hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ڡ / page 3 (8)

morphology - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-12-18 Mon

#5348. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed [terminology][morphology][word_formation][compound][compounding][derivation][suffix][shakespeare][personification][metaphor][conversion][parasynthesis][adjective][participle][noun]

khelfʷѸ˥եDZĤƤ Discord ߥ˥ƥˤơɸ˷Ǥ the green-eyed monster Фܤ򤷤ʪˤΤ褦ʶˤ -ed ˤĤƵ䤬󤻤줿ưβʬ -ed Τ褦ˤߤ뤬̾ˤĤƤȤΤϤɤȤ⤷Dz狼ȤդƤΤǡ伫ȤĴٻϤƤȤǤ롥
Ϥ뤬ޤɽ˴Ϣƺǽ˲ƤѸҲ𤷤ʻ (parasynthesis) Ǥ롥ؿѸؼŵ٤ɤǤߤ褦

parasynthesis ̸͡ʻˡäơʹžȤ褦ˡĤ¤ˡ٤˹Ԥʤ뤳ȡ㤨Сextraterritorial extra-territorial Ȥ⡤(extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤǤʤʬϤ extra+territory+-al Ǥ롥Ʊͤ intramuscular intra+muscle+-ar Ǥ롥 baby-sitter (= one who sits with the baby) baby+sit+-er Ʊȹͤʻ (parasynthetic compound) ȤȤǤ롥ޤ blockhead ʤФˡpickpocket ʤˤ⡤⤷׸ -head, pick- žˤäơֿ͡פ򼨤ȤСʻȤȤǤ롥


嵭Ǥ green-eyed Υפ㼨Ƥʤʻ1ȤäƤ褤a double-edged sword ξϤη, a four-footed animal ʻͤĵӤưʪ, middle-aged spread ǯˤʤˤϻ礫ʤ
ʤ the green-eyed monster ϸ鷺Τ줿 Shakespeare Othello (3.3.166) ζǤ롥green-eyed the green-eyed monster ⤤ Shakespeare ߽ФɽǡʹߡּʡפεͲɽȤƹѤ褦ˤʤä
⤳ΥפʻˤĤƹͤƤ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

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2023-12-12 Tue

#5342. ڤ (clipping) ˤ෿ [word_formation][shortening][abbreviation][clipping][terminology][polysemy][homonymy][morphology][typology][apostrophe][hypocorism][name_project][onomastics][personal_name][australian_english][new_zealand_english][emode][ame_bre]

ȤƤڤ (clipping) ˤĤƤϡ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓Ω줫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) ǾܤҲ𤷤
128 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ۿˤ#921. 2023ǯαñϥ --- rizzꤷơclipping ˤ¤Ȥܤǿλ夲



ۿǤϡ2023ǯ Oxford Word of the Year rizz ˷ꤷȤ˥塼줬 charisma clipping ˤû̷Ǥ뤳ȤȤ charisma θ츻Ҳ𤷤
rizz charisma clipping ˤǤ뤳ȤȤơȤñθƬǤǤʤʬڤФ줿û̸Ǥɮͤ롥Τ褦ʸϡۤ¿ʤȸޤ뤫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) "Mesonym" Ǽ夲褦ˡ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤϤˤϰ㤤ʤʲβˤ "fore-and-aft clipping" ȸƤǤ褤
heldio ΥꥹʡϢ륳ȡ䤬󤻤줿ΤǡȴϢ McArthur αѸѸ켭ŵ "clipping" ѤƤ (223--24)

CLIPPING [1930s in this sense]. Also clipped form, clipped word, shortening. An abbreviation formed by the loss of word elements, usually syllabic: pro from professional, tec from detective. The process is attested from the 16c (coz from cousin 1559, gent from gentleman 1564); in the early 18c, Swift objected to the reduction of Latin mobile vulgus (the fickle throng) to mob. Clippings can be either selective, relating to one sense of a word only (condo is short for condominium when it refers to accommodation, not to joint sovereignty), or polysemic (rev stands for either revenue or revision, and revs for the revolutions of wheels). There are three kinds of clipping:

(1) Back-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the end of a word: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)s. Back-clipping is common with diminutives formed from personal names Cath(erine) Will(iam). Clippings of names often undergo adaptations: Catherine to the pet forms Cathie, Kate, Katie, William to Willie, Bill, Billy. Sometimes, a clipped name can develop a new sense: willie a euphemism for penis, billy a club or a male goat. Occasionally, the process can be humorously reversed: for example, offering in a British restaurant to pay the william.
(2) Fore-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the beginning of a word: ham(burger), omni(bus), violon(cello), heli(copter), alli(gator), tele(phone), earth(quake). They also occur with personal names, sometimes with adaptations: Becky for Rebecca, Drew for Andrew, Ginny for Virginia. At the turn of the century, a fore-clipped word was usually given an opening apostrophe, to mark the loss: 'phone, 'cello, 'gator. This practice is now rare.
(3) Fore-and-aft clippings, in which elements are taken from the beginning and end of a word: in(flu)enza, de(tec)tive. This is commonest with longer personal names: Lex from Alexander, Liz from Elizabeth. Such names often demonstrate the versatility of hypocoristic clippings: Alex, Alec, Lex, Sandy, Zander; Eliza, Liz, Liza, Lizzie, Bess, Betsy, Beth, Betty.

Clippings are not necessarily uniform throughout a language: mathematics becomes maths in BrE and math in AmE. Reverend as a title is usually shortened to Rev or Rev., but is Revd in the house style of Oxford University Press. Back-clippings with -ie and -o are common in AusE and NZE: arvo afternoon, journo journalist. Sometimes clippings become distinct words far removed from the applications of the original full forms: fan in fan club is from fanatic; BrE navvy, a general labourer, is from a 19c use of navigator, the digger of a 'navigation' or canal. . . .


McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-30-1]

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2022-10-31 Mon

#4935. ³ˡ̿ˡζ [subjunctive][imperative][hortative][morphology][inflection][mood][typology]

Bybee ˤܤɤǤơ̸Ūˤߤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ̿ˡ (imperative) ȤδطݤεҤäѸˤδϡ#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1]) Ǽ夲²ʳθޤ᤿ǡƵǤBybee (186) Ѥ롥

Since the subjunctive is usually a marker of certain types of subordination, it is very difficult to say what the subjunctive "means" in any given language. There is a long literature on this problem in European languages, and no satisfactory solution. At most, it might be said that the subjunctive has a very general meaning such as "non-asserted" and then it takes more specific meanings from the context in which it occurs.
   Considered cross-linguistically, there is evidence of a relation between the subjunctive and imperative or related moods. When subjunctive forms are used in main clauses, they have an imperative function in Maasai, Basque and Yupik, and/or a hortative function in Tarascan, Pawnee and Maasai, in keeping with their non-asserted subordinate clause functions. The marking of subjunctive parallels that of indicative or imperative in most languages. In Maasai and Pawnee, the subjunctive is a prefix, just as the imperative is, and in Tarascan, Ojibwa and Georgian the subordinating mood is expressed in the same way as the imperative or optative


³ˡ̿ˡʤӴϢ¾ΤĤˡˤϤФеǽŪˤŪˤƤǤȤȤ̸Ūˤ⼨줿櫓ξDzƱѸˤäƤߤΤ⤪⤷ѸˤǤϡŪˤ³ˡ̿ˡϤȤȰۤʤäƤͻ礷ƤȤ̣ݤäƤ뤫
Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ

#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1])
#3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])
#3540. ˾ʸȴʸ̯ʴط ([2019-01-05-1])

Bybee, Joan. Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-01-1]

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2022-10-18 Tue

#4922. ζ̤ѤƣϺ [morphology][syntax][history_of_linguistics][english_in_japan]

ϢƣܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ѡȤƤ롥
ܤΡֳؽʸˡפܱѳسε͡פȤΤƣϺ (1866--1929) μ1Ĥ Practical English Grammar (1898--99) 롥ƣʸˡνפħ1ĤȤơʻȤˤγʧäȤ롥ƣ (110) Ѥ롥

ޤΤ˴ؤ뤳ȤȤơŪʡʻʸפȡפζ̤űѤ줿Ȥܤ롥ʤ༫ȤθդڤС'In learning a language so slightly inflected as English, the study of form should go hand in hand with that of meaning. There is no need of separating English Syntax from English Etymology. The student must know the use and meaning of the different forms' ȤΤǤʺƣϺ Practical English Lessons, No. 2 (Fourth Year) ǡ1901ǯˡ
ĤޤƣϡѸηŪФθ顤ηϤۤƤֽijפȿѤˡַ ('form') ȡְ̣ ('meaning') ˤȤŤηϤȤƲŪʸˡݤªƤΤǤ롥


#4917. 2500ǯ˵ڤֳ֡ؽʸˡפο̮ --- ƣˡܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ ([2022-10-13-1]) dzǧ褦ˡܤˤʸˡϡŪˤΤΥꥷƥʸˡ̤롥θŵ϶޸Ǥ뤫顤ʸˡʤ礭͵򤹤ΤǤäʹߤαѸ϶޸ȤƤ˼Ȥ˰¸ʸˡĤ˻äƤˤ⤫餺ʸˡϷ˽Ť֤ˤߤĤƤˡȤϥʱʸˡۤȤʤä
ԤȴʤȤʤзζ̤ʤ̵ѤˤƤޤȸäΤܿͤǤƣϺä櫓ʤʤ˲äǤϤʤ

ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ

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2022-08-31 Wed

#4874. ̣ạ̣̇̄Ƽ̣ɸỤ̄Ƴм [terminology][semantics][morphology][morpheme][onomatopoeia][sound_symbolism]

̣δ顤餫ǰ̣ôäƤŪñ̤̣ (semantic constituent) ȸƤ֡㤨 the cat sat on the mat ˤơthe cat, sat, on the mat ϳợǤǤȤ롥on the mat ܤС on, the, mat ʬǤγơϰ̣ŪˤϤʾʬǤʤñ̤Ǥ뤿ᡤǾ̣ (minimal semantic constituent) Ȥ롥
Ǥϡcranberry, bilberry, raspberry, gooseberry ʤɤˤĤƤϤɤͤФ褤cf. #554. cranberry morpheme ([2010-11-02-1])#886. ǤˤޤĤ̻Ū ([2011-09-30-1]berry μؤδȾǤ cran-, bil-, rasp-, goose- 򤽤줾ڤФȻפ뤫⤷ʤ̣δ餳γợǤȲᤷƤ褤Τ
򤤤С̣ǤȤϲǤʤȤ櫓 cran-, bil-, rasp- Τʰ̣äƤʤ褦˴뤫줾ǤϡʤȤ cranberry, bilberry, raspberry Ȥñߤ˶̤ۤɤôäƤ롥ְ̣פȤˤ­ʤ⤹뤬ŪʡפϳΤ˲̤Ƥ롥Τ褦Ǥ̣ (semantic tally) ȸƤǤgoose- ˤĤƤϤ켫Τǡ֥祦פΰ̣ñȤʤ뤬Ǥ¾ʿŪ˰̣ȲᤷƤʤȾ berry ̣Ƽ (semantic categoriser) ȸƤ֤Ȥˤ롥
̣ˤ cran-, bil-, rasp-, goose- Τ褦ʰ̣ (pure tally) ⤢СʬŪ˰̣ôäƤȲǤԽʰ̣ (impure tally) ⤢롥㤨 blackbird ʥɥˤϡɬ⤹٤ƤθΤȤϸ¤ʤʼºݡ㿧餷ˡȤפħȤʤäƤĻˤϰ㤤ʤθ¤ˤ black ʹˤΰ̣Ϥ٤ƤȤ롥ϰ̣ôʤֻפˤʤϤäỌ̇̄ɽФƤȤǡԽפȤ櫓Ǥ롥
blackbird ˤ black- Τ褦ˡ̣ǤȤϤʤΤβ餫ΰ̣ôäƤȹͤ롤Ⱦüʿ񤤤򼨤Ǥ˥٥ŽäƤ̣ɸ (semantic indicator) ̾դƤblackbird ˤ black- ɸ (full indicator) ȤʤСgreenhouse -house ʬɸ (partial indicator) ȸƤ٤greenhouse ϡֲȡפ餷ΤǤϤ뤬ֲȡפΤΤǤϤʤȤạ̇̄ΤԽʬ˴뤫Ʊͤ disappoint, disgust, dismay dis- ʤɤ⡤̣ǤȤϤʤΤβ餫ΰ̣ôäƤȹͤΤạ̇̄ɸȤߤʤƤ褤⤷ʤ
Ǹˡ졦ָ (onomatopoeia) 䲻ħ (sound_symbolism) Τ褦ǤϡΤʰ̣äƤȤϤ̣ǤȤʤʤƤʤ鷺˰̣餷ΤôäƤȤȤ館Ω줫ϡꥮΰ̣Ūñ̤ȤߤʤơỤ̄Ƴм (phonetic elicitor) ۤɤǸƤǤȤǽ
ʾ塤Cruse (24--35) 򻲾ȤợѸ⤷

Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.

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2022-08-16 Tue

#4859. 1ʣ̾2Ǥΰ̣ط [compound][compounding][semantics][morphology][word_formation][word]

ʣΤưŪǤޤޤ̾̾졤뤤̾ȷƻǤʤΤ1ʣ̾ȸƤ֡ (56--57) ꡤѸܸ줫󤲤Ƥߤ褦Ȥ櫓2Ǵ֤ΰ̣طܤ줿

a. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾˻Ƥ
catfish ʥʥޥˡeggplant ʥʥˡ껱ۤ

b. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾Ӥɽ
ashtray ʳˡbirdcage Ļˡ֥饷

c. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾ΰǤ
doorknob ʥɥμüˡpianokey ʥԥΤθסˡƬ𤸤

d. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾Ф
honeybee ʥߥĥХˡsilkworm ʥˡȥ

e. ǽñ줬ƻ2ܤ̾Ǥ
darkroom ʰżˡblackboard ʹġˡĿ桤ֿ


1Ǥ2Ǥ򢤤ȤȡΤ褦ˤޤȤ

a. Τ褦ʢ
b. Τ΢
c. ΢
d. 뢤
e. ʢ

ŵŪ2Ǵ֤ΰ̣ط㼨ΤˤʤʣˤϤ¾͡ʰ̣ط롥㤨С#4856. Ĺʣ --- farm produce delivery truck repair shop ([2022-08-13-1]) student film society committee scandal ְͿȹפʤɤϤɤǴ֤ΰ̣طϤ줤Ǥʤ餤¿ͤǤ롥

򹯡2ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס 򹯡 ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ

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2022-08-13 Sat

#4856. Ĺʣ --- farm produce delivery truck repair shop [word][compounding][compound][word_formation][morphology]

ε#4855. ʣǧ --- blackboard ʣ black board ϶ ([2022-08-12-1]) ³ʣ (compound) ꡥѸ¸ߴƤ1ĤĹ̾Ϣʣ礬롥¿ξ򶹤ڡ˵ͤߤȤ󲽼ҲΥˡȿǤƤΤWorld Heath Organization, Trades union congress centenary, New York City Ballet School instructor, railway station waiting room murder inquiry verdict ʤˤȤޤʤʹʤɤСǤ򽸤뤳ȤǤcf. #399. Ѹ˵äƤѲ ([2010-05-31-1])#629. Ѹο쥵 Word Spy ([2011-01-16-1])#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]
(52--53) ϡѸܸĹʣ󤲤ʤ顤Ρַ֤ǽ (recursive) ܤƤ롥

farm produce delivery truck repair shop ǺΤ줿ʪãѥȥåνŹ
student film society committee scandal inquiry ʳDz趨ѰΥĴ
bathroom towel rack designer training ἼѥݤΥǥʡ
bathroom towel rack designer training program committee ἼѥݤΥǥʡײѰ
Ϳȹ
̳Ĵ
ǯϫƯưٱ
϶̺ұкư

ξȤ⡤Τ褦ǤĤʤˤƤǤĹʣФƤȤǤ롥줬 "recursive" ΰ̣Ǥ롥§ȤƺǸ˸ǡʲˤ̣ŪʼȤʤꡤʣ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ˡ嵭κǸǡˤɤޤĹĤʤ뤫ĩ路Ƥߤ϶̺ұкưμɮĹôʽԻȻٱ²ưפȤΤϤǤ礦recursive ʤΤǥ꤬ʤ50ʸǻߤޤˡ

򹯡2ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס 򹯡 סܹʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-16-1]

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2022-08-12 Fri

#4855. ʣǧ --- blackboard ʣ black board ϶ [word][compounding][compound][word_formation][phrase][morphology][syntax][terminology]

ΩʣȤ߹碌ơ1ĤθФʣ (compounding) ȤΤ褦ˤƷ줿Τʣ (compound) ȤʣʸˤʬˤĤƤϡ#924. ʣʬ ([2011-11-07-1])#2652. ʣ̾ΰ̣Ūʬ ([2016-07-31-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ϡʣȶ (phrase) ɤΤ褦˶̤ΤȤ夲롥ξԤȤΩʣȤ߹碌ƺȤǤƱ̤ʣϷŪñ̤ǤꡤŪñ̤Ǥȶ̤ƤȤ館롥㤨Сblack board ʹġˤ϶ blackboard ʹġˤʣȽǤ뤬ɤΤ褦˶̤Τʤֻ2Ǵ֤˥ڡ֤Ƥ뤫ɤϴŪˡˤܼŪʷȤϤʤʤȤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ
ʣǧˤĤơ (39) 3򼨤

a. ̣˴ؤŪʤΡ
2ġʤޤϤʾˤñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤΤΰ̣ʬΰ̣Ūʤ硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥ʰ̣

b. ֤˴ؤŪʤΡ
2Ĥñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤξԤδ֤¾Ǥʤ䡤ǽñΤߤ򽤾ñ줬դʤ硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥ʷŪʶ̩

c. Ūʴʸ̸ͭǡǤϱѸξ
2Ĥñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤ1ǽñ֤硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥


black board blackboard ζŪʥڥǾ嵭δǧƤߤ褦black ʹˤ board ġˤȤ2ĤΩñȤΰ̣ΤäƤС̣­ˤ black board ΰֹ̣ġפưפ˳ФȤǤ롥blackboard ϰŪʹĤǤϤʤعǤμȤʤӤΤ˻ȤΤˤĤ줿̾Ǥ롥顤ºݤˤп˶ᤫäȤƤ blackboard ȤȤǤ롥blackboard ñʰ̣­ˤäͽۤ뤳ȤǤʤüʰ̣ĤΤǤʰ̣ˡ
ˡǤ black board ˤĤƤ very black board blacker board Τ褦 black ΰ̣ĴӤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ʣǤ blackboard ˤĤƤ *very blackboard *blackerboard Τ褦ˤ뤳Ȥϵʤʣ2Ǥδطޤ˶̩ǤʷŪʶ̩ˡ
Ǹˡ blàck bóard ʣ bláckbòard ȤǤϡ֤ʬۤʤ롥ԤϰŪʶζѥ˽ԤϰŪʸζѥ˽äƤ롥
嵭ʣǧϡʤ (word) ΤΤǧȽŤʤȤ¿δϢˤĤƤϡ#910. ʤ񤷤 (1) ([2011-10-24-1])#911. ʤ񤷤 (2) ([2011-10-25-1])#912. ʤ񤷤 (3) ([2011-10-26-1])#921. ʤ񤷤 (4) ([2011-11-04-1])#922. ʤ񤷤 (5) ([2011-11-05-1]) ׻ȡ

򹯡2ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס 򹯡 ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-26-1] [2022-08-13-1]

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2022-05-29 Sun

#4780. weaken Ф strengthen, shorten Ф lengthen [suffix][word_formation][phonology][morphology][chiguhagu_channel][antonymy][word_formation][derivation]

khelfʷѸ˥եˤؤäǶ̤ǤѸˡѸؾͷӤΤ褦ʤΤȤơ֤Ϥͥ (chiguhagu_channel) Ȥ򡤤줳2ǯۤ³Ƥޤγɤ֤ϤפФƤΤǡܳŪʵνȯȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ڤǤޤSlack ȤåȥġΤʤΡ֥ͥסʥʡΤ褦ʤΡˤȤΩƤΤǡ̾ĤƤޤΰյϼ̤ꡥ
'

ȿε17ʸ31ʸɽΤж硤ûΤȤСʱѸˤԾ1~2ԤɽΤ֤ϤͥפǤڤ̣Ǿ餹褷֤Ϥס֤򤫤פǾ餹褷Ǿ餹褷ؼԤǿ̤ͤʤƱɶǡֱӤפȤŰͥǤ


ơرԤ֤ϤפƤޤʤرȤϡܲΡرѸ˿ʹ2ԽѰĹ̳ƤƤǤ2𤦤ԡˡ

weakʷˡweakenư
strength̾ˡstrengthenư


ä2ԤǤƱԳѤʻŦäȤʤޤθ塤Ρ֤Ϥפ˥󥹥ԥ졼䤫鼡Τ褦ʼݤǡֲΡפޤ

ΤϤ˴ؾ褵Ƥ餤ޤ

shortʷˡshortenư
length̾ˡlengthenư

ͤʤ顤ɤɤȤʤȵλ򤿤ɤäƤʤΤǤư -en ϡΤΤβ֡˳äʡˤȤȤäȻפΤǤ͡ƻ strong long IJ /ŋ/ ǽΤǡ-en ³ʤʤȤ³ǤʤˤȤȤǤϤʤȡäĴ٤ƤߤޤȤפФƤߤޤ


θ塤ŵפФɤ夯ȤǤޤJespersen ǤJespersen pp. 355--56 濴Ȥơư -en ˴ؤܺ٤ʲ⤬ޤ§Ȥ -en ˳ (obstruent) ǽΤˤĤIJ (sonorant) 첻ǽΤˤϤĤʤȤȤǤΤ *strongen *longen ȤϤʤΥ롼ˤʤ̤δΡʺΥǤ̾ strength, lengthˤФ졤 -en ĤȤȤǤ

   There are no examples of n-vbs formed from adjs in vowels (or diphthongs): free, blue, low, slow, hight, sly, shy, new; narrow, yellow, steady, holy; nor of such disyllables as able, noble; nor of adjs in m, n, ŋ, r: slim, thin, brown, clean, long, strong; far, poor, near. Note the contrast in Kipling L 135 to see the smoke roll outward, thin and thicken again | Hardy L 147 her hair greyed and whitened | Quincey 295 to soften and refine the feelings.
   . . . .
   Our rule accounts for the formation of length(en) and strength(en): there are no vbs long or longen 'make or become long, strong or strongen. On the analogy of these we have the rare depthen (17th c.) and breadthen (19th c.); no corresponding vbs without -en.
   Adjs in -l generally have no vbs in -en (thus none from small, full, still); the two named above [= dullen and palen] are exceptional and late.


Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-30-1]

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2022-05-11 Wed

#4762. ˤƸѥϽиΩѲहΤ [word_formation][morphology][lexicology][affixation]

#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) ([2018-03-29-1])#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) ([2018-03-30-1]) Ǽ夲 Bauer ʸرμȤǤäɤǤߤѥˤˤäƥȥɤꡤ㤨¾줫αƶˤ꿷ܼƳǡŤܼѤȤʤäƤʤɱɸΥɥޤ롥Bauer ʸǤϥǥȤ̾첽ؾ꤬Ƥ롥
⤽ѥαɸθưϤϲʤΤBauer (197) ʸǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

   We must presume that there is some rule at work in a community which constrains new forms: new forms receive the communal blessing only when they are sufficiently parallel to established forms to be seen as well-motivated. In a period of catastrophic change like the seventeenth century, virtually any Romance form could be motivated by foreign parallels. In the twenty-first century ,we have a community of speakers of "English" which is heterogeneous enough for different parallels to be accepted in different parts of that community. The result is that a form such as tread can be accepted as the past tense of TREAD in some parts of the community but not in others. Equally, Pinteresque, Pinterian, and Pinterish can all be accepted as "English" (see the OED at Pinteresque), and there may be more than one solution for the nominalization of the verb to English.


ηŪƧ߹ͤʤ⡤βսˤ⸽Ƥ褦ˡ¤Ͽ˼ҲŪƶߤ롥षɤˡҲؤʸäΤȤĤ֤䤤Ƥޤäۤɤ
󼨤ƤϤۤܤ٤ OED Ƥ뤬ˤõ뤿ƻȤ OED Ѥ뤳Ȥ˴ؤƤȽŪʵɤߤɤǤ롥Bauer ĴˤηŪʸѥȤۤɤ᤹Ƥ̣뤬ˤȰ˵ͤͤä

Bauer, Laurie. "Competition in English Word Formation." Chapter 8 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 177--98.

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2022-05-09 Mon

#4760. ʬȸʬͳ礭ۤʤ [infinitive][germanic][morphology][inflection][verb][oe][germanic][indo-european][etymology][suffix]

#4349. ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ ([2021-03-24-1]) ȤѤʵȴϢơ⤽ξԤͳ褬礭ۤʤˤĤơLass βѤ褦ޤʬˤĤơȤ櫓Ѳưͳ˾Ƥ (Lass 161)

. . . its [= past participle] descent is not always very neat. To begin with, it is historically not really 'part of' the verb paradigm: it is originally an independent thematic adjective (IE o-stem, Gmc a-stem) formed off the verbal root. The basic development would be:
IE PGmc
*ROOT - o - nó->*ROOT - α -nα-


Ѳư˴ؤ¤ꡤʬư캬ˤϤʤȤưѥȤ߹ޤƤʤäȤȤŪˤϡư줫Ωưζΰ㤤ˤ¸
ʬˤϡŪưζΰ㤤˰¸ʤȤ𤬤ä (Lass 163) ˤĤƤϤǤˡ#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1]) ǰѤȤǤ롥
֤ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤפȤ˸礦äơ⤽ʬȸʬͳ褬礭ۤʤäƤפȤʤ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2022-05-08 Sun

#4759. to εˬ [infinitive][gerund][germanic][morphology][inflection][verb]

to εˤĤơ#2502. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤ ([2016-03-03-1]) ǤϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤

to פΤۤϡűѸֻ to ˡҤͿʤ˶ޤ -anne Ȥķ֡ϰ̾ȤäƤ褤ΤʤΤǡ̾줵ʤ˶ޤˤ³


ϡѸˤζʽʤɤǤ褯ŪʵҤ󤷡󼨤ΤǤ롥ȤɬΤǤϤʤ褦Los (144) ˰ۤʤ᤬󼨤ƤꡤΤۤӸŪϤ롥

The etymology of the to-infinitive is often given as a bare infinitive in the complement of a preposition to, but this leaves the gemination ('doubling') of the -n- in the to-infinitive unexplained. The gemination points to the presence of an earlier -j-, probably part of a nominalising suffix. This parallells (sic) the origin of the gerund . . . , and indicates that the to-infinitive is not built on the bare infinitive, which was a much earlier formation, but on a verbal stem, like any other nominalisation:

(57) to (preposition) + ber- (verbal stem) + -anja (derivational suffix) + -i (dative sg) Common Germanic *to beranjōi, Old English: to berenne, Middle English: to beren/bere, PDE: to bear.


Τ˸űѸθ beran ̤̾ȸΩƤͿʤ˶ޤƤ *berane ˤʤ berenne ˤϤʤʤ첻ۤʤ뤷ҲνŤ (gemination) θˤʤФʤʤȤˡƵŤ

Los, Bettelou. A Historical Syntax of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.

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2021-12-15 Wed

#4615. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿Ρ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][abbreviation][shortening][blend][word_formation][morphology][japanese]

NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ1ΥƥȤȯȤʤޤϢΡֱѸΥܥʵפ10ϡ֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΡפǤpiano, bus, cute, sport, Paralympics, AI, CEO, GDP, EU, USA ʤɤαñϡۤܤΤޤܸˤäƤƤȤäƤ褤ǤʤȤⲿ餫ǾάƤʤΤǤ줾쥪ꥸʥĹǤǤ礦ʤ񤷤ΤǤϤʤǤ礦

δñѸ in English2022ǯ1



Ѹˤܸˤ⤽¾θˤά¸ߤޤ٤ƤˤˤĹä餷ɤ̤ͤޤäƤͭѤɽȤΤϡ󤢤ΤǤ͡Τ褦ɽ򤰤äƴʷ1ñ˾άǤС˰㤤ޤ󡥸ˤϾά줬դΤǤ
άˡˤĤƤмϸ¤ƤޤϢܵǾܤҤ٤ƤޤܤȤʤΤϡڤȤסڤŽס֥˥פ3Ǥ줾򤿤󤲤ƤޤΤǡɤ
ˤϾά줬դΤȤϽҤ٤ޤѸ˴ؤ¤ꡤȤ櫓20ʹߤˤӤά줬߽ФƤȤ𤬤ޤˤޤƸϾάλȤäƤ褤ۤɤǤʤʤΤǤ礦ϢܵǤϡ򤭤ϪƤޤ

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2021-07-29 Thu

#4476. ŪƩ٤δθôط --- consociation vs. dissociation [lexicology][morphology][etymology][loan_word][word_formation][compound][terminology][lexical_stratification][synonym]

γǰѸΤäƤбѸθôطˤĤƤäȸŪǤȻפΤ˺ǶвäGörlach (110) consociation dissociation ȤôطˤĤƾҲ𤷤ƤʤȤȤ Leisi ˤΤȤΤȡ

Words can be said to be consociated if linked by transparent morphology; they are dissociated if morphologically isolated. Consociation is common in languages in which compounds and derivations are frequent (OE, Ge, Lat). Dissociation occurs when foreign words are borrowed, or when derivations become opaque . . . .


㤨Сheart hearty heartiness ϷŪƩƤꡤŵŪ consociation δطˤȤ롥foul filth filthy filthiness ˤĤƤ⡤ǽ foul filth Ʃ٤ϼ㴳뤬ʤűѸǤϲֵ§ˤꡤ٤Ʃ٤äȤˡΤȤƤ consociation δطȤconsociation ȤäƤ٤κΤꤦôطǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
Ѹä3ع¤ʤɤϡŵŪ dissociation δط򼨤#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) 餤ĤСask -- question -- interrogate, fair -- beautiful -- attractive, help -- aid -- assistance ʤɤ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) ͭ̾cow -- beef, swine -- pork, sheep -- mutton ʤɤθôط dissociation Ȥ롥
eye -- ocular ʤɤ̾졦ƻб⡤dissociation δطȤȤˤʤ롥ܸä򹭤С¸ȴδط뤤ϴɤߤǤзɤߤȲɤߤδط⡤ŵŪ dissociation ȤäƤ褤֤᤬͡סʴˤȡִסʴˤδطϡ嵭 eye -- ocular δط˻Ƥ롥Ϣơ#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Görlach, Manfred.
The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.
Leisi, Ernst.
Das heutige Englische: Wesenszüge und Probleme.'' 5th ed. Heidelberg, 1969.

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2021-06-20 Sun

#4437. ̾ʬפʤʣƻ [adjective][participle][compound][word_formation][syntax][semantics][morphology]

ɸ breath-taking man-made तʣƻؤ2ǤȤƸʬȤN + V-ing פȲʬȤN + V-ed פ2ब롥̾ʬˤʤäƤưȤ̣ŪطˤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤΤ (100--01) 򻲾ȤơηˤĤ󤲤롥碌ơOED ǯդ

ΡN + V-ing

(1) N V ŪȤʤ
breath-taking (1840), man-eating (1607), fact-finding (1833), habit-forming (1899), time-consuming (1600), English-speaking (1798); self-defeating (1812), self-sacrificing (1654), self-respecting (1597)

(2) N ɽ̲ƤʤֻŪȤʤʰʲǤϴͿֻ䤦
ocean-going [across] (1854), fist-fighting [with] (1950), law-abiding [by] (1839)

ΡN + V-ed

(3) "V-ed by [at, in, with] N" ȥѥե졼ǤطʰʲǤϴͿֻ䤦
moth-eaten [by] (c1400), self-taught [by] (1586), man-made [by] (1845), home-made [at] (1547), country-bred [in] (1620), star-spangled [with] (1600)

įƤߤȡʣƻǤȤʤ̾ưʬˤŪطϡˤ¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥СʣƻϡŪŸ줿ե졼٤ȡǴ֤ΰ̣طŪǤʤȤ⤤褦󡤤Τ褦¿ˤĤķȤƤΥѥȤƤ뤳Ȥʣƻ¸߰յʤΤȤϻפ
夲פʣƻŪȯ˴ؤƤϡ嵭νǯį¤ꡤѸΤΤۤȤɤǤ롥ᤤѸѤƤϤɤΤõƤߤʤä

ط١ҡ1988ǯ

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2021-06-02 Wed

#4419. ּѤ˲ݤ¡4 [borrowing][contact][morphology][morpheme]

ùܤμѤϤФ뤬ʸˡܤμѤϤޤǤ롥ΤȤϡ (borrowing) ܿ (contact) εǰŪǧƤ뤳ȤʸˡܤȤäƤ͡Ǥ롥㤨СŪѤϳΤ˵Τ褦ŪѤ˻礫ʤԤΤʤǤǤ϶޷Ǥùܤ˶ᤤ˼ѻ¿Ȥ롥ޤŪäǤ롥
ʸˡѤϤɤΤ褦ʾΤȤΤˤϤɤΤ褦ʸŪ¤ݤƤΤܿǤ⤿ӤƤǡܥ֥ǤϰʲεǸڤƤ

#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1])
#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])
#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])
#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1])
#2011. Moravcsik ˤѤ ([2014-10-29-1])
#2113. ʸˡѤξ ([2015-02-08-1])
#2067. Weinreich ˤ촳Ĥηװ ([2014-12-24-1])
#4410. ܿη̤˴ؤ礭ʸޡ ([2021-05-24-1])

Winford (93--96) ϡWeinreich, Heath, Thomason and Kaufman ʤɤԸ򻲾Ȥʤ顤ּѤ˲ݤ¤Ȥ4󤲤Ƥ롥

Morphological constraint 1 (borrowing):
   The greater the congruence between morphological structures across languages in contact, the greater the ease of borrowing.
   . . . .
Morphological constraint 2 (borrowing):
   The greater the degree of transparency of a morpheme, the greater the likelihood of its diffusion. By contrast, the more opaque (complex, bound, phonologically reduced) a morpheme is, the less likely it is to be borrowed.
   . . . .
Morphological constraint 3 (borrowing):
   The existence of gaps in the morphemic inventory of a recipient language facilitates the importation of new morphemes and functional categories from a source language.
   . . . .
Morphological constraint 4 (borrowing):
   The lack of a functional category in a source language may lead to loss of a similar category in a recipient language


ԸǤǤ˻ŦƤ4Ȥǡ̤Ϥ褯ʤäƤ롥򤵤2ˤޤ󤹤С2֤ι¤Ūפȡָ naturalnessפ˹Ԥ夯

Winford, Donald. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.
Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, 1953. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
Heath, Jeffrey. Linguistic Diffusion in Arnhem Land. Australian Aboriginal Studies: Research and Regional Studies 13. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1978.
Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.

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2021-04-13 Tue

#4369. Brexit --- ͷӤθ [blend][morphology][shortening][lexicology][neologism][abbreviation][word_play][word_formation][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

4Ω夲ֱѸƳ2021ˤơBrexitȡïޡ׿ꤹرˤ륳ƥĤåפ줿 Brexit ˾ƤؽʸҲ𤷤ĤġŪӼҲŪʴ󤷤ӥ塼ƥĤȤäƤ褤äĤ䤹Ǥʤ顤̩٤ǻȤʤäƤ롥ܴμݤռƳŪǤϤʤܳɤΥƥĤǤ롥
(blend) Ȥϡ (blending) ȸƤФ (word_formation) ˤäƺ줿ΤȤǤ롥ñˤ21˰̤ΤȤǡbrunch (= breakfast + lunch) smog (= smoke + fog) ͭ̾Ǥ롥ʣΤΤ򶯰1Ĥʪ˵ͤ।᡼顤Ф (portmanteau word) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ʸˤħʤɸŪ¦̤ˤĤƤϡ#630. blend(ing) 뤤 portmanteau word θƾΡ ([2011-01-17-1])#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])#3722. ϱ¦βȰפ ([2019-07-06-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
Brexit ϡ鷺Ȥ줿 Britain + exit κ줬ɽ魯νޤ˾׷Ūäˡ⤸ä Bregret (= Britain + regret) Regrexit (regret + exit) Τ褦Ⱦо̤κ줬ȸ졤Ⱦܵ夷Ƥ嵭ΥƥĤʸʤӡ#2624. Brexit, Breget, Regrexit ([2016-07-03-1])ˤǹͻƤΤϡޤˤܵΤ褦ʾ̤Τ褦ʸݤǤ롥
ϡѸˤˤŪǤꡤܼŪˤϸѸŪʸȤäƤ褤#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1]) ǵ󤲤褦¿㤬ȶ˸Ф뤿ᡤΤȤϤˤ狼ˤϿʤ⤷ʤ¤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1])#940. ¤ ([2011-11-23-1]) ʤɤǤƤ̤Ǥ롥
¤ΤȤΤߤʤ餺깭û (shortening) Ȥ褽ḽŪʸݤʤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤ#878. Algeo Bauer ο쥽Ĵӡ ([2011-09-22-1])#879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1])#889. acronym 20 ([2011-10-03-1])#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1]) ǧ줿
Ǥϡʤˤƺޤ᤿ṳ̂ݤȤθۤĹƤΤ#3329. ʤϾάʸˤ¿Τ ([2018-06-08-1]) ǵ󤲤3򡤤˺ƷǤ褦

(1) û̡ͥ륮ṳ̂ߵιޤꡥι̩ٲ (densification) η
(2) άɽȤäƤͤϡɽ䤽λؼоݤˤĤ̤ƤȤСʤֻȤʤƤ봶פ롥ΥΤ̾ΤʤͤФͥ۴Τ褦ʤΤΤǤϤʤɽûȤϡɽΤƤȤξΩĤᡤʹɺ碌뤳ȤǤ롥
(3) άʸˤѤưϤĤλˤ⤢äϤĤƤϸѤˤפȤΥåƥŽ줬ǡѤ뷹äϼҲŪ꤬ˤǤƤꡤΤ褦ʡפĤƤƤĬ뤿ᡤŪʾάߵ᤬߲ƤȤȤǤϤʤ

(1) ϡʸˤΤʤˡʪ˸Ψ󲽼ҲȿǤߤΩǤ롥ޤ2ɽ路Ƥ̣򡤺ǤϤ1ɽ뤳ȤǤΤޤ˻ûΨ󡥤줬Ԥ᤮ȡƱͤˡȤ⤻路ȲȤƤΤǤ롥
ξ󲽼ҲȤ٤ϤȥХ󥹤٤ϤƱƯƤ褦˻פΤ(3) ˻ŦƤִˤߡפ1Ĥϡ嵭ƥǿƤͷӿפˤᤤϡBrexit äƲάǤ礦סϡBritain + exit άǤפȤ褦ʥʥʥ礦ʪǤ⤢Τcf. #3595. ȤͷӤ3ĤΥס ([2019-03-01-1]) ǤֵפΤȤͷӡˡˤϡ路ʤ仦ȲȤ̣ϤʤषʡͷӿפɤäƤ褦˻פ롥Ѹκʸˤϡ츫ȸҲȿǤ褦ˤߤ뤬̤δϡषͷӤǤ⤢Τ
ṳ̂ΰյäƤϡ#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1])#3708. άṳ̂Ϸ־Τߤʤ餺ǽˡǤ ([2019-06-22-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-18-1]

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2021-02-19 Fri

#4316. ܸ췿 SOV ϷŪɸѸ췿 SVO Ϥ⤿ʤ [typology][case][syntax][word_order][morphology][japanese]

ɸϡ෿ŪʷȤƻŦƤ롥ܸʤɤ SO ĸϡ餫ηŪʳɸIJǽ⤤Ȥºݡܸˤϡ֤ס֤ס֤Ρפʤɤγʽ줬ꡤ̾˸ܤ뤳ȤdzʤɸȤߤѸŵȤ SV ĸϡΤ褦ʷŪɸʸˤϡˤ⤿ʤȤѸˤ;̾ˤϤʤγѲϤ뤷̾ˤ 's Ȥͭʤɸʤ뤬ŪˤзŪʳɸλȤߤϼȤäƤ褤ѸŤϸ礬 SV ɬꤵƤ餺SO ʤɤθ⤢Τ嵭෿ͽ¬̤ꡤϷŪʳɸλȤߤ⸲˵ǽƤ
嵭෿λŦϡBlake ɤǤܤˤȤޤäΤȤȤ Greenberg ˴ŤΤΤ褦Blake (15) طսѤ롥

It has frequently been observed that there is a correlation between the presence of case marking on noun phrases for the subject-object distinction and flexible word order and this would appear to hold true. From the work of Greenberg it would also appear that there is a tendency for languages that mark the subject-object distinction on noun phrases to have a basic order of subject-object-verb (SOV), and conversely a tendency for languages lacking such a distinction to have the order subject-verb-object (SVO) . . . . The following figures are based on a sample of 100 languages. They show the relationship between case and marking for the 85 languages in the sample that exhibit one of the more commonly attested basic word orders. The notation [+ case] in this context means having some kind of marking, including appositions, on noun phrases to mark the subject-object distinction . . . .


VSO[+ case]3SVO[+ case]9SOV[+ case]34
[- case]6[- case]26[- case]7



The SVO 'caseless' languages are concentrated in western Europe (e.g. English), southern Africa (e.g. Swahili) and east and southeast Asia (e.g. Chinese and Vietnamese).


෿ŪŪʰյϲʤΤ

Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

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2020-11-24 Tue

#4229. Fertig ˤ analogy [analogy][history_of_linguistics][terminology][review][morphology]

ػ˾塤 (analogy) ˤĤƤ¿Ƥֲˡ§㳰ʤפ𤤾夲19ӸؼԤ analogy Ѳ㳰򽸤᤿ȢȤưäǡѸˤޤ̸θ˵ҤˤƤϡanalogy 礤˽Фʤнͻ뤳ȤԲǽʤۤɤˡǰѸȤƤϹƩcf. #555. 2 analogy ([2010-11-03-1])#1154. ѲΥȢȤƤ analogy ([2012-06-24-1])ˡanalogy ͡Ω¸ߤϡ줬ѸǤ⤢ؽѸǤ⤢Ȥ˴ؤäƤ褦˻פ롥ؽѸȤƤ⡤ؤΤߤʤ餺ؤǧβʳؤʤɤdzơͿƤꡤӤƬˤʤäƤ롥
εǰѤƤ Fertig (12) ϡؤˤ analogy ȤʪܳŪ˺ƹͤƳ褦ȤƤ롥ɤߤʤ¿Υ󥹥ԥ졼Ƥ뤬Ȥ櫓פʤΤ Fertig ʤ analogy Ǥ롥줬ܽν (12) 󼨤Τǡ˰ѤƤ

(3a) analogy1 [general sense] is the cognitive capacity to reason about relationships among elements in one domain based on knowledge or beliefs about another domain. Specifically, this includes the ability to make predictions/guesses about unknown properties of elements in one domain based on knowledge of one or more other elements in that domain and perceived parallels between those elements and sets of known elements in another domain.
(3b) analogy2 [specific sense] is the capacity of speakers to produce meaningful linguistic forms that they may have never before encountered, based on patterns they discern across other forms belonging to the same linguistic system.
(3c) an analogical formation is a form (word, phrase, clause, sentence, etc.) produced by a speaker on the basis of analogy2.
(3d) associative interference is an analogical formation and/or a product of associative interference that deviates from current norms of usage.
(3f) an analogical change is a difference over time in prevailing usage within (a significant portion of) a speech community that corresponds to an analogical innovation or a set of related innovations.


ȤΤϡɤǤʤΤ褦ˤʤäƤΤʤޤ̯ʸ󤷤򤹤ΤʬʤȤ¿Ϥ analogy ˤĤƤƤϤޤ롥Fertig ο1Ĥϡ analogy Ѥ (3d) ιܤդäȤǤ롥Ūʡ㼰פѤ analogy ˤƤϤޤʤ̤δ analogy Ȥߤʤä뤿ˡ˸Ƥ줿Τ (3d) ä
Fertig Ȥ1Ĥ1ĤγˤƤɬפ

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-13-1]

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2020-06-03 Wed

#4055. parasynthesis [parasynthesis][compounding][compound][derivation][derivative][word_formation][morphology][terminology][back_formation][conversion]

parasynthesisˤϸ (word_formation) 1ǡʣ (compounding) (derivation) ٤˹ԤʤΤǤ롥θˤäƺ줿ϡ"parasynthetic compound" 뤤 "parasyntheton" ˤȸƤФ롥ζ󤲤Сwarm-hearted, demoralize, getatable, baby-sitter, extraterritorial ʤɤ롥
extraterritorial ǹͤƤߤȡθ extra-(territori-al) Ȥ (extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤ⡤extra-, territory, -al 3ĤηǤƱ˷礷ΤȹͤΤǤ롥ŪˤĤƤɤ줬Ǥɤ줬夫ȤȤΤ񤷤ȤȤǤϡ#418. bracketing paradox ([2010-06-19-1])#498. bracketing paradox ܸ줫 ([2010-09-07-1])#499. bracketing paradox αѸ줫äȡ ([2010-09-08-1]) ε򻲾Ȥ줿ǵ󤲤ϤǤ롥
ʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) 1ȹͤʤСpickpocket blockhead Τ褦 (subordinative) exocentric compound ⡤ʣƱ˵äƤȤȤäƤ褤
жԡˡظѸؼŵ (p. 630) Ǥ̤5ʬषƤΤǡͤޤǤ˵󤲤Ƥ

(1) ַƻ̾ hot-tempered, old-maidish. (2) ̾̾ house-wifely, newspaperdom. (3) ư oncoming, half-boiled. (4) ̾ư shopkeeper, typewriting. (5) Τۤmatter-of-factness, come-at-able ʶŤ䤹ˤʤɡ


⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ

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