hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 ڡ / page 3 (5)

typology - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2018-07-10 Tue

#3361. ̾ưפνиϱѸˤˤ뾮ʵή [diatone][typology][morphology][conversion][stress]

récord ̾ˤ recórd ưˤΤ褦ˡ̾ưݤ2ˤƶ֤̾ưפȤʤ븽 (diatone) ˤĤơ#803. ̾ư̻Ū ([2011-07-09-1])#804. ̾ưñ ([2011-07-10-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ̾ưפ򼨤ñ16Ⱦ鸽ˤƽƤϢ夲ƤѸ෿ŪʥեȤȤįƤߤȤ⤷ (cf. [2018-07-07-1], [2018-07-08-1], [2018-07-09-1]) ѸϳάȤƤϸűѸ줫鸽Ѹˤ stem-based morphology word-based morphology ȥեȤƤȲǤ뤬̾ưפϤŪĬήФ뾮ʵήȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫
record ǹͤƤȡѸǤ̾ recórdư recórd(en) Ǥꡤ֤2ǰפƤưθ -en ϾüäƤ̵ͭˤ餺̾졦ưȤ recórd Ȥ̤ˤѤθ촴äƤΤǡξδطϻ¾ʻž (conversion) ȤֲˤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ǺѤƤϡword-based morphology ȤäƤ褤
Ȥ16Ⱦʹߤ̾ˤƶưˡޤǶͭƤ1Ĥθ촴̾촴 récord ư촴 recórd 2Ĥʬ뤳ȤˤʤäʸβϤ줾 /ˈrɛkəd/, /rɪˈkɔːd/ˡޤѤθ촴˴Ť stem-based morphology ǽƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѸˤϡŪĬήȤƤ stem-based morphology word-based morphology ȲǤ뤬ˤγʳƤġѲη̤ȤơʬŪ word-based morphology stem-based morphology εή򼨤Τ⤢ꤦȤȤָűѸ stem-based morphology λ塤Ѹ word-based morphology λפΤ褦˥ƥꥫʬहΤǤϤʤߤ٤ȤƤȤ館ΤǤ롥

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2018-07-08 Sun

#3359. ĸϸ캬١ޥĸϸ촴١űѸʹߤϸ١ (2) [synthesis_to_analysis][indo-european][germanic][oe][morphology][typology]

ε ([2018-07-07-1]) ˰³ƤꡥKastovsky Ƥ෿θˤСѸˤϳάŪ root-based morphology ʰĸˢ stem-based morphology ʥޥĸˢ word-based morphology ʸűѸʹߡˤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
űѸʤɲϴˤƤϿΥפ¸Ƥ뤿ˡ줫1Ĥ෿ˤäϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤޤǥǡȤƤȤ館٤ѸǤ鶯Ѳưθ촴ؤ stem-based morphology 򼨤ѸŵŪ sane : sanity, serene : serenity, Japán : Jàpanése ʤɤθ촴ؤƱͤǤ (cf. #3341. ƥ󡦥ե󥹼ѸϱѸζѥĸصꤵ ([2018-06-20-1]))
Kastovsky (129) ꡤ෿ŪեȤĬή˴ؤǻ̩ʸѤ褦

Modern English morphology is the result of a long-range typological restructuring, triggered by phonological changes in connection with the emergence of the Germanic language family, leading to an erosion of unstressed final syllables. As a result, the originally root-based morphology became stem-based and finally word-based. Also morphology was originally characterized by pervasive phonologically conditioned morphophonemic alternations, which gradually became morphologically conditioned, because of phonological changes. This was replaced by a simplified system with base invariancy and phonologically conditioned alternations of inflectional endings as a default case characterizing the regular inflection of nouns, verbs and adjectives. The irregular patterns continue properties of the original system and can be interpreted as stem-based with morphologically conditioned alternations of the base form. This is also true of many non-native word-formation patterns, which have been borrowed from stem-based languages such as French, Latin or Greek and have re-introduced base alternation into English derivational morphology.


¤˻̻ŪӸŪȶŪ෿ŪȤ碌෿פȤǤ⤤٤ѤδäƤΤ

Kastovsky, Dieter. "Linguistic Levels: Morphology." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 129--47.

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2018-07-07 Sat

#3358. ĸϸ캬١ޥĸϸ촴١űѸʹߤϸ١ (1) [synthesis_to_analysis][indo-european][germanic][oe][morphology][typology]

#3340. ޥˤưζѲȸƬȤߴط ([2018-06-19-1]) ȡ#3341. ƥ󡦥ե󥹼ѸϱѸζѥĸصꤵ ([2018-06-20-1]) ǰѡȤ Kastovsky ͤǤϡĸ줫饲ޥĸФƸѸ˻ޤǤΡʳǡ˱Ѹˤˤơ (morphology) ෿ŪѲƤȤĥƤ롥̾ˤ෿ŪѲȤС礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ΥեȤפ⤫֤ȤϴϢĤĤΩĬήȤ root-based morphology stem-based morphology word-based morphology Ȥ෿ŪѲȤ줾ˤĤ Kastovsky (131)

a) word-based morphology: The base form can function as a word (free from) in an utterance without the addition of additional morphological (inflectional or derivational) material, e.g. ModE cat(-s), cheat(-ed), beat(-ing), sleep(-er).
b) stem-based morphology: The base form does not occur as an independent word, but requires additional inflectional and/or derivational morphological material in order to function as a word. It is a bound form (= stem), cf. OE luf- (-ian, -ast, -od-e, etc.), luf-estr-(-e) 'female lover', Grmc. *dag-(-az) 'day, NOM SG', ModE scient-(-ist) vs. science, dramat-(-ic) vs. drama, ast-ro-naut, tele-pathy; thus luf-, luf-estr-, *dag-, dramat-, ast-, -naut, tele-, -pathy are stems.
c) root-based morphology: Here the input to morphological processes is even more abstract and requires additional morphological material to become a stem, to which the genuinely inflectional endings can be added in order to produce a word.


ΤΤ褦෿ǰƬˡKastovsky (132) root-based morphology ʰĸˢ stem-based morphology ʥޥĸˢ word-based morphology ʸűѸʹߡˤȤˤ䤫ĬήŦƤ롥

The ultimate starting point of English was a root-based morphology (indo-European), which became stem-based in the transition to Germanic. In the transition from Germanic to Old English, inflection became partly word-based, and this eventually became the dominant typological trait of Modern English.


ºݤˤϸűѸǤϤޤ stem-based morphology ǻǡword-based morphology ε̣¿ߤ褦ˤʤäƤʳˤʤ礭ήȤƤȤ館ΤǤ word-based morphology 򼨤ǽʳȤߤʤȤǤѸˤŤߤ¿ʻǤ롥

Kastovsky, Dieter. "Linguistic Levels: Morphology." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 129--47.

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2018-03-26 Mon

#3255. The World Color Survey [bct][link][typology]

#2103. Basic Color Terms ([2015-01-29-1])#3153. Ѹˤˤ̸ܿȯŸ ([2017-12-14-1])#3154. Ѹ˾塤̸줬äƤͳ ([2017-12-15-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡ̸ܿ (Basic Color Term) ˴ؤ븦ϡBerlin and Kay λɷŪͤȯɽưʹߡȯŸƤ̸츦Ǥ The World Color Survey ΥȤϡϢʸǡؤΥޤΥ󥯤ĥƤ롥
̸츦ϡƤ Berlin and Kay ηǤ˴ؤ2Ĥβ򸡾ڤŪǹԤʤƤ2ĤβȤϰʲΤΤǤʾ嵭HPˡ

(1) the existence of universal constraints on cross-language color naming, and
(2) the existence of a partially fixed evolutionary progression according to which languages gain color terms over time.


(1) Ͽ̸˴ؤ붦Ū餫ˤ(2) ̻ŪȯŸν뤳ȤǤ롥෿оȸؤˤ⿼ط롥ܤݤˡˤĤƤϡStatistical tests of cross-language color naming Ƥ롥

Color Grid

Berlin, Brent and Paul Kay. Basic Color Terms. Berkeley and Los Angeles: U of California P, 1969.

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2017-12-07 Thu

#3146. ˤְŪطפȤϲ (1) [terminology][comparative_linguistics][family_tree][methodology][typology][borrowing][linguistics][sobokunagimon]

˸ؤˤơĸĸ֤ȯȯãط "genetic relationship" ȸƤФ롥ʪؤ° "genetics" ȤѸžѤ뤳ȤϹԤʤ졤ΤΤȤƼƤ˹ͤФȡ줬̣뤫ϡޤäǤϤʤѸ츯طʤˤ͡󤬱Ƥꡤ⤽ԤˤäۤʤäƤ롥ˤĤơNoonan (48--49) ŪܤƤΤǡȤƤߤεǤϡˤŪطȤϲȤ⡤ǤϤʤȤȤ餫ˤ
ޤ⤹٤ϡΰŪطȤϡüԽĤʪŪʰŪطȤ̵ȤȤǤ롥μήɸؤǤϡͼʤɤΰŪʪŪʬȸʬȤ̵طǤ뤳ȤȤƤ롥ĿͤϡɤοͼΤȤޤ줿ȤƤ⡤ʤ⽬뤳ȤǤ롥ĿͤνϡΰŪħˤꤵ櫓ǤϤʤޤ餷ҲθĶˤꤵ롥äơΰŪطεˡüԤʪŪʰ꤬;ϤϤʤ
ޤ෿ (linguistic typology) ϡ֤ˤõꡤ餫δط򸫽ФȤʬǤϤ뤬ϤޤǶŪʴطɵǤꡤŪطˤĤƲҤ٤褦ȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ2ΤΰŪطС줬¤ŪƤȤǽϳΤˤ뤬Ǥʤ¿롥դˡ¤ŪƤ2Ĥθ줬ۤʤ°ȤȤϤǤ⤢롥⤽μ (borrowing) ϡʤ֤ˤäƤǽǤꡤѤ̤ƶŪɤƤˤʤȤϡź¿Ĥ뤳ȤǤ롥
ǤϡˤŪطȤϡüԽĤʪŪʰŪطΤȤǤϤʤ෿Ŧ褦ʶŪ˴ŤطΤȤǤʤȤСäΤȤؤΤ䤤ϡ˸ؤˤƤۤȤŪ줿ȤʤΤǤϤʤˤ⤫餺ŪˤѸ줬Ȥ³ƤΤȤСۤΤȤƤȤˤʤ롥ѸϰŪˤϥޥɤ°ȤܸˤϰŪطΤָ줬ʤʤɤȸȤˤϤʤؾ󤬴ޤޤƤΤˤĤơεǹͤ

Noonan, Michael. "Genetic Classification and Language Contact." The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. 2013. 48--65.

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2017-11-22 Wed

#3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡ [link][notice][word_order][syntax][typology][world_languages][inflection][japanese][rensai][sobokunagimon]

1120դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ11ε֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡޤѸθ˴ؤ礭ʤΤǡ2ˤ錄äϢܤͽǤϤԤȤʤޤ
Ԥγפϰʲ̤ǤܸȱѸˤ S, V, O 3Ǥθΰ㤤óݤȤơˤִܸפܤޤ෿θˤСνˤܸĴ٤ȡ¤ܸ췿 SOV Ǥ¿ǸѸ췿 SVO ¿Ȥʬۤ餫ȤʤޤȤѸűѸޤ̤ȡSVO ΤۤSOV, VSO ʤ͡ʸ礬ǽǤĤޤꡤŪʸǤǤϤʤŪͳʸ礬ƤΤǤϡ̾졤ƻ졤졤ưʤɤθѲֶޡ ƯˤꡤʸΤɤǤǤ뤫ŪǤ뤫Τ˼Ǥ餺Ȥ⡤̤μʤѰդƤȤȤˤʤޤǴ֤طɸΤ˸äƤ뤫ޤäƤ뤫ϳΤ礭ʰ㤤ǤϤޤ줬ͥƤ롤äƤ뤫ȤˤϤʤޤ󡥸˱ѸˤβǸŪͳʸ줫 SVO ǤθؤȥեȤƤ櫓ǤΥեȼΤͥδɾ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤ
ԤκǸǤϡ֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤפȤѤʵ̻Ūʻ֤ʤѸ϶޽Ż뷿Ż뷿θؤڤؤꡤκݤˤʤܸSVOȤ줿Τפȥѥե졼ޤεˤĤƤϡθԤˤԤ
SOV, SVO ʤɤθ˴ؤƤϡ#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])#3129. ܸ෿ (4) ([2017-11-20-1]) εɤ

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2017-11-20 Mon

#3129. ܸ෿ (4) [word_order][syntax][typology][world_languages][map][geography][linguistic_area]

ε#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1]) ơS, V, O ˴ؤƴܸ򼨤ŪʬۤˤĤƹͤƤߤϡ"Order of Subject, Object and Verb" by Matthew S. Dryer 2 "Geographical distribution of the dominant-order types" ǰƤΤǡʲʬȤ롥ε ([2017-11-19-1]) Ͽޤ碌ƻȤ줿
Ǥ¿ SOV ˤФäƤ뤬Ȥ櫓˸Ǥ롥˥塼˥ȥꥢ̥ꥫΦˤ⹭ʬۤƤ롥2ܤ¿ SVO ϡϥ麽Υեꥫ񤫤ˤƤϰ衤ƥ衼åѤ泤ն˹ߤ롥3ܤ VSO ʬۤФäƤ뤬쥢եꥫ̥եꥫ衼åѤΥȷϽ졤ݥͥˤϤ٤ν椬ߤ롥
Ʊˤϡ˾͡ʳǤδܸեåȤˤޤȤ᤿̣桼饷ΦϿޤǺܤƤʰʲ˼ˡ

Map of Word Order Typology Diachronic

衼åѤ泤նǤϸߤǤ SVO ¿ŤǹͤȤष SOV ͥäȤ狼ʥƥ䥨ȥꥢʤɡˡޤߤȰۤʤꡤϽνޤϰˤơĤ VSO ߤ줿ŦƤܸŪʬۤȤΤϡ֤ΤʤѤΤΤ褦δܸѲˤĤƤϡ#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸοܡ ([2017-11-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2017-11-19 Sun

#3128. ܸ෿ (3) [word_order][syntax][typology][world_languages][map][linguistic_area]

#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1]) ³ơS, V, O δܸꡥ
#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ˡS, V, O θˤĤƤŪʲ⤬롥"Order of Subject, Object and Verb" by Matthew S. Dryer ꤹ뤽βˤȡϡʤʸ (rigid order) ĸȽʸ (flexible order) ĸ礭2ʬ롥ԤˤĤƤϡʸĤȤϤ٤ŪΩȤܸ (dominant order) ȤߤʤΤľ¿ޤ3ǤΤ V ΰ֤ˤĤƤŪS O Ū֤ϷޤäƤȤ褦ʡȾפȸƤ֤٤򼨤Τ⤢롥餫ʴܸ򼨤ʤ¸ߤ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ㤨С̥ȥꥢ Gunwinyguanˡˡɥĸ䥪Τ褦˼Ǥ SVO °Ǥ SOV §줬Ū˴ŪϼǤʤܸդʤ褦ʥ⤢롥
嵭Τ褦˴ܸ෿ʣǤꡤܸη˴ؤ꤬͡뤬绨ĤʬषϿ޾˥ץåȤΤ Feature 81A: Order of Subject, Object and Verb Ǥʰʲ˺ƷǡˡɽǤ롥

Map of Word Order Typology

SOV564
SVO488
VSO95
VOS25
OVS11
OSV4
No dominant order189


"No dominant order" ϡ˽Ҥ٤褦˴ܸ礬դޤʤδ󤻽ʤΤǿȤƤ¿ʤäƤ롥ǡΨȤƹͤСȥåפ SOV 47.56%2̤ SVO 41.08%3̤ VSO 8.00% Ȥʤꡤ3ĤΤߤ95.64%򥫥С롥Ϥܸ췿 SOV Ϻ¿ʤΤǤ롥

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2017-11-18 Sat

#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸο [word_order][syntax][typology][indo-european][germanic]

ε#3126. ̾෿ ([2017-11-17-1]) ǡĸδܸ礬 SOV äǽ˸ڤˤĤƤǮϤΤΡLass (218) ƱΤäƤ롥Lass ϡĸΤߤʤ餺ޥĸˤƤ⡤SOV δܸ礬¸³ƤȹͤƤ롥

It seems likely that PIE was basically SOV, though the daughter languages show a wide variety of orders, including SVO and VSO (the later (sic) particularly in Celtic). PGmc is usually taken as continuing this order, though there is of course considerable debate. As I remarked earlier, we can't reconstruct syntax by strict comparative method the way we do phonology or morphology; but in the case of Old English we do have at least fragments of an ancestor: the NWGmc runic corpus (third to seventh centuries AD). This corpus is small and often obscure; there are not that many inscriptions, and some are damaged, partly illegible, or uninterpretable. But it is a precious resource: it brings us as close as we can get to the foundations of Germanic, and contains the earliest pieces of Germanic syntax we have. (The oldest inscriptions predate the Gothic text corpus by some three centuries.) It is, despite its small size, rich enough to suggest reasonable ancestors for some major OE construction types, and gives us some material for constructing a syntactic history of the murky period between the two traditions. (218)


Lass Ϥθ "NWGmc runic corpus" S, V, O ͡ʸȤ߹碌ǼƤNWGmc ǤϡSOV Ȥʤ⡤¾夢Ȥ߹碌褦
Lass ϼˡ8κǽθűѸƥȤĴNWGmc Ʊͤˤۤܤ礬뤳Ȥǧ롥ʳˤܤ٤ϡ礿礬 SOV SVO ؤȰܹԤƤ˸Ƥ뤳Ȥä˼ˤƤηǤ롥°ˤƤ SOV 褯ݤƤ롥μȽ°κϡΥɥĸ䥪θ絬§ʤȤ뤬Ȥ PGmc λ夫Ѥ줿ħǤϤʤȯãǤȤߤʤ٤Ǥ롥ˤ衤9ȾޤǤˤϸűѸμδܸ SOV SVO ؤɤڤäƤ (Lass 224)
PIE NWGmc ˻ꡤOE Ф ModE ˻ޤǤΡS, V, O θˤĤơޤ󤷤Ƥ

PIE -- NWGmcᡦ°Ȥ˴ܸ SOV¾θ⤢
C8 OEδܸ SOV SVO ؽ˰ܹԤ¾θ⤢
C9 OEδܸ SOV SVO ذܹԤ°δܸϤޤ SOV¾θ⤢
Late OE°Ǥܸ SVO ذܹԤ¾θ⤢
MEᡦ°Ȥ˴ܸ SVO ذܹԤ¾θϾʤʤäƤ
ModEᡦ°Ȥ˴ܸ SVO ش˰ܹԤ¾θϻ¾ʤʤä


Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2017-11-17 Fri

#3126. ̾෿ [word_order][syntax][typology][onomastics][personal_name][patronymy][indo-european]

#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1]) ȡ#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1]) Ǹ෿Ҳ𤷤꡼¾ (23) Ͽ̾ˤ̾θˤĤƤ෿δް (typological implication) ȻŦƤ롥
SOV δܸ򼨤ܸīǤϡְܿס֥ࡦ󥦥פʤɡ鷺Ȥ줿̾פο̾Ȥʤ롥񤭤ˤĤƤʿŪǤꡤְܼפΤ褦ˡܸ񤭡פȤʤ롥Τ褦ˡ෿δްդǧ뤳ȤǤ
(patronymy) ˤƤ⡤ηߤȤåȥɸ졤ɸ졤إ֥饤ʤɤ VSO ܸȤ뤬ΤˤƤϡֻҶ¹פɽ魯ʰʲֻǼˤ̾ΤΤԤ롥줾 MacAlister, O'Hara, Ben-Gurion ǡǤ롥
Ǥ SOV θ줬äƤ뤬ǤΤϵդθȤʤ롥˥ Khachaturian 䥰른 Basilashvili ǡǤ롥
¤ϡ¿Τ˴ؤƥθƱ򼨤 Gruberovàɸ Sigurðsdottirǥ AnderssonƱѸ Browning ʤɤȤʤ롥ΤȤϡĸδܸ礬Ĥ SOV ǤäȤ򼨺ƤΤ⤷ʤ
෿ϤޤǷȤ館ΤǤꡤɬ򶯤ĥΤǤϤʤ̾η¾θηشط򼨤ΤǤС̾츻ʤɤˤ⿷ʸƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
Ϣơ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) ⻲ȡ

Сʡɡ꡼ƥ󡦥ޥ塼ޥꥢݥ󥹥 ԡ ˼ ؿʸ޴ա١νӡ2005ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-11-18-1]

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2017-11-16 Thu

#3125. ܸ෿ (2) [word_order][syntax][typology][adjective][demonstrative][numeral][world_languages]

ε ([2017-11-15-1]) ǡܸ෿ˤĤ Greenberg θŵŪ˿줿Greenberg 30θоݤˡθӤη̡ܸ֡Τ褦ˡSOVθǤиֻIJǽ⤤פʤɤ෿δް (typological implication) ¿ǧ뤳Ȥ餫ˤGreenberg (107--08) ΤޤȤ᤿ɽʲ˵󤲤롥

LanguageVSOPrNANDN Num
BasqueIII-xx-
BerberIxxx-
BurmeseIII-x1--2
BurushaskiIII----
ChibchaIII-x-x
FinnishII----
FulaniIIxxxx
GreekIIx---
GuaraniI-x-0
HebrewIxxx-
HindiIII----
ItalianIIxx3--
KannadaIII----
JapaneseIII----2
LoritjaIII-xxx
MalayIIxxx-2
MaoriIxx--
MasaiIxx-x
MayaIIx---2
NorwegianIIx---
NubianIII-x-x
QuechuaIII----
SerbianIIx---
SonghaiII-xxx
SwahiliIIxxxx
ThaiIIxxx-2
TurkishIII----
WelshIxx3x-
YorubaIIxxxx
ZapotecIxxx-


1ܤ S, V, O 3Ǥ˴ؤǤꡤI VSO, II SVO, III SOV ɽ魯
2ܤֻ (Pr) Ĥ뤤ϸֻ (-) Ĥɽ魯
3ܤϡܷ̾ƻפθ (NA) ַƻ̾פθ (-) ɽ魯
4ܤϡܻ̾ؼפθ (ND) ֻؼ̾פθ (-) ɽ魯
5ܤϡ̾ܿפθ (N Num) ֿ̾פθ (-) ɽ魯

ֹդ줿ˤĤƤϡΤΤ˸ʸѤ褦 (108)

1. Participle of adjective-verb, however, precedes and is probably as common as adjective following.
2. Numeral classifiers following numerals in each case. The construction numeral + classifier precedes in Burmese and Maya, follows in Japanese and Thai, and either precedes or follows in Malay.
3. In Welsh and Italian a small number of adjectives usually precede.


ΤȤơ5θΤ˼夫شط뤳Ȥ򸫤Ƽ뤳ȤǤ롥оݤȤʤä30ĤˤʤȤϤۤʤϰ褫θ줬򤵤Ƥꡤʤ˿ꤹ뤳ȤΤǤĴ̤ȤƼƤ롥
Ϣơ#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ⻲ȡ

Greenberg, Joseph P. "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements." Chapter 5 of Universals of Language. Ed. Joseph P. Greenberg. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. P, 1966. 73--113.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-11-15 Wed

#3124. ܸ෿ (1) [word_order][syntax][typology][indo-european][world_languages]

ɸϡ#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1]) ǿ줿ƹͤƤߤβ̤礭ϸˤäưۤʤȤϤȤʤޤäѤʤ¸ߤʤȤϡãηкѤȤߤɬŪʸ֤Ǥ롥
Greenberg ϸȴϢƸ෿ (word order typology) 󵯤ˤȡθʿʸˤ졤Ū졤ưθϡŪ (1) SVO, (2) SOV, (3) VSO, (4) VOS, (5) OSV, (6) OVS 6बǽǤ롥ʣθ⾯ʤʤ¿θˤŪͥʸϷޤäƤ롥ĤޤܸȤΤ¸ߤ롥ܸĸΤۤȤɤ줬ŪԤѥ󡤤ʤ (1), (2), (3) Τ줫롥ۤ (4) θϤٳǧ뤬(5), (6) ˾ʤȤʬäƤ롥
꡼¾ (19) ꡤ줾δܸ򼨤󤲤褦

ܸ
(1) SVOѸ졤եɸ졤졤ҥ
(2) SOVҥǥ졿ɥ졤ȥ륳졤ܸ졤ī
(3) VSOŵָ졤륺졤⥢
(4) VOSޥ졤ĥĥꥫΥޥ
(5) OSVХɸ̥θˡ
(6) OVSҥ奫ʸʥ֥饸Υָ


줬ŪԤ3Ĥ (1), (2), (3) ˴ؤƤСư V ΰ֤˴ؤ (2) SOV (3) VSO жˤˤꡤ(1) SVO ϤŪʰ֤Ťˤ롥ºݡ¾μθˤĤƤ⡤(2) (3) θȿиħ򼨤(1) ŪǤȤ顤෿δް (typological implication) ȤȤˤʤ롥
Ѹ衼åѤμפʸϤŵꥷŵƥǤ VO ܤȤ뤿ᡤĸǤ VO 򼨤Ƥ줽ҥåȸξڵˤСȤȤ OV äǽ⤤ȤСѸ SVO ĹˤβѲƤȤȤˤʤ
Ϣơ#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ⻲ȡ

꡼Сʡɡƥ󡦥ޥ塼ޥꥢݥ󥹥 ԡ ˼ ؿʸ޴ա١νӡ2005ǯ
Greenberg, Joseph P. "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements." Chapter 5 of Universals of Language. Ed. Joseph P. Greenberg. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. P, 1966. 73--113.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-02 Thu

#2866. ſؤˤߤŻ᤿결ʬ결 [world_languages][typology][family_tree][anthropology][homo_sapiens][timeline][chronology]

ϢСʡɡåɤΡؿοʲ٤򻲾Ȥ¾ΰ褫ҥȤƸοʲˤĤƹͻƤ³ƥåɤ򻲾ȤʬܤƤȺ٤ˤĤƤƶƤߤ
ˤοˤĤƤϡԤˤäƿΰ㤤ꡤ롥ΰ㤤ˤä뤫Ȥϡ#270. θοϤʤΤİǤʤ ([2010-01-22-1]) #1060. θοȤȡ ([2012-03-22-1]) ʤɤΤǷ֤ʤ1Ĥˡָפȡפζ̤ҴŪˤĤʤȤ𤬤롥ߤ˶ᤤطˤ뤤ĤθѼ1ΤȤˤª뤫뤤ϳơΩª뤫ϡФиŪʴΤߤǷꤹ뤳ȤǤʤԤªϡŻ᤿결 (lumper) θԤΩǡԤϡʬ결 (splitter) θԤΩǤ롥
"lumper" "splitter" ȤƾΤϡſؤʬǾѤƤΤΤ褦̤ˤϿˤϡֱ͡סָ͡סֵ͡סֿ͡פ4ʳǿʤǤ򤵤Ƥ뤬ϿؼԤˤȤäƤƤʬΤ褦ǡŪˤϤäȺ٤ʬवƤȤ֤äȺ٤פˤ٥뤬ꡤȤδ֤Ǥ⡤礭ޤȤᤢ lumper ȡȤȤʬ splitter Ȥǡפʬ餷ŪˤϿؼԤ10ͤ10̤ʬबȤ⤤ξϸˤƤƱȤȤ⤷
ͤޤǤˡŻ᤿결ʬ결ˤ롤ſμ̾оɽ򡤥å (99) Ƹ褦

̾Ż᤿결μ̾ǯǯʬ결ʬ˴ޤޤ̾
ǥԥƥߥʹ700--450ǥԥƥåѡǥԥƥߥإȥץǥ󥷥󡦥ȥͥ󥷥
ͤȥۥ⡦ϥӥꥹȥԥƥե󥷥ʹ420--300ȥԥƥե󥷥ȥԥƥʥ󥷥ȥԥƥС륨륬ꡤ˥ȥץץƥץ
ȥԥƥեꥫ̥300--240ȥԥƥեꥫ̥
ѥȥץܥʹ250--130ѥȥץܥѥȥץԥȥԥƥ
ѥȥץ֥ȥ200--150ѥȥץ֥ȥ
ͤȵۥ⡦ϥӥꥹʹ240--160ۥ⡦ϥӥꥹۥ⡦ɥե󥷥
ۥ⡦쥯ȥʹ198--1.8ۥ⡦쥯ȥۥ⡦륬ۥ⡦ե󥷥󥷥
ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡ʹ70--ۥ⡦ƥå롤ۥ⡦ϥǥ٥륲󥷥ۥ⡦ͥǥ륿󥷥ۥ⡦ԥ


Ż᤿결ѤƤ֥ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡פˤϡʬ결ˤȤäƤζǤο֥͡ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡פΤߤʤ餺ֵ̾͡פȤƤ֥ۥ⡦ͥǥ륿󥷥פޤޤ뤳ȤˤʤʤɡǿͤˤȤäƤϼ¤ˤ䤳DNA ȤʪŪڵפˤ⤫餺ҴŪ񤷤ȤΤϡ˼ŪǤ롥¤ˤ񤷤ϡʬ˺ݤƤۤܤΤޤƤϤޤΤǤ롥  *

СʡɡåɡˡϾ ͪˡˡؿοʲȻǤˤõ١ǡ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-02-28 Tue

#2864. ʬؤˤʳ [family_tree][anthropology][homo_sapiens][diachrony][terminology][linguistic_area][typology][methodology][world_languages][evolution]

θʬहݤ2ĤδǤַפȡֱƶפϡɤδطλŤǤ⤢롥ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεϤȤơ餳Ƥ (see #369. ˤƶ ([2010-05-01-1])#807. ޤʪޤ ([2011-07-13-1])#371. ƶɬ̤Ǥʤ ([2010-05-03-1])#1136. ۤʤδ֤줬 ([2012-06-06-1])#1236. ڤȡ ([2012-09-14-1])#1930. ȱƶθ줿ɥ衼åѸ²δطޡ ([2014-08-09-1]))
ȱƶϡ줾̻֤ȶ֤δطˤ̤Ȥ롥Ȥϻּ˱äˤνļؤƶȤϼŪܴطˤ벣ؤˤַפȡֱƶפȤΩϡʪʬؤǤȤΡַפȡʳפΩ롥
ʬʬ (cladistics) Ǥϡּ˱äʬˤפȤַפλ顤ɤδطŤʤ롥ȤƤδطߤ˶ᤱСħ⤽ƤΤϼħƤ¨طᤤȤСɬ⤽ʤʤȤƤϰۤʤ뤬Ķʤɤ˱ƻ褦ʷ֤ȯã뤳ȡʼ̿ʲˤ롥Τ褦ʷȤ̵طŪƱ (homoplasy) ȤŪʶᤵǤϤʤŪƱ˴ŤƽĤ򤯤ʬλϡʳ (grade) ˤʬȸƤФ롥
å (70) 򻲹ͤˤơĹʬहˡ夲褦ַפλˤСʲΤ褦ʬव롥

ҥ²ѥ󥸡²²󥦡²















ʳפλˤСʲΤ褦ˡ֥ҥȲʡפȡ֥󥦡ʡפ2Ĥʬव롥

                           
ҥȲʡ󥦡


                            
ҥ²ѥ󥸡²²󥦡²

ʳפζʬˡϡؤǤС෿ (typology) (linguistic_area) ˴ŤʬȻƤȤ롥ʪˤƤˤƤʳפȤѸȤδްդˤϽʬ˵ĤƤɬפꤽȤΤϡϸˤŪȯãΡʳפˤäƶʬȤͤ򴭵䤹Ĥޤꡤʳפξ岼ͥȤǰ߽Ф䤹ʳפζʬˡϡޤǶŪ뤤ŪƱ˴ŤʬǤ롤ȤαդƤ

СʡɡåɡˡϾ ͪˡˡؿοʲȻǤˤõ١ǡ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-02-20 Mon

#2856. νˤ봧ʬ (2) [article][typology][indo-european][linguistic_area][world_languages][grammaticalisation][information_structure][demonstrative][contact][geolinguistics][definiteness]

εǡĸϤۤ¿ʤȤ򸫤̣ΤϡŪʬۤФ򼨤ȤǤ롥衼åѡեꥫʿΤ˴ĸ줬¿εǤϡܤʸ򻲾ȤĤġŪкߤ˾Ƥ
Ѹˤ봧ȯãϡ#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡؼ줫θŪʸˡ (grammaticalisation) η̤Ƥ롥¾θǤƱͤŪȯãȤƤȤ뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥ҤΤ褦ŪʤޤȤޤ꤬뤳Ȥ顤 (139) ϡŪ˸Ϣȯã䤹Ȥ¦̤褦˻פפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤĹˤ錄ܿˤ (linguistic_area) ιͤطʤˤ롥
Ƕͭβǽϡȯͼ칽¤˻ޤܸ͡⤽βǽ1ĤǤ롥εǤ⿨줿褦ˡưƬĸˤФи뤬θνΤʤǤ1ۤɤߤ줺ʬۤϤФäƤΤǤ롥㤨С٥ȸɡإ֥졤ӥ졤ȥͥʤɤưƬĴĸ췲Ǥ롥
Ǥϡ2ĤθŪħ˲餫ϤΤ (139) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥

ֽŵŪ˸褦ˡ̤ˡʸƬȤΤϡФܤʤξᡤ󼨤ˤƺǤŪʰ֤ȹͤ롥ưƬξϡΰ֤̾ŪǤǤʤư줬ơ̾ꡦɽΤʸƬ֤Ѥ񤤤ˡ̾ŪǤ˴դꡦζ򼨤ɬŪ⤯ʤäƤȹͤ롥


ȴϢơưƬĸʤ餺Ȥ⡤礬ޤäƤǤϰŪ̾ŪǤ֤ѤꡦɸΤ񤷤ˡȤʤѤ䤹Ȥ𤬤뤫⤷ʤ
ˡ־ݤɡĹפΤ褦ʡܡɾ׷Ρ۷פȡ־ݤɡĹפΤ褦ʡּ졽׷Ρּ۷פȤ෿Ūʶ̤ͤʤСԤǤξܤˤɽ蘆ΤǡΤ褦ʡʳ̤ɸμʤפǤ뤬ԤǤϴΤ褦Ūʼʤ׵ᤵ䤹Ȥ⤢ꤽɾȡѸϳΤ (1) ۷Ǥꡤ(2) ĸǤ뤫顤ȤȤ褤Ȥˤʤ롥
ǽҤ٤ƤȤϡĸŪưŤǤ⤢ꡤĸȤͤ˴Ť쳰ŪưŤǤ⤢롥ʬۤϡ餯θ⳰װߤ߹äơ٤Ф򼨤Τ

ָˤȤäƴȤϲסءظ٥쥯1ظԽԡˡ罤۽Ź2012ǯ136--41ǡ2003ǯ10Ͽ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-23-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-02-19 Sun

#2855. νˤ봧ʬ (1) [article][typology][indo-european][linguistic_area][world_languages][word_order]

Ѹؽˤƴۤɽ񤷤ܤϤʤȸ롥ΤˡɤΤ褦ʾ˴줬ɬפ뤤פŪΤȽǤ뤳ȤϺǤ롥줿ܸ˴Ȥबʤˡ䤬ʤȤ⤢롥ȤϲʤΤȤϱѸؤ˹ͻƤȯãˤĤƤѸˤǤФƤޤϻĤäƤʡ#154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1])#156. űѸ se ʻϲ ([2009-09-30-1])#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) ʤɤε򻲾ȡˡ
(136--39) ˤСνϤȡȤϤۤɹ櫓Ǥʤޤϰ²Ƥߤ褦ȤȰĸˤϴϸ줺ΰˤ⡤ŵꥷ괧줬ȯãΤС¸ߤʤä5ʹߤˤʤȥ˥䥢ɸ˴줬졤˸˥ޥ󥹸ɡޥɡ٥ȸɡХ륫ϢǤⴧ줬ȯãʥХ륫ϢǤϸ괧줬ȯãȤˤĤƤϡ#1314. ([2012-12-01-1]) 򻲾ȡˡΰǤϡ٥󥬥졤å졤졤ϥʤɤ줬٤Ǥ롥
²γϤȡ桼饷ΦˤơϤΥإ֥졤ӥ졤䡤¾ϥ󥬥꡼졤ɥӥ졤Х졤Υˤߤ뤬ŪˤϸꤵƤ롥եꥫΦǤϡ괧ĸȤ⤿ʤ줬򤸤äƤ뤬ΤȤƤϴ줬褯ϰȤ롥˥ϰǤϡȥꥢѥץˤϴ줬ʤȥͥˤϡĸ췲ȤưƬ礬ŪϰˤƳǧ롥ѡեԥ󡤥ߥͥ硤˥塼ɥ˥硤ե硤ݥͥʤɤθۤˡϤưƬĥޥΥޥ饬ˤⴧ줬롥ꥫΦܤȡĸŪʤʿαߤΥå졤ƤΥ顦ݥݥ륫졤ޥ䥪ȥ߽ΰʤɤ˸롥
ʾΤ褦˸̾󤲤Ƥȡĸ줬¿褦˺Ф뤫⤷ʤ餢ΤʤǤϾʬʤˤʤѸפʥ衼åѽˤ뤫Ȥäơ褷ŪʸǤϤʤȤõƤ

ָˤȤäƴȤϲסءظ٥쥯1ظԽԡˡ罤۽Ź2012ǯ136--41ǡ2003ǯ10Ͽ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-23-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-12-12 Mon

#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online [web_service][syntax][evolution][typology][word_order]

The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ȤȤ롥¿θ͡ʴ鵭Ҥǡ١˴ŤŪʬۤϿ޾˥ץåȤƤ뵡ǽͭġǤ롥ʲؤʪȤ󶡤Ƥꡤʲؤ෿ˤ׸ǡ١ȤʤäƤ롥
ǤŪμ˭٤ǡ֡졤ä¿ˤ錄롥ɽ򥯥åƤȤǡñʬۿޤɽƤȤͥΤȤ߹碌ʬۿޤ򼨤ȤǤ֤شطõΤˤŬƤ롥㤨СVO/OV ֻ (adposition) ؤˤĤơFeature 83A 85A Ȥ߹碌ȡʬۿ롥ĤȲФΥޡΩĤĤܸ췿ΡOV礫ĸֻѡפ򼨤졤ФϱѸ췿ΡVO礫ֻѡפ򼨤Ǥ롥Ʊ褦 VO/OV NA/AN (Feature 83A 87A) Ȥ߹碌Ͽޤɽ뤳ȤǤˡʤ2Ĥϡ̾Ųؤ濴Ȥ븦ԤˤǤ줿ʸˡѲȸ٤Τʤμ㻳ʸǻȤ졤ƤΤǤ롥
ñΤǡ뤤Ȥ߹碌ǻʤͷ٤WALS Online ϡܥ֥Ǥϡ#1887. ˤͤݤ4Ĥλ ([2014-06-27-1]) Ǥ⿨ƤΤǡȤ

㻳 ָѲˤ޲ѿƯסʸˡѲȸ Ƿ ľ֡ ʹ𡦻¼ ͡ԡˡҡ294--308.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-14 Mon

#2758. Ferguson ˤֹȤμҲŪسԡ [sociolinguistics][methodology][typology][world_languages][world_languages][demography]

ε#2757. Ferguson ˤҲŪʡȯŸפٹ礤 ([2016-11-13-1]) ˰³Ferguson ʸ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤ʶƱΡˤ෿ˡˤĤƹͤ롥Ferguson (25) ϡؼԤŪ˹ȤȤñ̤򤢤ƹθʤȤ٤äƤҲؤΩ줫ϡȤȤƹͤ뤳Ȥɬפȼĥ롥

From many points of view . . . it is desirable to use the nation as the basis for general sociolinguistic descriptions: communication networks, educational systems, and language "planning" are generally on a national basis and national boundaries play at least as important a role in the delimitation of linguistic areas as any other single social barrier.


Ferguson ϡȤȤƸλѾ򵭽ҤȤԲķǤꡤ٤ƤιȤˤĤưӤǵҤ뤳ȤˤꡤӤǤ褦ˤʤ뤷෿Ǥ褦ˤʤȼĥ롥Τ褦ʹ̤εҤ"national sociolinguistic profile" (26) Ǥ롥ΰӤˤĤƤϡͽŪʤΤȤʤ顤ιܤ󤲤Ƥ (26)

. . . how many major languages are spoken; what is the pattern of language dominance; are there national uses of a LWC [= language of wider communication]; for each major language spoken in the country, what is the extent of written uses of the language (W0. --- W2.) and what is the extent of standardization (St0. --- St2.) and its nature (multimodal? range of variation from the norm?).


ޤǤˡ褽 Ferguson Ƥ̤ˡֹȤμҲŪسԡפεҤʤƤEthnologue Τ褦ʥǡ١褦ˤʤä

Ferguson, Charles A. "The Language Factor in National Development." Anthropological Linguistics 4 (1962): 23--27.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-13 Sun

#2757. Ferguson ˤҲŪʡȯŸפٹ礤 [standardisation][writing][sociolinguistics][methodology][typology][world_languages]

Ferguson ϡ "language 'development'" ¬ˡƤƤ롥'development' Ȱ䤬뤳Ȥ鼨褦ˡϿʲŪʸѤ˴ŤƤ櫓ǤϤʤҲŪȯŸٹ礤¬ȤߤǤ롥Ferguson (23) Ū˵󤲤ƤΤϡֽ񤭸դλѤٹ礤 ("the degree of use of written language") ȡɸಽ١ ("the nature and extent of standardization") 2Ǥ롥
1ܤλɸǤֽ񤭸դλѤٹ礤פˤĤƤϡ绨Ĥ W0, W1, W2, W3 4ʳǧȤ (23--24) ʳߤʬ̤ꡤ̤صŪʻɸȤäƤ褤

W0. --- not used for normal written purposes
W1. --- used for normal written purposes
W2. --- original research in physical sciences regularly published
W3. --- languages in which translations and resumés of scientific work in other languages are regularly published

2ܤλɸǤɸಽ١פϡäȹäƤ롥λɸˤ2Ĥ¦̤ꡤ1ΤΤ "the degree of difference between the standard form or forms of a language and all other varieties of it" (24) Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤѼ֤κٹ礤˴ؤ¦̤ǤʴϢơ#1523. Abstand language Ausbau language ([2013-06-28-1]) #1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ˡ
2¦̤ "the nature of the standardization and the degree to which a standard form is accepted as such throughout the community" (24) Ǥ롥Ferguson (24--25) 3ʳꤷ

St0. --- "a language in which there is no important amount of standardization" (ex. Kurdish) (24)
St1. --- a language which "requires considerable sub-classification to be of any use. Whatever scheme of classification is developed, it will have to take account in the first instance of whether the standardization is unimodal or bi- or multimodal, and in the case of more than one norm, the nature of the norms must be treated" (ex. bimodal Armenian, Greek, Serbo-Croatian, Norwegian; multimodal Hindi-Urdu) (25)
St2. --- "a language which has a single, widely-accepted norm which is felt to be appropriate with only minor modifications or variations for all purposes for which the language is used" (24)

¬ΤλɸȤƹӺǤϤ뤬ʬ䤹ǤͥƤ롥
Τ褦¬ͤ˴ŤơʶƱΡˤҲŪ෿褦Ȥߤϡۤˤ⤢롥#1519. ҲŪ෿ؤƻ ([2013-06-24-1]) #1547. μҲŪ°7 ([2013-07-22-1]) ׻ȡ

Ferguson, Charles A. "The Language Factor in National Development." Anthropological Linguistics 4 (1962): 23--27.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-10-1] [2016-11-14-1]

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2016-07-06 Wed

#2627. Ȥʬ [typology][prosody][stress][terminology]

ˤ륢ȡʶˤˤĤơ̸ŪΩ줫顤#926. Ūǽ ([2011-11-09-1]) #1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1]) dz⤷Ϣơƣ (109) Ȥ෿ͿƤΤǡ򻲾Ȥʲʬޤ

Typology of Accent

ޤκ鱦ؤȸƤȡΡ֥ȡפϡͭ¤ΤĤΥѥ󤫤֤ɤפ֤Ȥ֥ȡ׷ȡ֤ɤפۤ뤫˴ؤ붹Τ֥ȡ׷2ʬ롥֥ȡ׷ϡѥŬѤñ̤ñ̤ññ̤ˤäʬ졤˺ʬ뤳ȤǤ뤬ΤȤƤϹ̣ǡ֥ԥåȡפ°롥
ޤβΡ֥ȡ׷ϡȤ֥ԥåȡסʶˤȶȤ֥ȥ쥹ȡפʬ롥줾礭ʬȤƤϡ֥ԥåȡפȡ֥ȡפ°롥
Ѹʬ˼㴳䤳Ȥ뤬򥢥Ȥ෿θޤȤƲƤ

ƣ ˡܸ첻ٲǡƲ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-11-1] [2018-11-09-1]

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