#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1]) ǡѰư (mutative verb) ϡ18ޤǡ̾ be + ʬȤǴλäƤȤѸˤǤϡ be λ18դ˿ΰӤɤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤƤ롥#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 CLMET3.0 ϡ1710--1920ǯС3,400줫ʤ緿ХѥǤꡤμθѲɤˤϺŬʥȻפΤǡѤ be λοǧƤߤ
ϡεǤ夲7ĤѰư (arrive, become, come, fall, flee, grow; go) ˸ꤷCLMET3.0 3Ĥλʬ (1710--1780, 1780--1850, 1850--1920) 6ĤΥʬ (Narrative fiction, Narrative non-fiction, Drama, Letters, Treatise, Other) ˤäơѥä3ĤλΥ֥ѥεϤϤ褽Ʊ٤̤Υ֥ѥϡ[2013-10-20-1]ɽǼ褦ˡNarrative fiction 礭ФäƤΤǡβˤդפ롥ʲ(1)--(7) ˳ư˴ؤܤѤ߾夲ա(8), (9) 7ưҤä̡ư̤ΥѤ߾夲դ(1)--(6) ˤĤƤϡӤΤYκͤ·Ƥ롥ǡեɽϥHTMLȤ줿

ưˤäƿΥԡɤ˼㴳ΰ㤤ߤ뤬ΤȤƵ˿षȤϡŪ䤫ˡ¤˿षƤäȤݤ롥(7) go ϡʸѸǤ be gone ǥಽƻĤäƤ뤳Ȥʬ褦ˡ˸ѸˤϤۤǤ餺¾ư礭äƤ뤿ˡ(8) (9) ˼褦 be λο¿ʤȤĤƤ뤳Ȥˤդɬפ롥
2֤ε#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1]) ȡ#1807. ARCHER between betwixt ([2014-04-08-1]) ǡARCHER Untagged ѤơѰ۷٤̻ŪˤɤΤ褦˿ܤƤĴ
ѸνޤॳѥȤƤϡۤ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence, LC (The Lampeter Corpus of Early Modern English Tracts), CLMET3.0 (The Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, version 3.0), PPCMBE, COHA ʤɤꡤ줾ħ뤬ARCHER ϡ1600--1999ǯȤޤȤޤä֤СѼ綠줾ˤĤƥʬʤƤꡤŪ緿˥ѥȤƲͤ⤤#1802. ARCHER 3.2 ([2014-04-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤߥ־ǰ̸ƤǤˤĤƤϡޤʤɤƤ餺ǽ¤Ѥ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤȳѤǤ롥Ƥ Frequency lists Keywords εǽϥǥͭ˻ȤѥΤñ٥ꥹ (TXT)Ƥ롥
̻ŪʸѲȤ ARCHER ˾ൡǽϡ2֤εĴ褦ˡ븡٤ɤäơʤĤǤ˥̤ˡˤɤΤ褦˿ܤƤñ˳ǧǤ褦ˤ뤳ȤRestricted query ǻȥʤꡤ˸ϤƥҥåȿƤ椯ȤȤϼȤǤǤ뤬֤뤷ݤ#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1]) COHA Ǥϡ̻Ūʰǽˤ뵡ǽƤΤǡARCHER Ǥ;פƱͤεǽߤʤ롥ǡߤΤʤкäƤޤȤȤǡñʥץȤȤARCHER θ̤Υ饤ˤϡƥȤɽ魯ե̾դƤ뤬ե̾λͤˤС3ʸ줾쥸롤ѼΤ줫ɽ魯ȤʤäƤ롥ǡ̤ԡơʲΥƥȥܥåŽդƤȡŬڤ˥ե̾Ϥ롤Ѽ老Ȥ˥ҥåȿƤ졤ղƤȤġ (ARCHER Period-Genre Sorter) ARCHER ǤνϷ̤ڡˤޤˤϡ뤬ƥڡԥڤѤƤФ褤

ε#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1]) ˰³[2014-04-03-1]εǾҲ𤷤#1802. ARCHER 3.2פѤơ̤פࡥɸ between betwixt θѸˤʬۤˤĤơ#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ˤARCHER Untagged ǤϤɤΤ褦Ĵ̤Ф
ˤäƤϡȤ櫓17ʳǤֻޤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤᡤ줾θΰֻθ줿Ūˤϡbetween Ȥ between, betweene, betwen, betwene, betwn betwixt Ȥ betwixt, betwext ֻȤƵäƤƱͤˡҥåȿ12뤪1600--1999ǯ50ǯߤˤ8ʬƿ夲ʲˡ̤ΥդΤʥǡեɽϥHTMLȤ줿ˡʤbetwixt and between ηǤ1⸽Ƥʤ

ΤȤơ17--19ΤɤλˤƤ between ݤƤ뤳Ȥϡ CLMET3.0 ˤĴ̤ͽۤ줿ȤǤ롥P2--P3 (1650--1749) λ˸¤äƤǤϤ뤬betwixt 20%ۤɤΥƤȤ¤ܤƤ褤P1Υ֥ѥ¾γƻΥ֥ѥ1/3ۤɤεϤǤ뤳ȤˤաˡCLMET3.0 ˤĴǤ18ޤǤ bewixt 10%ۤɤΥƤȤ̤ФƤ뤫顤绨Ĥˤä1750ǯ餤ޤǤ betwix between ΰ۷ȤƤʤ¸ߴƤȤǧǤ
ɸθֻѰۤˤĤơ#1415. shew show (1) ([2013-03-12-1])#1416. shew show (2) ([2013-03-13-1])#1716. shew show (3) ([2014-01-07-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥϡ[2014-04-03-1]εǾҲ𤷤#1802. ARCHER 3.2פѤơѸˤξֻʬۤƳǧ褦
ARCHER: A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers Untagged ǡshew (shew, shews, shewed, shewn, shewing) show (show, shows, showed, shown, showing) θҥåȿ12뤪1600--1999ǯ50ǯߤˤ8ʬƿ夲ǡեɽϥHTMLȤƤ餦Ȥơ̤ղΤΤ

ιθϤƤȤơ̻Ūʿܤܤ褦P1 (1600--49) P4 (1750--99) ޤǡĤޤ17--18ˤϡ٤ shew Τۤ show ͥP5 (1800--49) ξԤ褽¤١P6 ʹߤˤ show 쵤 shew षƤ椯ƤȤ롥οܤγפϡεĴ Helsinki Corpus PPCMBE η̤Ȥ礹뤬CLMET3.0 η̤ȤϾۤʤ롥CLMET3.0 Ǥϡ[2014-01-07-1]εǸ褦ˡ18椫٤ show shew Ū˾äƤΤǤ롥Υѥ֤ΰ㤤ƥѥɽΰ㤤ˤΤʤΤȤ⥸ʬͿƤΤ뤤ʣθ礷ƿȤͳ褹ΤʤΤܤĴƤʤP1Υ֥ѥˤĤƤϡ¾γƻΥ֥ѥ1/3ۤɤεϤǤ뤳ȤաˡξŪǤϤʤshew οȤǹͤΤǤСΥѥȤƤ⡤19ȾνȤߤʤƤ褤
ǯΤȤˤʤ뤬Ƹ쥳ѥ ARCHER: A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers Untagged 줿ܺ٤ϡ Documentation뤤 VARIENG ˤѥβɤѸ˸Υ饤ꡤߤεARCHERοǸ⻲ͤˤʤ롥
ARCHER ϡ1990ǯƬ Biber and Finegan ԻƤΤǡߤǤ14ؤƱǴƤ롥2013ǯ˸줿3.2Ǥ Manchester ( David Denison and Nuria Yáñez-Bouza) ˤǤ롥ѥƤӤüŪɽС"a multi-genre historical corpus of British and American English covering the period 1600--1999. The corpus has been designed as a tool for the analysis of language change and variation in a range of written and speech-based registers of English." ȤȤǤ롥
ѥεϤ1,710ե롤3,298,080줫ʤꡤǤα6:4ۤɡޤȤ8Ƥˤ12˥ʬƤ (a = advertising, d = drama, f = fiction, h = sermons, j = journals, l = legal, m = medicine, n = news, p = early prose, s = science, x = letters, y = diaries) եȸϰʲ̤ꡥ
| BRITISH | a | d | f | h | j | l | m | n | p | s | x | y | TOTAL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1600--49 | files | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| words | 0 | 32,342 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21,026 | 0 | 0 | 32,741 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 86,109 | |
| 1650--99 | files | 0 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 21 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 75 | 10 | 177 |
| words | 0 | 30,328 | 41,667 | 21,818 | 21,186 | 20,466 | 23,811 | 22,304 | 0 | 21,427 | 38,767 | 20,488 | 262,262 | |
| 1700--49 | files | 0 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 14 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 77 | 10 | 173 |
| words | 0 | 27,862 | 44,057 | 21,511 | 23,265 | 21,315 | 22,066 | 21,612 | 0 | 20,812 | 33,896 | 20,495 | 256,891 | |
| 1750--99 | files | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 70 | 11 | 181 |
| words | 25,386 | 27,484 | 45,198 | 21,752 | 21,284 | 20,367 | 21,002 | 23,172 | 0 | 20,599 | 29,589 | 23,043 | 278,876 | |
| 1800--49 | files | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 25 | 10 | 126 |
| words | 30,804 | 31,211 | 45,107 | 21,777 | 23,249 | 20,531 | 20,286 | 22,951 | 0 | 21,015 | 12,671 | 20,883 | 270,485 | |
| 1850--99 | files | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 26 | 10 | 126 |
| words | 30,684 | 34,856 | 43,427 | 21,322 | 21,243 | 20,757 | 22,265 | 23,072 | 0 | 21,810 | 10,819 | 21,789 | 272,044 | |
| 1900--49 | files | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 29 | 10 | 130 |
| words | 26,717 | 31,391 | 45,408 | 21,123 | 22,208 | 21,160 | 20,213 | 21,977 | 0 | 21,664 | 12,529 | 22,424 | 266,814 | |
| 1950--99 | files | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 28 | 10 | 132 |
| words | 23,437 | 32,200 | 45,109 | 21,093 | 22,723 | 20,721 | 20,994 | 22,935 | 0 | 21,385 | 11,361 | 22,060 | 264,018 | |
| TOTAL | files | 50 | 82 | 72 | 70 | 72 | 80 | 98 | 70 | 10 | 70 | 330 | 71 | 1,075 |
| words | 137,028 | 247,674 | 309,973 | 150,396 | 155,158 | 166,343 | 150,637 | 158,023 | 32,741 | 148,712 | 149,632 | 151,182 | 1,957,499 | |
| AMERICAN | a | d | f | h | j | l | m | n | p | s | x | y | TOTAL | |
| 1750--99 | files | 3 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 58 | 10 | 152 |
| words | 9,214 | 29,980 | 38,980 | 21,271 | 21,896 | 41,177 | 23,541 | 22,265 | 0 | 20,668 | 27,860 | 21,315 | 278,167 | |
| 1800--49 | files | 1 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 12 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 83 |
| words | 2,822 | 40,568 | 44,676 | 0 | 21,476 | 33,409 | 0 | 37,107 | 0 | 20,904 | 20,739 | 20,695 | 242,396 | |
| 1850--99 | files | 8 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 28 | 11 | 128 |
| words | 24,480 | 32,721 | 44,394 | 21,056 | 22,436 | 28,506 | 20,547 | 21,994 | 0 | 21,311 | 11,361 | 23,419 | 272,225 | |
| 1900--49 | files | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 11 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 10 | 52 | 10 | 138 |
| words | 30,460 | 52,514 | 53,430 | 0 | 21,661 | 21,607 | 0 | 22,802 | 0 | 20,984 | 25,021 | 20,731 | 269,210 | |
| 1950--99 | files | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 12 | 30 | 10 | 134 |
| words | 29,563 | 31,037 | 44,382 | 21,051 | 22,109 | 25,517 | 22,617 | 23,069 | 0 | 25,623 | 11,961 | 21,654 | 278,583 | |
| TOTAL | files | 32 | 50 | 51 | 30 | 50 | 57 | 29 | 55 | 0 | 52 | 178 | 51 | 635 |
| words | 96,539 | 186,820 | 225,862 | 63,378 | 109,578 | 150,216 | 66,705 | 127,237 | 0 | 109,490 | 96,942 | 107,814 | 1,340,581 | |
#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1]) εǡűѸ줫ѸˤѤ줿1;ñ̾μ ich λҲüƶѸ I ؤȯŸаޤˤĤǤϡʲѲȤϡǽ˸붯ȼζ礬ؤäƤΤǤϤʤƤ
Ūװ̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤSchlüter ˤС³Ƭβ˼ˤäơĹ ich Ūû i Τ줫Ф䤹Ȥ¤Τˤ롥
Schlüter ϡHelsinki Corpus ѤѸǻ头ȤˡƸ³μ̤ˡich, everich, -lich 줾Ѱ۷ʬۤĴʲˡSchlüter (224, 227, 226) ˷ǺܤƤ롤ơʬɽ
| I | 1150--1250 (ME I) | 1250--1350 (ME II) | 1350--1420 (ME III) | 1420--1500 (ME IV) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tokens | % | tokens | % | tokens | % | tokens | % | ||
| before V | ich | 169 | 100 | 121 | 95 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| I | 0 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 135 | 97 | 253 | 100 | |
| before <h> | ich | 171 | 100 | 105 | 97 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| I | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 156 | 98 | 316 | 100 | |
| before C | ich | 513 | 94 | 363 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| I | 33 | 6 | 494 | 58 | 1106 | 100 | 2043 | 100 | |
| EVERY | 1150--1250 (ME I) | 1250--1350 (ME II) | 1350--1420 (ME III) | 1420--1500 (ME IV) | |||||
| tokens | % | tokens | % | tokens | % | tokens | % | ||
| before V | everich | - | 6 | 86 | 7 | 64 | 9 | 39 | |
| everiche | - | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| every | - | 0 | 0 | 4 | 36 | 14 | 61 | ||
| before <h> | everich | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20 | - | ||
| everiche | - | 1 | 100 | 1 | 20 | - | |||
| every | - | 0 | 0 | 3 | 60 | - | |||
| before C | everich | - | 6 | 29 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| everiche | - | 10 | 48 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
| every | - | 5 | 24 | 105 | 96 | 138 | 100 | ||
| -LY | 1150--1250 (ME I) | 1250--1350 (ME II) | 1350--1420 (ME III) | 1420--1500 (ME IV) | |||||
| tokens | % | tokens | % | tokens | % | tokens | % | ||
| before V | -lich | 23 | 12 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| -liche | 162 | 87 | 51 | 77 | 23 | 8 | 21 | 5 | |
| -ly | 1 | 1 | 7 | 11 | 251 | 88 | 421 | 95 | |
| before <h> | -lich | 13 | 18 | 7 | 21 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| -liche | 59 | 82 | 24 | 73 | 8 | 14 | 0 | 0 | |
| -ly | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 49 | 84 | 76 | 100 | |
| before C | -lich | 70 | 13 | 18 | 15 | 18 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| -liche | 468 | 85 | 93 | 77 | 39 | 5 | 23 | 2 | |
| -ly | 11 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 788 | 93 | 947 | 97 | |
. . . the affricate [ʧ] in final position has turned out to constitute another weak segment whose disappearance is codetermined by syllable structure constraints militating against the adjacency of two Cs or Vs across word boundaries. . . . [T]he three studies have shown that the demise of final [ʧ] proceeds at different speeds depending on the item concerned: it is given up fastest in the personal pronoun, not much later in the quantifier, and most hesitantly in the suffix. In other words, the phonetic erosion is overshadowed by lexical distinctions. Relics of the obsolescent long variants are typically found in high-frequency collocations like ich am or everichone, where the affricate is protected from erosion by the ideal phonotactic constellation it ensures.
Ϣơ#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) ڤӡ#832. every each ([2011-08-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
Schlüter, Julia. "Weak Segments and Syllable Structure in ME." Phonological Weakness in English: From Old to Present-Day English. Ed. Donka Minkova. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 199--236.
ɸηˤĤƤϡ#1740. interpretor interpreter ([2014-01-31-1]) ȡ#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1]) ǿƤνȯǤ롤16 interpretor interpreter ִ줿ȤڤˤĤơ¤ɤǧƤɬפ롥θڤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤ǤʤƤꡤ餯 OED "In 16th cent. conformed to agent-nouns in -er, like speak-er" ˰͵ƤΤȻפ뤬ˤ16λΤĤΥѥܺ٤Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
ޤϡMED ѸֻΤƤߤ褦 Wycliffite Bible, Early Version (a1382) ޤᡤ33ޤǤ -our 뤤 -or ޤߡ-er Τ Reginald Pecock ˤ Book of Faith (c1456) 2ΤߤǤ롥а衤ѸΰŪֻϡ-o(u)r äȤäƤ
ƱѸξPPCME2 ǤߤƤߤȡPeriod M4 (1420--1500) Interpretours 1Τߵä
ˡѸ (1418--1680) 45줫ʤʥѥΥץ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence Ǥ⸡Ƥߤ2˶ʬ줿ѥ2ʬ (1580--1680) interpreter interpretor 줾1㤺Ĥäˤʤ
³ơMEMEM (Michigan Early Modern English Materials) Υ饤ѥϡΥڡΤȤꡤѸ켭ԻΤ˽줿ȤˡưΤʸǡ١ؤʥѥȤѤǤ롥ĤֻǸȤinterpretour 2㡤1535? Thomas Elyot ˤ The Education or Bringing up of Children 줿Ū interpreter(s) ֻϡ9ΰۤʤƥȡ3Ĥ166Ĥ17ˤ16ǧ줿Τˡ16餸露 -er ӤƤƤ褦
LC (The Lampeter Corpus of Early Modern English Tracts) ϡ1640--1740ǯ罰ʪ119Υѥ줿7Ϥ -er ֻä
Ʊͤη̤330ζḽѸ쥳ѥ ARCHER 3.2 (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers) (1600--1999) Ǥǧ줿1672ǯǽȤơ13㤬 -er Ǥ롥
ǸˡѸ줫Ѹˤ̻ŪˤߤƤߤ褦HC (Helsinki Corpus) ˤȡE1 (1500--70) Henry Machyn's Diary ꡤ"he becam an interpretour betwen the constable and certein English pioners;" 1Τ߸줿HC 礵 PPCEME ˤȡ嵭ޤ17λʬۤϰʲ̤ꡥ
| -o(u)r | -er(s) | |
|---|---|---|
| E1 (1500--1569) | 2 | 1 |
| E2 (1570--1639) | 3 | 5 |
| E3 (1640--1710) | 0 | 6 |
#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1]), #1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-30-1]) ǡthe Brown family of corpora [2010-06-29-1]ε#428. The Brown family of corpora ѾաפȡˤѤѼ֤뤤̻ŪӥġäBrown family ȤС褦߷פԤޤ줿 ICE (International Corpus of English) ۵[2010-09-26-1]ε#517. ICE 7ϰѼ拾ѥפȡˡ1990ǯʹߤνդäդǼ줿100쵬ϤΥѥǡߤӲǽȤʤ褦˺Ƥ롥
ǡ긵ˤ ICE ΤCanada, Jamaica, India, Singapore, the Philippines, Hong Kong αѸѼ拾ѥ6оݤˡƱ褦ɽꡤǡ١ӤǽȤʤġȤˤĤƤϡ#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1]) Ȥ줿
#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1]) ǡ2006ǯνեƥȤԻƳѼ拾ѥҲ𤷡˴ŤӥġΥġʤ鵤ŤΤƱˡԻ졤ϤƱ100٤ the Brown family of corpora ʡ#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])ˤϢȤСľ50ǯ֤ۤɤ̻ŪʱƴӤưפ˲ǽȤʤ롥
ǡεǾҲ𤷤 Professor Paul Baker - Linguistics and English Language at Lancaster University ˤ AmE06 BrE06 ˲äơեꥫѸɽ Brown (1961), Frown (1992)եꥹѸɽ LOB (1961), FLOB (1991) ɽФ碌ƥǡ١ѤλϡAmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ȤۤƱʤΤǡμ ([2014-01-21-1]) Ȥ줿ϤɽǤϡθиƥȤοٽ̤ϾʤƤꡤ100٤ɽˤȤɤƤΤǡAmE06 BE06 ˤĤԤξɬפʾˤϡAmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ɤ
Professor Paul Baker - Linguistics and English Language at Lancaster University ȤڡƤäBaker ԻѸ졦Ƹ쥳ѥ BE06 AmE06 ξȡФñꥹȤ롥ΥѥΤϡ桼ID᤹Сؤ CQP (Corpus Query Processor) system ꥢǤ롥
BE06 AmE06 ϡ2006ǯ˽Ǥ줿ꥹѼȥꥫѼνնѹեѥǤ롥Ի乽ϡ#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The Brown family ˽सƤꡤ500ƥȡ2000η100ۤɤεϤ
ơΥڡɤǤ BE06 Wordlist in WordSmith 5 format AmE06 Wordlist in WordSmith 5 format ʸФǤϤʤ˸ˤɽФ줾ǡ١ơѼθ٤ӤƤ AmE-BrE Frequency 2006 Comparer ʤġƤߤ
acknowledgment, acknowledgement, aging, ageing, aluminum, aluminium, analyze, analyse, apologize, apologise, armor, armour, behavior, behaviour, center, centre, civilization, civilisation, color, colour, defense, defence, disk, disc, endeavor, endeavour, favor, favour, favorite, favourite, fiber, fibre, flavor, flavour, fulfill, fulfil, gray, grey, harbor, harbour, honor, honour, humor, humour, inquiry, enquiry, judgment, judgement, labor, labour, license, licence, liter, litre, marvelous, marvellous, mold, mould, mom, mum, neighbor, neighbour, neighborhood, neighbourhood, odor, odour, organize, organise, pajamas, pyjamas, parlor, parlour, program, programme, realize, realise, recognize, recognise, skeptic, sceptic, specter, spectre, sulfur, sulphur, theater, theatre, traveler, traveller, tumor, tumour
ޤǤϡäֻ˴ؤƺΥѥˤӤϡ#708. Frequency Sorter CGI ([2011-04-05-1]) ѤꡤBNC Frequency Extractor ([2012-12-08-1]) ȡ#1322. ANC Frequency Extractor ([2012-12-09-1]) Ȥ߹碌ꡤthe Brown Family corpora ʻѤʤɡѼ拾ѥθӤˤн褷ƤΥġˤ¿ʴĶǤ
#1415. shew show (1) ([2013-03-12-1]) ȡ#1416. shew show (2) ([2013-03-13-1]) ǰä#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, version 3.0 (CLMET3.0) ˤˬŪˤϡƱդѥ "\bshow(s|n|ed|ing)?_VB" "\bshew(s|n|ed|ing)?_VB" Ǹơ3ʬȤٿ٤ʲη̤Ф
| shew | show | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 | 335 | 1,545 | 10,480,431 |
| 1780--1850 | 159 | 3,100 | 11,285,587 |
| 1850--1920 | 92 | 5,118 | 12,620,207 |
Why, you have shewn your wit upon the subject, and I mean to show your courage;
Mr. Wright, as well as Nadin, professed they were perfectly satisfied of this, and appeared to shew to me all the polite attention that they were capable of showing.
Assuredly I did not show him the face which I shewed Folderico.
ɸνϸϡĥäʸΤǡ?˴ؤƤϡ?ˤĤơʤȡˡפΰ̣Ѥ롥ŵŪˤ "As regards the result, you need not worry so much." Τ褦˿ƳΤѤ롥ǽŪˤֻȤäƤ褤
ʣֻϡŪˤϡ#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1]) Ǽ褦ˡѸȯãƤ٤ as regards ϽѸǤϤʤѸǤȯãȹͤ롥OED regard, v. ˤȡ 8b ˤˡҤƤꡤȤƤ1797ǯ "A distinction is made, as regards moral rectitude, in the minds of many individuals." ȤʸƤ롥
b. as regards, as regarded (now rare), as regarding: with respect or reference to
Ʊưθʬ줫ȯŸ regarding, prep. ƱͤѤ뤬νȤƤ1779ǯ " The servant was called, and examined regarding the import of the answer he had brought from Madame la Comtesse." ʸƤ롥̾˸³ regarding ˤĤƤ17㤬ꡤ줬ʬʤΤֻʤΤꤹ뤳Ȥ
ǯκ٤Ϥˤ衤as regards regarding ѸˤʤäƺդưͳֻǤȲ᤹뤳Ȥ礭ʰϤʤOED ˵ܤΤ as regarding ޤơư regard ֻʣΰ۷18Ⱦդ˳ȹͤ롥
Τ٤#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, version 3.0 (CLMET3.0) ˤꡤas regards Ƥߤas regarding 2ۤɥҥåȡˡ70ǯ֤Ȥ˶ڤä٤ޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤä
| Decade | Frequency | Corpus size |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 | 5 (5) | 10,480,431 words |
| 1780--1850 | 70 (18) | 11,285,587 |
| 1850--1920 | 347 (6) | 12,620,207 |
#1649. longer leng(er) ֤ΤϤĤ ([2013-11-01-1]) ǡŪ i-mutation ӵ leng(er) longer ִ줿ΤѥˤäĴϡƱФꤵǾˤĤƱͤĴܤ̤𤹤롥Ū i-mutation κǾ lengest ϡѸˤΤɤʳ longest ִ줿Τ
Helsinki Corpus ǡ촴첻ΥꥨǰƬ֤Ĥġξ̤̻ŪȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥
| LONGEST | LENGEST | |
|---|---|---|
| O1 | 0 | 0 |
| O2 | 0 | 2 |
| O3 | 0 | 13 |
| O4 | 0 | 3 |
| M1 | 0 | 1 |
| M2 | 0 | 0 |
| M3 | 0 | 1 |
| M4 | 0 | 1 |
| E1 | 3 | 0 |
| E2 | 4 | 0 |
| E3 | 2 | 0 |
Ѹηƻ졦 long ӵη֤ϵ§Ū longer űѸ줫ѸˤƤ lenger ȤƤ leng ˤΤ褦˸촴첻Ľ֤ѤƤޥĸӵɽ魯 *-iþo Ȥʤäľθ촴첻 i-mutation θ촴θ첻첻ؤѲθ̤ϡűѸ leng(ra) Ѹ leng(er) ˸Ƥ롥
ȤϸűѸǤѸǤ lang, long ʤɤȾ˸첻ƤΤǡ䤬 (analogy) ˤӵ⸶ -er դε§Ūʷ֤褦ˤʤäĤƤ i-mutation ȤѲθ̤ȤѲθ̤ˤǤä줿Ȥ롥
ơˤ longer ˤĤʤ֤줿ΤĺΤȤˤʤäΤǡĴ٤ƤߤOED Ǥ longer ȤƸФΩäƤʤΤǡlong ιʸõƤߤȡa1533 longer Ƥ롥MED ǤƱäΤ lōng (adj. (1)) ʸõȡa1400 (a1325) langer Ф롥ʸǯξǤϿʤ
leng(er) κǽǯĴ٤ȤĴ⤷ƤߤOED ˤȡ leng κǽ Chaucer c1386ƻ졦 lenger ϡˡȤƤ Spenser 1590ǯǽäʾ礹ȡ14--15 longer 졤16ˤŪ leng(er) ֤Ȥڽˤʤꤽ
˽Ҥ٤褦 longer θФΩäƤʤʾ塤OED ʸΤߤǿ֤θŤ櫓ˤϤʤΤ褦ŪˤϡŪ˥ѥͭѤǤ롥Helsinki Corpus ˤꡤäȿ줽줾ΰ۷֤夲ƤߤűѸǤ2 r ϸζǤ뤳Ȥθޤꤳܤ仨βǽˤⵤĤǤϤʤ⤷ʤȤǤĤġʲ˿
| LONGER | LENG(ER) | |
|---|---|---|
| O1 | 0 | 1 |
| O2 | 0 | 14 |
| O3 | 0 | 45 |
| O4 | 0 | 7 |
| M1 | 0 | 14 |
| M2 | 0 | 21 |
| M3 | 11 | 26 |
| M4 | 3 | 25 |
| E1 | 11 | 6 |
| E2 | 19 | 0 |
| E3 | 46 | 0 |
| LONGER | LENG(ER) | |
|---|---|---|
| CEECS1 | 31 | 6 |
| CEECS2 | 37 | 0 |
ǯ3 Leuven ؤ Hendrik De Smet ˤ The Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, version 3.0 (CLMET3.0) 줿ԼԤ˥ǻѵĤ館̵ǥɤѤǤ롥1710--1920ǯΥꥹѸ쥳ѥǡ3,400줫ʤ른ХѥǤ CLMETEV 1500줫˳ˡץ졼ƥȤȥդƥȤۤƤꡤ70ǯ֤ʬ3ĤλʬȤ˥ҥåȿ Perl ץȤ°ƤꡤȤꤢȤΤǤ롥ѥιϰʲ̤ꡥ
| Sub-period | Number of authors | Number of texts | Number of words |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 | 51 | 88 | 10,480,431 |
| 1780--1850 | 70 | 99 | 11,285,587 |
| 1850--1920 | 91 | 146 | 12,620,207 |
| TOTAL | 212 | 333 | 34,386,225 |
| Genre | 1710--1780 | 1780--1850 | 1850--1920 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Narrative fiction | 4,642,670 words | 4,830,718 | 6,311,301 |
| Narrative non-fiction | 1,863,855 | 1,940,245 | 958,410 |
| Drama | 407,885 | 347,493 | 607,401 |
| Letters | 1,016,745 | 714,343 | 479,724 |
| Treatise | 1,114,521 | 1,692,992 | 1,782,124 |
| Other | 1,434,755 | 1,759,796 | 2,481,247 |
| Sub-period | between | betwixt |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 | 4,869 words (464.58 wpm) | 657 (62.69 wpm) |
| 1780--1850 | 5,457 (483.54 wpm) | 109 (9.66 wpm) |
| 1850--1920 | 7,672 (607.91 wpm) | 51 (4.04 wpm) |
#1567. ѸܸΥ饤ѥĤҲ ([2013-08-11-1]) ǡܸΥѥȤKOTONOHA ָܸնѹեѥ˸ڤΡظܸնѹեѥ (BCCWJ: Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese) ϡضƱѵˡͿʹʸ浡Ω츦ʸʳؾʲʳظΰ踦ܸ쥳ѥץץȤƱdzȯܳŪʥѥǤ롥
ѥƤˤĤƤϡƱȤˡ2012ǯ3ߡоݤȤʤäƤΤϡʲ11Υǡ1500ǤפȤ롥ץϡ1976--2008ǯˤƤʸǡ11ΥϽҡʹʽ桤Yahoo!ηޡYahoo!֥ʸˡΧϿˤ錄롥ƥƥȤ2Υץ뤬Ƥꡤ֤ҤȤĤĹ1000˸ꤷץ (Ĺץ)⤦ҤȤĤϡϤʤʸϤΰ̣ΤޤȤޤбñ̤ΤǤ (Ĺץ)ޤǤĴˤСĹץʿĹϿʹ1000Ҥ4000ǤפȤ롥
BCCWJ Ѥˡ䥤եϤĤ뤬äȤؤʤΤˤĥäǼǤ롥Ͽפǡɽؤʸˤ륳ѥʸǤ롥Ϥ̵٤500¤뤬ڤ˻ȤǤ롥
ѿɬפǼǤϡƱѥФơûñ̡Ĺñ̡ʸ3ĤˡˤꡤŪʣʸ뤳ȤǤ롥
ޤ̤ΥեȤơNINJAL-LWP for BCCWJ (NLB) 롥Ԥ1.20ǤǤϡBBCWJ ΤۤȤɤΥǡоݤȤơ뤳ȤǤ롥ڡ
ϢơNLB ƱեѤǤ⤦1Ĥܸ쥳ѥҲ𤹤롥ؤ֥ȤƥȤԻ11줫ʤȥ֥ѥ (Tsukuba Web Corpus: TWC) ؤΥեNINJAL-LWP for TWC (NLT)Ǥ롥ڡ
Υ륦 Stavanger ؤǡMerja Stenroos 濴Ȥʤä The Middle English Scribal Texts Programme (MEST) ʹǤ롥Glasgow ؤ Helsinki ؤζϤΤȤˡѸΥƥȤΥѥʤǤ롥Υץ϶Ūˤ2ĤΥץȤʤꡤ1Ĥ1998ǯ Glasgow ؤΩ夲 Middle English Grammar Project αĹˤ The Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C) Իǡ⤦1Ĥ2012ǯ˳Ϥ줿 Language and Geography in Middle English Local Documents (MELD) Ǥ롥
ϡԤΥץ MEG-C ˤĤƾҲ𤷤ΥѥϡѸϿ LALME ΥȤʤäƥȤŻҲȤŪԻƤ롥ǤǤѸϿ LAEME ǽ餫饳ѥդǥ饤줿ΤоŪˡLALME ǤϡԻ줿夬ˡϿޤΤǸɽ줿ˤʤä2013ǯ LALME ŻҲ eLALME ȤƥǤ褦ˤʤäϿΤȤȤʤäΤŻҲƤʤäߡΥѥե뷲MEG-C files 鼫ͳ˥ɤǤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
MEG-C ϡºݤˤ LALME λȤ1350--1500ǯΥƥȤΤߤʤ餺ᤤΥƥȤޤॳѥȤĹƤ롥ĹƥȤˤĤƤ3000ΥץäƼƤƤ뤬Ԥ2011.1ǤǤϡɸȤƥȤȾʬۤɤСƤȤܤեߥ꤫ž̤ƤȤ顤LAEME Υѥ˾ȤѤϫϤǤ롥꤬ѤƤ
®MEG-C ˤäȤƤߤ#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1]) Ǹ between Ū۷ʬۤΤʤǡȤ櫓ˤ x betwix(t) פѸǤɤ줯餤ѤƤ˴ؿäǸƤߤȡ104㤬 -x ǽ륿ס14㤬 -xe ǽ륿ס2㤬 -xt ǽ륿פȤ̤Ф٤ηϡHelsinki Corpus ˤ M3--M4ξڵȤۤ礹롥ߤΥѥο٤¬뤳ȤǤȤ
Ѹ⡤ޤޤġ뤬¤Ƥ롥
Stenroos, Merja, Martti Mäkinen, Simon Horobin, and Jeremy Smith. The Middle English Grammar Corpus, version 2011. 1. U of Stavanger, 2011. Online at http://www.uis.no/research/culture/the_middle_english_grammar_project/. Accessed : 4 October 2013.
־Ѥ뤳ȤΤǤ륳ѥĤҲ𤷤
ޤ#1441. JACET 8000 Υ١ˤå٥ʬϥġ ([2013-04-07-1]) Ǽ夲ëϡBusiness Letter Corpus Υ饤ǸƤ롥27ΥѥθǽȤʤäƤ뤬ᥤ100Ķʤ Business Letter Corpus (BLC2000) Ȥ˥դ POS-tagged BLC 2Ĥ1970ǯʹߤαƤ¾νʪǡǤ롥
Instructions for the First-Time User ǤޤȤƤ褦ˡΥѥΤʤˤϡ167Ķ State of the Union Address (1790--2006) ʤɥǡɤǤΤ⤢ꡤͭѤǤ롥Ѻʸγؽ䡤ȼǡ١ΥΤ˻ͤˤʤ롥
ʤƱȤǤϡҤγƼ拾ѥ N-Gram Search Ԥʤ Bigram Plus εǽƤ롥N-Gram θˤϡܥ֥#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
ϡѹΥ (University of Leeds) 絬Ϥ Leeds collection of Internet corporaѸϤᡤե졤ܸʤɤ͡ʸΥѥ饤ǸǤ롥
ܸΥѥξˤĤƤϾܤʤKOTONOHA ָܸնѹեѥϽ¤Ƥ褦ܸۤ쥳ѥξȤƤϡѥܸؤΤξ --- ѥҲͭѡ
ε#1554. against -st ([2013-07-29-1]) ˰³츻Ū -st ꡥɸηĥäɽ롥ȤʸƬʤɤ֤졤ʸȤơ?Τʤǡפΰ̣Ѥ롥BrE Ǥ unbeknown to ¿Ѥ뤬AmE ǤϸŤᤫ unbeknownst to ŪǤ롥unbeknow(e)ns Τ褦 -t ɸŪʷ֤⸫롥ʸ褦
Unbeknownst to his parents, he and his girlfriend had gotten married.
Unbeknownst to her father, she began taking dancing lessons.
Unbeknownst to the students, the teacher had entered the room.
A person may overhear others unbeknownst to them.
Ѹˤäư beknown (recognise, acknowledge) ʬ unbeknown ȤˤʤäƤMED biknouen (v) ȡˡOED ˤȡƬ un- ΤĤ unbeknown 1636ǯ˽ФƤ뤬˸ -st ղä unbeknownst νФ1854ǯǤ롥ԤϤȤȸŪŪʶä褦20ˤƹȤ褦ˤʤäºݤˡCOCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) Google Books Ngram Viewer Ĵ٤ƤߤȡѼȤ20ȾοΨ
ơunbeknownst -st θź (paragoge) פǤ롥OED ǤȤƤꡤƼθ츻ŵǤ against, amongst ʤɤ -st ȼʤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ٤Ǥ롥θ unbeknownst to Ȥϡ ֻŪ˵ǽƤȤȤȡ-st ľβɡǤ뤳Ȥ餤-st(t)- ȤҲϢ³δϡnext to, thanks to ʤɤɽȤϢƤ뤫⤷ʤޤۤ츻Ū -st (against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst) ¤٤Ƥߤȡ褽ִ֡桤פȤ̤ΰ̣Ф褦˻פ뤬unbeknownst Τʤ֤ˡפȲ᤹뤳ȤϤǤ롥
츻Ū -st ˴ؤ뵭ؤΥε[2013-07-29-1]ˤޤȤƤΤǡȡ
ʸ嵭2014/02/24(Mon)Merriam-Webster μȡ
ѸˤǤϡѸѸϤۤȤɿʤǤʤ#1430. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ (2) ([2013-03-27-1]) Ǥ줿̤ꡤѸϱѸ줬ɸಽϲƤäǤꡤ˿ʱƶڤܤƤɸѸȤΩäƱѸˤ椷褦ȤȡɤƤɸѼˤɤȤ쿴Ƥޤ餫⤷ʤη̤뤤ϸѸƥȤμۤȤɿʤǤʤǤ롥ѸΤξϡޤ#869. Wright's English Dialect Dictionary ([2011-09-13-1]) Ǥꡤ#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤΥ饤ǤѤǤ褦ˤʤäȤϤޤޤǤ롥
2011ǯꡤUniversity of Salamanca ʬοŸ¥ȡѸ (c.1500--c.1950) ƥȤμȥǥ벽ʤƤ롥The Salamanca Corpus: Digital Archive of English Dialect Texts ϡϿƥȤƤƤꡤ塤ŤʾȤʤäƤ椯⤷ʤ
ѥȤŻҥƥȽȤκۤιϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ޤ̤ DIALECT LITERATURE LITERARY DIALECTS ̤롥Ԥǽ줿ƥȡԤˤĤƸڤΤƥȤǤ롥ˡƥȤǯˤ1500--1700ǯ, 1700--1800ǯ, 1800--1950ǯؤ礭3ʬ졤˽̤̤λʬʤƤ롥
ѥ˼ϿƤǤᤤϡLITERARY DIALECTS -> 1500--1700ǯ -> The Northern Counties -> Prose ɤäƤäȤ˸Ĥ William Caxton ˤ Eneydos "Prologue"1490ǯˤƥȤ221ˤʤΥڡͳǼ롥[2010-03-30-1]ε#337. egges or eyrenפǰѤᤰᤰäޤʬǤ롥侮ܲǤ롥Caxton θѤΤ뤿ˤϡ[2010-03-30-1]εǰѤʸ̮פʤΤǡҰɤ
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