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morphology - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2011-09-29 Thu

#885. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (3) [word_formation][morphology][borrowing][terminology]

Ȱε (##883,884) ǼꤢƤAlgeo ˤ word-making ξܺʬ³ԡAlgeo ʸ (129--31) ˤϡब9Ĥδ (CR1--CR9) ˤߤ37饹 (CLASS) ȡƥ饹Ӥβ̥饹ɽ63 (NEW_ITEM) ɽηǼƤ롥ϡɽ MAJOR_CLASS ʤʬ (root creation, conversion, clipping, composite, blending, borrowing) ξäΤǺܤ롥word-making ʬκݤΤˡ
9ĤδʬˤĤƤϡưʲ󤷤Ƥ

CR1: Does the new item have an etymon?
CR2: Does the new item have a borrowed etymon?
CR3: Does the new item combine two or more etyma?
CR4: Does the new item shorten an etymon?
CR5: Does the new item have an etymon that lacks a formal exponent in the item?
CR6: Does the new item have a phonological motivation?
CR7: Do the etyma include more than one base? (More precisely: If there is only one etymon, does it consist of more than one base; or if there are several etyma, do at least two contain bases?)
CR8: Does the new item derive from written rather than spoken etyma?
CR9: Does the new item add new morphs to the language?

ITEM NO.NEW_ITEMCR1CR2CR3CR4CR5CR6CR7CR8CR9ETYMATRADITIONAL_CLASSCLASSMAJOR_CLASS
1googol-0000-00+---arbitrary coinage1root creation
2miaow-0000+00+---onomatopoeia2root creation
3fun (adj)+--------fun (n)functional shift3conversion
4watt+--------(James) Wattcommonization3conversion
5grudge+----+--+grutchanalogical reformation4conversion
6splosh+----+--+splashanalogical reformation4conversion
7cónstrùct+----+--+constrúctanalogical reformation4conversion
8mho+----+-++ohmreverse form5conversion
9bassackwards+----++-+assbackwardsspoonerism6conversion
10cab+--+----+cabrioletback clipping (stump word)7clipping
11'fessor+--+----+professoraphaeresis7clipping
12curtsy+--+----+courtesysyncope7clipping
13flu+--+----+influenzafront & back clipping7clipping
14H+--+---++horse, heroininitialism8clipping
15prof+--+---++professorfront clipping8clipping
16Dr.+--+---+-Doctorabbreviation9clipping
17jet+--+--+--jet-propelled airplaneclipped compound10clipping
18show biz+--+--+-+show businessclipped compound11clipping
19sitch com+--+--+-+situation comedyclipped compound11clipping
20CO+--+--+++commanding officerinitialism12clipping
21scuba+--+--+++self contained underwater breathing apparatusacronym, 1st order12clipping
22radar+--+--+++radio detecting and rangingacronym, 2nd order12clipping
23Inbex+--+--+++Industrialized Building Expositionacronym, 2nd order12clipping
24Nabisco+--+--+++National Biscuit Companyacronym, 2nd order12clipping
25bit+--+--+++binary digitblend (acronym, 3rd order; acrouronym)12clipping
26Amerindian+--+--+++American Indianblend12clipping
27bus ad+--+--+++business administrationclipped compound (acronym, 4th order)12clipping
28sit com+--+--+++situation comedyclipped compound (acronym, 4th order)12clipping
29vroom+--+-+--+boomonomatopoeia & phonestheme13clipping
30morphonemics+--+-++-+morphophonemicshaplology14clipping
31riddle+--+++--+riddles & -sback formation15clipping
32burger+--++++-+hamburger & hamback formation16clipping
33slowly+-+------slow & -lysuffixation17composite
34unloose+-+------un- & looseprefixation17composite
35funhouse+-+---+--fun & housecompound18composite
36abso-damn-lutely+-+---+--absolutely & damnsandwich term18composite
37dice+-+--+--+die & -smetanalysis19composite
38ofay+-+--+--+foe & ayPig Latin19composite
39hotshot+-+--++--hot & shotrime compound20composite
40tiptop+-+--++--tip & topablaut compound20composite
41funny farm+-+--++--funny & farmalliterative compound20composite
42bye bye+-+--++--bye & byereduplication20composite
43goodschmood+-+--++-+good & schm- & goodreduplication with onset substitution21composite
44trouble and strife ("wife")+-+-+++--trouble & and & strife & wiferiming slang22composite
45buxom ("busty")+-+-+++--buxom & bosomclang association22composite
46hanky+-++----+handkerchief & -yclipping & suffix23blending
47happenstance+-++--+--happening & circumstanceblend24blending
48smog+-++--+-+smoke & fogblend25blending
49scrunch+-++--+-+scram/screw/scrimp & bunch/crunch/hunchphonesthemes25blending
50bridegroom+-++-++--bridegoom & groomfolk etymology26blending
51guesstimate+-++-++-+guess & estimateblend27blending
52meld+-++-++-+melt & weldblend27blending
53prepocerous+-++-++-+preposterous & rhinocerosforced rime27blending
54sayonada++------+sayonarapopular adoption28borrowing
55sayonara++-----++sayonaralearned adoption29borrowing
56disc++-+---++discusadaptation30borrowing
57foot ("metrical unit")+++-+----foot & pēscalque31borrowing
58superman+++-+-+--super & man & &Uum;bermenschloan translation32borrowing
59foe paw+++-+++--foe & paw & faux pasfolk etymology33borrowing
60fox pass+++-++++-fox & pass & faux pasfolk etymology34borrowing
61coffee klatch++++--+-+coffee & Kaffee Klatschloanblend35borrowing
62chaise lounge++++-++++chaise longue & loungeloanblend & folk etymology36borrowing
63tamale++++++--+tamal-es & -smetanalysis37borrowing


Algeo, John. "The Taxonomy of Word Making." Word 29 (1978): 122--31.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-05-25-1] [2011-10-01-1]

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2011-09-28 Wed

#884. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (2) [word_formation][morphology][borrowing][terminology]

ε#883. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (1) ([2011-09-27-1]) ³ԡAlgeo ˤ word-making 9Ĥδϡʲ䤤ɽ蘆롥

(1) Does the new item have an etymon?
¸θ줫Ƥ뤫ɤۤȤɤοˤĤ Yes ǤʤʥǤ (root creation) ԤʤƤȹͤ롥㤨С10100οɽ魯 googol ϡҶˤ캬Ȥ롥
(2) Does the new item have a borrowed etymon?
δϡ(1) Yes ξˡδ¸θ줬ʲ줿ˤΤΤǤ뤫¾줫Ѥ줿ΤǤ뤫 (borrowing) ̤롥㤨Сinfluenza ϼѸflu influenza 첽ˤ˴Ťƺ줿ȹͤΤǡδ䤤 No Ȥʤ롥
(3) Does the new item combine two or more etyma?
(4) Does the new item shorten an etymon?
2Ĥδݤ碌ȡʲ4ζ̤롥
 1 etymon2+ etyma
unshortenedfun (conversion)funhouse (composite)
shortenedcab (clipping)smog (blending)

̾ fun ƻ fun 褦ϡʻž (conversion), ǽž (functional shift), (zero-derivation) ʤɤȸƤФ롥ηϤ˿ä櫓ǤϤʤȤǡðۤǤ롥
(5) Does the new item have an etymon that lacks a formal exponent in the item?
smog ˤƤϡȤʤäƤ smoke fog η֤줾ʬŪˤǤϤ뤬ȿǤƤ롥ʤˤϸȤʤäƤǤ־ޤäȿǤƤʤ㤬롥㤨Сsuperman Übermensch (loan translation or calque) Ȥ뤬־塤˸ǤȿǤƤʤCockney riming slang trouble and strife (= wife) ƱͤǤʤޤäȿǤƤʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤ񤷤ˡ
(6) Does the new item have a phonological motivation?
grutch θҲִˤ grudgemorphophonemics Ųæˤ morphonemics ꤹʤɤ롥
(7) Do the etyma include more than one base? (More precisely: If there is only one etymon, does it consist of more than one base; or if there are several etyma, do at least two contain bases?)
funhouse Ǥ Yes Ǥ slowly Ǥ No Ǥ롥Ĥޤꡤδϡʣ (compounding) ܼź (affixation) ̤롥ʳˤ⡤jet-propelled airplane ڤˤȹͤ jet ȡcabriolet ڤˤ cab Ȥ̤ΤˤͿ롥
(8) Does the new item derive from written rather than spoken etyma?
situation comedy ṳ̂Ȥ sitch com sit com ̤ǤΤϡsituation ֻؤΰ¸礭Ǥ롥Ƭ ( acronym ) ʤɤ񤭸դ˰¸Ƥ롥
(9) Does the new item add new morphs to the language?
funhouse ϸϿ˿֤ɲäʤfun house ¸η֤Ǥˤsmog ϿϿ˲ääȤäƤ褤

9Ĥδ򤫤碌Сword-making ŪȤ߹碌μȤʤ롥ºŪˤϡAlgeo ʸ󼨤Ƥ37Υ饹ʬǽʬʰʾˤѤ­
ޤʬहΤˡºݾ夳ޤǾܺ٤ʶʬ§ɬפΤ뤤ϤƤʬǺѤΤϡʬŪˤäƤѤäƤΤ褦ŪŪʶʬռƤȤˤ롥1ĤˤϡAlgeo (127) ŦƤ褦ˡ츫Ʊ blending ȹͤ guesstimate Amerindian Ǥ⡤Ԥ paradigmatic ʴطˤ2Ĥ etyma (guess estimate) ιǤꡤԤ syntagmatic ʴطˤ1ĤζȤƤ etymon (American Indian) ṳ̂Ǥ롤Ȥ褦ľŪˤˤ̤褦ˤʤȤ롥¾ˤϡ word-making ʬ¤硤줬ǺͤʤΤ뤤ŪˤⰷˤΤȤäƳʤ뤫٤ꤹؿˤͿƤȤºŪ⤢롥
word-making ϶֤̻֤Ǥ⤢롥"etymon" ȤѸ줬ƤȤꡤ嵭9ĤδϤ̻ŪǤ롥ˤäƿʬष褦ȤŪΤΤ϶Ūword-making Τ⤷ȱϡˤ⤢ΤȻפ
̵ϳΤʤʬˡ뤳ȤԲǽ˶ᤤ嵭δǤΤ˶ʬʤ¿뤳ȤȤ

Algeo, John. "The Taxonomy of Word Making." Word 29 (1978): 122--31.

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2011-09-27 Tue

#883. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (1) [word_formation][morphology][borrowing]

[2011-09-21-1], [2011-09-22-1], [2011-09-23-1]ε Algeo ˤ븽Ѹο쥽ĴҲ𤷤Ƥब word-making ȸƤǤ뿷Υ [word formation] Ȥȡ̾ѸޤޤʤΤǤΤ褦˾Τȹͤˤ˺٤ʬषȤϡä[2011-09-21-1]ε#877. Algeo θѸο쥽Ĵפǿ줿̤ǤꡤºݤΥڡˡȤȤʬɽ򼨤Ǥϡ word-making ʬŪʺϲʬˡˤĤƤϡAlgeo Ȥ̤ʸ "The Taxonomy of Word Making" Ƥ롥
word-making ʬˤĤƤϡΤ˸¤äƤ奮ꥷλˤޤ̤Ť롥㤨СPlato (427?--327?BC) compounding, derivation by ablaut, loanwords, clipping, phonesthetics ̤Ƥ (Jowett 394, 400, 409, 420, 426) ޤꥷʸˡȤ Dionysius Thrax (c100BC) ̾72ʣǧƤ (Davidson, Section 14)
θŤϡߤηλͽΤʤˤϢʤ³Ƥ롥Ūʬ˴ŤƸŽƤ٥ȤƤϡ㤨мΤ褦ʤΤǧ롥compounding, affixation, blending, acronymy, clipping, back formation, functional shift, sound substitution, borrowing, folk etymology, onomatopoeia, reduplication, etc. ¿ŪʽѸϡܥ֥ǺǶ夲ƤϢΡֿ쥽פεǤ¿ѤƤ
ŪʬѸ줬ͭǤ뤳Ȥϡ˴Ť¿θ˴ؤ븦ˤäơƻλˤäƤ¾ڤƤȸäƤ褤Dz ad hoc ʰݤͿΤΤǤ롥⤽Τ褦ʰݤȤäƤAlgeo ƱݤΤȤҤ٤Ƥ

The traditional taxonomy of word-making is messy because the classes have not been defined by any consistent set of criteria. Indeed, the taxonomy was formed, not according to logical order, but rather by accidental accretion. It was not planned. It just happened. Could it speak, it might say with Topsy, "I 'spect I growed. Don't think nobody never made me." Nobody ever made the familiar taxonomy of word formation. It just grew. (123)


Algeo Ϥռ顤"Taxonomy" ʸǼŪ word-making ʬԤ߽ФȻߤ9Ĥδ˾Ȥ餷ƴबץ饹ĤޥʥĤˤäơword-making Һ٤ʬषγפϡεǾҲ𤷤

Algeo, John. "The Taxonomy of Word Making." Word 29 (1978): 122--31.
Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
Jowett, B., ed. The Dialogues of Plato. 4 vols. New York: Scribner, 1873.
Davidson, Thomas, trans. "The Grammar of Dionysios Thrax." Journal of Speculative Philosophy 8 (1874): 326--39.

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2011-06-22 Wed

#786. ܸܸ [clitic][affix][morphology][terminology]

εǡwilly-nilly θΤˡŪʸ (enclitic) Ūʸ (proclitic) ȤѸƳϡˤĤƤ⤦⤹롥
ܸ (clitic) Ȥϡϸʼͳǡˤܤ˰¸ƶ򼺤ФвæȼܼŪʷؤȤϥꥷʸˡѸ¾Ӥ֤ؤΤˤѤ롥ܸľθ˴ܸǤꡤʲΤ褦˸ѸθɽǤˤˤߤ롥

I'm, you're, it's, she'll, we've, they'd, don't, wanna, He is a tough'un., That's more'n I know.


嵭Τ褦ˡ;̾δؤ㤬¿ܸ̾줬ղäϾʤMy mother's late. Peter'd been there. ʤɤ㤬ߤ롥
ܸľθ˴ܸǡѸŪʤʲΤ褦ɽˤߤ롥

How d'ye do? ([2011-06-17-1]), 'Tis fine today., Go an' see it.


ǽ2㤬ɽǤ뤳Ȥ¬뤫⤷ʤŪˤϸܤβϾʤʤä㤨СŪη̤ȤƤܸˤϡo'clock ( < "of the clock" ), alive ( < "on live" ), willy-nilly ε ǾҲ𤷤 nill nam ʤɤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2011-10-20-1]

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2011-06-21 Tue

#785. ޥ٤¬뤿10 [typology][germanic][inflection][morphology]

[2009-11-04-1]εָűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹϸߤˤɤ줯餤ۤʤ뤫פǡޥΡ֥ޥ١פӤ򸫤ӤδϡȤƷŪʴ Lass ӽФ10Ĥιܤˤ롥10ܤޥ٤λɸȤƤɤΤ餤ҴŪʤΤɤΤ褦ӽФ줿ΤʤɤϤ뤬ӸԤʤݤΤȤƤ˻ͤˤʤ롥Lass (26) ꡤ10ܤ󤲤Ƥ

(1) root-initial accent
(2) at least three distinct vowel qualities in weak inflectional syllables
(3) a dual
(4) grammatical gender
(5) four vowel-grades in (certain) strong verbs
(6) distinct dative in at least some nouns
(7) inflected definite article (or proto-article)
(8) adjective inflection
(9) infinitive suffix
(10) person and number marking on the verb

δϡޥɤӤ˸¤餺㤨ѸɤӡˤѸθġΥƥȤθӤˤѤǤ롥ºݤΤȤ¿ѸƥȤδܤΥȥˤ褦ʸŪҤϡ嵭10ܤΤ٤ƤǤʤȤܤ夲Τ̤Ǥ롥
ѸƥȤӤ˸¤ΤǤСĿŪˤ "nominal plural formation" äȤǤ롥

Lass, Roger. "Language Periodization and the Concept of 'middle'." Placing Middle English in Context. Eds. Irma Taavitsainen, Terttu Nevalainen, Päivi Pahta and Matti Rissanen. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 7--41.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-04-30-1] [2015-06-14-1]

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2011-06-18 Sat

#782. willy-nilly [etymology][affix][morphology]

willy-nilly ϡֹԤФäˡʤΡˡ䤪ʤˡʤΡˡפ̣ǡʤǵӱƧϤΤ褤ɽǤ롥will I [he, ye] nill I [he, ye] Ȥɽ١ˤʤäƤꡤջ֤ɽ魯ư will Ȥ nill ( < ne + will ) 򤽤줾֤̾ɽǤ롥OED ˤȽФ1608ǯǡʸ󤲤Ƥ롥

Thou shalt trust me spite of thy teeth, furnish me with some money wille nille.


ѸǤ ne ư֤ΤήǤꡤФưȰΤˤʤäȯ뤳Ȥ¿ä nill ( ne + will ) Ϥ nam ( ne + am ), nas ( ne + was ) ʤɤ㤬ꡤŪ (proclitic) ne ȤѸʹߤȯãˡư˸֤ notƤû̷Ǥ n'tŪ (enclitic) 꼭ȸ졤isn't, haven't, won't ( < wonnot < wol not ) ʤɡѸǤʤߤǤ롥
will ȤƤ won't εˤĤƤ[2009-07-25-1]εone ȯ¤äȯפǼ夲17˱Ѹ˸줿⤷θŪ nill ᤤʳǿŪ won't ִƤΤǤСɸɽ willy-nilly ǤϤʤ*willy-wonty ʤȤɤʤäƤ⤷ʤ䡤euphony Ȥ餹ФϤ willy-nilly ΤۤϤ褤顤ˤ褳ɽ򤵤夷ƤȹͤΤ⤷ʤ
̾ɽ魯 y Ϥ켫ΤȤܤƤΤǡnilly ʬ will 濴ȤƸܼ n- ܼ -y Ʊղä줿ʣʸɽ路Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ѸȤƤϲʤɽʬϤ򤹤 will-y-n-ill-y ȼ¤5ĤηǤʤäƤ롥Ū (synthetic) 񤤤Ķۤ¿Ū (polysynthetic) ʿ񤤤ȸäƤ٤֡¿ŪפȤѸˤĤƤϡ[2010-10-01-1]εַˤ෿פ򻲾ȡ

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2011-03-28 Mon

#700. 졤ǡܼ캬촴ʣ졤 [morphology][word_formation][terminology]

Ǥϡָ ( word ) ʲηŪñ̤͡Ѹ줬ͿƤ롥Υ֥Ǥ츻η֤ʤɤ¿äƤΤǡ٤褯ȤѸޤȤƤʲ (pp. 7, 11--12) ѡȤ롥
( word ) ȤϲȤϷθŵŪǤꡤޤ˲褷ƤʤʲѸϤ٤ơָפ˰¸ƤΤǡܼŪʤΤϼδˤ䤫ǺѤޤƤָȤʸΤʾ뤳ȤǤ뼫ͳǡ¾μͳˤäƤԲǽ (uninterruptable) ñ̡פǤ롥
( morpheme ) ʸˡκǾñ̡ФС̣ͭʡ׺Ǿñ̤뤬ɬ̣ͭǤʤ⤢ ([2010-11-02-1]) ȤΩѤǤϡͳ ( free morpheme ) ȤΩѤʤǤϡ« ( bound morpheme ) ȸƤФ롥
ܼ ( affix ) ָ줫鼫ͳ«ȤǧǤñ̡ǽδܼ ( inflectional affix ) ȡܼ ( derivational affix ) ̤졤֤δƬ ( prefix ) ȡ ( suffix ) ̤롥
( root ) ָ줫餹٤Ƥ޷ ( inflectional morpheme ) ( derivational morpheme ) Ȥ˻Ĥǡסsingers Ǥ sing 캬Ȥʤ롥ʣǤϳƼͳǤ캬Ȥ졤㤨 wheelchair wheel chair 줾캬Ȥʤ롥«ǤǤʤ캬ȤߤʤϢ ( combining form ) ȤǤ⤢ ([2010-10-31-1])
( stem ) ָ줫ܼȤ˻Ĥǡסsingers Ǥ singer wheelchair Ǥ wheelchair 촴Ȥʤ롥
ʣ ( compound ) 2İʾθ캬ʤ졥
( base ) ֤ɤΤ褦ܼǤ졤ܼղäס캬촴ȤϰۤʤŪñ̡ sing ܼ -er ղä singer Ȥʤꡤ singer ˶ܼ -s ղä singers Ȥʤ롤ʤɡ
ˤϸߤ˰¸۴ŪʤΤ⤢뤷ϳ⤢롥ϷỌ̇̄ǤñˤϤʤȤꤢȤȤǡ

ط١ҡ1988ǯ
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.

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2011-03-23 Wed

#695. 캬 fer [etymology][loan_word][latin][grimms_law][morphology][cognate][word_family]

fer Ȥ캬ˤĤƥ֥Ǽ䤬äferȤ캬ϰpor()bher(ɤ)ͳ褹ȤΤȤʤΤǤ2ĤΡfer٤ϤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤΤǤ礦
DZѸθ캬ȤƸڤƤ fer ϡºݤˤ2ब̤롥1Ĥϥƥ󡦥ե󥹸ͳʤ깭ޥ󥹷ϡˤΤΡ⤦1ĤϱѸͳʤ깭ޥϡˤΤΡ2ĤϤޤä̤ΤȤƹͤɬפ롥
ޤԤ顥fer 캬˴ޤϥե󥹸ͳǤϤäƤ⸶§ȤƥƥͳȹͤƤ褯οϤӤرѸ츻ŵ (413--19) ڡ륯θ츻ŵ򻲾ȤƤޤȤȡޤƤä64줬󤬤ä

afferent, circumference, circumferential, confer, conference, defer, deference, deferential, deferment, differ, difference, different, differential, differentially, differentiate, differently, efferent, fertile, fertility, fertilization, fertilize, fertilizer, indifference, indifferency, indifferent, indifferently, infer, inferable, inference, inferential, infertile, infertility, insufferable, insufferably, interfere, interference, interferon, offer, offering, prefer, preferable, preferably, preference, preferential, preferentially, preferment, proffer, refer, referee, reference, referendary, referendum, referent, referential, suffer, sufferable, sufferance, suffering, transfer, transferable, transferee, transference, transferor, vociferous


Ѹäˤ췲¸ߤΤϡŪ˥ƥѤ¿äȤˡ캬Ǥƥ fer ư ferre ˤֱ֡פȤŪʰ̣ôäƤȤ礭ƥ ferre ϰĸ *bher- ֱ֡פؤȺƷ롥*bh ϥƥǤ໤ /f/ ؤѲޥǤˡ§ ( Grimm's Law ) ˤä /b/ ؤѲ ([2009-08-07-1], [2009-08-08-1]) бűѸ beran ϡֱ֡פΰ̣򤤤ޤǻ˻ĤƤѸ bear Ǥϡֱ֡פθֻࡤʼ¤˷֡פθ濴ȤʤäƤꡤԤθ٤ϤĤƤۤɹ⤯ʤ
bear ȥƥѸ offer ʤɤδط޼ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Etymological Relationship between offer and bear

ˡƥ캬ȤƤ fer Ȥ̤ˡ褯Ѹ fVr V 첻ˡʥޥĸθ캬ȤƤ *fura Τ褦ʸ첻ķ֤ƷƤꡤɸѸǤ캬 fer ȤΤڤФϤʤΤǡfer Ѹθ캬ȸƤ֤ΤŬڤǤϤʤˤθ캬򵯸ˤĸȤƤ before, far, first, for, forth, from ʤɤ󤲤롥ޥ /f/ ϥˡ§դˤɤäƤ椯ȰĸǤ *p ǤꡤλҲݻƤƥб pro per ȤȤˤʤ롥Ƭȼäƥ¿Ѹ˼ѤƤ ( ex. produce, profess; perform, persuade )
ޤȤȡfer ȴϢդ캬ˤ2ढꡤζ̤ϥޥȥޥ󥹸졤ȼѸ졤ˡ§ŬѤŬѤȤäΩ˴ŤƤ롥Ѹθäϡ餿Ƥ䤳

ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ޽饤֡1992ǯ

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2011-03-19 Sat

#691. üȷ֥饹 [morphology][phonetics][lexical_diffusion][ilame][plural][adjective][speed_of_change][neogrammarian]

ѲΤʤǤξüϤȤ櫓ŪʸݤǤ롥ǤŪĴΥͥ륮Τǡ夤ȯȤʤ꤬Ǥ롥̵ͭˤʤ롥첻Ǥۣ첻 schwa [ə] ͳƾüҲǤ໤ƾü롥ʹ֤˴ŤθݤǤ롥
üޤּΡײѲȤäơ߳˿ʹԤȤϸ¤ʤ19ɥĤǯʸˡ ( Neogrammarians ) οäƼĥƤΤΡºݤˤϡѲθäФưΧȤϸ¤ʤषǶóȻ ( lexical diffusion ) ȤƤ褦ˡѲˤϸä˥褦ˤƽ˿ʹԤ⾯ʤʤüˤĤƤСäФưΧ˺ѤϤ᤿Τ褦˸ơ֤в᤹ˤäƷ֥饹֤ǾüοƩΨ®٤˺ФƤ㤬롥֥饹Ǥû֤Ǿüλ뤬̤η֥饹ǤϾüٱ䤷ꡤޤ̤η֥饹ǤϾüɤθ褹ʤɤȤȤ⤢ꤦ롥Τ褦ʲѲǤϡ쳰ŪʡŪʡװˤ곫Ϥ줿Ѳ֥饹ζ̤ȤŪʡʵǽŪʡװˤäĴȤȤˤʤ롥
ѸˤλȤƤϡߤ˴Ϣ2Ĥθü󤲤롥
(1) űѸ줫Ѹ˻Ϥޤä -n ξüΧ˻Ϥޤä褦˸ơѸˤϷ֥饹Ȥ˿ʹԤλۤʤäƤѲ̾ñƻǤ -n ξü®䤫äѲ̾ʣǤ٤줿 (Moore, "Loss")ѸǤϡ̾ʣȤƤ -n Ͼü٤줿Ф꤫षĥۤɤǤ (Hotta 218)
(2) ƱűѸ줫Ѹ˻Ϥޤä첻ֻǤ̾ <e> ֤졤[ə] ȯ줿ˤξüΧ˻Ϥޤä褦˸ơѸοʹԤλϷ֥饹Ȥ˰ۤʤäƤ̾ζޤǤϸ첻Ϥ褯ü[2010-10-11-1]εǸ褦˷ƻζ޸ʣȼѲñˤȤơޤ餯ưˤƤ⡤14ޤŪ褯ݤ줿 (Minkova, "Forms" 166; Ϣ Moore, "Earliest" ⻲)
(1), (2) ξǡ̾졦ƻʣɸȤ䤬̤ƤΤ⤷(2) ˴ؤơMinkova (186) Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The analysis proposed here assumes that the status of the final -e as a grammatical marker is stable in the plural, for both diachronic inflexional types. Yet in maintaining the syntactically based strong - weak distinction in the singular, -e is no longer independently viable. As a plural signal it is still salient, possibly because of the morphological stability of the category of number in all nouns, so that there is phrase-internal number concord within the adjectival noun phrases. Another argument supporting the survival of plural -e comes from the continuing number agreement between subject noun phrases and the predicate, in other words a morphologically explicit opposition between the singular and the plural continues to be realized across the system.


ȳʤѸˤܼۤΤƵäΥƥ꡼ϸߤޤǷ³ƤѸˤͤȤθüȷ֥饹δϢ϶̣

Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Minkova, Donka. "The Forms of Speech" A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 159--75.
Minkova, Donka. The History of Final Vowels in English: The Sound of Muting. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991.
Moore, Samuel. "Loss of Final n in Inflectional Syllables of Middle English." Language 3 (1927): 232--59.
Moore, Samuel. "Earliest Morphological Changes in Middle English." Language 4 (1928): 238--66.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-08-13-1]

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2011-01-18 Tue

#631. blending γ [word_formation][morphology][phonaesthesia][blend][productivity]

ε[2011-01-17-1] blending ֺסblend ֺסportmanteau word ֤ФפȤäѸҲ𤷤ϱѸˤ blending ̻ŪˤĤƳ⤷Ĥġblend 󤲤
Ѹˤϡ餫ϤۤȤɤʤChaucer nifle ( nihil + trifle ) "trifle" ȤƵ󤲤뤳Ȥ뤬MED θ츻ˤ Anglo-French μѸȤѸʹߤϾĺ줬Ϥᡤ2ΰ̣Ȥεǽ˲äơΡ顦޾Фʤɤθ̤äΤФƤ롥foolosopher ( fool + philosopher ), balloonacy ( balloon + lunacy ) ʤɤǤ롥Lewis Carroll (1832--98) Ϻεǵ󤲤 slithy, mimsy Τۤˤ chortle ( chuckle + snort ) galumph ( gallop + triumphant ) ʤɤ߽ФƤꡤޤ portmanteau word ߤοƤȤ롥
ΰ̣ȯΤ20äƤǤ롥ʸʳؤʤɼҲΤ¦̤Ǿ̤ȯŪäȼäơäμפʤ¿ξͤ "densification" Ĭή ( see [2011-01-12-1] ) ˹פ륹ޡȤʸ1ĤäΤǤ롥
嵭ηаޤǡѸˤϤ¿κ줬¸ߤ롥ˤȤޤʤι⤵ȳѤιĤिˡ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

blend1st element2nd element
avionicsaviationelectronics
brunchbreakfastlunch
docudramadocumentarydrama
EbonicsEbonyphonics
edutainmenteducationentertainment
electretelectricitymagnet
electrocuteelectroexecute
EurovisionEuro-television
flushflashblush
FranglaisFrançaisAnglais
infomercialinformationcommercial
ligerliontiger
motelmotorhotel
OxbridgeOxfordCambridge
ParalympicsparallelOlympics
podcastpodbroadcast
simulcastsimultaneousbroadcast
SinglishSingaporeEnglish
smogsmokefog
telethontelephonemarathon


¿κϰθ¾θθȤ߹碌빽ˤʤäƤ뤬docudrama podcast Τ褦˰θϽ󤵤줺˸촴ΤѤƤΤ⤢뤷electrocute electro- Eurovision Euro- Τ褦 combining form ( see [2010-10-31-1] ) Ȥ夷ƤǤѤƤΤ⤢롥
ǿȤƤϡ2010ǯήԸ ( see [2011-01-10-1] ) ȤƥΥߥ͡Ȥ줿줫顤ᥭѤؤήл˰ä¿פ̣ spillion ( spill + million ) Sarah Palin ˤ¤ refudiate ( refute + repudiate ) hacktivism ( hacking + activism ) ʤɤ롥ѸǺǤΤ1ĤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ʤ[2010-01-10-1]εǵ󤲤 phonaesthesia γ⹭̣Ǥ blending ΰȹͤ뤫⤷ʤ

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2011-01-17 Mon

#630. blend(ing)portmanteau word θƾ [word_formation][morphology][popular_passage][terminology][blend][contamination]

blend פ blending פȤˤäƺǤ롥Ǥͭ̾ʺ1Ĥ brunch breakfast + lunch ĤŤ᤿Τǡ21˰̤ΤǤ롥ʣΤΤ1Ĥʪ˵ͤ।᡼ǡФ ( portmanteau word ) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿ portmanteau OADL8 ˤ "consisting of a number of different items that are combined into a single thing" ˡ
portmanteau word ȤɽϡLewis Carroll Through the Looking-Glass (1872) 6Ϥ Alice Humpty Dumpty 路Ƥäޤ줿ɽǤ롥Alice ϡιԻ׵Ĥʻ "JABBERWOCKY" κǽ1 Humpty Dumpty ˼

'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
   Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,
   And the mome raths outgrabe.


Ф Humpty Dumpty ⤷Ƥ椯Τ1ܤ slithy ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

'Well, "slithy" means "lithe and slimy." "Lithe" is the same as "active." You see it's like a portmanteau --- there are two meanings packed up into one word.'


Ʊͤ3ܤ mimsy ˤĤƤ⡤"flimsy and miserable" portmanteau word ȤäƤ롥
Ѹ餷 blending ȤƾΤˤĤƤϡOED ˤȽ Henry Sweet "New English Grammar" (1892) ˸롥

Grammatical and logical anomalies often arise through the blending of two different constructions.


̾ blending Ȥ2ˤռŪ¤ؤ2ΰ̣Ʊ۵ˤä̵ռκ˴Ť needcessity ( need + necessity ) Τ褦ޤߤ롥Ԥ contamination ֺƱפȤƶ̤뤳Ȥ⤢롥
blending ϸΰȤƹΤƤ뤿ˤαǤޤΤƤʤʸˡŪʡֺפθݤ⤢롥"Why did you do that?" "What did you do that for?" "Why did you do that for?" ʤɽɽФꡤ"different from" "other than" 鿷 "different than" ꤹǤ롥ܸΡֲгڤפȡڤäȤפơֲгڤäȤפȤʤΤƱͤǤ롥

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2010-11-03 Wed

#555. 2 analogy [analogy][morphology][plural]

( analogy ) ϶ŬϰϤιǤ롥ֲˡ§㳰ʤפ19ӸؼԤ㳰ݤߤϤ٤Ƽ ( borrowing ) ( analogy ) ˵ȤʹߡϲǤƤޤˡȢиѲΥȢȤͤ褦ˤʤäƤޤä᤬롥ޤ¿θѲȤŤ뤿ˡäΤ񤷤ȤʤäƤޤä褦˻פ뤬ν̵뤹뤳ȤϤǤʤޤϡCrystal analogy 򼨤

A term used in HISTORICAL and COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS, and in LANGUAGE ACQUISITION, referring to a process of regularization which affects the exceptional forms in the GRAMMAR of a language. The influence of the REGULAR pattern of plural formation in English, for example, can be heard in the treatment of irregular forms in the early UTTERANCES of children, e.g. mens, mans, mouses: the children are producing these forms 'on analogy with' the regular pattern. (24)


ˤ⤢褦ˡѸ analogy ɽȤ̾ʣη󤲤뤳Ȥ¿ѸԵ§ʣɽʤϡfoot (sg.) / feet (pl.) ˸褦Ū i-mutation ͿƤǤ ( see [2009-10-01-1] ) i-mutation θ̤ϡűѸǤ bōc "book" ˤ⸽Ƥꡤʣʡʣгʡʵڤñ°ʡñͿʡˤη֤ bēc "books" Ǥäߤθʣϡ¿̾ˤʤä books -s ѤƵ§Ū˷ΤǡŪˤ analogy Ưȹͤ롥
ŵŪ analogy ˤϡºݤˤ2 sub-analogy Ȥ⤤äƤ롥2 sub-analogy extension ֳĥפ levelling ֿʿפȸƤФ졤ŪˤʬªƤʤȤ¿ֲȤƤ϶̤ƹͤ٤Ǥ롥extension ϡűѸμñ bōc ͥʶޥѥʶŪˤ a-stem strong masculine declension ˤ򻲾ȤơʣʡʵڤʣгʡˤɸǤ -as 򼫿ȤŬѤbōces ʤɤФؤextension "the application of a process outside its original domain" ( Lass, p. 96 ) Ť
դΤϡ嵭εҤϤޤǼñȼʣη֤δط˸ꤷǤ롥ºݤˤϡűѸǤϲζɽ˸褦ñǤʣǤʤ˱Ʒ֤Ѳi-mutation ñ°ʡñͿʤǤѤƤΤǤꡤʣ˺ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤݡʣǤ°ʤͿʤˤϺѤƤʤäñ bookʣ books Ȥߤñʬۤ˹Ԥ夯ޤǤˤϡñʣΤʤǤͥʷ֡̾ϼʷ֡ˤؤΰ층뤤Ͽʿ ( levelling ) ȤɬפäΤǤ롥̤Ȥơñ󤬿ʿ book ʣ󤬿ʿ books 줾μʷ֤ǥȤ analogy levelling ȤȤˤʤ롥Lass ˤСlevelling Ȥ "the ironing out of allomorphy within the paradigm" (96) Ǥ롥

book in OE Declension


ޥѥ༫Τ¾ͥʶޥѥफƶ analogy ( = extension ) ȡޥѥ analogy ( = levelling ) ȤϡΤ褦˶̤ƹͤƤɬפ

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.

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2010-11-02 Tue

#554. cranberry morpheme [morphology][compound][word_formation][terminology]

( morpheme ) ϰǤϤʤǤϤФСְ̣ͭǾθñ̡פȤ뤬ǽҤ٤褦ɬΤʰ̣ͭƤʤ⤢롥
blackberry, blueberry, strawberry ͤ褦3˸ berry 餫˷ǤȤߤʤȤǤ롥⡤ñȤǤѤ뼫ͳ ( free morpheme ) Ǥ롥̡פȤ̣3˶̤Ƥ롥Ǥϡberry ǤϤɤblack, blue, straw ȤȤΩǤ뼫ͳǤǤʣΤΰ̣˹׸ƤΤ blackberry Ϲblueberry ĤΤạ̇̄Ūʹ׸ǧ뤬straw ֤פ strawberry ֥פΰ̣ˤɤΤ褦˹׸Ƥ뤫꤫ǤϤʤǤ̣ͭñ̤ȲꤹΤǤСstraw ηǤȤƤϰ̤ϴʤ롥
straw ξñȤǡ֤פΰ̣ĸȤʤΤǡǤȤƤϰ̤ϴ֤ޤ줳졤˽Ȥ뤳ȤϤʤcranberry huckleberry Ϥɤcran huckle ñȤǸȤʤꤨʤʤʤꤨȤƤʸȤƤΤߡˤФ꤫ʤȤƤ¾θ˸뤳ȤϤʤʤ̣ΤǤϤʤ̣ͭñ̤ȤƤŬʤǤ롥̵̣Ȥͳ cran huckle ǤȤߤʤʤȤȡϤǤ롥ȤΤϡξ cranberry huckleberry Τ̣ͭ1ĤηǤȤߤʤȤˤʤ뤬餫ʣΰ̣˹׸Ƥ berry ڤФʤȤˤʤ뤫Ǥ롥
̷äˤϡǤỌ̇̄ȤϢŪʤΤǤϤʤˤ䤫ʤΤˤȤɤƤΤ褤cran ̣Τblack blue Ʊ̣֤ͤͭ餷פϸ롥٤ǷǤϰ̤ǧƤФΤǤϤʤʤȤƤ1Ĥθˤʤ cran Τ褦ʷǤ cranberry morpheme ȸƤФƤ ( Carstairs-McCarthy, pp. 19--20 )
[2010-10-17-1]εǡbikini ⤸äȤͷӤ monokini trikini Ȥ줬뤳Ȥ˿줿ȤͷӤȤưʬϤڤФ줿 -kini bikini ˤʤ cranberry morpheme ä櫓ۡԡפۤɤΰ̣¾θʤȤƵǽ褦ˤʤä¾ˤ bankini γԡ, camikini ֥ߥ롦ȥåפΥӥˡ, tankini ֥󥯥ȥå, zerokini ǤפʤɤꡤȤФεȤϤ "cranberry" Ȥư "morpheme" ȤʤäȤߤʤƤ褤⤷ʤ

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.

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2010-10-31 Sun

#552. combining form [morphology][compound][latin][greek][word_formation][combining_form][terminology][morpheme][connective]

Ѹʣηݤ˼갷񤷤פη ( morpheme ) 롥 combining form ϢפȸƤФƤΤǡCarstairs-McCarthy ˤȼΤ褦Ť롥

bound morpheme, more root-like than affix-like, usually of Greek or Latin origin, that occurs only in compounds, usually with other combining forms. Examples are poly- and -gamy in polygamy. (142)


ʣ combining form ʤʣϲʳѸʤɤѸ줬ŪǤ롥󤲤Ф꤬ʤex. anthropology, sociology, cardiogram, electrocardiogram, retrograde, retrospect, plantigrade
combining form äʤΤϡĤװˤ롥

(1) ̾« ( bound morpheme ) ܼȤƵǽͳ ( free morpheme ) ϸ캬ȤƵǽ롥combining form Ϲ«ǤǤʤ캬Ū˵ǽΤʬ尷ˤ
(2) ŪʻܻؤˤȤäơŵͳ褹ȤäŪ˿줶ʤǡcombining form ΰ֤Ť񤷤
(3) 㤨 anthropology anthrop- -logy combining form ʤ뤬֤ˤϤޤäƤϢ첻 -o- Τˤɤ°ȤϤ񤷤
(4) ̾ʣ̾Ǥ1Ǥ˶֤뤬combining form ޤʣ̾Ǥɬ⤽Ȥϸ¤ʤanthropology ǤϡϢ첻 -o ˶롥¾ monogamy, philosophy, aristocracy Ʊ͡

嵭 combining form νħָѸηˤͤޤ줿 Greco-Latin Ѥ޺פȸƤӤѸ줬ƥ졤ꥷ졤ƥե󥹸줫̤μѸƤƤˤˤĤƤϤΥ֥Ǥ⤤ʷǿƤϢΩäȤƤ [2010-08-18-1], [2010-05-24-1], [2009-11-14-1], [2009-08-25-1], [2009-08-19-1] դ򻲾Ȥ줿

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.

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2010-10-01 Fri

#522. ˤ෿ [typology][morphology]

ν²ؤȷŪʬहˡǤŵŪʸ෿ǤȤС2ܤ˸ŵŪʸ෿ϸηˤʬǤ롥줬ñǤäƤ뤫ʣǤäƤ뤫ԤǤзǤɤΩƤ뤫ͻ礷Ƥ뤫ˤäƲ̶ʬƤ椯
Τ褦ˡˤ෿ˤ̩ܤ˴Ϣ2Ĥλ롥1Ĥͻ ( fusion ) ٹ硤⤦1Ĥ ( synthesis ) ٹǤ롥Ԥϡ1˴ޤޤǤοȹͤƤ褤

(1) ͻ ( fusion ) ٹ˴Ťʬ

Ω ( isolating language ) 1줬1Ǥ롥ʸˡطɽ魯ΤܼʤɤѤ뷹¾塤(2) ʬŪ ( analytic language ) Ʊ͡ŵŪʸϥ٥ȥʥ졥
( agglutinating language ) 1줬ʣǤ롥ʸˡطɽ魯Τܼ¿Ѥ롥ŵŪʸϥȥ륳ܸ졥
ͻ ( fusional language ) 1줬ʣǤ롥ʸˡطɽ魯Τͻ礷ǤѤ롥ŵŪʸϥƥ졤ꥷ졤󥹥åȸ졥

(2) ( synthesis ) ٹʤ뤤1ηǤοˤ˴Ťʬ

ʬŪ ( analytic language ) 1줬1Ǥ롥¾塤(1) θΩ ( isolating language ) Ʊ͡٥ȥʥǤϡʿѤ1ˤĤ1.06ĤηǤȤ롥
Ū ( synthetic language ) 1줬ʣǤ롥󥹥åȸǤϡʿѤ1ˤĤ2.59ĤηǤȤ롥
Ū ( inflectional language ) : Ūΰǡղä첻Ѱۤʤɤˤäʸˡطɽ魯פθ졥ŵŪʸϥƥ졤ꥷ졤󥹥åȸ졥
¿ŪŪ˸ ( polysynthetic language ) 1줬¿ηǤ롥Ȥ1줬1ʸ⤢롥ŵŪʸ Inuit ( see [2010-04-27-1] ) ʿѤ1ˤĤ3.72ĤηǤȤ롥

(1) (2) λϸߤ̩ܤǤꡤΤԤδ֤ѸѸμϰϤˤĤƼ㴳κ⤢褦ˤ෿19ĹꡤɸȤƤϳΤդΤϤ1ĤΥƥ꡼ƤϤ뤳ȤԲǽȤǤ롥ƥ꡼Ϣ³ΤʤƤ֣Ϥɤ餫Ȥ fusional agglutinating 뤤 isolating ⤢٤ϸפ뤤ϡ֣¸Ϥ analytic ȤäƤ褤 synthetic ʸ򼨤⾯ʤʤפʤɤȤ褦Ǥ뤳Ȥ̤Ǥ롥
㤨СѸˤǤϡֱѸŪ줫ʬŪؤѲפȸ뤬ʬŪȤꤵƤ븽ѸǤ;̾ζޡԵ§Ѳưγѡ3ñ -s ʤɤ˸褦ŪħϻĤäƤ롥ѸǤʿѤ1ˤĤ1.68ĤηǤȤ졤ʬŪŪ֤Ȥ⤤롥űѸ٤餫ʬŪȤΤǡɽŬڤʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
ѸñζǤߤƤ⡤dog asparagus ϸΩŪungentlemanly unfriendliness ŪǤ롥sang were Ūʤ뤤϶ŪˤǤꡤout-ranked fox-hunting ¿ŪǤ餢롥
Ѹˤˤ礫ʬϡפޤ hellog εϡ ʬפɤ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992. 610--11.

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2010-09-20 Mon

#511. Myrmecophaga tridactyla [scientific_name][latin][greek][morphology][combining_form][lexical_stratification]

椬Ȥζ輫ưʪϡ̵ˤ⤫餺ä褦ưʪ餷Ƥ롥ڥ󥮥󡤥ꥢåѥƺǯ6ˤϥꥯΥ˥ⷯưʪफñۤƤ褦 ˥!!ˡꥯܤǤưʪ򤢤碌Ƥ15ƬȤʤưʪǡŪˤǤΤ줬Ȥ

Giant Anteater Giant Anteater Info

ˤȤꥪꥯϱѸǤ giant anteater̾ Myrmecophaga tridactyla Ǥ롥̾ ( scientific name ) ưʪˤĤ줿̤̾ǡƥηֵ§ˤʤä̾դ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ롥֥ꥯפ giant eater ϸ줴Ȥ¯̾ ( common name ) Ǥꡤܤξˤ̾ȤƤФ롥̾Ѥ촴ƥΤΤ¿ƥϥꥷ줫̤˸äѤƤΤǡ̤ȤƳ̾ˤϥꥷθ촴ޤޤƤ뤳Ȥ¿Myrmecophaga tridactyla ⤹٤ƥꥷθ촴ʤ̾Ǥ롥
[2010-05-19-1]εDZѸäλع¤ˤѸäϤޤˤä (1) Ѹ졤(2) ե󥹸졦ƥ졤(3) ꥷ3 ( trisociation ) ʤƤ롥̣ǤäƤͳˤäʣθ줬Ѹ¸ߤΤϤΤǤ롥(1) (3) ˸äƥ٥뤬⤯ʤꡤ줷ˤʤäƤ롥[2010-05-19-1]3ظ ( triset ) Ȥơֵ¡פ󤲤Ѹ antƥѸ formic-ꥷѸ myrmec- Ǥ롥
°̾ Myrmecophaga ֥ꥯ°פ myrmec(o) ֵ¡פ phag(a) ֿ٤פϢˤꡤ⥮ꥷ쵯Ǥ롥Ʊͤˡ̾ tridactyla ⥮ꥷ쵯ǡ3ܻءפΰդǤ tri- 3 + dactyl(a) ֻءסˡ¯̾ anteater ٤Ƴ̾ Myrmecophaga tridactyla η줷äƤ
myrmec, phag(a), tri, dactyl ʤɡñȤǤϸʤʤ1ȤŪѤǡʼȤƼѷǡˤϢ ( combining form ) ȸƤФ졤ѸηǤϰ񤷤ǤǤ롥

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2010-09-08 Wed

#499. bracketing paradox αѸ줫ä [morphology][derivative][back_formation][word_formation][parasynthesis]

[2010-06-19-1], [2010-09-07-1]ǰä bracketing paradox ˤĤơSpencer 򻲾ȤƱѸ줫äȵ󤲤Ƥߤ塤夤ʼ㤬褦Ǥʬऻ˥եåȤ󤲤롥

wordmorphological analysissemantic analysis
atomic scientist[atomic [scient ist]][[atomic science] ist]
cross-sectional[cross [section al]][[cross section] al]
Gödel numbering[Gödel [number ing]][[Gödel number] ing]
hydroelectricity[hydro [electric ity]][[hydro electric] ity]
macro-economic[macro [econom ic]][[macro economy] ic]
set theorist[set [theory ist]][[set theory] ist]
transformational grammarian[transformational [grammar ian]][[transformational grammar] ian]
ungrammaticality[un [grammatical ity]][[un grammatical] ity]
unhappier[un [happi er]][[un happy] er]


atomic scientist ʬϤ褦ˡscience scientist η־δطɬñǤϤʤñ˴ ( base ) ܼ ( affix ) ղäƸ櫓ǤϤʤǤ롥 bracketing paradox ˤޤĤ񤷤롥γϡꤵΤܼղäǤʤΤǤ롥

derivativebase
baroque flautistbaroque flute
Broca's aphasicBroca's aphasia
civil servantcivil service
electrical engineerelectrical engineering
general practitionergeneral practice
medieval sinologuemedieval China
modern hispanistmodern Spain/Spanish
moral philosophermoral philosophy
nuclear physicistnuclear physics
serial composerserial composition
Southern DaneSouthern Denmark
theoretical linguisttheoretical linguistics
urban sociologisturban sociology


̤ȤΤۤûʤäƤޤ㤹餢Τǡ[2009-08-12-1], [2009-08-13-1]ʤɤǸ ( back-formation ) Ȥͤ롥ºݤ Spencer Ϥθ personal noun ˴ؤΤ˸¤뤬ˤ"a novel type of word formation process, a productive back-formation" (680) ȷŤƤ롥
̻Ūʴؿߤȡ"a novel type of word formation process" Ȥɽˤʤ롥"novel" ˤŪǶοȤޤߤ뤬θ̻Ū˿ĹƤȤ¤ϤΤľŪˤϡοȤκʬˤȤʤä atomic scientist Τ褦ʣŪ personal noun μפƤƤȤȤϸǤ롥

Spencer, Andrew. "Bracketing Paradoxes and the English Lexicon." Language 64 (1988): 663--82.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-03-1]

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2010-09-07 Tue

#498. bracketing paradox ܸ줫 [morphology][derivative][japanese][word_formation][parasynthesis]

[2010-06-19-1] bracketing paradox Ȥݤ夲ʣʤʣʹ¤äˤợȷ֤ι¤פʤݤǤ롥unhappiest ϡ̣Ūˤϴְ㤤ʤ [[un-[happi-A]]A-est]A ( unhappi-est ) Ūˤ [un-[[happi-A]-est]A]A ( un-happiest ) ǤʤФ
˴ؿϢ Spencer ʸɤǤߤ顤ޤǤ͡ŪͿƤȤ狼äޤ˴ʲˤϻäƤʤ褦Ǥ롥
Ʊʸ bracketing paradox ˤĤܸ줫㤬󤲤ƤΤǾҲ𤷤 (665 fn) ־ʤˤ򤫤פȤɽǡ־פϡֹ򤫤פȤưΤˤäơ֤äȹ򤫤פۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥ǤФƾʤΤˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ־פȡֹ򤫤פδ֤̣ڤܤ롥Ȥ֤פϢƤ뤳Ȥ顤Ūˤϡ־פȡֹפ̩ܤ˴طƤȹͤ򤨤ʤ˰̣ȷ֤ι¤԰פ롥
ʤۤɤȻפɽͤƤߤ餤ĤפĤ־ʢפ־̣פϢޤǤꡤƱͤȹͤƤ褤־ˤϤפ⡤ϢޤǤϤʤȤƤϤޤꤽ¾ˤ־?פǤФƤ?פǤϻפĤʤä

Spencer, Andrew. "Bracketing Paradoxes and the English Lexicon." Language 64 (1988): 663--82.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-03-1] [2010-09-08-1]

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2010-06-21 Mon

#420. 20ȾˤϤäĤθ [word_formation][morphology][pde][prefix][compound][phrasal_verb]

Carstairs-McCarthy (108--09) ˤȡ20Ⱦ˸ʸǧȤĤϥƥ䥮ꥷͳ褹Ƭˤ⤦ĤΥפ headless compound Ǥ롥
19衤super-, sub- Ȥäƥͳ褹Ƭ䡤hyper-, macro-, micro-, mega- Ȥäꥷͳ褹Ƭˤ줬¿줿superman, superstar, super-rich, supercooling ʤɤ㤬ꡤƱƬˤ supersede, superimpose ʤɤȰۤʤꡤͳ褹ΤղäΤħǤ롥Υ֡ϸߤƺ³ƤȻפ졤ä giga-, nano- ʤɤƬˤ줬Ƥǽ롥
headless compound exocentric compound ȤƤФ졤pickpocket, sell-out ʤɤΤ褦ʣΤɽ ( head ) ʤʣΤȤǤ롥 sell-out, write-off, call-up, take-over, breakdown ʤɡưפΥפбư줬¸ߤΤ̤Ǥʤפ⤢ꡤԤΤ -in ʣ줬1960ǯˤˤ狼ήԤȤsit-in, talk-in, love-in, think-in ΥפǤ롥
ήԤ⡤ѸʹߤθΰŪĬήȿƤΤħǤ롥ƥ䥮ꥷƬƱ츻δΤղä졤ϼѸ˸¤Ƥʣбư줬¸ߤΤäηˤȤȾȤΤΤ褦Ǥ롥

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002. 134.

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2010-06-19 Sat

#418. bracketing paradox [morphology][derivative][parasynthesis][bracketing_paradox]

Ѹ bracketing paradox Ȥ꤬롥ʬϤȤˡ̣ȷ֤δط԰פȤǤ롥ʬϤˡ ( tree diagram ) 䤽δʰǤȤƤΥ٥դѤä ( labelled bracketing ) Ѥ뤳Ȥ餳̾ĤƤ롥
unhappiness Ȥͤ褦ηʬϤñǡ[[un-[happi-A]]A-ness]N ( unhappi-ness ) ʬϤ롥캬 happi ˤޤ un- Ƭղä졤ξ -ness ղäȤ֤Ǥ롥 -ness ղäơ줫 un- ղäȤʬ [un-[[happi-A]-ness]N]N ( un-happiness ) ŬڤǤ롥ʤʤС̾ un- ƬղäϤƾʤŪǤʤǤ ( ex. unease, unrest, unconcern )
Ǥϡunhappiest Ϥɤunhappiness Ʊͤʬϡʺޡ [[un-[happi-A]]A-est]A ( unhappi-est ) ʤΤ unhappiest ϰ̣ξǤ unhappy κǾɽΤǤꡤhappiest ɽ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡunhappi-est ȤʬϤϰ̣ʬϤȤפƤ꿽ʬʤ褦˸롥꤬롥Ǿ -est ϻδΤˤղä뤳ȤǤʤǤ롥ηƻκǾ most Ѥ뱪ˡ§Ǥ롥Ȥäơʱޡˤ [un-[[happi-A]-est]A]A ( un-happiest ) ȤʬϤѤȡ̣ʬϤȤο㤤Ƥޤun- ˤäƻˤʤƻˤĤƤ㤬ƯȤȤŪˤǺޤǤ롥

Trees of unhappiest

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002. 134.

ʸ嵭2010/06/23(Wed)Bracketing paradox Wikipedia Lexicon of linguistics ǤߤĤ

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