hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 ڡ / page 2 (5)

typology - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-03-01 Tue

#4691. 2˥ɸѸϰճȾɤǤ [prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][negative][double_negative][world_englishes][world_languages][typology]

2 (double_negative) ˤĤƤϡߤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥνȤʤäֱѸءפäƤʤˡ--ऺֱѸפֳءפ֤櫓ǤϤޤ󡪡Ǥ⾯˼夲
ŪˤСI don't have any money.I have no money. ΰ̣ǡI don't have no money. ȸäƤϤʤȤ§ͳϡƱ꼭2ġʰʾˤˤ⤫餺Τΰ̣ȤƤ1ȤΤŪ̷⤷Ƥ뤫ȤȤˤʤ롥
ܥ֥ double_negative ˴ؤ뵭ˤƤ⡤ޤƱ˻䤬 Voicy ΡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸äְʼ YouTube 򳫻ϡäǤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡ2ŪˤϢʤ³Ƥ칽¤Ǥ롥
ѸǤ⡤ɸѸ⳰˽ФС2¿ϤǤ㤬󤬤äƤ롥㤨 Siemund (619) ѤƤ2Ĥۤɵ󤲤褦

Yes, and no people didn't trouble about gas stoves then. (Southeast of England)
We didn't have no use for it noways. (Appalachian English)

ޤŪˤѸѸǤϤ̤츽ݤäѸ줫ȤơSiemund (620) Ƥ1ĵ󤲤롥

I thinke ye weare never yet in no grownd of mine, and I never say no man naye.

θϤƤ⡤2Ϥʤ̤ΤȤΤ褦Siemund (620) 206θĴԸ򻲾ȤΤ170θǤλ㤬ǧ줿Ȥ𤷤Ƥ롥ɸѸΤ褦2꤬Τϡ鷺11ΤߤäȤ෿ŪˤϡɸѸ쥿פʤΤ
ǤϡʤɸѸϤۤɤޤǤ˴ʤ2򤹤ΤºݡϽפʱѸ˾Ǥꡤ͡˵Ƥаޤ롥2꤬褦ˤʤäŪطʤȤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1])#4275. 2ŪǺᤷǽεʸˡ Greenwood ([2021-01-09-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Siemund, Peter. "Regional Varieties of English: Non-Standard Grammatical Features." Chapter 28 of The Oxford Handbook of English Grammar. Ed. Bas Aarts, Jill Bowie and Gergana Popova. Oxford: OUP, 2020. 604--29.

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2021-08-31 Tue

#4509. "angloversals" --- ѸˤߤŪʡ׸ [world_englishes][typology][variety][terminology]

ε#4507. World Englishes ෿ؤ2ĤΥץ ([2021-08-29-1]) "angloversals" ȤѸ˿줿Ѹ world_englishes νѼϤȡŪŪطϴǤˤؤ餺ۤʤѼ֤ǻ褦ʸħǧ뤳Ȥ롥⹭̣ǤϡֱѸפǤΤ顤̹बĤ뤳ȼΤϤۤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤɸѸǤǧʤħŪʴطʽѼ֤˹ǧȤȤǤСˤϲȴʤͳΤǤϤʤȵΤǤ롥äħ򡤲 "Angloversals" ȸƤǤȤȤ餷"universals" ⤸äƤƾߥ꡼ǥ󥰤̾Τ̩ʰ̣ǤΡספȤ¿Ѽ˸ַפȤ򤷤Ƥ٤Ǥ뤳ȤϡǰΤ˻ŦƤ
ơѸäΤ Mair Ǥ롥褦ѸȤơChambers κä "vernacular universals" ȤΤ⤢롥դѸаޤˤĤơSiemund and Davydova (135) 򻲾Ȥ褦

Another line of research departs from the observation that World Englishes (or varieties of English) frequently exhibit identical, or at least similar, non-standard morpho-syntactic phenomena, with common ancestors of these phenomena being difficult to reconstruct in the historical dialects of the British Isles. Such observation have led to the coinage of the label 'angloversals' (Mair 2003). Another notion used with a similar extension is 'vernacular universals' (Chambers 2001, 2003, 2004).
   Chambers defines vernacular universals as 'a small number of phonological and grammatical processes [that] recur in vernaculars wherever they are spoken' and views them as inherent features of unmonitored speech coming about as a result of the workings of the human language faculty (Chambers 2004: 128--29).


Ǥϡ"angloversals" ȤơŪˤϤɤΤ褦ʸħȤƵ󤲤ƤΤSiemund and Davydova (135--36) ꡤĤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

Ե§ưοʿ
̵ɸñ
ư԰
¿
Ϣ (copula) ξά
ñ̾ʣɸηǡ
yes/no ʸˤ֤ηǡ
̤Ȥ I ǤϤʤ me Ѥ뷹
줬ƻƱȤʤ븽
ɽ魯Τ never ư֤븽
괧β

ϡ̤L2Ѹˤ褯ħƱǤȸäƤ⡤ۤɳƤʤ̸ŪѸνѼˤƸƤΡ줬 "angloversals" ʤΤ

Siemund, Peter and Julia Davydova. "World Englishes and the Study of Typology and Universals." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 123--46.
Mair, Christian. "Kreolismen and verbales Identitätsmanagement im geschriebenen jamaikanischen Englisch." Zwischen Ausgrenzung und Hybridisierung. Ed. E. Vogel, A. Napp and W. Lutterer. Würzburg: Ergon, 2003.
Chambers, J. K. "Vernacular Universals." ICLaVE 1: Proceedings of the First International Confrerence on Language Variation in Europe. Ed. J. M. Fontana, L. McNally, M. T. Turell, and E. Vallduvi. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2001.
Chambers, J. K. Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and its Social Implications. Oxford, UK/Malden, US: Blackwell.
Chambers, J. K. "Dynamic Typology and Vernacular Universals." Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Ed. B. Kortmann. Berlin/New York: Gruyter, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-28-1] [2022-05-12-1]

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2021-08-29 Sun

#4507. World Englishes ෿ؤ2ĤΥץ [world_englishes][variety][typology][linguistic_ideology][ecolinguistics][methodology]

ε#4506. World Englishes Ū3 ([2021-08-28-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ (world_englishes) θϥѥʤɤѤƵ®ȯŸƤƤ롥Fong (88) ˤ복򻲾ȤȡĬήȤƤϡѸ¿෿ (typology) ˤ礭2Ĥ褦
(1) 1Ĥ͡ʱѸ˶̤ "angloversals" õǤ롥ENL ESL αѸѼ٤Ƥ⡤ӤƼѤƤ뤫Τ褦˸Ѥħǧ롥 "angloversals" ȾΤѸѼζõߤʤƤַѾפȤ̻Ū¦̤Ϥ뤬η̤ȤƤŻ뤹붦ŪʻȤäƤ褤
(2) ⤦1Ĥϡɤ餫ȤȱѸνѼ֤Ƕ̤¦̤㤹¦̤뤳ȤǧᡤʤΤ褦ʶΤ˼ҲŪʥƥȤ˴ŤŤ褦ȤǤ롥羧Ԥ Mufwene (2001) θ򻲾ȤСѸŪȯŸܿħҲкŪʴĶַָϡפҴʤΤǤȤȤˤʤ롥
Fong ϡѸ츦ؤФȤơΤ褦2Ĥη褬뤳Ȥ򥵥äȾҲ𤷤Ƥ뤬쥤ǥŪˤϡ2Ĥ˰ۤʤ٥륯ȥäƤΤȻפ롥Ԥ⼫餬ɤλΩĤ򼫳ФƤɬפ褦˻פ롥

Fong, Vivienne. "World Englishes and Syntactic and Semantic Theory." Chapter 5 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 84--102.
Mufwene, S. S. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-10-19-1] [2021-08-31-1]

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2021-06-05 Sat

#4422. code-switching ꤦ˴ؤ 2 x 2 ʬ [code-switching][contact][typology][sociolinguistics][bilingualism]

code-switching θʹƤޤפ⤫֤Τϡ㤨ܸȱѸή礦˻ȤʤüԤɤäΤʤǤɤΤ褦˻ѸڤؤƤ뤫ѻͻ롤Ȥतθ code-switching Ȥݤ򹭤Ȥ館ȡ (borrowing) ȤζܤϤܤ䤱Ƥ뤷ܿˤ봳ĤˤܶᤷƤ롥ʲεǤⰷäƤ褦ˡcode-switching ϸܿ (contact) ̤˵ڤ礭ʥơޤǤ롥

#1661. Ѥ code-switching ζ֡ ([2013-11-13-1])
#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])
#2009. ؤˤܿġ2ѡѡ ([2014-10-27-1])

Ƭ˽Ҥ٤褦ή礦2üԤɤβä˸¤餺1üԤɤβäΤʤǤ code-switching 뤳ȤϤ롥㤨дŪܸΤߤä2ͤñ򻶤ФƲäƤСˤϤ code-switching ƤȤ⤤Τ
Winford (102) ϡLüdi 򻲾Ȥơ(1) ͿüԤƱѡȥ꡼äƤ뤫ݤ(2) 2Ѿ1ѾȤ2Ĥμˤäơcode-switching ꤦ4ʬष

 BilingualUnilingual
ExolingualInteraction among speakers with different languagesInteraction between native and non-native speakers of the same language
EndolingualInteraction among bilingualsInteraction among monolinguals


"code-stitching" ΰŪʥ᡼ϡޥȥåκ "Endolingual Bilingual" ෿˴Ťƹͤȡ4ξ1ĤˤʤȤˤʤ롥̾ code-switching ʤɴؤʤȻפ줬 "Exolingual Unilingual" "Endolingual Unilingual" ⡤code-switching μ뤳Ȥ狼롥
෿ϡΤ褦ƶ٤ͿƤˤ롥#2348. Ѹˤˤ code-switching ([2015-10-01-1]) Ǥߤ褦˱ѸˤˤƤ code-switching ϽפʥơޤȤʤ뤬෿˾Ȥ餷ƺƹͤƤߤСʻȲ꤬⤭夬äƤΤǤϤʤ

Winford, Donald. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.
Lüdi, G. "Les marques transcodiques: regards nouveaux sur le bilinguisme." Devenir bilingue --- parler bilingue. Actes du 2e colloque sur le bilinguisme, Université de Neuchâtel, 20--22 Septembre, 1984. Ed. G. Lüdi. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1987. 1--21.

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2021-05-24 Mon

#4410. ܿη̤˴ؤ礭ʸ [contact][typology][borrowing][language_shift][pidgin][creole]

ܿ (contact) θǡǯäȤƶϤäȤ Thomason and Kaufman Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics (1988) źθܿλƤ͡ʴ෿褦Ȥ˲ͤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤ʲΤ褦ʵǾҲ𤷤Ƥʤۤεɤˡ

#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])
#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])
#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1])

Winford (23--24) Thomason and Kaufman ʬŪ˰͵򤷤Ĥ "Major outcomes of language contact" ꤹ෿ɽäƤ롥ָܿη̤˴ؤ礭ʸޡפȤäƤ褤ܿݤ˾˼긵֤ƤȤĤǡʲ˼  *

Winford's

Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Winford, Donald. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-18-1] [2021-06-02-1]

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2021-02-19 Fri

#4316. ܸ췿 SOV ϷŪɸѸ췿 SVO Ϥ⤿ʤ [typology][case][syntax][word_order][morphology][japanese]

ɸϡ෿ŪʷȤƻŦƤ롥ܸʤɤ SO ĸϡ餫ηŪʳɸIJǽ⤤Ȥºݡܸˤϡ֤ס֤ס֤Ρפʤɤγʽ줬ꡤ̾˸ܤ뤳ȤdzʤɸȤߤѸŵȤ SV ĸϡΤ褦ʷŪɸʸˤϡˤ⤿ʤȤѸˤ;̾ˤϤʤγѲϤ뤷̾ˤ 's Ȥͭʤɸʤ뤬ŪˤзŪʳɸλȤߤϼȤäƤ褤ѸŤϸ礬 SV ɬꤵƤ餺SO ʤɤθ⤢Τ嵭෿ͽ¬̤ꡤϷŪʳɸλȤߤ⸲˵ǽƤ
嵭෿λŦϡBlake ɤǤܤˤȤޤäΤȤȤ Greenberg ˴ŤΤΤ褦Blake (15) طսѤ롥

It has frequently been observed that there is a correlation between the presence of case marking on noun phrases for the subject-object distinction and flexible word order and this would appear to hold true. From the work of Greenberg it would also appear that there is a tendency for languages that mark the subject-object distinction on noun phrases to have a basic order of subject-object-verb (SOV), and conversely a tendency for languages lacking such a distinction to have the order subject-verb-object (SVO) . . . . The following figures are based on a sample of 100 languages. They show the relationship between case and marking for the 85 languages in the sample that exhibit one of the more commonly attested basic word orders. The notation [+ case] in this context means having some kind of marking, including appositions, on noun phrases to mark the subject-object distinction . . . .


VSO[+ case]3SVO[+ case]9SOV[+ case]34
[- case]6[- case]26[- case]7



The SVO 'caseless' languages are concentrated in western Europe (e.g. English), southern Africa (e.g. Swahili) and east and southeast Asia (e.g. Chinese and Vietnamese).


෿ŪŪʰյϲʤΤ

Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

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2021-02-17 Wed

#4314. ǽʸϸ2 [ergative][case][world_languages][statistics][typology][caucasian][language_family][terminology]

νˤĤơפʳ (case) ΤȤʬहȤѸΤ褦 nominative-accusative פθȡХ䥰른Τ褦 absolutive-ergative פθ礭ʬ롥Ԥгʸ (accusative language)Ԥǽʸ (ergative language) ȸƤФ롥
ѸΤ褦гʸγηϤϡ䤿뤷ƤΤǤꡤۤȤפʤHe opened the door. The door opened. 2ʸˤơơʸƬΩäƤ̾ He The door ̤ (nominative case) ֤ƤΤФ1ʸ the door Ṳ̄г (accusative case) ֤ƤȤ롥
ǽʸˤƤϡ1ʸ2ʸξ the door г (absolutive case) ֤졤2ʸ He ǽ (ergative case) ֤롥ʸǤ⡤˳ïŪ˳Ƥפгʤ֤졤2ʸΤߤƤ롤ξ֤ǽưŪ˰פǽʤ֤Τ
෿ʤɤǤФиڤǽʸȤΤϡνΤʤǤϵʥפθȻפǤۤɵǤʤ褦гʸ٤аŪʾɤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ2ۤɤϤΥפΤäƶäBlake (121) ˤȡʬۤ˹äƤ롥

Ergative systems are often considered rare and remote, but in fact they make up at least twenty per cent of the world's languages. Ergative systems are to be found in all families of the Caucasian phylum, among the Tibeto-Burman languages, in Austronesian, in most Australian languages, in some languages of the Papuan families, in Zoque and the Mayan languages of Central America and in a number of language families in South America: Jé, Arawak, Tupí-Guaraní, Panoan, Tacanan, Chibchan and Carib. Outside these phyla and families where ergative systems of marking are common, ergativity is also to be found in some other languages including Basque, Hurrian and a number of other extinct languages of the Near East, Burushaski (Kashmir, Tibet), Eskimo, Chukch, and Tsimshian and Chinook (these last two being Penutian languages of British Columbia).


ʤߤˡѸǽʸǤϤʤǵ󤲤 open(ed) Τ褦˼ưˤ¾ưˤѤưؤǽư (ergative verb) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥

Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-13-1] [2021-02-18-1]

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2020-05-02 Sat

#4023. ѸˤΡ礫ʬϤءפв [synthesis_to_analysis][inflection][word_order][syntax][morphology][typology]

ε#4022. ѸˤˤʸˡѲĬήǤС礫ʬϤءס ([2020-04-27-1]) ˤĤư­Ƥ
١෿ȤŪߤȳΤˡ (synthesis) ȡʬϡ (analysis) ֤뤬ºŪˤ100%Ūʸ100%ʬŪʸȤΤ¸ߤʤɤθ⡤ʬϤξˤȤľΤɤ˥ץåȤ롥űѸϿľ¦ζ˥ץåȤ櫓ǤϤʤޤǤ˶ᤤȤ˥ץåȤˤʤűѸ⡤λ夫ߤнʬ˿ʿʤǤ뤫ƱͤˡѸʬ¦ζǤϤʤ˶ᤤȤ˥ץåȤȤȤǤ롥Ѹˤư̾ζޤʤɤϤĤäƤ뤫
äơűѸ줫鸽ѸؤʸˡѲĬήħŤ礫ʬϤءפϡľ0100ؤǤϤʤȤȤդʤФʤʤŪˤСľ30餤80餤ؤ٤ȤȤǤ롥󡤤Ǥ⽽ʬ˷ŪʥեȤȤϻפ
#191. űѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹϸߤˤɤ줯餤ۤʤ뤫 ([2009-11-04-1]) #1816. drift ˬ ([2014-04-17-1]) ǵ󤲤ľ餷ޤϡ0100ؤɽƤ뤫Τ褦ɤ߼뤬ĥǤ롥οޤϤ⥲ޥɤ˸ꤷ֤Ūʰ֤򼨤ΤǤꡤ깭෿Ūʻ줿ޤǤϤʤνθʤСűѸ줫鸽ѸؤΥեȤϤ֤󶹤ƤȤ館Ƥɬפ
Smith (41) 礫ʬϤءפвˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Traditionally, the history of English grammar has been described in terms of the shift from synthesis to analysis, i.e. from a language which expresses the relationship between words by means of inflexional endings joined to lexical stems to one which maps such relationships by means of function-words such as prepositions. This broad characterization, of course, needs considerable nuancing, and can better be expressed as a comparatively short shift along a cline. Old English, in comparison with Present-day English, is comparatively synthetic, but nowhere near as synthetic as (say) non-Indo-European languages such as Present-day Finnish or Zulu, older Indo-European languages such as classical Latin --- or even earlier manifestations of Germanic such as 4th-century Gothic, which, unlike OE, regularly distinguished nominative and accusative plural forms of the noun; cf. OE hlāfas 'loaves' (both NOM and ACC), Go. hláibōs (NOM), hláibans (ACC). Present-day English is comparatively analytic, but not as analytic as (say) Present-day Mandarin Chinese; a 21st-century English-speaker still marks person, number and case, and sustains grammatical cohesion, with concord between verbal and pronominal inflexions, for instance, e.g. I love bananas beside she hates bananas.


礫ʬϤءפϥåե졼ȤƤϤȤƤɤ嵭դĤŪ򤷤Ƥɬפ롥

Smith, Jeremy J. "Periods: Middle English." Chapter 3 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 32--48.

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2020-05-01 Fri

#4022. ѸˤˤʸˡѲĬήǤС礫ʬϤء [synthesis_to_analysis][inflection][morphology][unidirectionality][drift][terminology][typology]

Ѹˤ1500ǯʾˤ錄ޤδ֤ʸˡѲĬήɽʤС礫ʬϤءפ˿Ԥޤ⤷ƥȤDZѸˤʸˡѲ⤷ʤȤ䤤Ф줿ʤСΥե졼񤤤Ƥ10060ϼޤʢΥƥȤǤϤñäǤϤʤǤ줯餤פȤȤȤƲᤷƤˡ⤦ǫʤСֱѸŪʸ줫ʬŪʸؤȥեȤƤפȤʤޤ
ѸϡűѸ줫ѸФƶʸѸ˻ˤΤʤǡ෿žƤޤűѸŪ (synthetic) Ȥ졤ḽѸʬŪ (analytic) ȤޤѲϡ礫ʬϤء (synthesis to analysis) ؤΰȤȤˤʤޤ
ǤˤơפʬϡפȤϤ⤽ⲿΤȤǤ礦ޤɤѸǤϤʤȾפäƤΤǤĹ餯ΩƤޤäƤΤǻʤȤäƤޤäޤ礦
ˤפȤϡ˴ؤŪʻɸΤȤǤŪʸǤϡŵŪ˸Ūʰ̣ɽ魯ʡʸ촴ˤʸˡŪʵǽôʡʶ޸ʤɡˤȤ߹碌ʤäƤꡤԤˤʣʸˡǽƤ뤳Ȥ¿ǤʾʬǤʤ1Ĥξʶ޸ˡʣʸˡǽŪפ˵ͤƤȤ櫓Ǥʱñ synthesis ϡۤʤΤ1ĤȢ˵ͤ礹륤᡼Ǥˡ
פФơʬϡפޤʬŪʸǤϡѡĤγơŵŪ1ĤεǽбƤꡤ֤ȵǽɳդаñǤʱñ analysis ϡĤäܰܲ򤭤ۤ᡼Ǥˡ
㤨СűѸǡֲȡΡפ̣ hūsa (hūs + -a) ͤƤߤޤ礦촴 hūs Ụֲ̄ȡפô޸ -a ʣͭʤʸˡǽôäƤޤ-a ϷŪˤϤʾʬǤʤǾñ̤Ǥ˿ȳʤ˴ؤ2Ĥξ󤬵ͤޤƤ櫓Ǥ顤θŪ򼨤ƤȤޤѸǡֲȡΡפбɽ of houses Ȥʤꡤhouse- Ụֲ̄ȡפôäƤϸűѸӤǤޤʣ -s ˤäơ°ʡʽͭʡˤ of ˤäɽ蘆Ƥޤȳʤγơεǽ̡ΥѡĤɽ蘆Ƥ櫓Ǥ顤θʬŪȤޤ
ѸˤŪϤ˴ѻޤư3ñ -s ʤɤϡθƤ̤̾ꡤ1ʤ뾮ʤΤʤ3;ΡñߡʡľˡˤȤʣʸˡ󤬵ͤޤƤꡤŪǤޤ;̾Ǥ I, my, me ʤɤΤ褦˸Ѳ뤳ȤǰۤʤʤɸƤΤ⡤Ū򼨤ΤȤޤ̾졤̾졤ƻ졤ưʤɤμ׸θˤĤƸűѸȸѸӤƤߤʤСѸ줬޸οȤ̤ơˤ򸺤ʬƤȤϵ褦Τʤ¤Ǥ
Τ褦˱Ѹˤˤϰ̤ˡ礫ʬϡפؤή줬졤ήοʤ߶ˤäƻ礭3ʬˡŪ˺ΤƤޤűѸ϶޸ζ̤褯ݻƤִʶޤλ (period of full inflection)Ѹ϶޸ϻĤäƤΤ1Ĥθ˼̤Ƹߤ˶̤ʤʤäƤֿʿޤλ (period of levelled inflection)ƶѸ϶޸;üּ줿ޤλ (period of lost inflection) ȤޤơŪʻ塤礫ʬϤؤβϴŪ򼨤塤ʬŪʻȸƤǤ褤Ǥ礦Ѹˤˤߤ뤳Ĭήϡ¤ϥޥˤ䡤ҤƤϰˤȤˤƤǧĬήǤ⤢ޤ
ˤ˹ߤ롤޸οˤäư줿ŪμޤϡĬήפȤˤȤɤޤ餺ФСή (drift) ȤߤʤƤޤdrift Ȥϡꥫθؼ Edward Sapir (150) "Language moves down time in a current of its own making. It has a drift." ȽҤ٤ΤǽȤޤƥޥɤν졤Ȥ櫓ѸϡήˤήƤ1ĤɾƤޤ
⤽ʤѸɮƬȤưˤΤ褦ήΤǤ礦Ĺ餯ƤƤǤޤ̤ǤѲˤήϥήǤϤʤή򼨤ޤ⡤û֤ήǤϤʤĹϤäƻ³ήǤԻ׵ĤʤΤϡѲμΤǤϤüԤγơѤݤ˲θѲήʤɰռƤʤˤ⤫餺θѲή䤷ʤᡤƱή򼡤ؤȰѤǤ椯ȤǤѲήȤϡüԤΰռĶȤǺѤƤ롤ߤϤʤΤǤ礦Ȥ⡤ưϤ̤ΤȤˤΤǤ礦Ǥ
ήθϤƤѸʸˡ礫ʬϤءѲƤȤϳΤǤʸˡˤθϡñ㲽ƤС礫ʬϤءפȤӤعˡ͡ʳ٤ŤܤդꤷƤΤȤäƤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ǹˡ˴ϢΥ֥ΤפʤΤʲ˵󤲤Ƥޤɤߤ

#2669. ѸܸʸˡˤĬή ([2016-08-17-1])
#522. ˤ෿ ([2010-10-01-1])
#685. ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1) ([2011-03-13-1])
#1816. drift ˬ ([2014-04-17-1])
#656. "English is the most drifty Indo-European language." ([2011-02-12-1])
#2626. űѸ줫ѸˤƤζ޸ο ([2016-07-05-1])

Sapir, Edward. Language. New York: Hartcourt, 1921.

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2020-01-21 Tue

#3921. ڥ󥰥ߥ5ʬ [spelling][orthography][typology][levenshtein_distance]

#3889. ͥƥ֤褯ְ㤨륹ڥ󥰡 ([2019-12-20-1]) ǥͥƥ֤Ȥʥڥ󥰥ߥ󤲤1993ǯ NFER (The National Foundation for Educational Research) ˤĴǤϡ11--15ФΥͥƥ֤λҶȤ䤹ڥ󥰥ߥ餫ˤ줿NFER ϥڥ󥰥ߥʲ5ʬषƤʰʲΰѤȿͤ Cook (124) ˡ

insertion of extra letters, such as the <l> added to 'until'
omission of letters, such as the <r> missing from 'occurring'
substitution of different letters, such as <a> instead of <i> in 'definate'
transposition of two letters, such as <ei> for <ie> in 'freind'
grapheme substitution involving more than two letters but only a single cause, for example when an equivalent according to sound correspondence rules is substituted for the usual form, as in 'thort' for 'thought'


5ΥߥߤƤߤȡinsertion (17%), omission (36%), substitution (19%), transposition (5%), grapheme substitution (19%), ¾ (3%) ȤȤǤ롥οͤ򸫤Ƥ褽ʤȤȤݤägrapheme substitution ͽۤ¿äΤǡäȤȯäͤοͤϤޤۤʤäƤ뤫⤷ʤ˥ͥƥǤϤʤL2ؽԤʤСϤ̤οͤФΤǤϤʤȵ롥
L1, L2ؽԤˤ餺Υڥ󥰥ߥ5ʬñǡŪѤǤ褦˻פ롥ڥ󥰤ΥߥΤߤʤ餺ѲѰۤ෿ˤΩʬ
ʤڥ󥰤κۤ¬ꤹˡȤƤϡۤ "Levenshtein distance" (levenshtein_distance) ȤΤ⤢롥ˤĤƤϡ#3406. Levenshtein distance ([2018-08-24-1])#3399. ֻٷ׻ ([2018-08-17-1])#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])#3398. Ѹ such Υֻ ([2018-08-16-1]) 򻲾ȡ
 
Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2019-10-23 Wed

#3831. ʤѸˤϴ줬ΤǤ [article][sobokunagimon][typology][linguistic_area][geolinguistics][information_structure][word_order][syntax][definiteness]

ѸˤμȤˤƿҤͤ줿䡥ޤľ塥Τ񤷤
ޤѸŪˤ뤳ȤϡűѸѸǤϡŪʻȤǤΡִ (article) ̤ȯãäȤȤǤthe a(n) ȤǺऽΤΤϸűѸ줫餢äΤǤ줾츽괧괧ȤƤѤƤޤǤĤޤꡤűѸˤ the a(n) ȤñΤͤϳΤˤɤ⡤Ϥޤ̾ź٤ɬܤιܤȤơϳƤʤäȤȤǤ
ȤȤϡ䤿Ȥʬ˶ϫƤ븽ѸΡִפȤܤϡѸˤߤΤʤǡ˳ƤΤȤȤˤʤޤϱѸˤκǽ餫餢ä櫓ǤϤʤޤλ¤򲡤Ƥɬפޤ
ʤΤˤΤʤdzƤȤΤϡʤˤѸ˸¤ޤ󡥤⤽Ѹޤ᤿衼åѤ饤ɤ˵ڤ¿θΥ롼ĤǤĸˤϴϤޤǤ²°ŵꥷ졤˥졤ɸȤ̤θϤᡤޥ󥹸ɡޥɡȸɤνХ륫ϢǤⴧ줬ߤ뤳Ȥ顤ˤβǴȯãƤȤ狼ޤʡ#2855. νˤ봧ʬ (1) ([2017-02-19-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ޤ²ΥνܤƤߤƤ⡤ȤܤϤ˳ǧޤΤȤƤϾɤǤϤޤˡŪˤϥ衼åѡեꥫʿΤʤɤˤкߤƤ褦ǡ෿ؤΩ줫϶̣ȤʤäƤޤ
ơѸäᤷޤ礦űѸˤⴧμȤʤΤϤäˤ衤ʤθ夽줬δŪʵǽȯã뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ礦1ĤˤϡѸ줬Ѹʹߤ˸경ƤȤ¤طƤ褦˻פޤ#2856. νˤ봧ʬ (2) ([2017-02-20-1]) ǤҤ٤褦ˡָ礬ޤäƤǤϰŪ̾ŪǤ֤ѤꡦɸΤ񤷤ˡȤʤѤ䤹Ȥ𤬤פΤǤϤʤȹͤޤ
ꡦȤϡɽλؤƤΤʸ̮äʹˤȤäƴΤ̤Τꤵ뤫ʤȤä̤ΤȤǤäŵŪʥѥϡǤ򥢥󥫡ȤǤäʤ鿷ƳƤȤΤǤΤ褦ʾή¤ (information_structure) ȸƤФޤϾ¤ɸ뤿μʤäƤȹͤޤ䴧⤽Τ褦ʼʤθȤʤޤ礬ͳǤСǤƬˤäƤꡤǤ֤ʤɤˡѤǤǤ礦cf. #3211. ù¤ ([2018-02-10-1])ˡμͳ٤㤯ʤ̤μʤʤɬפƤޤѸѸˤƸμͳ٤򼺤äƤä̡¤ɸ뤿οƻȤơǺȤƼˤä the a(n) ʤɤѤΤǤϤʤȹͤޤ
1Ĥβˤޤɸμ˥ХƤ櫓ǤϤʤʤɤȤǤ
ȯ˴ؤΰϡ#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) 򻲾ȤƤϢơѸˤˤθ경ˤĤơ#3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡס ([2017-11-22-1])#3160. Ϣ12֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡס ([2017-12-21-1])#3733.رѸ춵٤Ϣ5֤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤס ([2019-07-17-1])

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2019-09-29 Sun

#3807. եꥫˤ¿ (1) [africa][world_languages][typology]

ˤȡθȾեꥫѤƤȤ#401. ¿κǤ⤤ϰ ([2010-06-02-1]) Ǽ褦ˡեꥫˤϸ¿ι⤤񡹤¿¿졦¾̱²ϰǤ뤳Ȥ˲äơʹߡθƤȤ⤢ꡤեꥫθϤʣǤʴϢơ#2472. եꥫαѸ ([2016-02-02-1])#3290. եꥫθѸ ([2018-04-30-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡˡ
ˤ̤ƥեꥫ¿򼨤ƤȤ˴ؤơǯ줿ؿ񥢥եꥫˡ٤1ϤˡΤ褦ߤĤ뤳ȤǤ (34--35)

եꥫǻѤƤʬǺǤݥԥ顼ʤΤϡꥫθؼԥ꡼СʬǤ롥ϥեꥫθ򡤥󥴡ɥե󡤥ʥ롦ϥ顤եȤͤĤθ²ʬषΤäȤ⹭ϰϤʬۤƤΤϥ󥴡ɥե²ʤХġϽϤ˴ޤޤˤǤ롥ηθˤϡҥ졤졤롼졤иʤɡϥΥեꥫμΩäϤƤޤޤƤ롥
ʬव줿ޤä̷θ줬եꥫǤϥ⥶ϰҲƤ롥ξؤơָŪ١פȷƤؼԤ⤤ۤ٤Ȥȡ󡻡Ķ⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤Ʊ콸ߤ˥ߥ˥ǽ롼פܤƤꡤޤäΩ줬ΥƤꤹ뤫ưȾʹߤο̱ϻۤοŸȡͻӤǿƩƤäꥹȶƻưϡ衼å󶯤Ϥˤ붭䡤̱ʬμʤȤơȤ¸ߤƤپ򤵤˿Ƥä
եꥫҲλ𤫤ߤȡκپĤϤϤäꤷƤ롥ϥեꥫͤԤäƤǤΰܽΤǤ롥ϡ²濴ˤơϤưܽ򷫤֤ƤȤˤ̱ȤʤȤˤ¾Ĥ򽱷⤷ʤ顤եꥫϤư³ΤǤ롥η̡ޤޤʾ콸ĤĤʬΩߤ˰ۤʤ콸ĤήǺƤӸѲĤġΤȤƤϰͥåȥĤꤢƤä


ǤϡեꥫθŪ¿ŪʼװϡǤΰܽפˤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ǤΰܽפĤΡָήפ¥٤Ϥ줬ΡѲפ͡ʸҲΡʬΩפȤ¥ʤȤʬʤǤϤʤָήפषβ첽ˤĤʤȤĥ⤢뤳Ȥ顤äȾܤ⤬ߤȤǤ롥
Ҳˤ͡ΰưư (mobility) 졦κۤʿ˹׸ȤˤĤƤϡ#591. ꥫѸ줬ͤǤͳ ([2010-12-09-1])#2784. ʤꥫǤϱѸ줬ͣμ礿ȤʤäΤ ([2016-12-10-1])#3054. ¤ˤҲήưȽοʿ ([2017-09-06-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

ԡˡؿ񥢥եꥫˡǡ١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ2018ǯ

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2019-08-20 Tue

#3767. ܤ̡ [history][linguistic_imperialism][ainu][typology][history_of_linguistics]

#3603. ²ۡ ([2019-03-09-1]) εǡꥹʤˤˤȤäơ²ۤ䤽Ÿ͡ʪϡʬγۤƤ뤳Ȥ򹭤ԡ뤹ʤäȤߤϯˡضİܸζ٤ɤǤơ褯˽Ф路ܤ˹ԤʤƤ륢̡ʸˤޤ᤿͡ʰۼ̱²Ÿ뤳ȤˤäơȤƤϤ򥢥ԡ뤷ƤΤǤϤʤȤĤϡİ⤽Τ褦ʴ饢̡ʸˤȤ館ƤȤߤƤ롥İκǽܤǤؿء١1912ǯˤΡּפˡΤ褦ˤʰġp. 71--72 ¹ˡ

̴ʸƸγؽȤֶԤϡס͸㡹˳ͤˤưפʤºʤĤƤ롥ϡäγؼԤ˵ȡν̵θɴ¿˾뤬Ѥ¶˻ġʰϻͤġˤ礭ŵ롥޸졦졦Ω줳Ǥ롥Ѹ졦ʩ¶γ򿧿ͼθϡޤƶ޸°ϸΩˡܸ°롥
Ƹȡ͡ʷ֤Τΰ̳ǰϡξ줿ܡ̿ͤ͡ϡͤˤʤˤϼĻͤ˽Ƥ롥
⡤ͤĤŵ˴ѤˤϡλĤξˡȤդΤäؤ롥ȡܤˤϡ̤Ȥ²äƹڤ˹ԤϤƤ롥ޤѤˤν٤ΩäƤΤǡܤȤչϤʤƼθθܤؤĤ޽ۤδѤ롥¤˸츦Ω˱ƤϡܿͤŷͿøäƤΤǤ롥


ĤޤꡤܤϡڤĥȤˤꡤΤޤ޽Ȥ٤¸ߤȤʤäȤ櫓Ǥ롥ȤϡŪʰ̣ǸäƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤΤϡ1912ǯ10˾ǡפ졤ǥ̤ޤ١䡼ī˴ؤ븫ʪºݤŸ줿ΤǤ롥ơİϡŸ٤ˤäƤ̸ΥեޥȤѤơΥ̸츦ʤ뤳ȤǤ
ȸػˤˤϡפΤۤ¿ηˤĤƤϡ#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ϯضİܸζ١ʿ޼ҡʿ޼ҿӡ2008ǯ

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2019-07-07 Sun

#3723. ͭɸ [markedness][phonology][typology]

벻ͭɸ (marked) ̵ɸ (unmarked) ꤹװꡤʤͭɸ (markedness) ɸˤĤƤϡǤ͡ʵʤƤŪѤƤɸϡʲΤΤǤʿp. 136ˡ

ͭɸ̵ɸ
Լʣðۡͽ¬ǽñ㡤Ūͽ¬ǽ
ʸˡηϤǤƤʤ¿ʸˡηϤǵƤ
٤
㳲˼㳲Ǥ⼺ˤ
̵ɸʤΤ¸ߤ򼨺ͭɸʤΤˤä¸ߤ򼨺
Ĵ񤷤Ĵư
γŪˤΩγŪΩʤ


ɽ5ܤΡ̵ɸʤΤ¸ߤ򼨺סͭɸʤΤˤä¸ߤ򼨺פ򤷤ˤ⤷ʤΤDz⤷ƤȤв᷿˴ؤ͡ʸ줫򽸤ȡ첻β (V) ȡҲ첻ʤ벻 (CV) ȤǤϡԤԤͭɸǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ȤΤϡۤȤɤθˤ V ɬ CV ⤢뤫դɬ⿿ʤ餺ǤꡤCV 뤫Ȥä V ⤢Ȥϸ¤ʤСV ¸ߤ CV ¸ߤ򼨺뤬CV ¸ߤ V ¸ߤɬ⼨ʤȤȤΤ褦ʴطϴްŪ (implicational universal) ȸƤФ롥
ˤͭɸˤĤƤϡ#550. markedness ([2010-10-29-1])#551. ͭɸ̵ɸԵ§§ ([2010-10-30-1]) ǤⰷäΤǡ⻲ȡ

ҡ6ϡŬ׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ133--57ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-05-1] [2022-04-24-1]

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2019-07-03 Wed

#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ [typology][syllable][phonology][markedness][japanese]

첻ǽ벻򳫲 (open syllable)Ҳǽ벻IJ (closed syllable) ȸƤ֡⤿ʤϤʤIJ⤿ʤϤꤦΤǡΥפȤƤԤ̵ɸԤͭɸȤȤˤʤ롥
ܸǤ¥ȤȤäIJ⤢ˤϤ뤬ΰŪ¿90%ۤɡˤϳǤۡp. 55ˡפȤƤϡŵŪʳ (open syllable language) ȸƤǤ褤¾γȤƤϡꥢ졤ڥ졤ե졤иʤɤ󤲤롥
ѸIJ᤬¿ΤǡפȤƤIJ (closed syllable language) ȤߤʤƤ褤 (55) ˤȡø850Ǥߤȡ85%IJȤ¾γȤƤϡī줬󤲤롥
̵ɸħĸȤԤͭɸħĸ2ȤƳؽ褦ȤݤˤϡФкȼȤСܸüԤIJԴʤᡤIJǤѸݤ񤷤򴶤
ʤѸIJȤϤäƤ⡤#1440. ٥󥭥󥰡 ([2013-04-06-1]) Ǽ褦ˡΥȡ٤ǤгϷ褷ƾʤʤȤոƤ

Ĥ2ϡȥ⡼׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ30--57ǡ

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2019-04-19 Fri

#3644. Ѹ stress-timed ʸűѸ syllable-timed ʸ졩 [prosody][phonology][stress][vowel][typology][syllable][poetry]

#1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ stress-timed ʥꥺࡤܸ syllable-timed (or mora-timed) ʥꥺĸȤ롥Ԥ϶ֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǡԤϲʥ⡼ˤֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǤ롥Ѹ˶٤θǤХɥĸ stress-timed ǡե󥹸䥹ڥ syllable-timed Ǥ롥
Τ褦˶Ū෿δϽ򤤤줫Υꥺफ˿ʬ뤬̻ŪˤߤȳƸΥꥺѤäΤ뤤ѲƤΤ
Ѹ˴ؤƤС븫ϳΤѲƤȤ롥Ѹ stress-timed ꥺδפˤΤۣ첻 /ə/ ¸ߤǤ롥ΤΤʲȲ̤첻ȡ夯ûȯۣ첻Ȥ¸Ƥ뤿ˡԤˤȤΧñ̤Ū˷֤뤳ȤˤʤΤűѸǤۣ첻¸ߤʤäΤǡstress-timed ꥺΩפ夫äȤˤʤ롥űѸϤष syllable-timed ꥺ˶ᤫäȤ⤤ΤǤ롥Cable (23--24) εʹ

To begin with, Old English did not have reduced vowels. The extensive system of inflectional endings depended on the full values of the short vowels, especially [ɑ], [ɛ], [u], and [ɔ]; and in polysyllabic words these and other short vowels were not reduced to schwa. The surprising effect is that in its lack of reduced vowels Old English can be said to have similarities with the phonological structure of a syllable-based language like Spanish. In this respect, both Old English and Spanish differ from Late Middle English and Modern English. Consequently, Old English can be hypothesized to have more of the suprasegmental structure of syllable-based languages---that is, the impression of syllable-timing---despite our thinking of Old English as thoroughly Germanic and heavily stressed.


Cable ϡűѸ줬 syllable-timed ʸȸäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ١ΥꥺǤ⤢뤷١Τ⤢ȤơŪʥꥺȹͤƤ롥³ʸϤѤƤ

These deductions and hypotheses from theoretical and experimental phonology are supported in the most recent studies of the meter of Old English poems. Beowulf has never been thought of as a poem in syllabic meter. Yet the most coherent way to imagine Old English meter is as a precisely measured mix of "accentual" elements (as the meter has traditionally been understood), "syllabic" elements (which may seem more appropriate for French verse), and "quantitative" elements (which are most familiar in Greek and Latin). (Cable 24)


Cable, Thomas. "Restoring Rhythm." Chapter 3 of Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language: Pedagogy in Practice. Introduction. Ed. Mary Heyes and Allison Burkette. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 21--28.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-11-1] [2021-07-23-1]

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2019-03-19 Tue

#3613. θѲβ --- ̻ŪݥȤǽ [language_change][methodology][typology][diachrony][contact][speed_of_change][hisopra][contrastive_language_history]

ظλŵ٤ѥѥ᤯äƤơָѲפξϤκǸˡ̻ŪݥפȤ᤬äѸǤС"diachronic typology" ȤȤޤʹʤȤʹʤѸǤ롥ɤ߿ʤƤȡθѲˤȤäƤβ꤬̻Ūݥפ̾βˤĤ󤵤ƤݤФȡʲ4ˤʤ

(1) 19˸ءäӸءˤϡʬŪѲܤ뤢ޤꡤ«ŪѲڻ뤷Ƥ餤
(2) ưѤʤС֤ˤ륿ݥɵ椹뤳Ȥˤä̻֤ˤ륿ݥؤȿʤϤǤ
(3) Ѳ®٤Ȥ
(4) Ѳˤħܤƥݥ

ŪŪ˹ä˸ؤˡƤǤ롥줾ή˲᤹С(1) ˸ؤˤܿΰյäɾ衤ȤȤ
(2) ư (uniformitarian_principle) ˴Ťĥϡ̻ݥפŪפȤʤ붯ĥѲͼܻؤƱˡǤϤʤ˰ռŪܤСϡ̻оȸءפ᤹ܶǽƤ롥
(3) (4) ϴϢ뤬Ѳ䤹ʤ뤤ϡöѲϤ᤿᤯ʹԤΡˤݤȤ顤ʬषƤߤȤǤ롥ϳΤ˿Ǥ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ѳ®٤ˤĤƤ speed_of_change schedule_of_language_change ͡Ƥ˲ǽΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
ݥ෿ˤоȸؤȤ2ʬϡ֤ΰ㤤Ǽ¼Ūʴؿ϶ᤤȸƤ뤬ȡ̻Ūݥפȡ̻Ūоȸءפߤ˶ᤤȤˤʤ롥ϡ᡹˳Ť HiSoPra* θǤޤ󵯤Ƥоȸˡפιͤˤᤤ

ԡָѲסظλŵ١ ʿԡˡīҽŹ2005ǯ560--82ǡ

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2019-01-12 Sat

#3547. ʸηϤθ3 [writing][grammatology][grapheme][alphabet][typology]

źʸμˤĤơ#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1])#2341. ɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-24-1])#2344. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-27-1])#3443. ɽʸɽʸ ([2018-09-30-1]) ʤɤˤƤ
ѸΥե٥åȤϸ§ȤɽʸȤ櫓ñʸȤäƤ褤ֻȤƤߤɽʸΤˤɽʸˤ˶ᤤȤǺŪäƤ롥ϡŵŪɽʸȾΤ뤬ȤɽŪѤ⤹롥ɤʸηϤ⡤ɽʤɽʤȤñεǽôäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ⺮ŪȤȤ館٤Ǥ롥ޤdzƸʬХ󥹤ȤߤƤ褤
ǡֵǽפȤָפȤƤǤΤϡɽפȡɽʤ뤤ɽǡˡפ2ˤĤ䡤⤦1Ĥꤽ˻פ롥ϡˡפ뤤ϡפǤ롥ɤȤȤȡ塼¤ֹ¤ؤ Jan Baudouin de Courtenay "phonetic", "etymological", "historical" 3ĤʸηϤˤ3ĤθȤơĤޤˡηװȤƵ󤲤ƤΤ (Rutkowska 206) ϡ "pronunciation", "origin", "tradition" Ǥ롥
2Ĥ "etymological/origin" ȤϡŪ˰ĤƤɽ졦ɽǵǽؤƤȤäƤ褤ơ3Ĥ "historical/tradition" ȤϡŪɽɽ쵡ǽȤƤǤʤ¾ΰڹڤֻݤ뤿ΡʺǸΡ˼ʤؤȥͤϡŪˤߤԵ§ʤΤ򡤤3ȢꤲȤȤ
ʤۤɡԵ§פǽפȤäƤޤäƤϿȤ⳸ʤȤ򡤡ˡפפȤХޡȤʹ뤫顤Τϸ褦Ǥ롥䤬إڥ󥰤αѸˡ Simon Horobin ⡤ѸֻˤϡˡפȡפɤäƤȼĥɮ򲼤Τʸ򤹤СԵ§פȤ̵פΤΤ褤ʤΤ⤷ʤ
֤Τϸ褦פȤȤ⡤켫Ȥ1ĤΤΤθ褦ʤΤǤäơ̤θ򤹤СָžפʤΤǤ롥ʸηϤʶŪǽͭ뵡ǤȤ빽¤ŪʸΤФäƤΤ餯ʸηϤβ䤫̻ŪʻʪȤƤǤˤ߽ФΤȹͤ򤨤ʤʪʤΤȻפ

Rutkowska, Hanna. "Orthography." Chapter 11 of The History of English. 1st vol. Historical Outlines from Sound to Text. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 201--17.

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2018-12-29 Sat

#3533. ̾ -- ƻ -- ưϢ³Ʋ [prototype][category][pos][noun][verb][adjective][typology][conversion]

(70) ϡåƥ꡼ʤʻˤʤ顤̾ -- ƻ -- ưϢ³ܤƤ롥ζˤ˰꤬ꡤ¾ζˤ˰ưѲ1ĤϢ³ΤȤ

åƥ꡼ΩĴפϡγФξѤоݤȡѲȤʤȤΩ˸ФȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤǤϻ֤ηвǰꤷоݤꡤ⤦ǤϤΰưѲβγФ롥ΩȤ˹ͤȡ̾ΥץȥפϡѲΤʤꤷäоݤǤ롥ؼԤˤϡƤسԤΤʪΤǤ뤳ȤܤȤʤ롥ФưΥץȥפϡ֤ѲȤäǤ롥ҤԤΤϡΩäѲߤȤ줿礬ǤꡤŵŪˤϹ԰٤η̤ȤƸ뤫Ǥ롥äǤεǽȤ餳򸫤С̾餷פǰоݤ³ˤ뤿ΰꤷطʤߤư餷פϻ֤ǤѲˤäƵ֤οʹԤɽϤ餭ġ
Τ褦˹ͤȡ෿Ū˷ƻ줬̾餷ư餷δ֤ǡɤפ򼨤뤤ϼΩƥ꡼ȤƤϸ¤줿С⤿ʤȤ¿Ȥϡƻ줬ˡȻפ롥ƻϽŪˡ㡧֤󥴡סˤȽŪˡ㡧֥󥴤֤סˤξäƤꡤԤоݤ̤ơ̾餷פ¦ˡԤϡʹ԰٤ǤϤʤˤĤƤνҤ̤ơư餷פ¦˶ŤǤ롥ƳǰŪ˥ץȥפ鳰줿Ȥˤϡ̾ư줫ˤäɽ뤳Ȥ¿ʤ롥


ƻ줬̾ư˶ޤ줿ŪƤǤ뤬椨ˡȤˡ̾餷פ򡤤Ȥˡư餷פӤӤȤϤ롥ΰ㤤ŪˡȽŪˡ˸ƤΤǤϤʤȤƶԤޤ෿ŪˤäơƻȤƥ꡼ϸÿʸˡŪ񤤤ˤƸ֤ΰۤʤ꤬㤷Τ⡤Ūʥƥ꡼Ȥ⼨٤㤨СܸǤϷƻΩƽҸˤʤư˶ᤤǤ϶޷Ūˤ̾˶ᤤȹͤˡ
Τ褦Ϣ³ƲȤʻȤ館ȡʻž (conversion) ˤޤḤ̂䤽¾ηˤ⿷ʸƤ뤫⤷ʤ

סǧθء١ؽDz2002ǯ

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2018-12-28 Fri

#3532. ǧθΩη [cognitive_linguistics][history_of_linguistics][generative_grammar][typology][anthropology]

1980ǯʹߡΤǧθءοؤΩطʤˤϡ͡ʳŪȯŸȴͿä (8) ʬ䤹ޤƸ褦

Birth of Cognitive Linguistics

ĤȤ⤤륤ץåȤϡFranz Boaz Edward Sapir ɽؤαƶؤǤ롥ʸȸδط˸ƤλۤϡǧθؤθѤĴ¤Ȥ¿
οؤαƶޤ줿Τꥫ¤ؤǤ롥̣ξݤʬϤ1βȤ֤ǤϸϼΧŪʤΤȤƤȤ館졤ͤμǽϤΩΤȤİ줿
1950ǯꥫ¤ؤ֤ΤϡNoam Chomsky ʸˡäͤμȤƤȤ館ʤǥˤηϲ뤳Ȥ˸Ӥạ̈ڻ뤷μ¾μȤϴͿʤΧŪʤΤȤƤȤ館ƤȤǤϡ¤ؤȰۤʤȤʤä
μμΧ˵ȶ̣򾧤ָפȶǧθؤΩ夲СȤʤ롥1980ǯȾλƳԤȤơGeorge Lakoff Ronald W. Langacker פ̤Ф1990ǯˤϹݳز
ǧθؤΤ⤦1Ĥαƶϡ1970ǯȾθ෿ζδǤ롥ӡоȤ̤ơˡ§ظˤưŤˤĤƤδؿޤꡤǧθؤ˻ɷͿ
ߡǧθؤϹǧβʳؤΤʤݤ1ΰȤ֤ŤǤ롥ޤΰˤ͡Ω줬ꡤ1Ĥ̾ǤäƤ褤ΤȤ⤢롥˸ؤѲʤɤˤ⾯ʤ̥ѥȤͿ褦ˤʤäƤƤꡤ1ĤĬήƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
Ϣơ#2835. ¤ʸˡǧθؤ3ѷ ([2017-01-30-1]) ⻲ȡ

סǧθء١ؽDz2002ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-24-1]

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