Ȱε (##883,884) ǼꤢƤAlgeo ˤ word-making ξܺʬ³ԡAlgeo ʸ (129--31) ˤϡब9Ĥδ (CR1--CR9) ˤߤ37饹 (CLASS) ȡƥ饹Ӥβ̥饹ɽ63 (NEW_ITEM) ɽηǼƤ롥ϡɽ MAJOR_CLASS ʤʬ (root creation, conversion, clipping, composite, blending, borrowing) ξäΤǺܤ롥word-making ʬκݤΤˡ
9ĤδʬˤĤƤϡưʲƤ
CR1: Does the new item have an etymon?
CR2: Does the new item have a borrowed etymon?
CR3: Does the new item combine two or more etyma?
CR4: Does the new item shorten an etymon?
CR5: Does the new item have an etymon that lacks a formal exponent in the item?
CR6: Does the new item have a phonological motivation?
CR7: Do the etyma include more than one base? (More precisely: If there is only one etymon, does it consist of more than one base; or if there are several etyma, do at least two contain bases?)
CR8: Does the new item derive from written rather than spoken etyma?
CR9: Does the new item add new morphs to the language?
| ITEM NO. | NEW_ITEM | CR1 | CR2 | CR3 | CR4 | CR5 | CR6 | CR7 | CR8 | CR9 | ETYMA | TRADITIONAL_CLASS | CLASS | MAJOR_CLASS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | googol | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | + | --- | arbitrary coinage | 1 | root creation |
| 2 | miaow | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | + | --- | onomatopoeia | 2 | root creation |
| 3 | fun (adj) | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | fun (n) | functional shift | 3 | conversion |
| 4 | watt | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (James) Watt | commonization | 3 | conversion |
| 5 | grudge | + | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | grutch | analogical reformation | 4 | conversion |
| 6 | splosh | + | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | splash | analogical reformation | 4 | conversion |
| 7 | cónstrùct | + | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | constrúct | analogical reformation | 4 | conversion |
| 8 | mho | + | - | - | - | - | + | - | + | + | ohm | reverse form | 5 | conversion |
| 9 | bassackwards | + | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | + | assbackwards | spoonerism | 6 | conversion |
| 10 | cab | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | cabriolet | back clipping (stump word) | 7 | clipping |
| 11 | 'fessor | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | professor | aphaeresis | 7 | clipping |
| 12 | curtsy | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | courtesy | syncope | 7 | clipping |
| 13 | flu | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | influenza | front & back clipping | 7 | clipping |
| 14 | H | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | + | horse, heroin | initialism | 8 | clipping |
| 15 | prof | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | + | professor | front clipping | 8 | clipping |
| 16 | Dr. | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | Doctor | abbreviation | 9 | clipping |
| 17 | jet | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | jet-propelled airplane | clipped compound | 10 | clipping |
| 18 | show biz | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | + | show business | clipped compound | 11 | clipping |
| 19 | sitch com | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | + | situation comedy | clipped compound | 11 | clipping |
| 20 | CO | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | commanding officer | initialism | 12 | clipping |
| 21 | scuba | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | self contained underwater breathing apparatus | acronym, 1st order | 12 | clipping |
| 22 | radar | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | radio detecting and ranging | acronym, 2nd order | 12 | clipping |
| 23 | Inbex | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | Industrialized Building Exposition | acronym, 2nd order | 12 | clipping |
| 24 | Nabisco | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | National Biscuit Company | acronym, 2nd order | 12 | clipping |
| 25 | bit | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | binary digit | blend (acronym, 3rd order; acrouronym) | 12 | clipping |
| 26 | Amerindian | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | American Indian | blend | 12 | clipping |
| 27 | bus ad | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | business administration | clipped compound (acronym, 4th order) | 12 | clipping |
| 28 | sit com | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | situation comedy | clipped compound (acronym, 4th order) | 12 | clipping |
| 29 | vroom | + | - | - | + | - | + | - | - | + | boom | onomatopoeia & phonestheme | 13 | clipping |
| 30 | morphonemics | + | - | - | + | - | + | + | - | + | morphophonemics | haplology | 14 | clipping |
| 31 | riddle | + | - | - | + | + | + | - | - | + | riddles & -s | back formation | 15 | clipping |
| 32 | burger | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | + | hamburger & ham | back formation | 16 | clipping |
| 33 | slowly | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | slow & -ly | suffixation | 17 | composite |
| 34 | unloose | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | un- & loose | prefixation | 17 | composite |
| 35 | funhouse | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | fun & house | compound | 18 | composite |
| 36 | abso-damn-lutely | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | absolutely & damn | sandwich term | 18 | composite |
| 37 | dice | + | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | die & -s | metanalysis | 19 | composite |
| 38 | ofay | + | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | foe & ay | Pig Latin | 19 | composite |
| 39 | hotshot | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | hot & shot | rime compound | 20 | composite |
| 40 | tiptop | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | tip & top | ablaut compound | 20 | composite |
| 41 | funny farm | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | funny & farm | alliterative compound | 20 | composite |
| 42 | bye bye | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | bye & bye | reduplication | 20 | composite |
| 43 | goodschmood | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | + | good & schm- & good | reduplication with onset substitution | 21 | composite |
| 44 | trouble and strife ("wife") | + | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | trouble & and & strife & wife | riming slang | 22 | composite |
| 45 | buxom ("busty") | + | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | buxom & bosom | clang association | 22 | composite |
| 46 | hanky | + | - | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | handkerchief & -y | clipping & suffix | 23 | blending |
| 47 | happenstance | + | - | + | + | - | - | + | - | - | happening & circumstance | blend | 24 | blending |
| 48 | smog | + | - | + | + | - | - | + | - | + | smoke & fog | blend | 25 | blending |
| 49 | scrunch | + | - | + | + | - | - | + | - | + | scram/screw/scrimp & bunch/crunch/hunch | phonesthemes | 25 | blending |
| 50 | bridegroom | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | - | bridegoom & groom | folk etymology | 26 | blending |
| 51 | guesstimate | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | guess & estimate | blend | 27 | blending |
| 52 | meld | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | melt & weld | blend | 27 | blending |
| 53 | prepocerous | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | preposterous & rhinoceros | forced rime | 27 | blending |
| 54 | sayonada | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | sayonara | popular adoption | 28 | borrowing |
| 55 | sayonara | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | sayonara | learned adoption | 29 | borrowing |
| 56 | disc | + | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | + | discus | adaptation | 30 | borrowing |
| 57 | foot ("metrical unit") | + | + | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | foot & pēs | calque | 31 | borrowing |
| 58 | superman | + | + | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | super & man & &Uum;bermensch | loan translation | 32 | borrowing |
| 59 | foe paw | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | foe & paw & faux pas | folk etymology | 33 | borrowing |
| 60 | fox pass | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | - | fox & pass & faux pas | folk etymology | 34 | borrowing |
| 61 | coffee klatch | + | + | + | + | - | - | + | - | + | coffee & Kaffee Klatsch | loanblend | 35 | borrowing |
| 62 | chaise lounge | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | chaise longue & lounge | loanblend & folk etymology | 36 | borrowing |
| 63 | tamale | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | - | + | tamal-es & -s | metanalysis | 37 | borrowing |
ε#883. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (1) ([2011-09-27-1]) ³ԡAlgeo ˤ word-making 9Ĥδϡʲ䤤ɽ蘆롥
(1) Does the new item have an etymon?
¸θ줫Ƥ뤫ɤۤȤɤοˤĤ Yes ǤʤʥǤ캬 (root creation) ԤʤƤȹͤ롥㤨С10100οɽ魯 googol ϡҶˤ캬Ȥ롥
(2) Does the new item have a borrowed etymon?
δϡ(1) Yes ξˡδ¸θ줬ʲ줿ˤΤΤǤ뤫¾줫Ѥ줿ΤǤ뤫 (borrowing) ̤롥㤨Сinfluenza ϼѸflu influenza 첽ˤ˴Ťƺ줿ȹͤΤǡδ䤤 No Ȥʤ롥
(3) Does the new item combine two or more etyma?
(4) Does the new item shorten an etymon?
2Ĥδݤ碌ȡʲ4ζ̤롥
| 1 etymon | 2+ etyma | |
|---|---|---|
| unshortened | fun (conversion) | funhouse (composite) |
| shortened | cab (clipping) | smog (blending) |
[2011-09-21-1], [2011-09-22-1], [2011-09-23-1]ε Algeo ˤ븽Ѹο쥽ĴҲ𤷤Ƥब word-making ȸƤǤ뿷Υ [word formation] Ȥȡ̾ѸޤޤʤΤǤΤ褦˾Τȹͤˤ˺٤ʬषȤϡä[2011-09-21-1]ε#877. Algeo θѸο쥽Ĵפǿ줿̤ǤꡤºݤΥڡˡȤȤʬɽǤϡ word-making ʬŪʺϲʬˡˤĤƤϡAlgeo Ȥ̤ʸ "The Taxonomy of Word Making" Ƥ롥
word-making ʬˤĤƤϡΤ˸¤äƤ奮ꥷλˤޤ̤Ť롥㤨СPlato (427?--327?BC) compounding, derivation by ablaut, loanwords, clipping, phonesthetics ̤Ƥ (Jowett 394, 400, 409, 420, 426) ޤꥷʸˡȤ Dionysius Thrax (c100BC) ̾72ʣǧƤ (Davidson, Section 14)
θŤϡߤηλͽΤʤˤϢʤ³Ƥ롥Ūʬ˴ŤƸŽƤ٥ȤƤϡ㤨мΤ褦ʤΤǧ롥compounding, affixation, blending, acronymy, clipping, back formation, functional shift, sound substitution, borrowing, folk etymology, onomatopoeia, reduplication, etc. ¿ŪʽѸϡܥ֥ǺǶ夲ƤϢΡֿ쥽פεǤ¿ѤƤ
ŪʬѸ줬ͭǤ뤳Ȥϡ˴Ť¿θ˴ؤ븦ˤäơƻλˤäƤ¾ڤƤȸäƤ褤Dz ad hoc ʰݤͿΤΤǤ롥⤽Τ褦ʰݤȤäƤAlgeo ƱݤΤȤҤ٤Ƥ
The traditional taxonomy of word-making is messy because the classes have not been defined by any consistent set of criteria. Indeed, the taxonomy was formed, not according to logical order, but rather by accidental accretion. It was not planned. It just happened. Could it speak, it might say with Topsy, "I 'spect I growed. Don't think nobody never made me." Nobody ever made the familiar taxonomy of word formation. It just grew. (123)
Algeo Ϥռ顤"Taxonomy" ʸǼŪ word-making ʬԤ߽ФȻߤ9Ĥδ˾Ȥ餷ƴबץ饹ĤޥʥĤˤäơword-making Һ٤ʬषγפϡεǾҲ𤷤
Algeo, John. "The Taxonomy of Word Making." Word 29 (1978): 122--31.
Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
Jowett, B., ed. The Dialogues of Plato. 4 vols. New York: Scribner, 1873.
Davidson, Thomas, trans. "The Grammar of Dionysios Thrax." Journal of Speculative Philosophy 8 (1874): 326--39.
εǡwilly-nilly θΤˡŪʸ (enclitic) Ūʸ (proclitic) ȤѸƳϡˤĤƤ⤦⤹롥
ܸ (clitic) Ȥϡϸʼͳǡˤܤ˰¸ƶФвæȼܼŪʷؤȤϥꥷʸˡѸ¾Ӥ֤ؤΤˤѤ롥ܸľθ˴ܸǤꡤʲΤ褦˸ѸθɽǤˤˤߤ롥
I'm, you're, it's, she'll, we've, they'd, don't, wanna, He is a tough'un., That's more'n I know.
嵭Τ褦ˡ;̾δؤ㤬¿ܸ̾줬ղäϾʤMy mother's late. Peter'd been there. ʤɤ㤬ߤ롥
ܸľθ˴ܸǡѸŪʤʲΤ褦ɽˤߤ롥
How d'ye do? ([2011-06-17-1]), 'Tis fine today., Go an' see it.
ǽ2㤬ɽǤ뤳Ȥ¬뤫⤷ʤŪˤϸܤβϾʤʤä㤨СŪη̤ȤƤܸˤϡo'clock ( < "of the clock" ), alive ( < "on live" ), willy-nilly ε ǾҲ𤷤 nill nam ʤɤ롥
[2009-11-04-1]εָűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹϸߤˤɤ줯餤ۤʤ뤫פǡޥΡ֥ޥ١פӤӤδϡȤƷŪʴ Lass ӽФ10Ĥιܤˤ롥10ܤޥ٤λɸȤƤɤΤ餤ҴŪʤΤɤΤ褦ӽФ줿ΤʤɤϤ뤬ӸԤʤݤΤȤƤ˻ͤˤʤ롥Lass (26) ꡤ10ܤƤ
(1) root-initial accent
(2) at least three distinct vowel qualities in weak inflectional syllables
(3) a dual
(4) grammatical gender
(5) four vowel-grades in (certain) strong verbs
(6) distinct dative in at least some nouns
(7) inflected definite article (or proto-article)
(8) adjective inflection
(9) infinitive suffix
(10) person and number marking on the verb
δϡޥɤӤ˸¤餺㤨ѸɤӡˤѸθġΥƥȤθӤˤѤǤ롥ºݤΤȤ¿ѸƥȤδܤΥȥˤ褦ʸŪҤϡ嵭10ܤΤ٤ƤǤʤȤܤ夲Τ̤Ǥ롥
ѸƥȤӤ˸¤ΤǤСĿŪˤ "nominal plural formation" äȤǤ롥
Lass, Roger. "Language Periodization and the Concept of 'middle'." Placing Middle English in Context. Eds. Irma Taavitsainen, Terttu Nevalainen, Päivi Pahta and Matti Rissanen. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 7--41.
willy-nilly ϡֹԤФäˡʤΡˡ䤪ʤˡʤΡˡפ̣ǡʤǵӱƧϤΤ褤ɽǤ롥will I [he, ye] nill I [he, ye] Ȥɽ١ˤʤäƤꡤջ֤ɽ魯ư will Ȥ nill ( < ne + will ) 줾֤̾ɽǤ롥OED ˤȽФ1608ǯǡʸƤ롥
Thou shalt trust me spite of thy teeth, furnish me with some money wille nille.
ѸǤ ne ư֤ΤήǤꡤФưȰΤˤʤäȯ뤳Ȥ¿ä nill ( ne + will ) Ϥ nam ( ne + am ), nas ( ne + was ) ʤɤ㤬ꡤŪ (proclitic) ne ȤѸʹߤȯãˡư˸֤ notƤû̷Ǥ n't 롥Ū (enclitic) 꼭ȸ졤isn't, haven't, won't ( < wonnot < wol not ) ʤɡѸǤʤߤǤ롥
will ȤƤ won't εˤĤƤ[2009-07-25-1]εone ȯ¤äȯפǼ夲17˱Ѹ˸줿⤷θŪ nill ᤤʳǿŪ won't ִƤΤǤСɸɽ willy-nilly ǤϤʤ*willy-wonty ʤȤɤʤäƤ⤷ʤ䡤euphony Ȥ餹ФϤ willy-nilly ΤۤϤ褤顤ˤ褳ɽ夷ƤȹͤΤ⤷ʤ
̾ɽ魯 y Ϥ켫ΤȤܤƤΤǡnilly ʬ will 濴ȤƸܼ n- ܼ -y Ʊղä줿ʣʸɽ路Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ѸȤƤϲʤɽʬϤ will-y-n-ill-y ȼ¤5ĤηǤʤäƤ롥Ū (synthetic) Ķۤ¿Ū (polysynthetic) ʿȸäƤ٤֡¿ŪפȤѸˤĤƤϡ[2010-10-01-1]εַˤפȡ
Ǥϡָ ( word ) ʲηŪñ̤͡Ѹ줬ͿƤ롥Υ֥Ǥ츻η֤ʤɤ¿äƤΤǡ٤褯ȤѸޤȤƤʲ (pp. 7, 11--12) ѡȤ롥
( word ) ȤϲȤϷθŵŪǤꡤޤ˲褷ƤʤʲѸϤ٤ơָפ˰¸ƤΤǡܼŪʤΤϼδˤ䤫ǺѤޤƤָȤʸΤʾ뤳ȤǤ뼫ͳǡ¾μͳˤäƤԲǽ (uninterruptable) ñ̡פǤ롥
( morpheme ) ʸˡκǾñ̡ФС̣ͭʡǾñ̤뤬ɬ̣ͭǤʤ⤢ ([2010-11-02-1]) ȤΩѤǤϡͳ ( free morpheme ) ȤΩѤʤǤϡ« ( bound morpheme ) ȸƤФ롥
ܼ ( affix ) ָ줫鼫ͳ«ȤǧǤñ̡ǽδܼ ( inflectional affix ) ȡܼ ( derivational affix ) ̤졤֤δƬ ( prefix ) ȡ ( suffix ) ̤롥
캬 ( root ) ָ줫餹٤Ƥ ( inflectional morpheme ) ( derivational morpheme ) Ȥ˻Ĥǡסsingers Ǥ sing 캬Ȥʤ롥ʣǤϳƼͳǤ캬Ȥ졤㤨 wheelchair wheel chair 줾캬Ȥʤ롥«ǤǤʤ캬ȤߤʤϢ ( combining form ) ȤǤ⤢ ([2010-10-31-1])
촴 ( stem ) ָ줫ܼȤ˻Ĥǡסsingers Ǥ singer wheelchair Ǥ wheelchair 촴Ȥʤ롥
ʣ ( compound ) 2İʾθ캬ʤ졥
( base ) ֤ɤΤ褦ܼǤ졤ܼղäס캬촴ȤϰۤʤŪñ̡ sing ܼ -er ղä singer Ȥʤꡤ singer ˶ܼ -s ղä singers Ȥʤ롤ʤɡ
ˤϸߤ˰¸۴ŪʤΤ⤢뤷ϳ⤢롥ϷỌ̇̄ǤñˤϤʤȤꤢȤȤǡ
ط١ҡ1988ǯ
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.
fer Ȥ캬ˤĤƥ֥Ǽ䤬äferȤ캬ϰpor()bher(ɤ)ͳ褹ȤΤȤʤΤǤ2ĤΡfer٤ϤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤΤǤ礦
DZѸθ캬ȤƸڤƤ fer ϡºݤˤ2ब̤롥1Ĥϥƥեͳʤ깭ޥϡˤΤΡ⤦1ĤϱѸͳʤ깭ޥϡˤΤΡ2ĤϤޤä̤ΤȤƹͤɬפ롥
ޤԤ顥fer 캬˴ޤϥեͳǤϤäƤ⸶§ȤƥƥͳȹͤƤ褯οϤӤرѸ츻ŵ (413--19) ڡ륯θ츻ŵȤƤޤȤȡޤƤä64줬ä
afferent, circumference, circumferential, confer, conference, defer, deference, deferential, deferment, differ, difference, different, differential, differentially, differentiate, differently, efferent, fertile, fertility, fertilization, fertilize, fertilizer, indifference, indifferency, indifferent, indifferently, infer, inferable, inference, inferential, infertile, infertility, insufferable, insufferably, interfere, interference, interferon, offer, offering, prefer, preferable, preferably, preference, preferential, preferentially, preferment, proffer, refer, referee, reference, referendary, referendum, referent, referential, suffer, sufferable, sufferance, suffering, transfer, transferable, transferee, transference, transferor, vociferous
Ѹäˤ췲¸ߤΤϡŪ˥ƥѤ¿äȤˡ캬Ǥƥ fer ư ferre ˤֱ֡פȤŪʰ̣ôäƤȤ礭ƥ ferre ϰĸ *bher- ֱ֡פؤȺƷ롥*bh ϥƥǤ /f/ ؤѲޥǤˡ§ ( Grimm's Law ) ˤä /b/ ؤѲ ([2009-08-07-1], [2009-08-08-1]) бűѸ beran ϡֱ֡פΰ̣ޤǻ˻ĤƤѸ bear Ǥϡֱ֡פθֻࡤʼ¤˷֡פθ濴ȤʤäƤꡤԤθ٤ϤĤƤۤɹ⤯ʤ
bear ȥƥѸ offer ʤɤδطȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

ˡƥ캬ȤƤ fer Ȥ̤ˡ褯Ѹ fVr V 첻ˡʥޥĸθ캬ȤƤ *fura Τ褦ʸ첻ķ֤ƷƤꡤɸѸǤ캬 fer ȤΤڤФϤʤΤǡfer Ѹθ캬ȸƤ֤ΤŬڤǤϤʤˤθ캬ˤĸȤƤ before, far, first, for, forth, from ʤɤ롥ޥ /f/ ϥˡ§դˤɤäƤ椯ȰĸǤ *p ǤꡤλҲݻƤƥб pro per ȤȤˤʤ롥Ƭȼäƥ¿Ѹ˼ѤƤ ( ex. produce, profess; perform, persuade )
ޤȤȡfer ȴϢդ캬ˤ2ढꡤζ̤ϥޥȥޥ졤ȼѸ졤ˡ§ŬѤŬѤȤäΩ˴ŤƤ롥Ѹθäϡ餿Ƥ䤳
ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ饤֡1992ǯ
ѲΤʤǤξüϤȤ櫓ŪʸݤǤ롥ǤŪĴΥͥ륮Τǡ夤ȯȤʤ꤬Ǥ롥̵ͭˤʤ롥첻Ǥۣ첻 schwa [ə] ͳƾüҲǤƾü롥ʹ֤˴ŤθݤǤ롥
üޤּΡײѲȤäơ߳˿ʹԤȤϸ¤ʤ19ɥĤǯʸˡ ( Neogrammarians ) οäƼĥƤΤΡºݤˤϡѲθäФưΧȤϸ¤ʤषǶóȻ ( lexical diffusion ) ȤƤ褦ˡѲˤϸä˥褦ˤƽ˿ʹԤ⾯ʤʤüˤĤƤСäФưΧ˺ѤϤΤ褦˸ơ֤в᤹ˤäƷ֥饹֤ǾüοƩΨ®٤˺ФƤ㤬롥֥饹Ǥû֤Ǿüλ뤬̤η֥饹ǤϾüٱ䤷ꡤޤ̤η֥饹ǤϾüɤθ褹ʤɤȤȤ⤢ꤦ롥Τ褦ʲѲǤϡ쳰ŪʡŪʡװˤ곫Ϥ줿Ѳ֥饹ζ̤ȤŪʡʵǽŪʡװˤäĴȤȤˤʤ롥
ѸˤλȤƤϡߤ˴Ϣ2Ĥθü롥
(1) űѸ줫Ѹ˻Ϥޤä -n ξüΧ˻Ϥޤä褦˸ơѸˤϷ֥饹Ȥ˿ʹԤλۤʤäƤѲ̾ñƻǤ -n ξü®䤫äѲ̾ʣǤ٤줿 (Moore, "Loss")ѸǤϡ̾ʣȤƤ -n Ͼü٤줿Ф꤫षĥۤɤǤ (Hotta 218)
(2) ƱűѸ줫Ѹ˻Ϥޤä첻ֻǤ̾ <e> ֤졤[ə] ȯ줿ˤξüΧ˻Ϥޤä褦˸ơѸοʹԤλϷ֥饹Ȥ˰ۤʤäƤ̾ζޤǤϸ첻Ϥ褯ü[2010-10-11-1]εǸ褦˷ƻζʣȼѲñˤȤơޤ餯ưˤƤ⡤14ޤŪ褯ݤ줿 (Minkova, "Forms" 166; Ϣ Moore, "Earliest" ⻲)
(1), (2) ξǡ̾졦ƻʣɸȤ䤬̤ƤΤ⤷(2) ˴ؤơMinkova (186) Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The analysis proposed here assumes that the status of the final -e as a grammatical marker is stable in the plural, for both diachronic inflexional types. Yet in maintaining the syntactically based strong - weak distinction in the singular, -e is no longer independently viable. As a plural signal it is still salient, possibly because of the morphological stability of the category of number in all nouns, so that there is phrase-internal number concord within the adjectival noun phrases. Another argument supporting the survival of plural -e comes from the continuing number agreement between subject noun phrases and the predicate, in other words a morphologically explicit opposition between the singular and the plural continues to be realized across the system.
ȳʤѸˤܼۤΤƵäΥƥϸߤޤǷ³ƤѸˤͤȤθüȷ֥饹δϢ϶̣
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Minkova, Donka. "The Forms of Speech" A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 159--75.
Minkova, Donka. The History of Final Vowels in English: The Sound of Muting. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991.
Moore, Samuel. "Loss of Final n in Inflectional Syllables of Middle English." Language 3 (1927): 232--59.
Moore, Samuel. "Earliest Morphological Changes in Middle English." Language 4 (1928): 238--66.
ε[2011-01-17-1] blending ֺסblend ֺסportmanteau word ֤ФפȤäѸҲ𤷤ϱѸˤ blending ̻ŪˤĤƳ⤷Ĥġblend
Ѹˤϡ餫ϤۤȤɤʤChaucer nifle ( nihil + trifle ) "trifle" ȤƵ뤳Ȥ뤬MED θ츻ˤ Anglo-French μѸȤѸʹߤϾĺ줬Ϥᡤ2ΰ̣Ȥεǽ˲äơΡ顦Фʤɤθ̤äΤФƤ롥foolosopher ( fool + philosopher ), balloonacy ( balloon + lunacy ) ʤɤǤ롥Lewis Carroll (1832--98) Ϻεǵ slithy, mimsy Τۤˤ chortle ( chuckle + snort ) galumph ( gallop + triumphant ) ʤɤ߽ФƤꡤޤ portmanteau word ߤοƤȤ롥
ΰ̣ȯΤ20äƤǤ롥ʸʳؤʤɼҲΤ¦̤Ǿ̤ȯŪäȼäơäμפʤ¿ξͤ "densification" Ĭή ( see [2011-01-12-1] ) ˹פ륹ޡȤʸ1ĤäΤǤ롥
嵭ηаޤǡѸˤϤ¿κ줬¸ߤ롥ˤȤޤʤι⤵ȳѤιĤिˡƤߤ褦
| blend | 1st element | 2nd element |
|---|---|---|
| avionics | aviation | electronics |
| brunch | breakfast | lunch |
| docudrama | documentary | drama |
| Ebonics | Ebony | phonics |
| edutainment | education | entertainment |
| electret | electricity | magnet |
| electrocute | electro | execute |
| Eurovision | Euro- | television |
| flush | flash | blush |
| Franglais | Français | Anglais |
| infomercial | information | commercial |
| liger | lion | tiger |
| motel | motor | hotel |
| Oxbridge | Oxford | Cambridge |
| Paralympics | parallel | Olympics |
| podcast | pod | broadcast |
| simulcast | simultaneous | broadcast |
| Singlish | Singapore | English |
| smog | smoke | fog |
| telethon | telephone | marathon |
blend פ blending פȤˤäƺǤ롥Ǥͭ̾ʺ1Ĥ brunch breakfast + lunch ĤŤΤǡ21˰̤ΤǤ롥ʣΤΤ1Ĥʪ˵ͤ।ǡФ ( portmanteau word ) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿ portmanteau OADL8 ˤ "consisting of a number of different items that are combined into a single thing" ˡ
portmanteau word ȤɽϡLewis Carroll Through the Looking-Glass (1872) 6Ϥ Alice Humpty Dumpty 路Ƥäޤ줿ɽǤ롥Alice ϡιԻĤʻ "JABBERWOCKY" κǽ1 Humpty Dumpty ˼
'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
Ф Humpty Dumpty ⤷Ƥ椯Τ1ܤ slithy ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
'Well, "slithy" means "lithe and slimy." "Lithe" is the same as "active." You see it's like a portmanteau --- there are two meanings packed up into one word.'
Ʊͤ3ܤ mimsy ˤĤƤ⡤"flimsy and miserable" portmanteau word ȤäƤ롥
Ѹ餷 blending ȤƾΤˤĤƤϡOED ˤȽ Henry Sweet "New English Grammar" (1892) ˸롥
Grammatical and logical anomalies often arise through the blending of two different constructions.
̾ blending Ȥ2ˤռŪ¤ؤ2ΰ̣Ʊ۵ˤä̵ռκ˴Ť needcessity ( need + necessity ) Τ褦ޤߤ롥Ԥ contamination ֺƱפȤƶ̤뤳Ȥ⤢롥
blending ϸΰȤƹΤƤ뤿ˤαǤޤΤƤʤʸˡŪʡֺפθݤ⤢롥"Why did you do that?" "What did you do that for?" "Why did you do that for?" ʤɽɽФꡤ"different from" "other than" 鿷 "different than" ꤹǤ롥ܸΡֲгڤפȡڤäȤפơֲгڤäȤפȤʤΤƱͤǤ롥
( analogy ) ϶ŬϰϤιǤ롥ֲˡ§㳰ʤפ19ӸؼԤ㳰ݤߤϤ٤Ƽ ( borrowing ) ( analogy ) ˵ȤʹߡϲǤƤޤˡȢиѲΥȢȤͤ褦ˤʤäƤޤä롥ޤ¿θѲȤŤ뤿ˡäΤȤʤäƤޤä褦˻פ뤬ν̵뤹뤳ȤϤǤʤޤϡCrystal analogy
A term used in HISTORICAL and COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS, and in LANGUAGE ACQUISITION, referring to a process of regularization which affects the exceptional forms in the GRAMMAR of a language. The influence of the REGULAR pattern of plural formation in English, for example, can be heard in the treatment of irregular forms in the early UTTERANCES of children, e.g. mens, mans, mouses: the children are producing these forms 'on analogy with' the regular pattern. (24)
ˤ⤢褦ˡѸ analogy ɽȤ̾ʣη뤳Ȥ¿ѸԵ§ʣɽʤϡfoot (sg.) / feet (pl.) ˸褦Ū i-mutation ͿƤǤ ( see [2009-10-01-1] ) i-mutation θ̤ϡűѸǤ bōc "book" ˤ⸽Ƥꡤʣʡʣгʡʵڤñ°ʡñͿʡˤη֤ bēc "books" Ǥäߤθʣϡ¿̾ˤʤä books -s ѤƵ§Ū˷ΤǡŪˤ analogy Ưȹͤ롥
ŵŪ analogy ˤϡºݤˤ2 sub-analogy Ȥ⤤äƤ롥2 sub-analogy extension ֳĥפ levelling ֿʿפȸƤФ졤ŪˤʬªƤʤȤ¿ֲȤƤ϶̤ƹͤ٤Ǥ롥extension ϡűѸμñ bōc ͥʶޥѥʶŪˤ a-stem strong masculine declension ˤȤơʣʡʵڤʣгʡˤɸǤ -as ȤŬѤbōces ʤɤФؤextension "the application of a process outside its original domain" ( Lass, p. 96 ) Ť
դΤϡ嵭εҤϤޤǼñȼʣη֤δط˸ꤷǤ롥ºݤˤϡűѸǤϲζɽ˸褦ñǤʣǤʤ˱Ʒ֤Ѳi-mutation ñ°ʡñͿʤǤѤƤΤǤꡤʣ˺ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤݡʣǤ°ʤͿʤˤϺѤƤʤäñ bookʣ books Ȥߤñʬۤ˹Ԥ夯ޤǤˤϡñʣΤʤǤͥʷ֡̾ϼʷ֡ˤؤΰ층뤤Ͽʿ ( levelling ) ȤɬפäΤǤ롥̤Ȥơñʿ book ʣʿ books 줾μʷ֤ǥȤ analogy levelling ȤȤˤʤ롥Lass ˤСlevelling Ȥ "the ironing out of allomorphy within the paradigm" (96) Ǥ롥

ޥѥ༫Τ¾ͥʶޥѥफƶ analogy ( = extension ) ȡޥѥ analogy ( = levelling ) ȤϡΤ褦˶̤ƹͤƤɬפ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.
( morpheme ) ϰǤϤʤǤϤФСְ̣ͭǾθñ̡פȤ뤬ǽҤ٤褦ɬΤʰ̣ͭƤʤ⤢롥
blackberry, blueberry, strawberry ͤ褦3˸ berry 餫˷ǤȤߤʤȤǤ롥⡤ñȤǤѤ뼫ͳ ( free morpheme ) Ǥ롥̡פȤ̣3˶̤Ƥ롥Ǥϡberry ǤϤɤblack, blue, straw ȤȤΩǤ뼫ͳǤǤʣΤΰ̣˹ƤΤ blackberry Ϲblueberry ĤΤạ̇̄Ūʹǧ뤬straw ֤פ strawberry ֥פΰ̣ˤɤΤ褦˹Ƥ뤫꤫ǤϤʤǤ̣ͭñ̤ȲꤹΤǤСstraw ηǤȤƤϰ̤ϴʤ롥
straw ξñȤǡ֤פΰ̣ĸȤʤΤǡǤȤƤϰ̤ϴ֤ޤ줳졤˽Ȥ뤳ȤϤʤcranberry huckleberry Ϥɤcran huckle ñȤǸȤʤꤨʤʤʤꤨȤƤʸȤƤΤߡˤФ꤫ʤȤƤ¾θ˸뤳ȤϤʤʤ̣ΤǤϤʤ̣ͭñ̤ȤƤŬʤǤ롥̵̣Ȥͳ cran huckle ǤȤߤʤʤȤȡϤǤ롥ȤΤϡξ cranberry huckleberry Τ̣ͭ1ĤηǤȤߤʤȤˤʤ뤬餫ʣΰ̣˹Ƥ berry ڤФʤȤˤʤ뤫Ǥ롥
̷äˤϡǤỌ̇̄ȤϢŪʤΤǤϤʤˤ䤫ʤΤˤȤɤƤΤ褤cran ̣Τblack blue Ʊ̣֤ͤͭ餷פϸ롥٤ǷǤϰ̤ǧƤФΤǤϤʤʤȤƤ1Ĥθˤʤ cran Τ褦ʷǤ cranberry morpheme ȸƤФƤ ( Carstairs-McCarthy, pp. 19--20 )
[2010-10-17-1]εǡbikini ⤸äȤͷӤ monokini trikini Ȥ줬뤳Ȥ˿줿ȤͷӤȤưʬϤڤФ줿 -kini bikini ˤʤ cranberry morpheme ä櫓ۡԡפۤɤΰ̣¾θʤȤƵǽ褦ˤʤä¾ˤ bankini γԡ, camikini ֥ߥ롦ȥåפΥӥˡ, tankini ֥ȥå, zerokini ǤפʤɤꡤȤФεȤϤ "cranberry" Ȥư "morpheme" ȤʤäȤߤʤƤ褤⤷ʤ
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.
Ѹʣηݤ˼갷פη ( morpheme ) 롥 combining form ϢפȸƤФƤΤǡCarstairs-McCarthy ˤȼΤ褦Ť롥
bound morpheme, more root-like than affix-like, usually of Greek or Latin origin, that occurs only in compounds, usually with other combining forms. Examples are poly- and -gamy in polygamy. (142)
ʣ combining form ʤʣϲʳѸʤɤѸ줬ŪǤ롥Ф꤬ʤex. anthropology, sociology, cardiogram, electrocardiogram, retrograde, retrospect, plantigrade
combining form äʤΤϡĤװˤ롥
(1) ̾« ( bound morpheme ) ܼȤƵǽͳ ( free morpheme ) ϸ캬ȤƵǽ롥combining form Ϲ«ǤǤʤ캬Ū˵ǽΤʬ尷ˤ
(2) ŪʻܻؤˤȤäơŵͳ褹ȤäŪ˿줶ʤǡcombining form ΰ֤Ť
(3) 㤨 anthropology anthrop- -logy combining form ʤ뤬֤ˤϤޤäƤϢ첻 -o- Τˤɤ°ȤϤ
(4) ̾ʣ̾Ǥ1Ǥ˶֤뤬combining form ޤʣ̾Ǥɬ⤽Ȥϸ¤ʤanthropology ǤϡϢ첻 -o ˶롥¾ monogamy, philosophy, aristocracy Ʊ͡
嵭 combining form νħָѸηˤͤޤ줿 Greco-Latin ѤפȸƤӤѸ줬ƥ졤ꥷ졤ƥե줫̤μѸƤƤˤˤĤƤϤΥ֥Ǥ⤤ʷǿƤϢΩäȤƤ [2010-08-18-1], [2010-05-24-1], [2009-11-14-1], [2009-08-25-1], [2009-08-19-1] դȤ줿
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.
ν²ؤȷŪʬहˡǤŵŪʸǤȤС2ܤ˸ŵŪʸϸηˤʬǤ롥줬ñǤäƤ뤫ʣǤäƤ뤫ԤǤзǤɤΩƤ뤫ͻ礷Ƥ뤫ˤäƲ̶ʬƤ椯
Τ褦ˡˤˤ̩ܤ˴Ϣ2Ĥλ롥1Ĥͻ ( fusion ) ٹ硤⤦1Ĥ ( synthesis ) ٹǤ롥Ԥϡ1˴ޤޤǤοȹͤƤ褤
(1) ͻ ( fusion ) ٹ˴Ťʬ
Ω ( isolating language ) 1줬1Ǥ롥ʸˡطɽ魯ΤܼʤɤѤ뷹¾塤(2) ʬŪ ( analytic language ) Ʊ͡ŵŪʸϥ٥ȥʥ졥
( agglutinating language ) 1줬ʣǤ롥ʸˡطɽ魯Τܼ¿Ѥ롥ŵŪʸϥȥ륳ܸ졥
ͻ ( fusional language ) 1줬ʣǤ롥ʸˡطɽ魯Τͻ礷ǤѤ롥ŵŪʸϥƥ졤ꥷ졤åȸ졥
(2) ( synthesis ) ٹʤ뤤1ηǤοˤ˴Ťʬ
ʬŪ ( analytic language ) 1줬1Ǥ롥¾塤(1) θΩ ( isolating language ) Ʊ͡٥ȥʥǤϡʿѤ1ˤĤ1.06ĤηǤȤ롥
Ū ( synthetic language ) 1줬ʣǤ롥åȸǤϡʿѤ1ˤĤ2.59ĤηǤȤ롥
Ū ( inflectional language ) : Ūΰǡղä첻Ѱۤʤɤˤäʸˡطɽ魯פθ졥ŵŪʸϥƥ졤ꥷ졤åȸ졥
¿ŪŪ˸ ( polysynthetic language ) 1줬¿ηǤ롥Ȥ1줬1ʸ⤢롥ŵŪʸ Inuit ( see [2010-04-27-1] ) ʿѤ1ˤĤ3.72ĤηǤȤ롥
(1) (2) λϸߤ̩ܤǤꡤΤԤδ֤ѸѸμϰϤˤĤƼ㴳κ⤢褦ˤ19ĹꡤɸȤƤϳΤդΤϤ1ĤΥƥƤϤ뤳ȤԲǽȤǤ롥ƥϢ³ΤʤƤ֣Ϥɤ餫Ȥ fusional agglutinating 뤤 isolating ⤢٤ϸפ뤤ϡ֣¸Ϥ analytic ȤäƤ褤 synthetic ʸ⾯ʤʤפʤɤȤ褦Ǥ뤳Ȥ̤Ǥ롥
㤨СѸˤǤϡֱѸŪ줫ʬŪؤѲפȸ뤬ʬŪȤꤵƤ븽ѸǤ;̾ζޡԵ§Ѳưγѡ3ñ -s ʤɤ˸褦ŪħϻĤäƤ롥ѸǤʿѤ1ˤĤ1.68ĤηǤȤ졤ʬŪŪ֤Ȥ⤤롥űѸ٤餫ʬŪȤΤǡɽŬڤʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
ѸñζǤߤƤ⡤dog asparagus ϸΩŪungentlemanly unfriendliness ŪǤ롥sang were Ūʤ뤤϶ŪˤǤꡤout-ranked fox-hunting ¿ŪǤ餢롥
Ѹˤˤ礫ʬϡפޤ hellog εϡ ʬפɤ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992. 610--11.
椬Ȥζ輫ưʪϡ̵ˤ⤫餺ä褦ưʪ餷Ƥ롥ڥꥢåѥƺǯ6ˤϥꥯΥ˥ⷯưʪफñۤƤ褦 ˥!!ˡꥯܤǤưʪ碌Ƥ15ƬȤʤưʪǡŪˤǤΤ줬Ȥ

ˤȤꥪꥯϱѸǤ giant anteater̾ Myrmecophaga tridactyla Ǥ롥̾ ( scientific name ) ưʪˤĤ줿̤̾ǡƥηֵ§ˤʤä̾դ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ롥֥ꥯפ giant eater ϸ줴Ȥ¯̾ ( common name ) Ǥꡤܤξˤ̾ȤƤФ롥̾Ѥ촴ƥΤΤ¿ƥϥꥷ줫̤˸äѤƤΤǡ̤ȤƳ̾ˤϥꥷθ촴ޤޤƤ뤳Ȥ¿Myrmecophaga tridactyla ⤹٤ƥꥷθ촴ʤ̾Ǥ롥
[2010-05-19-1]εDZѸäλع¤ˤѸäϤޤˤä (1) Ѹ졤(2) ե졦ƥ졤(3) ꥷ3 ( trisociation ) ʤƤ롥̣ǤäƤͳˤäʣθ줬Ѹ¸ߤΤϤΤǤ롥(1) (3) ˸äƥ٥뤬⤯ʤꡤ줷ˤʤäƤ롥[2010-05-19-1]3ظ ( triset ) Ȥơֵ¡פѸ antƥѸ formic-ꥷѸ myrmec- Ǥ롥
°̾ Myrmecophaga ֥ꥯ°פ myrmec(o) ֵ¡פ phag(a) ֿ٤פϢˤꡤ⥮ꥷ쵯Ǥ롥Ʊͤˡ̾ tridactyla ⥮ꥷ쵯ǡ3ܻءפΰդǤ tri- 3 + dactyl(a) ֻءסˡ¯̾ anteater ٤Ƴ̾ Myrmecophaga tridactyla η줷äƤ
myrmec, phag(a), tri, dactyl ʤɡñȤǤϸʤʤ1ȤŪѤǡʼȤƼѷǡˤϢ ( combining form ) ȸƤФ졤ѸηǤϰǤǤ롥
[2010-06-19-1], [2010-09-07-1]ǰä bracketing paradox ˤĤơSpencer ȤƱѸ줫äȵƤߤ塤夤ʼ㤬褦Ǥʬऻ˥եåȤ롥
| word | morphological analysis | semantic analysis |
|---|---|---|
| atomic scientist | [atomic [scient ist]] | [[atomic science] ist] |
| cross-sectional | [cross [section al]] | [[cross section] al] |
| Gödel numbering | [Gödel [number ing]] | [[Gödel number] ing] |
| hydroelectricity | [hydro [electric ity]] | [[hydro electric] ity] |
| macro-economic | [macro [econom ic]] | [[macro economy] ic] |
| set theorist | [set [theory ist]] | [[set theory] ist] |
| transformational grammarian | [transformational [grammar ian]] | [[transformational grammar] ian] |
| ungrammaticality | [un [grammatical ity]] | [[un grammatical] ity] |
| unhappier | [un [happi er]] | [[un happy] er] |
| derivative | base |
|---|---|
| baroque flautist | baroque flute |
| Broca's aphasic | Broca's aphasia |
| civil servant | civil service |
| electrical engineer | electrical engineering |
| general practitioner | general practice |
| medieval sinologue | medieval China |
| modern hispanist | modern Spain/Spanish |
| moral philosopher | moral philosophy |
| nuclear physicist | nuclear physics |
| serial composer | serial composition |
| Southern Dane | Southern Denmark |
| theoretical linguist | theoretical linguistics |
| urban sociologist | urban sociology |
[2010-06-19-1] bracketing paradox Ȥݤ夲ʣʤʣʹ¤äˤợȷ֤ι¤פʤݤǤ롥unhappiest ϡ̣Ūˤϴְ㤤ʤ [[un-[happi-A]]A-est]A ( unhappi-est ) Ūˤ [un-[[happi-A]-est]A]A ( un-happiest ) ǤʤФ
˴ؿϢ Spencer ʸɤǤߤ顤ޤǤ͡ŪͿƤȤ狼äޤ˴ʲˤϻäƤʤ褦Ǥ롥
Ʊʸ bracketing paradox ˤĤܸ줫㤬ƤΤǾҲ𤷤 (665 fn) ־ʤˤפȤɽǡ־פϡֹפȤưΤˤäơ֤äȹפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥ǤФƾʤΤˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ־פȡֹפδ֤̣ڤܤ롥Ȥ֤פϢƤ뤳Ȥ顤Ūˤϡ־פȡֹפ̩ܤ˴طƤȹͤʤ˰̣ȷ֤ι¤פ롥
ʤۤɤȻפɽͤƤߤ餤ĤפĤ־ʢפ־̣פϢޤǤꡤƱͤȹͤƤ褤־ˤϤפ⡤ϢޤǤϤʤȤƤϤޤꤽ¾ˤ־?פǤФƤ?פǤϻפĤʤä
Spencer, Andrew. "Bracketing Paradoxes and the English Lexicon." Language 64 (1988): 663--82.
Carstairs-McCarthy (108--09) ˤȡ20Ⱦ˸ʸǧȤĤϥƥ䥮ꥷͳ褹Ƭˤ⤦ĤΥפ headless compound Ǥ롥
19衤super-, sub- Ȥäƥͳ褹Ƭ䡤hyper-, macro-, micro-, mega- Ȥäꥷͳ褹Ƭˤ줬¿줿superman, superstar, super-rich, supercooling ʤɤ㤬ꡤƱƬˤ supersede, superimpose ʤɤȰۤʤꡤͳ褹ΤղäΤħǤ롥Υ֡ϸߤƺ³ƤȻפ졤ä giga-, nano- ʤɤƬˤ줬Ƥǽ롥
headless compound exocentric compound ȤƤФ졤pickpocket, sell-out ʤɤΤ褦ʣΤɽ ( head ) ʤʣΤȤǤ롥 sell-out, write-off, call-up, take-over, breakdown ʤɡưפΥפбư줬¸ߤΤ̤Ǥʤפ⤢ꡤԤΤ -in ʣ줬1960ǯˤˤ狼ήԤȤsit-in, talk-in, love-in, think-in ΥפǤ롥
ήԤ⡤ѸʹߤθΰŪĬήȿƤΤħǤ롥ƥ䥮ꥷƬƱ츻δΤղä졤ϼѸ˸¤Ƥʣбư줬¸ߤΤäηˤȤȾȤΤΤ褦Ǥ롥
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002. 134.
Ѹ bracketing paradox Ȥ꤬롥ʬϤȤˡ̣ȷ֤δطפȤǤ롥ʬϤˡ ( tree diagram ) 䤽δʰǤȤƤΥ٥դѤä ( labelled bracketing ) Ѥ뤳Ȥ餳̾ĤƤ롥
unhappiness Ȥͤ褦ηʬϤñǡ[[un-[happi-A]]A-ness]N ( unhappi-ness ) ʬϤ롥캬 happi ˤޤ un- Ƭղä졤ξ -ness ղäȤ֤Ǥ롥 -ness ղäơ줫 un- ղäȤʬ [un-[[happi-A]-ness]N]N ( un-happiness ) ŬڤǤ롥ʤʤС̾ un- ƬղäϤƾʤŪǤʤǤ ( ex. unease, unrest, unconcern )
Ǥϡunhappiest Ϥɤunhappiness Ʊͤʬϡʺޡ [[un-[happi-A]]A-est]A ( unhappi-est ) ʤΤ unhappiest ϰ̣ξǤ unhappy κǾɽΤǤꡤhappiest ɽ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡunhappi-est ȤʬϤϰ̣ʬϤȤפƤ꿽ʬʤ褦˸롥꤬롥Ǿ -est ϻδΤˤղä뤳ȤǤʤǤ롥ηƻκǾ most Ѥ뱪ˡ§Ǥ롥Ȥäơʱޡˤ [un-[[happi-A]-est]A]A ( un-happiest ) ȤʬϤѤȡ̣ʬϤȤο㤤Ƥޤun- ˤäƻˤʤƻˤĤƤ㤬ƯȤȤŪˤǺޤǤ롥

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002. 134.
ʸ嵭2010/06/23(Wed)Bracketing paradox Wikipedia Lexicon of linguistics ǤߤĤ
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