷ʤˤ褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥
ѸˤǤϡ1600ǯդξȤ The Authorised Version Լˤ3ñ -s ̵Ǥ뤳ȤФˤ롥Bacon The New Atlantis (1627) ˤ -s ʤȤΤƤ롥顤ʸŪʸǤ -s ϸŪˤȤ򤱤Τ̤äΤǤϤʤȤ¬Ωġ Jespersen (19) ϤΤ褦ʰոǤ롥

Contemporary prose, at any rate in its higher forms, has generally -th'; the s-ending is not at all found in the A[uthorized] V[ersion], nor in Bacon A[tlantis] (though in Bacon E[ssays] there are some s'es). The conclusion with regard to Elizabethan usage as a whole seems to be that the form in s was a colloquialism and as such was allowed in poetry and especially in the drama. This s must, however, be considered a licence wherever it occurs in the higher literature of that period. (qtd in Bambas, p. 183)


Bambas (183) ˤСꥶ٥īλʸȤΥƥȤ򹭤ĴƤߤȡºݤˤ1590ǯޤǤˤʸŪʸˤƤ -s ǧƤꡤ򤵤ƤͻҤϤʤθ⡤Ŀͤˤä٤ΰ㤤礭ΤΡ-s 򤱤줿ȹͤͳϤʤȤJespersen θϡ-s βᾮɾǤȡ

The fact seems to be that by the 1590's the -s-form was fully acceptable in literary prose usage, and the varying frequency of the occurrence of the new form was thereafter a matter of the individual writer's whim or habit rather than of deliberate selection.


ơ17 -th -s ˼äƵˤʤäƤäȸ롥Wyld (333--34) ۩

From the beginning of the seventeenth century the 3rd Singular Present nearly always ends in -s in all kinds of prose writing except in the stateliest and most lofty. Evidently the translators of the Authorized Version of the Bible regarded -s as belonging only to familiar speech, but the exclusive use of -eth here, and in every edition of the Prayer Book, may be partly due to the tradition set by the earlier biblical translations and the early editions of the Prayer Book respectively. Except in liturgical prose, then, -eth becomes more and more uncommon after the beginning of the seventeenth century; it is the survival of this and not the recurrence of -s which is henceforth noteworthy. (qtd in Bambas, p. 185)


Bambas Ϥˤ۵Ĥ򾧤롥Wyld θϡ-eth βᾮɾǤȡĤޤȤ Bambas ϡ1600ǯ򶴤ǯδ֡-s -th ŪˤԤԤִȤήǤϤ뤬ξ¸λȤߤΤŬڤǤȤոΰո٤ΤϡBambas ȤԤä16ȾФ17ȾФˤƤλʸˤĴ̤Ǥ롥Bambas (186) ɽƸ褦

AuthorTitleDateIncidence of -s
Ascham, RogerToxophilus15456%
Robynson, RalphMore's Utopia15510%
Knox, JohnThe First Blast of the Trumpet15580%
Ascham, RogerThe Scholmaster15700.7%
Underdowne, ThomasHeriodorus's Anaethiopean Historie15872%
Greene, RobertGroats-Worth of Witte; Repentance of Robert Greene; Blacke Bookes Messenger159250%
Nashe, ThomasPierce Penilesse159250%
Spenser, EdmundA Veue of the Present State of Ireland159618%
Meres, FrancisPoetric159813%
Dekker, ThomasThe Wonderfull Yeare 1603160384%
Dekker, ThomasThe Seuen Deadlie Sinns of London160678%
Daniel, SamuelThe Defence of Ryme160762%
Daniel, SamuelThe Collection of the History of England1612--1894%
Drummond of Hawlhornden, W.A Cypress Grove16237%
Donne, JohnDevotions162474%
Donne, JohnIvvenilia163364%
Fuller, ThomasA Historie of the Holy Warre16380.4%
Jonson, BenThe English Grammar164020%
Milton, JohnAreopagitica164485%


ץåȤȡʲ̤ˤʤ롥

Incidence of -s in Prose between C16b and C17a by Bambas

δ֤Ǥǯ0.5789%ΨǾ徺Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ط0.49Ǥ롥ΤȤƤϱ夬˰㤤ʤġΤФĤˤ롥ΤȤᾮɾɾ⤹٤ǤϤʤȤΤ Bambas η

Bambas, Rudolph C. "Verb Forms in -s and -th in Early Modern English Prose". Journal of English and Germanic Philology 46 (1947): 183--87.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
Wyld, Henry Cecil. A History of Modern Colloquial English. 2nd ed. London: Fisher Unwin, 1921.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-02-21-1] [2015-05-06-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-22 Sun

#2155. Ѳȡ̵٤δӡ [language_change][causation][exaptation][functional_load][functionalism][sociolinguistics][social_network][weakly_tied]

ε ([2015-03-21-1]) ǥꥦˤ#2154. Ѳͽ¬Բǽפ򡤤Ω2ε ([2015-03-19-1], [2015-03-20-1]) Lass ˤ볰Ŭ夲Ƥ줾ΩΤ褦˻פ뤬Ŭ¾θѲƱͤˤΤȤǤǤդβˤʤ Lass Ҥ٤Ȥ2Ĥ꤬Ĥʤä褦˻פѲǤդǤ꼫ͳǤȤˤĤơꥦ Lass Ωϻ̤äƤ롥
Lass (98) ϡŬˤĤƸƤʸ "The joys of idleness" ̵٤δӡˤꤹǽˤơ"historical junk" ŪʤˤФиѲξ뤳Ȥ˿ĤġۤȤΩʤ褦ˤߤबѲˤȤäƽפǤȤʤꤦ뤳ȤŦƤ롥

. . . useless or idle structure has the fullest freedom to change, because alteration in it has a minimal effect on the useful stuff. ('Junk' DNA may be a prime example.) Major innovations often begin not in the front line, but where their substrates are doing little if any work. (They also often do not, but this is simply a fact about non-deterministic open systems.) Historical junk, in any case, may be one of the significant back doors through which structural change gets into systems, by the re-employment for new purposes of idle material.
   Crucially, however, mere 'uselessness' is not itself either a determinate precursor of exaptive change, or - conversely - a precursor of loss. Historical relics can persist, even through long periods of apparently senseless variation, and it is impossible to predict, solely on the basis of such idleness or inutility, that ANYTHING at all will happen.


ʤۤɡǽ㤱㤤ۤɳŬ뤿ξ郎ΤǤ뤫顤"conceptual novelty" ޤ䤹ȤȤˤʤʤɬޤȤϸ¤ʤˡΰ⤤ˤϰ츫ȵŪʶ褦˻פ뤬ޤǤ#836. ǽôȸѲ ([2011-08-11-1]) ʤɤƤȤǤϤ롥ηϤȤƤθȤ餤СΩεǽô (functional_load) ʤоʤۤɡʤƤ褤ΩȤȤˤʤꡤäƾüʤꡤ̵٤¸ߤ³ʤꡤ̤εǽ˼äʤꤹ뤳Ȥ䤹̤θ򤹤СηȿΤʤ˶ǤȤ߹ޤƤ餺դդ餷ƤǤۤɡѲηˤʤ䤹ȤȤ#1232. ѲϱϳǤ ([2012-09-10-1]) #1233. ѲݤڤǤ ([2012-09-11-1]) Ǹ褦ˡѲηϤμˤ䤹Ȥ⡤̵٤δӡפȴط
¤ؤʤ餺ȤҲؤδ⡤ƱȤsocial_network ˤС夤嫤ǷФƤ (weakly_tied) Ŀ͡ηȿΤʤ˶ǤȤ߹ޤƤ餺դդ餷ƤװѲοޤˤʤ䤹Ȥ (cf. #882. Belfast νŹ ([2011-09-26-1])#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡ס ([2012-07-19-1]))
Ҥ̵Ѥѡפ⤤ϡηȿ˴ؤ뤢ѲƤϤޤΤ⤷ʤ

Lass, Roger. "How to Do Things with Junk: Exaptation in Language Evolution." Journal of Linguistics 26 (1990): 79--102.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-11-03-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-21 Sat

#2154. Ѳͽ¬Բǽ [prediction_of_language_change][language_change]

Ѳͽ¬ (prediction_of_language_change) ˤĤơ#843. Ѳͽκ ([2011-08-18-1])#844. Ѳͽۤ뤳Ȥϴݤ ([2011-08-19-1])#1019. Ѳͽ¬ˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2012-02-10-1]) ʤɤǹͤƤ˴ؤƤ͡ʵ뤬ؼԥꥦϡ#2143. ѲˡָפϤʤ ([2015-03-10-1]) ȳˤƤ뤯餤Ǥ뤫顤ѲͽۼΤʥ󥻥󥹤ǤȼĥƤ롥ʲϢս p. 336 Ѥʸʸη֤Ƥˡ

ѲͽǤȤͤˤϺ򤬤ʤ̤̤褽켫ΤǧˤȤäƤǤϤʤͽ¬ϳǤϤʤȤФΤФΤ褦ʹͤϤԹʼĥĤޤäɽŪͳ̤ˤƤȿ뤫äƳꤹ뤳ȤǤȤĥޤळȤˤʤ롥ͽפϰŪʸǤ뤫顤ºݤˤѲϤΤȤȤդ˽Ҥ٤롥ơˤˤ̲ȤϡŪǤäƼŪǤϤʤά͡ΤǤΤäƤ뤳줳ξΤȤǤϡ줳ѲǤȸΤǤäơġΤФˤĤơŪˤɤΤ褦ѲȤºݤ˵ΤʤΤȤϤǤʤƱ褦ˡ夹ĤΡָ֡פӤơɤΤ褦ѲƤ뤫ǧ뤳ȤϤǤ롥ѲƱ˿ʤΤɤ󤷤ƤΤϲʤ


ꥦѲͽ¬Բǽݤ2Ĥ롥1Ĥϡͽ켫ΤϳǤϤʤȤȡ⤦1ĤϡѲξϰŪķŪ˼ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤϸġμŪʸѲͽΤˤΩʤȤȤǤ롥ԤϡƼξΤȤǤüԤμͳݤƤ뤳Ȥ˴ط롥
ʳؤˤƤϡˡ§μΩ̤ͽ¬ǽȤϥǷФطǤ롥ϼʳؤǤϤʤˤϰˡ§ʤͽ¬ǽʤꥦϡؤʳؤ˶ŤȤ뤳Ȥ⡤ˡ§ͽ¬ǽɵᤷ褦Ȥ뤳ȤǧʤΩäƤ롥ָؤϡͳλۤΤȤˤʤ顤ʤˡ§Ω褦ȤԹʴƤ٤Ǥ (342) ȡ

E. ꥦˡ ɧˡظѲȤ꡽̻֡֡ˡ١ȽŹ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-20 Fri

#2153. Ŭˤ륫ƥ꡼Ȥؤ [exaptation][tense][aspect][category][language_change][verb][conjugation][inflection]

ε#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1]) Ǽ夲ĸ줫饲ޥĸˤȤؤˤĤơܤ롥ĸΥƥ꡼Ƥ Present, Perfect, Aorist ζ̤ϡޥĸˤƻȿΥƥ꡼ιװȤƤ Present, Preterite 1, Preterite 2 ζ̤ؤȰܹԤŪʶ̤ݻޤޤˡŬäȤˤʤ롥ޤбγά޼Ū˼ȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥

(Indo-European)            (Germanic)

   PRESENT  PRESENT

   PERFECT  PRETERITE 1

   AORIST   PRETERITE 2

ޥμѲưˤĤƤϡĸ PERFECT AORIST ϷŪ˴ͻ礷Τǡޤμ褦 PRETERITE 1 2 ζ̤ϤĤƤʤѲưϤäݼŪǤꡤĤƤ PERFECT AORIST ηŪפĤʤ顤2 PRETERITE ؤȵǽ򥷥եȤʤĤޤ곰Ŭˡ2 PRETERITE ˤĤƤϡ#42. űѸˤϲθ촴ढä ([2009-06-09-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ȤǡĸǤưΥƥ꡼첻 (ablaut) ˤäɸ줿e-grade PRESENT o-grade PERFECT zero-grade 뤤 ē-grade AORIST ɽűѸΤĤζѲư PRESENT, PRETERITE 1, PRETERITE 2 η֤ߤȡbīt-an -- bāt -- bit-on, bēod-an -- bēad -- budon, help-an -- healp -- hulpon ʤɤȤʤäƤ롥ĸʹߤ첻ѲˤľܤϸˤʤäƤ뤬űѸ3ζѲ˸뤽줾첻ΰ㤤ϡĸ e-grade, o-grade, zero-grade κб롥Ĥޤꡤ3ζѲϲŪˤ³Ǥ롥äơޥĸˤܼŪѲƤäΤϷ֤ǤϤʤǽȤȤˤʤ롥餯ϰĸζ̤Ƥˤʤ˵ڤӡݻ줿ŪΩ̤Υƥ꡼ʤȿζ̤˿˱Ѥ줿ȤȤ
Lass (87) ˤȡγŬϰʲΰϢβФꤵƤ롥

(i) loss of the (semantic) opposition perfect/aorist; (ii) retention of the diluted semantic content 'past' shared by both (in other words, loss of aspect but retention of distal time-deixis); (iii) retention of the morpho(phono)logical exponents of the old categories perfect and aorist, but divested of their oppositional meaning; (iv) redeployment of the now semantically evacuated exponents as markers of a secondary (concordial) category; in effect re-use of the now 'meaningless' old material to bolster an already existing concordial system, but in quite a new way.


ĸˤ¸ߤʤäƥ꡼ޥĸˤƿȯ줿Ȥ̣ǡγŬϤޤ "conceptual novelty" λȤ롥

Lass, Roger. "How to Do Things with Junk: Exaptation in Language Evolution." Journal of Linguistics 26 (1990): 79--102.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-19 Thu

#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ [exaptation][tense][aspect][language_change][grammaticalisation]

#2146. ѸˤѲϡ͹¤εǽ͹¤ؤγŬǤ ([2015-03-13-1]) ǸѲˤ볰Ŭ (exaptation) γǰƳˤĤܳŪʸΤ Lass Ǥ롥ʪʲʬ Gould and Vrba ѤǰLass ϤѲ˱Ѥ
ʪʲˤ볰ŬϡGould (171 qtd. in Lass 80) ΤȤФڤȰʲ̤Ǥ롥

We wish to restrict the term adaptation only to those structures that evolved for their current utility; those useful structures that arose for other reasons, or for no conventional reasons at all, and were then fortuitously available for other changes, we call exaptations. New and important genes that evolved from a repeated copy of an ancestral gene are partial exaptations, for their new usage cannot be the reason for the original duplication.


Ŭ (adaptation) ϤǤȯãƤ뵡ǽΤʤȯãؤФƳŬ (exaptation) ̤ͳˤ뿷ȯãؤLass (80) ΤȤФ󤹤ȡ"Exaptation then is the opportunistic co-optation of a feature whose origin is unrelated or only marginally related to its later use. In other words (loosely) a 'conceptual novelty' or 'invention'" ȤȤˤʤ롥
ơŬѲƤϤƹͤƤߤ褦εǽ졤ƥߤȤʤäƻĤä֤éƻ3Ĥ롥Ѵ뤫ߤΤޤް̣ʤĤ³뤫̤Ӥդƿ̿뤫Ǥ롥κǸƻŬȤȤˤʤ롥Lass (81--82) Ѥ롥

Say a language has a grammatical distinction of some sort, coded by means of morphology. Then say this distinction is jettisoned, PRIOR TO the loss of the morphological material that codes it. This morphology is now, functionally speaking, junk; and there are three things that can in principle be done with it: (i) it can be dumped entirely; (ii) it can be kept as marginal garbage or nonfunctional/nonexpressive residue (suppletion, 'irregularity'); (iii) it can be kept, but instead of being relegated as in (ii), it can be used for something else, perhaps just as systematic. . . . . Option (iii) is linguistic exaptation.


Lass ϡŬζ1ĤȤơĸΥƥ꡼ޥĸˤƻȿΥƥ꡼Ȥؤ줿Ȥ夲Ƥ롥ĸϡΥƥ꡼ˤ Present, Perfect, Aorist 3첻ˤäƶ̤ƤȤޥȯãǡ첻ˤֲŪʶ̤ݻʤ顤ζ̤Ȥ̤ӤդȤ׿ŪˤϡΩϾü˻ˤΩȲˤΩΩƤĤޤꡤĤƤ Present, Perfect, Aorist ζ̤ϡޤ Present, Preterite 1, Preterite 2 ؤȡֳŬפΤǤ롥
Lass (99) ʸκǸdzŬγǰҲŪ˱ѤǽˤޤǸڤƤꡤμι򼨺Ƥ롥

Gould, Stephen Jay and Elizabeth S. Vrba. "Exaptation --- A Missing Term in the Science of Form." Paleobiology 8.1 (1982): 4--15.
Gould, Stephen Jay. Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes: Further Reflections in Natural History. New York: Norton, 1983.
Lass, Roger. "How to Do Things with Junk: Exaptation in Language Evolution." Journal of Linguistics 26 (1990): 79--102.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-18 Wed

#2151. Ѳθ3 [language_change][causation][sociolinguistics][cognitive_linguistics]

Ѳθ礭ʬȡŪʤΤȸ쳰ŪʤΤʬ롥Ūʶ̤ˤĤƤϡ#442. Ѳθ ([2010-07-13-1])#443. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ ([2010-07-14-1])#1582. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (2) ([2013-08-26-1])#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1]) ʤɤƤȤǤ롥
2ĤϤ줾ҲŪװȡʽ˸Ūװɤؤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ʬˡǤϤ󤻤绨Ĥˤ롥㤨СŪװȤλФ˴ؤŪװȤˤϡ⡦Τ줬ͿƤ뤳ȤˤʤΤޤ෿ˤSOVθȡַƻ̾פθȤشطȤ褦ʵФѲˤƤϡװȤϸŪʤΤʤΤǧŪʤΤʤΤ뤤ñŪʤΤʤΤŪװȤȤΡȤϡѲνװΤηϲ˴Ť̩ʸոȤѤƤΤȤ⤽٤ƤŬʥ٥ˤʤΤΤ褦ռϸѲ multiple causation cf. #1986. Ѳ multiple causation 뤤 "synergy" ([2014-10-04-1])ˤ̵طǤϤʤ줬ʣǤ뤫ȿǤƤ롥
Aitchison (736) ϡ˽Ҥ٤͡ʡ "layer" ءˤɽǡѲμ礿븶ˤϡʾʤȤ3ؤǧȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ҲŪʽ˸ŪǧοŪ3Ǥ롥

In historical linguistics, at least three overlapping layers of causes can usefully be distinguished. First is immediate trigger, which can be regarded as "sociolinguistic," as when, in Labov's seminal paper, the permanent inhabitants of Martha's Vineyard imitated the vowels of the fishermen they subconsciously admired . . . . Second is "linguistic proper," due to vocal tract configurations, or to the maintenance of language patterns, as when, in the Martha's Vineyard case, the diphthongs [ai] and [au] follow a roughly parallel course of change. The third level is when broad properties of the human mind are hypothesized to account for any such changes. For example, memory limitations or processing procedures might plausibly be invoked to explain why front and back vowels tend to move in tandem not just in Martha's Vineyard, but everywhere. This "top layer" of causation can be labeled psycholinguistic or cognitive, even though such labels need to be used with care: they have been applied in the literature in a number of different ways. . . . This territory is a no-person's-land between language universals and more general psychological ones. The location of the boundary is often dependent on the theory adopted, rather than on an (unachievable) Olympian view of the situation.


3ؤΤߤǤ褤ΤʤκǾؤǧοפǤΤѤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ʡָŪפȡǧοŪפζܤۣ椵ʤɡڤߤȤϤ롥ŪʼҲŪˤȸ쳰ŪʸŪˤȤ츫Ȥ狼䤹ʬˡñ绨ĤǤȤʾˡ򾷤ʸޤʬǤ뤳ȤʤȤ褯狼褦ˤʤȤϤ

Aitchison, Jean. "Psycholinguistic Perspectives on Language Change." The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003. 736--43.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-17 Tue

#2150. Ѳˤʹ [phonetics][phonology][language_change][causation][teleology][hypercorrection][assimilation][dissimilation]

#2140. ѲΥ饤ե ([2015-03-07-1]) εǡǯβѲʤӸѲ̡ˤθˤơäʹ䤬׻뤵褦ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿Τ褦Ԥ1ͤ Ohala 롥Ohala (676) ϡäδͿꤷ§ȤƲѲʹˤäƼƳȤΩäƤ롥줾ϢʬȴФ

. . . variation in the production domain does not by itself constitute sound change since there is no change in the pronunciation norm; the listener is able (somehow) to reconstruct the speaker's intended pronunciation.

Misperceptions are potential sound changes because they may result in a changed pronunciation norm on the part of listeners if their misperceptions are guides to their own pronunciation.


ȯε ("pronunciation norm") ѲΤȤѲȸƤ֤ΤǤС줬夹ʹΤʤǤꤻʤʹϼνִ֤äˤʤȤ̣ˤƤϡβѲŪ˼¸ΤäȤƤȯù԰٤ˤƤǤϤѲΤϡʹȤƤôäƤȤǤ롥ʹϡ̾äˤ뵬ϤæѰŪȯŬڤˡֽפ뤳ȤǤ뤿ᡤϤΤΤݻΤ˹׸롥Ȥʹ꤬Ŭڤˡֽפ뤳Ȥ˼ԤȡʹεϤΤΤѲǽ롥ΩˤСѲŵǤƱ (assimilation) ʹˤ뽤Τʤ (hypocorrection) Ȥơޤ۲ (dissimilation) ʹˤ뽤Τ (hypercorrection) Ȥª뤳ȤǤ (Ohala 678)
Ohala (683) ϡνΤۤǡѲ̵Ūä̵ͿʹνŻ3碌ƶĥƤ롥βѲˤŪŪʸȡäʻС˽Ż˿øȿФɷŪǤ롥

. . . sound change, at least at its very initiation, is not teleological. It does not serve any purpose at all. It does not improve speech in any way. It does not make speech easier to pronounce, easier to hear, or easier to process or store in the speaker's brain. It is simply the result of an inadvertent error on the part of the listener. Sound change thus is similar to manuscript copyists' errors and presumably entirely unintended.


̻μ̤ȤϤ⤷Ȥʸ̤˼äƤõ򤹤Ȥ̣Τ褯ʤȤ򤢤ƤСФ̻ˤ̤ΤΤȼ㤨夷Ȥ񤭸վθѲϡ̵ǤϤʤ⤷ʤʤȤⲻѲ椷¿ˤʤȤϽҤ٤Ƥ褤Ȥˤϡ"at its very initiation" ʤˤƤϡˤâ񤭤Ż뤷
Ohala μĥʹƤȡѲ̤ˤʹƹͤɬפΤǤʤȻפƤΤϳΤ

Ohala, John J. "Phonetics and Historical Phonology." The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003. 669--86.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-13 Fri

#2146. ѸˤѲϡ͹¤εǽ͹¤ؤγŬǤ [exaptation][grammaticalisation][syntax][generative_grammar][unidirectionality][drift][reanalysis][evolution][systemic_regulation][teleology][language_change][invisible_hand][functionalism]

#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸˤƤפѲϤֵǽƤȯפȤª뤳ȤǤ뤬ϡֵǽ͹¤γŬפȴ뤳ȤǤ롥űѸ衤޸οȼäƸ͹¤ (Lexical Projection) ǽ͹¤ (Functional Projection) ؤȺʬϤˤƤ濴Ȥ빽¤ǽƤ濴Ȥ빽¤ؤȳŬƤäȤΤ
ʸˡεǤϡʪʲʬŪѤ볰Ŭ (exaptation) ȤǰѤ褦ˤʤäƤݺ (151) Τ狼䤹

ŬȤϡȤСʪʲ¦̤ǤϡȤβݻΤ¸ߤƤӤΩ줬¸Ŭ夲̤ȤʤꡤĻؤοʲĤʤäȤͤǤά͡Lass (1990) ϤγǰѲ˱Ѥư DO ȯãγŬʤȤȻưäΤ̵̣¸ߤȤʤꡤ̤Ӥ˳Ѥ줿ˤƤޤܽǤϡιͤʤᡤ¤ޤŬȼĥȻפޤά͵ǽƤϤȤȰĤ FP (Functional Projection) ȹͤ졤Ŭη̡ޤޤʹ¤Ȥƶ񸽲Ȥ櫓ǤѸϤ̻ŪѲβǡ̾ưζ޷֤ξüȶˡ濴ι¤鵡ǽ濴ι¤ؤȰܹԤƤȹͤ졤η̡졤ư졤ư֡λʹԷ¿ͤʬۤȸ櫓Ǥ


Τ褦ʸѲѤϡɭοʲȤͤˤĤʤ롥ҥȤͭθȯȿʲָʲפȸƤ֤ȤС嵭Τ褦ʸѲϡָξʲפȤߤ뤳ȤǤȤĴ碌ʤֿʲפȤߤǸ椬ʤƤ롥
ݺ (158) ϡμȿκѤ˿ʤ顤κǸ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ롥

켫ΤĤƻõѤϡ뼫ȿʼȯŪȤޤˤȸʤȤǽǤȿȤη뾽䥷ޥޤΥ֥ͭ̾ǤʪŪʪŪ¦̤ФǤʤȤСϤĻФԷ֡ʰδֳֻ֤ѡˡݸݡкѥƥҲΩʤɤˤڤӤޤξʲޤˤΰȤƹͤ졤ưŪŬѲᥫ˥ߤ¸ߤȤǤ줳ȤФοʲƳָפȸΤǤϤʤǤ礦ѸˤʸˡθݤϤޤˤιǤꡤѲθ椬ʣηϤʳؤĤμʤˤʤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ƤƤΤǤ


Ѳ礭1ĤβǤ롥

ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-11 Wed

#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ [article][determiner][syntax][generative_grammar][language_change][grammaticalisation][reanalysis][definiteness]

Ѹ괧 a(n) ȴ the ϡŪˤϤ줾űѸο (OE ān) ȷ (OE se) ȯãΤǤ롥ߤǤϲĻ̾ñǤϤ줫ղäɬܤȤʤäƤꡤʳ̾ʣǤꡦʸˡƥ꡼ɸΤȤƾ¤פôäƤ뤬űѸѸǤϤޤǤդǤˤʤäѸʹߡ줬ɬܤʸˡܤȤʤäƤäʤʤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ƤäˤʸˡΩ줫ߤȡʸˡϿ DP (Determiner Phrase) ȤǽƤȯȤª뤳ȤǤ롥ݺ (16) 򻲾Ȥơ괧괧ι¤Ѳĥ꡼ɽȼ̤Ȥʤ롥

Functional Category of DP for Articles by Hosaka

an ˤƤ þe ˤƤ⡤űѸǤϡ̾ˤзƻȤǤդźơ礭 NP (Noun Phrase) äѸˤʤäΤ NP ǤϤʤ DP ȤǽƤι¤ȤƺƲᤵ褦ˤʤäDP ȯȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥ι¤ DP ȲᤵȤȤϡޤ a the μȤʤꡤ̾ʤΤȤꡦξ򼨤ʸˡǽȯãȤ̣롥NP Τ褦˸Ūʰ̣ͭƤ顤DP Τ褦ʸˡǽôǽƤغƲᤵ줿Ȥǡι¤Ѳʸˡΰȸ뤳ȤǤ롥
ѸˤˤƵǽƤȯȤǤѲ¿ꡤݺǤϼΤ褦ʹܤǽ DP, CP, IP ؤκʬϤη̤ȤƼ갷äƤ롥

ι¤Ѳ
괧졤괧
there ι¤Ѳ
ͭɸ -'s ι¤Ѳ
³ι¤Ѳ
now, when, while, after, that
ط̾ι¤Ѳ
that, who
Ƶ̾ι¤Ѳ
ư DO ι¤Ѳ
ˡưι¤Ѳ
may, can ,will
to ι¤Ѳ
ɸ to, be going to, have to
ʹԹʸι¤Ѳ
λʸι¤Ѳ
ưʸΤι¤Ѳ
it ʸι¤Ѳ
Ϣ BE ʸit դ;ιʸ

ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-10 Tue

#2143. ѲˡָפϤʤ [language_change][causation][systemic_regulation][teleology]

ꥦϡѲˡָפϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ΰ츫ԲIJʰ⤤򤹤ˤϡꥦָפȤդDzؤƤ뤫Ȥ館ɬפ롥ˤͤϡ#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) ȡ#2139. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ (2) ([2015-03-06-1]) ɸ̤Ǥ롥ʲָˤȷ̤ˤѲФ̻Ū¤ΤСŪŪΰ̣פꤹ륳ꥦ6 (259--343) ꡤ3սѤʰʲʸη֤Ƥˡ

ˤϡäơѲҤָפʤΤ¸ߤͣκѸäμͳˡޤͳ¸ߤʤϾŪνΤΤˡΤϡäθŪͳˤͤ졤ѤʤƱˤɽߵ˱ѲȤȤΡƻŪסʵŪˤʾǤ롥ηϤΤޤˡּסɽ׵ᤫ鸫ơŪʼʤˤɤ뵻Ūʷ١ѲΡָפǤϤʤŪͳȤȤǡƻפ켫Τ¤Dz褹٤Ǥ롥äơʤ롤ƤʤʤФʤʤΤϡΡ뤤ϼͳγˤָפ򤢤줳õ뤳ȤǤϤʤġ˾ΤȤǼͳˤäƼ¸줿ΤŪŤȤǤꡤ줿ѲԤη٤ȲǽȤˤäơɤΤ褦ʤɬ⤷ϲǽȤƷʸˤΤĤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥 (286)

ɡŪȤưŤΰ෿Ǥ롥ϡָפ֤ˤäƲ¸ߤ褦ˤʤˡѲ뤤Ͼü¸ߤˤ٤ƤΤΤǤפꡤָפΰŪǰˤȤƴޤޤ롥ꥹȥƥ쥹ϼΤΤ褦˻ͼΡָפ̤Ƥ롥Ф뤤߽ФΡʺưԡʤưѰˡѤƲФǺ̼̰͡ˡ줫鲿복ǰܼ⤷Ϸ̷͡ˡᤶƲȤΤΡŪˡʡؼءII3II7ˡäơŪŪˤȤϡĤθǤ뤫顤ֺѰפͳȰտȤ򤽤ʤΤǤȤˡϤ븶Ǥ롥ơˤΰ̣ǤϡѲȤϡºݤ˥ꥹȥƥ쥹θͤĤưŤ򤽤ʤƤ뤬椨ˡָפĤȸäƤޤä̷ϤʤĤޤꡤ¤ϡïˤäơʺѰˡäơʺˡΤδǰäơʷˡΤŪ˺ΤǤ롥줬ѲˤϡָʤפȸΤϡʳŪʰ̣ǤθʤȤΤȤǤäơСʪŪʤΤΤФơͳγˤäơֵҴŪפǼʪΤ褦ʸϤʤȤ̣ˤƤΤߡäƤΤǤ롥Ϥ켫ΤȤƤʡָפȤѸλѤȿФƤΤǤϤʤͿƤ̣ȡĤϸǤⲿǤʤŪʸȸĥȿФƤΤǤ롥 (290--91)

ѲϡΤȤΤǤϤ뤬綠Τʤ¤ϡä꤬Τ¤뤫¸ߤΤǤäơä꼫ȤˤȤäƳŪʡʪŪɬΡֻʪפǤʤСθ֤ΡɬŪԲŪʵפǤʤ¤Ρΰ̣ǡָŪפͣȤϡͳŪäơ¤ΤȤΤǤ롥ʳϡʪŪʵǤꡤޤԤѼԤȤƤθĿͤθŪͳưԤäξǤ롥


̤˸ѲΡָפȸƤФƤΤϡ¤ϡָפȤϡ־פȤߤʤ٤ΤȤǤ롥θȤϡԤξΤȤˤ뼫ͳջ֤ˤѤǤ롥δ顤ƸѲθȽˤĤƹͤƤ

E. ꥦˡ ɧˡظѲȤ꡽̻֡֡ˡ١ȽŹ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-08 Sun

#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγ [verb][conjugation][emode][language_change][suffix][inflection][3sp][bible][shakespeare][schedule_of_language_change]

#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ173ñζ޸ -th -s ؤ֤äƤäϡλ夫ʹԤƤִηаޤ򾯤Ҳ𤷤褦
űѸǹԤʤƤ3ñ -s ̤ˤСѸ -s Ƹ줿Τ14ΥɥΥƥȤˤƤǤ롥Ϥޤä15˽٤ȯŪΤ16--17ˤƤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ȿǤƤ褦ʥƥȤˤơ٤ޤäƤä褦-s ϡ褽1600ǯޤǤɸȤʤäƤȻפ뤬16ΥƥȤˤɤ줬ߤΤ¤Ǥ롥Ť -th 첻ȼä -eth ȤƲ-s ϲʤäᡤξԤϱΧŪǻȤʬ줿פ (ex. that hateth thee and hates us all) 㤨СShakespeare ǤϻʸǤϤۤȤ -s ѤƤ뤬ʸǤ -th 롥ȤϤξ٤ϡΧŪװʸŪװʾ˸ĿͤޤϺʤʤ˰¸뤳Ȥ¿쳵뤳ȤϤǤʤdoth hath ʤ٤˹⤤ˤĤơŷФ餯ͥǤ³-s ٤줿ȤȤϡŪħ1ĤȤõ
Lass (162--65) ϡִΥ塼ˤĤƼΤ褦󤷤Ƥ롥

In the earlier sixteenth century {-s} was probably informal, and {-th} neutral and/or elevated; by the 1580s {-s} was most likely the spoken norm, with {-eth} a metrical variant.


켣 (217--18) ˤȤ̤˸ƤߤȡThe Authorised Version (1611) Bacon The New Atlantis (1627) ˤ -s ʤȿФ Milton (1608--74) Ǥ doth hath ̤ˤ -th ʤShakespeare ǤϡJulius Caesar (1599) ʬۤ˸¤äƤߤȡ-s Ψ do have ǤϤ줾 11.76%, 8.11% ʳΰ̤ưǤ 95.65% ȰݤƤ롥
Ȥ櫓16--17ξڵ˴Ťˤդ٤ϡ#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1]) Ǹ褦ˡɽ -th ȤäȤƤ⡤줬Ǥ [s] ȯƤǽȤȤǤ롥
ִΥ塼ˤĤƤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-07 Sat

#2140. ѲΥ饤ե [phonetics][phonology][morphology][language_change][neogrammarian]

ѲΰǤϡĤƤǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ˤ "Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze" 㳰ʤѲפȤơľ褦ˤʤäƵפºݤβѲɬ⵬§˽äƤ줤˿ʹԤȤϸ¤餺षʣʽװκΤ̤Ǥ롥ֲѲΥ饤եפǯǤϤ뤬ǯƹͤ褦ˤʤäƤ͡ʹͤ뤬Salmons (103) ϶ǯƤ줹븫򼡤Τ褦ˤޤȤɾƤ롥

   1. Coarticulation and other articulatory factors . . . introduce new synchronic variants into the pool of speech . . . .
   2. As learners . . . and listeners . . ., we build generalizations based on those variants, constrained by our cognitive abilities. This often turns phonetic patterns into phonological ones.
   3. Phonological patterns feed morphological alternations, and as 'active' phonological processes fade, they may be adjusted to fit paradigms, in analogical or other realignments . . . .

   In a sense underlying the life cycle is the notion that phonetic and phonological patterns are constantly reinterpreted, negotiated and generalized by each generation of learners, speakers and listeners.


üŪˤСѰۤϲѲ⤿餷ѲϷѲˤ⤿餷ʤ鸺हȤ饤եѲȷѲΤ褦ʴطˤ뤳Ȥϡ#1674. Ѳȶ޸οʿˤĤƤŪͻ ([2013-11-26-1])#1693. §ŪʲѲԵ§ŪʷѲ ([2013-12-15-1]) Ǥ⼨Ƥ̤Ǥ롥ޤ#838. ηϤȥȥԡ ([2011-08-13-1]) ƳȥԡδߤȡΥ饤եϡȥԡ硤ڤӤ³ȤƵҤǤ롥
ΰѤ2ˤ褦ˡǯʹŻ뤷ѲˤʤäƤƤ롥ԤˤäƤϡ٤ƤβѲˤʹ꤬򰮤äƤȼĥԤ⤤롥ܥ֥Ǥ#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) ([2014-08-11-1])#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) ([2014-08-12-1])#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1])#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1])ˡ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1])#1862. Stern ˤ4Ĥεǽ ([2014-06-02-1])#1936. ʹΤѲ ([2014-08-15-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ̤ꡤѲʤ餺ȤѲˤʹϤäɾƤ褤

Salmons, Joseph. "Segmental Phonological Change." Chapter 18 of Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics. Ed. Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik. London: Continuum, 2010. 89--105.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-06 Fri

#2139. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ (2) [neolinguistics][language_change][causation][history_of_linguistics]

#1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1])#2013. ꥢ (1) ([2014-10-31-1])#2014. ꥢ (2) ([2014-11-01-1])#2020. ۩Ѳθ "expressivity" Ǥ ([2014-11-07-1])#2021. ꥢ (3) ([2014-11-08-1])#2022. ѲˤĿͤαƶ ([2014-11-09-1]) ǡꥢ (neolinguistics) θۤҲ𤷤Ƥꥦ⤳γɤαƶ¿ʬ˼ؼԤ1ͤǤꡤ#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) ȳˤμĥ򡤥ꥦȤ˸餷褦ʰʲʸη֤Ƥˡ

äˤää줿ȤŪͼȤơäѤƤδ¸Υǥ뤫Ϥ롤Τ٤ƤξȸƤǤ褤ޤʹ¦θɽΤΥǥȤơƤСȸƤǤ褤(118)

ѲʡָˤѲסˤȤϡγȻ⤷ϰ̲ǤꡤäɬŪˡĤϢκѤǤ롥ʤѲϡȤǤ롥 (119)

ơѤϲȤܼŪ˰ۤʤ԰٤Ǥ롥԰٤ΤξŪȤˤäƸꤵƤ뤫ꡤϡθΤƸ̩ʰ̣ˤ֥ѥλ¡פǤꡤäλѤ°Ƥ롥ȤѤϡ̤ι԰٤θˤ줿֡ѼͼγǤ뤫顽λ¡פǤꡤиμפؤȺԤ뤳ȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤѤȤϸؤ֤ȤǤꡤưΤޤˤޤˤֺԡפ뤳ȤǤ롥ȤΤꤳ뤳ȤǤꡤѤȤϥǥߥʥʸŪμˤȤƤθ򤽤켫ĶŬ礵뤳ȤǤ롥Ѥ⡤ˤäƾŤƤϤ롥ξԤΤȤϵդǤ롥ˡŪʡָסɬͳ˻ߤ뤫ǡˤ򤵤ĤȤΤˡѤϡŪǥɽβǽγѷȤ꤫Τ褦ˡҤȤŪưǤ롥äʸŪŪ뤤ϵǽŪȤääѤŪˤʤ (119--20)

ѤϾɽɬ˱ƹԤ롥ɬפȤϡʸŪҲŪŪǽŪ줫ΤΤǤ롥ʹϡ줬ʬΤʤΡŪ­ƤΡʬμҲŪФ褯ƤΤǤäꡤǽŪΩäƤ褦ʤΤʤСѤ롥ֺѡפȤϡäơʸι԰٤Ǥ⤢Сߤˤ԰٤Ǥ⤢ꡤޤŪʸι԰٤Ǥ⤢롥 (130)


ǤϡֲפѲμˤѲΰ̣ѲȸƤФΤϤ줬ֺѡפ줿ȤǤ⤫Ƥ롥#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) ѸǤСΡֲפ potential for change ʤ variant ȯбֺѡפ implementation бѤΤˤ錄äơꥢؤθۤǻȿǤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥

E. ꥦˡ ɧˡظѲȤ꡽̻֡֡ˡ١ȽŹ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-01 Sun

#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ [saussure][diachrony][language_change][causation][methodology][linguistics]

ǶᡤؼԥꥦθѲˮ줿Ѳ򸦵椹ԤˤȤäƥꥦΤȤФ϶Ƭ (19) ǡָѲȤפȤ˸ڤƤʰʲ˵ؤƤˡ

ѲȤϡ餫˰ĤκŪ̷򤫤Ƥ롥⤽⡤򸶰Ȥ٤ȤꤢơϤʤѲΤʤޤѲ򤷤ƤϤʤʤΤ褦ˡˤ䤦ȼΡˤ褽ʤäΤˡȯŸ𤷡˲餷ƤޤΤȸǤ롥ȯŸϸܼȿΤȡޤˤΤȤεǤȤ롥


̷θ塼ζ֤̻֤2ʬˡˤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥#1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1]) ȡ#1076. 塼뤬֤̻֤ͥ褵3Ĥͳ ([2012-04-07-1]) ǿ줿Ȥꡤ塼ϸ츦ˤ붦֤ͥ褷̻֤ϼΤŪ⤿ʤ衤¿θؼԤ塼˽ܼŪηϤǤꡤѲȤΤϸˤȤä̷ʳβΤǤʤȿƤƱԻ׵ĤäƤ⤭
ꥦ (22--23) ϡŪʸѲ̷˿øй롥ꥦˤ8ʻŦѤ褦

(a) ѲˤĤƸդ餵Ƥ뤳εʤΤϼºݤˤ¸ߤŪˤϡϤäʤΤϤ뤬ʥ󥰡ˤȡֶŪơפȤƱΤȹͤƤޤ꤫ˤʤȡ(b) ѲȤϸγ٤Ȥꤢ뤳ȤϤǤʤޤ٤Ǥʤȡ(c) ˰ĥϳΤľˤȤŤƤϤ뤬ޤǤɤˤȤ褦ʲˤͤƤޤˡǤʤΤоݤΤˤƤ뤳ȡΤ褦ʼĥʤԤɤˤ򤱤̤Ƥޤ̷Ϥ٤Ƥ뤳ȡ(d) ϤäС̻֤֡ΧȿоݤΥ٥ˤǤϤʤΥ٥°ΤǤäơ줽ΤΤˤǤϤʤؤˤΤǤ뤳ȡ(e) 塼Χȿ뤿μ꤬ϡ塼뼫ȤΤȤˡȤФθ¤ˤϤޤʤˡޤȿƤ⤽ꤳǤޤäƤˡǤ褦ȯ뤳ȤǽǤȤȡ(f) ϸäƤϤꡤ塼ιͤȤγǰȤϡˤҤ̷ιˤຬŪʸ򤫤Ƥ뤳ȡ(g) ηϡפȡפȤδ֤ˤϤʤ̷ʤȿФˡϤηޤ߹ǤȤȡ(h) Υ٥ˤ붦֤̻֤ȤΧȿϡˤˤƤΤߡޤˤˤäƤΤ߹ǤȤȡʾǤ롥


Ѳ뤳ȼΤܼǤꡤѲ뤳ȤˤäƸϸǤ³롥ޤäƱǤ롥#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1]) ⻲ȡ

E. ꥦˡ ɧˡظѲȤ꡽̻֡֡ˡ١ȽŹ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-02-28 Sat

#2133. ȤФѲΤȤ館 [language_change][methodology][causation]

ε#2132. ȴաar ȴաeru դա ([2015-02-27-1]) ǤҲ𤷤ϡ8ϡ֤ȤФѲΤȤ館פǸѲڤȤ4ĤμƤƤ (196--97) 졤֡֡Ҳ4ĤǤ롥
μȤϡʸˡäʤɤʤηϤȤƤߤ򤤤λϡѲˤϸηϾθȤȡ1ĤθѲ̤θѲƤӤȤȤʤɤĥ롥ѲˤηŪĴ (systemic regulation) μǤ (cf. #1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]))
֤μϡȤФϰ躹ܤǤ롥ʬۤȤäŪʻǤϤʤ뤤ϵؤθήȤäưŪʻޤࡥ֤ܿˤѲ¥ʤ줿Ťꤹ븽ݤܤ롥
֤μϡûñ̤ǤиĿͤΰδ֤ǤθѲ֤θ캹Ĺñ̤Ǥпɴǯǯˤ錄Ѳį򤤤ѲȤϡּŸ븽ݤǤ뤫顤֤μιθɬԲķûñ̤Ĺñ̤ȤĤʤäƤϢ³ΤʤƤȤȤϸѲǤⵤŤˤ֤μȤƤȤΤϡפƶǤ롥
ҲμϡҲؤδ֤θ캹ʸΰռܤǤ롥Ѱ (register) ʸ (style) κΤߤʤ餺ѰۤѲΤΤɤΤ褦ɾ뤫ȤޤࡥȤФήԡ졤ϼʤɤѲȯŤˤɤΤ褦ʱƶڤܤΤʤɤθ٤Ǥ롥
ϸѲ (language change) ߤȤƾ4ĤμͿ4ĤषѰ (language variation) ȯäƤ椯ȹͤۤ狼䤹⤷ʤäȤ⡤Ѱۤ¸ߤѲǤ뤫顤ĤޤȤ4ĤμϸѲˤؤäƤˤʤǤϸѲθ4ĤʬȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤ衤褯Ф줿4ĤڤȻפ
ѲΥǥȤƤϡ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1])#1600. Samuels θѲǥ ([2013-09-13-1])#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ ([2014-08-07-1])#1997. Ѳ5Ĥ¦̡ ([2014-10-15-1])#2012. ѲȤ٤̸§7 ([2014-10-30-1]), #2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1]) ⻲ȡ

ͺܸ쥦å󥰡١ȽŹҴȿӡ1999ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-21-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-02-27 Fri

#2132. ȴաar ȴաeru դ [japanese][lexical_diffusion][language_change][verb][conjugation][ranuki]

ܸƤѲΤʤǡǥʤɤǤ礭夲ƺǤ褯ΤƤΤˡ֤ȴաפ롥ȴդˤĤܥ֥Ǥϡ#1864. ȴդٸ̡ ([2014-06-04-1]) Ǽ夲٤ǡѲεˤĤ¿ΤȤʬäƤƤ롥ˤĤƽפƶͿƤɤߤ䤹ȤƤϡ˾ΤϤʤ
ȴդȤϡưβǽˤĤơŪɸǤָסֵפ֤פȴơָסֵפȤʤäƤƤ븽ݤؤΤˡ֤פȴƤ褦˸뤬ǤϤʤȤͤ⤢롥Ѳɽǵ mirareru mireruokirareru okireru ȤʤꡤæƤΤ mi(ra)reru, oki(ra)reru Τ褦 ra ǤȤȤߤʤȤΤˤǤ뤬 mir(ar)eru, okir(ar)eru Τ褦 ar æƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ºݡar ȴաפȤϡưʳβǽޤΤԹ礬褤ưΡɤפɸŪʲǽϡŤɤޤ (yomareru) Фơɤ (yomeru) Ǥϡ֤פæƤȤϸʤΤΡyom(ar)eru Τ褦 ar ȴäƤȤϸ롥̩ʰ̣Dzǽ֤פȴΤϡư졤Ըư졤ѳưΤߤǤꡤ¾ˤĤƤϤȴդȤƾΤŬڤǤϤʤΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤar ȴդȸƤǤСưǤưǤưγѷˤ餺ŪʲǽФƸ߹Ȥ褦ˤʤäƤ뿷ǽβ򡤰ӤҤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Τ褦ˡar ȴȤʬϤȯŸӾˤǽưη֤ӤƵҤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ñʵˡ롥ǽưν߷ϡȤȤʤưθ촴ؤ eru դǤɽФ褤ưγѷ˸¤餺ָ (mir-u) ָ (mir-eru)ֵ (okir-u) ֵ (okir-eru)ɤ (yom-u) ɤ (yom-eru)ּ (tor-u) ּ (tor-eru) ӤƳФʤѳưϡ (kur-u) Фơ (kor-eru) Τ褦˸촴ؤ뤳Ȥաˡaru ȴʬϤϡָסֵסɤޤסּספʤŪʲǽͳʤȿǽƳФʤeru դʬϤϡǽΤȤưν߷ȤƿǽƳФȤʰ塤pp. 22--23ˡ
߿ʹθѲˤϤ褯뤳ȤȴդⵯϰƳȸŤǤϾ½鵭Ͽꡤ餯ѲϤΤʳܤܤС쳤ǤѤƤȴդʬۤŤηϩɤ߲򤯤ȡʤɤμ᤯Ϥޤꡤ줬ơᵦʤɤ濴ήǤΤΤ褦ĹѥǹͤȡȴղϰưΥԸư첽ȤĬήΰôäƤꡤ켫Τǯ³ƤưγѷδάΤʤ˰֤Ť롥

ͺܸ쥦å󥰡١ȽŹҴȿӡ1999ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow