#4268. -ly 2³ -lily ϵǤ ([2021-01-02-1]) εǡ -ly 2ĤĤ -lily η֤줬ѸˤƤϵǤ뤳ȤǧĴԹˤ haplology ʽŲæˤθ̤ȤߤƤ褤
ŤѸˤƤƱĴԹפƤɤĴ٤ʤФʤʤȤΤϡѸƥȤɤǤȡ-lily Τ褦˽вȤޤޤ뤫ˤβ haplology Ф֤ŪˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȡϵäƤ롥
ޤϡľλǤѸˤĤĴ٤ƤߤƱΥѥ CLMET3.0 о줷Ƥ餪ΥѥФơʤԺˤɤĤ"\B(?<!s)l[iy]l[yi](ch?)?(e(r|st)?)?\b" Ȥ Perl бɽˤƸƤߤη̤3ĤλȤΤʲǤ롥
11710--1780ǯ: surlily (11 times), livelily (3), sillily (2), immortalily (1), jollily (1) --- total 18 examples
21780--1850ǯ: surlily (13), holily (3), jollily (2), sillily (2), lovelily (1) --- total 21 examples
31850--1920ǯ: sillily (2), surlily (2), jollily (1), melancholily (1), lovelily (1), oilily (1), statelily (1) --- total 9 examples
ε ([2021-01-02-1]) ǼѸ BNCweb Ф٤Ƥߤʬ褦ˡѸˤ -lily ȤƸμˤϴˤꤽjollily, sillily, surlily ʤɤ٤ʤ⡤ɤλˤ⸽Ƥ롥
1줫ʤ BNCweb ФΤϼ¼Ū15㡤3,400줫ʤ CLMET ФΤ48㡥ñĴӤǰŪ˷Ť뤳ȤϤǤʤѸǤϸѸ -lily 줬ƤʵƤƤˤ褦ˤߤ롥
ε ([2020-12-28-1]) ˰³³ʤɤΥȥѤɸɽˤĤơܤǤʸȤʤäƤ뤬꤬ĤäΤˤʤäƤĤ˥ѥǤäĴ٤ƤߤΤ2ĤҲ
ޤˤۤɶᤤ顥ѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 ǸƤߤȡ3 (1850--1929) "Atheism made easy" äƤˤΤܤä1 (1710--1780) Farriery made Easy ʤ㤬줿
ȤʤСäᤤƽѸ EEBO corpus äƤߤʤ롥õФΤThomas Edwards (1599--1647) ʤԤ1644ǯ˽Ф "Antapologia, or, A full answer to the Apologeticall narration of Mr. Goodwin, Mr. Nye, Mr. Sympson, Mr. Burroughs, Mr. Bridge, members of the Assembly of Divines wherein is handled many of the controversies of these times, viz. ... : humbly also submitted to the honourable Houses of Parliament" ȤܤܤϡȥȤȤ٤Τ褦ĹΤ¿ˡΰѤ롥
dialling made easy: or, tables calculated [.] # for the latitude of oxford, (but will serve without sensible difference for most parts of england:) by the help of which, and a line of chords, the hour-lines may quickly and exactly be described upon most sorts of useful dials: [.] # with some brief directions for making two sorts of spot-dials:
EEBO Фʸ̮ϴʤΤǤϤʤΤˤʬʤȤ⤢Τdialling ספˤ¬̤εѤΤȤΤ褦Ǥ XXX Made Easy Τ褦ʸˤʤäƤɤϲˤ衤1Ȥߤ뤳ȤϤǤΤ⤷ʤ
ѸޤǤΤܤäƤߤ褦Ȼפäǻڤ졥ޤǤǤ⽽ʬˤΤܤäꡥ
ꥫֻ color ȥꥹֻ colour ᤰˤĤơܥ֥Ǥϲ٤夲ƤֻƱѺɽȤƤ褯ΤƤꡤʬ䤹ǤȤȤ⤢뤬ѸŪˤϰճȿǤ̥ŪǤ⤢롥
ǤŪʻ³ǧ --- ΥꥫѸȥꥹѸ color colour γơʬۤϤɤʤäƤΤĴ --- Ԥʤ鷺Ȥ˵ŤȤȤǡϸ奢ꥫѸɽŪѥ COCA ȡꥹѸ BNCweb Ĵ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤcolo(u)r ζ졤ʣޤŪ˹ԤʤΤۤϥѤơcolo(u)r, colo(u)rs, colo(u)red ʰʾ϶Ȥơ, colo(u)rful, colo(u)rless, discolo(u)r 6θμФˤȤɤ
| COCA ˤ <color> <colour> | |||
| <or> | <our> | <or> Ψ | |
| COLOR | 124,778 | 4,792 | 0.9630 |
| COLORS | 33,225 | 1,886 | 0.9463 |
| COLORED | 5,553 | 179 | 0.9688 |
| COLORFUL | 10,871 | 412 | 0.9635 |
| COLORLESS | 1,000 | 57 | 0.9461 |
| DISCOLOR | 110 | 0 | 1.0000 |
| BNCweb ˤ <color> <colour> | |||
| <or> | <our> | <our> Ψ | |
| COLOR | 115 | 11,332 | 0.9900 |
| COLORS | 24 | 4,396 | 0.9946 |
| COLORED | 14 | 2,432 | 0.9943 |
| COLORFUL | 6 | 1,093 | 0.9945 |
| COLORLESS | 4 | 166 | 0.9765 |
| DISCOLOR | 1 | 19 | 0.9500 |
ε ([2020-12-03-1]) ˰³ʸȤʤ oddly enough ʤɤɽˤĤơOED ˤ1704ǯ whimsically enough ȤƽФȤǧΤǡ褽Ѹˤޤ졤ޤ줿ɽǤǽ⤤ȤСޤ٤ѥ CLMET3.0 Ǥ롥3,400줫ʤ롤1710--1920ǯΥꥹѸΥХѥ1 (1710--1780)2 (1780--1850)3 (1850--1929) 3ʬơϢƤߤ饤ɤʤܤƤˡǤϤʤֽʬ?ˡפ̣̾ˡ¿äƤΤɬפˡ
饤äįƵŤȤϡ18Ⱦޤ1顤ο㤬äƤ뤳Ȥenough ֤Ȥ generously, gracefully, humorously ʤɤ롥Ĥ
Generously enough, indeed, were I to be his; and had given him to believe that I would.--But that I have not done.
gracefully enough, I cannot but say; an advantage which travelled gentlemen have over other people.
These my father, humorously enough, called his beds of justice;
Footnote 82: Philelphus, absurdly enough, derives this Greek or Oriental jealousy from the manners of ancient Rome.
This was hastened by a temporary coalition between Fox and Pitt, which was occasioned, naturally enough, by the ill-treatment they had both received from the Duke of Newcastle.
23³㤬äƤ뤬Ū oddly, strangely, curiously ȤäȤζΩäƤ롥
Oddly enough, it happened. Mine honest friend Hector came in before dinner to ask a copy of my seal of Arms, with a sly kindliness of intimation that it was for some agreeable purpose.
Ha, ha, ha! [Taking Roope's arm.] Oddly enough---oddly enough, the story deals with the very subject we've been discussing.
His name was Agostino Mosti; and, strangely enough, he was the person who had raised a monument to Ariosto, of whom he was an enthusiastic admirer.
Strangely enough, Rogers was at first dissatisfied with the offer, holding that the sum should be paid for the new volumes alone.
Curiously enough, although Adam Smith was immersed in abstract speculations, his "homely sagacity" led him to the most practical results;
Curiously enough, this novel consists of two perfectly distinct narratives;
Τ褦˥ѥˤĴ̤ѤƤߤǤ⡤18ʹߡμˤƤ٤ˤƤ⡤ĴʬۤȤ夷ƤɽȤäƤ褵Ǥ롥enough ղä뤳Ȥǥꥺब褯ʤȤ (eurhythmy) ΤۤʸǤ뤳Ȥ뵡ǽΤ⤷ʤ
ԻĤ˻פäƤɽ롥enough ȤܶѤɽʤΤŵŪ -ly enough ֤졤ʸƬ֤뤤ȤΤߤΤᤤBNCweb Ƥߤ褦ζϥåΤˤƤˡʤˤ "*ly_{ADV} enough" Ϥ
Oddly enough, many parliaments expect to modify government plans, which takes time.
Her large grin and knotted black curls were, strangely enough, more memorable.
I had a dream last night funnily enough about Leeds (I dont normally --- honest!).
Interestingly enough, even hens and rats have been found to consume more calories when they are offered a varied diet than when they are fed `the same old thing' all the time.
Naturally enough, those who commit crimes will tend to conceal their actions and protect themselves.
줾̯ʤȤˡסִ̯ʤȤˡסֳΤʤȤˡסֶ̣ȤˡסΤȤˡפ̣롤ʸǤ롥ʸǤ뤫顤ŪˤʸƬ˸줿ꡤŪѤ줿ꤹ뤳ȤԻĤǤϤʤͤΤϡenough Ǥ롥ʤֽʬˡפźƤΤenough ά줿Ȥǡ֤ƤñΤǤʸȤƱ褦˵ǽΤñΤǤϤ䤷졤ĴȤʤʤ enough ź뤳Ȥǥꥺɤ٤θ (eurhythmy) Ϥꤽ
enough ֤뤳Ȥ¿μȤƤϡҥåȿ¿20Ĥ oddly, quickly, strangely, funnily, interestingly, early, easily, naturally, curiously, clearly, appropriately, only, seriously, barely, ironically, nearly, surprisingly, badly, reasonably, hardly Ȥʤ롥quickly, early, easily ʤɤϡܤˡȤƤǤϤʤʤĤޤֽʬפʤɤ̾ˡˤˤä٤⤯ʤäƤˤʤܤˡǸǤŵŪ10٤Сoddly, strangely, funnily, interestingly, naturally, curiously, appropriately, ironically, surprisingly, reasonably Ȥʤ롥
ˡʬۤդȡդˤäդˤ⸽Ƥꡤǥˤ㤤ϤʤȤäƤ褤ʤ 18 wpm ١ˡѼԤ˽庹ǤߤƤ⡤äΩäʬ۾ħϤϤʤƥȥפȤƤ Fiction and verse Ū˹⤤ (27.01 wpm) ΩäƤ櫓Ǥʤ¿ΰۤʤ쥸ѤƤΤ֤Ǥ롥
enough ΰ̣Ω enough ϰ̣ŪˤϤʤΤȸ虜ʤºݡإ˥缭ŵ٤ˤС enough ˤϡֽʬˡפΰ̣Ϥۤɤɤʤݡڤ롥ޤOED enough, adj., pron., and n., and adv. C. adv. 2 ˤ "With the idea of satisfying a requirement reduced or absent." ȤꡤΤˡֽʬʡפΤˤĤơֲפʤäƤޤäΩƤƤ롥β̶ʬ (b) ȤͿƤΤޤ˺ˤƤˡǡΤ褦롥
(b) With a sentence adverb, as in aptly enough.
See also funnily enough at FUNNILY adv. 2, oddly enough at ODDLY adv. 5b.
1704 W. Nicolson Diary 22 Nov. in London Diaries (1985) 231 The Text of the Book (whimsically enough) in Vermilion-Letters, instead of an Italic Character.
1783 Ld. Hailes Disquis. Antiq. Christian Church ii. 15 Which, aptly enough, might be denominated the journals of the senate.
1912 E. V. Baxter & L. J. Rintoul Rep. Sc. Ornithol. 3 Curiously enough, both the Common Nightingale .. and the Northern Nightingale .. were added in spring to the Scottish list.
2015 H. Scales Spirals in Time ix. 249 A mollusc named, appropriately enough, the Windowpane Oyster.
ˡǤν㤬1704ǯȤʤäƤΤǡϤФűѸ geōg ˤΤܤŻȤϤ̤֤ɽϡʤʤ餷
ֻαƺŵ1ĤȤ colour vs color ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǰʲεʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
#3182. ARCHER colour color ̻ŪƺĴ ([2018-01-12-1])
#3247. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥס ([2018-03-18-1])
#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1])
#4161. ꥫ color ϥƥŪꥹ colour ϥեŪ ([2020-09-17-1])
#4169. GloWbE --- Corpus of Global Web-Based English ([2020-09-25-1])
ֻ˸¤餺Ѹˤƺλ¿뤬Ūˤߤȡκۤϡ륿ߥǡȤȤ⡤֤ΩΩƤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥ꥫѸŪȤ color ֻ夹Τˤ⡤[2018-01-12-1], [2020-09-08-1] εǤߤ褦ˡ19οǯȤ֤äƤ뤷ꥹѸŪȤ colour ˤƤ⡤Ѹ˥饤Х color हˤϻäƤʤԤξˤĤơ1710--1920ǯΥꥹѸ쥳ѥǡ3,400줫ʤ른Хѥ CLMET3.0 ѤĴƤߤ
Ĵоݤϡcolo(u)r Τߤʤ餺촴ˤijƼƬդǡbicolor, colorless, colouration, discoloured ʤ͡ʼޤࡥʲ3ʬ̤ٿ
| Period (subcorpus size) | colour | color |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 1,273 (88.28%) | 169 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 1,650 (83.71%) | 321 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 3,242 (94.11%) | 203 |
ε ([2020-10-29-1]) ˰³ѥѸ⤹롥
concordance ȤϡȤȤϡѸפۤɤ̣ܤ˽ФƤñ11ļФƥե٥åȽ˥ꥹȲΤǤ롥ܤ㤨 the Ȥñ줬и˶Ūˤɤ˽иʬ褦ʺˤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤʸظ츦ǤߤΥġäΥChaucer Υʤɤ褯ΤƤ롥
ŻҥѥڤƤϡconcordance ȤѸ̤ΰ̣ǤѤ褦ˤʤäŻҥѥDz餫θʤɽʤηˤƸȡξˤäޤʸѥΤ졤äȲ̾롥Τη concordance ȤȤˤʤ롥ơʸޤġιԤΤȤ concordance line ȸƤ֡ȤƤСñ Google 1ҥåȤȤ硤1Τ concordance ȤȤˤʤꡤ11郎 concordance line ȤȤˤʤ롥
ƤΥѥǤϡܤƤˤɤΤ褦ʸ줬Ƥ뤫ΤꤿȤ¿Τǡܤ concordance line ˰֤褦ɽԹ礬褤ʸ̮ (context) 碌ƤηǧǤ뤳Ȥ顤ɽˡϥѥǤϤΥǥեȤȤäƤ褯KWIC (= Key Word in Context) Ȥ̾ĤƤ롥
εǼ夲BNCweb "{love/V}" ȤƸƤߤȡ14,195Ԥ concordance lines 롥Ƭ10Ԥۤɤ KWIC ɽȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥ɤߤ䤹ʬϤ䤹ɽˡǤ뤳Ȥ狼

Τ褦ŻҥѥǤϡ concordance ưפ롥 concordance ФץबظưƤƤ뤪ǤꡤΤ褦ʥץ䥢ץꥱ concordancer ȸƤǤ롥
ؤμȤǥѥߥʡŤBNCweb, COCA, COHA, EEBO corpus ʤɤɽŪʶŪ̻ŪѸ쥳ѥ˽ƿˡѷиԤǤرֻդȤƥѥѤΤϤȤ Zoom ˤ륪饤Ǥ롥
츫ѥѤȤΤϽ鿴Ԥˤϥϡɥ뤬⤤Ȼפ줬ŬڤƳСʣʸŪˡ̤ˤƤ⡤ʬˤ˻ȤʤȤǤ롥
ճȤȤʤΤϡѥѸ (terminology) ⤷ʤ㤨Сlove ư POS ꤷ lemma concordance line KWIC ɽΥե졼 collocation äƤ log-likelihood ФƤƤ͡ɬפ˱ noise ޥ˥奢ǽƤƤ补פʤɤȤؼ鿴ԤïǤ褦ȤȤǡѥνѸʤȤ⥸㡼ˤIJ⤷Ƥ
lemma ʥޡޡˤˤĤơʿСǰƬˤǤΡָФפȻפФ褤ư love ˼СºݤαʸΤʤǤϡ졦߷̿ʤ love Ȥη֤뤳Ȥ⤢С3ñ loves Ȥƽи뤳Ȥ⤢뤷ʬ˷ loved 丽ʬ졦ư̾ loving Ǹ뤳Ȥ⤢ʡ줿lovin' ȤƵ뤫⤷ʤˡlove Τν֤ϡΤ˸ߤ˾İۤʤäƤ뤬ơۤʤñȤ櫓ǤϤʤޤɽŪŪ love ȤưΡŪѲˤʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ɽŪŪ¸ߤ lemma ȸƤǤ롥I love you. Τ褦 love Ȥ֤ǽФƤȤƤ⡤ love Ȥ lemma Ρľˡ1;ñ߷ζŪʸȤƤ love Ǥ롥ξԤϤޤŪ˰פƤ뤱ɤ⡤ޤԤŪ loveԤ϶Ū love ȤƳǰ϶̤ɬפ롥
̤γ٤ߤС䤿ñؽκݤ˽礿ΤϡġθФȤ⤤ lemma ȡζŪʽѲȤȤˤʤ롥ΥåȤŬڤ˥ҥŤ졤ƬƤСñ˴ؤƽλƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ΥåȤȤˤĤ줿̾ lemma ʤΤǤ롥
֥ѥlove ư lemma Ƥ͡פȤΤϡưȤѤƤ love, loves, loved, loving ʤɤ٤ƽäƤƤ͡פȸ롥㤨 BNCweb ξˤϡ "{love/V}" Τ褦˻ꤹ뤳ȤǾ嵭 lemma ǽǤ롥
ƤäФΡ#4169. GloWbE --- Corpus of Global Web-Based English ([2020-09-25-1]) ѤơĤ˱λŦ饤ԥ졼ɸˤĤĴ٤Ƥߤΰ̣Ǥϴ˿ߤεǤʢ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ɸѸǤ discuss ¾ưǤꡤֻȼ鷺ľŪ᤹롥ܸüԤȤƤϡ줬Ƥ?ˤĤפȤʤΤǡabout դֻߤʤꡤdiscuss about ȤƤޤȤΤϵʸˡŪˤϸѤȤ롥ºݤˤ discuss about ⼪ˤܤˤ뵡롥ɱѸʤɤǹԤʤɽǤȤȤʹȤä
ǡѸѼӤǤ륳ѥ GloWbE (= Corpus of Global Web-Based English) ν֤Ǥ롥ȤϤʤ "discuss about" ϤǤ롥ĶñʸǡĶ⤷̤̣臘ȤǤ롥ưŪ˽Ϥ줿㡼Ȥϼ̤ꡥ

ΤۤʤäȤˤΰ췲դŪ˹⤤ͤƤ롥ζդϥɡʰΦ˷ϱѸοͤǤ롥׳ŪʸޤǤʤ餫˺ξüαѸѼȤϰۤʤʬۤ
Хǥ䥤Ȥ21ξ̤ˤƤϡaccommodation ˽쥢ͤ "Shall we discuss about our business?" ȻϤۤӥͥΨϹ⤽
ѥѤϤȤռˤɱ뤳Ȥ¿Τ줯餤ΤȤϤƤ褤ΤǤϡ
#4166. ѸˤγƻΥѥӤбѸˤ狼ʤˡ ([2020-09-22-1]) ǿ줿 World Englishes Υѥ GloWbE (= Corpus of Global Web-Based English) ƤߤζѸ˸ˤܥѥƳƤޤءˤˤϡƴդޤ
Υѥ20αѸѼ礷19줫ʤ祳ѥǡѼ֤Ӥưפ˹ԤʤͤȤʤäƤ롥ѼӤˤĤƤСϤޤǡ#517. ICE 7ϰѼ拾ѥ ([2010-09-26-1])#1743. ICE Frequency Comparer ([2014-02-03-1]) ʤɤǼ夲褦 ICE (International Corpus of English) ΤʤäΤѥϵ®˿ʲƤ褦GloWbE ΥեϡCOCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) COHA (Corpus of Historical American English) ʤɤȶ̤ʤΤǡ˴줿桼ǤСȤäĤ䤹Ϥ
ñʻȤǤϤ뤬GloWbE κǤѼӤ color colour Υڥ˴ؤƹԤʤäƤߤ̤ color ϥꥫcolour ϥꥹΥڥȤ뤬2Ѽ֤Ӥ20Ѽ֤٤Ƥߤ褦Ȥߤեñ Chart ϵǽơΥڥǸ֤줿ɽįʤΤǤ⽽ʬˤ⤷ޤϡꥫ color οɽ顥

ˡꥹ colour οɽ褦

դιޤäƤꡤŪˤϥꥹ¿ͽۤϰʤ櫓¤ϥꥫڥΤۤͥΤ褦ǯαѸΥꥫ (americanisation) αƶ褦¦ˤϡƹ˥ϽޤäƤꡤǤͽ̤˥ꥹͥǤ롥¦˽ޤäƤ륢եꥫǤϡξڥκϤۤ礭ʤ
color vs colour ƱѴ֤ȤϲĤĤ롥ġ뤬ФƤΤǤ롥
920ˡ2020ǯѸ˸ˤơ̴Żҥѥ䥪饤ȤäѸ˸ μȲǽפȯɽԤȤƻäޤZoom ǤΥ饤Ǥ߳˲ʹԤޤʴΤƤμŤޤǤäˤʤޤ߷ءˡȯɽԤβջʵءˤȵءˡӻüԤ٤ƤˤϡŤʵȥԥ졼ޤ鿽夲ޤ
ȥåץХåλ伫ȤȯɽǤϡLAEME & LALME ѤѸ˸פꤷơѸɽ2Ĥλ女ѥ LAEME eLALME Ҳ𤷤ޤ³ơΡ֥ǡ١Ѥˤ륳ѥ --- Early English Books Online 濴ˡפꤹȯɽǤϡѸɽ륳ѥ EEBO corpus Ҳ𤵤ޤǸˡˤCorpus of Global Web-Based EnglishGloWbEˤѤ World Englishes βǽפȤȯɽˤꡤ21 World Englishes ħ GloWbE ƳޤʢˤȤä̤ΤäΤǶäϢ³Ǥˡ
ơȯɽϥѥξҲȥǥˤȤɤޤ餺βǽѾաפˤޤǿ줿ƤǤꡤȯɽΥǥåǤϡѸ˸ˤƥѥѤϤɤΤ褦ʰյĤΤȤˡδοʵˤޤƧ߹褦˻פޤʻ֤СäȵȤǤˡ
Ѹ졤Ѹ졤21ѸȤ3ĤΰۤʤαѸоݤȤѥ¤٤Ƥߤ櫓ǤäƤ餤ȹͤ⤫ǤޤƱѸΥѥȤϤоݤȤ夬ۤʤǡʤλ⸡η̤⥤ե⤳ޤǰۤʤΤȤȤǤϡֳơλˤѸΡʼҲ˸Ū礭ۤʤäƤ뤫顤ϢươʸθԤԻ˥ѥΤ礭ۤʤ餶ʤפȤȤǤϤʤȻפޤ
դߤСƻΥѥɤΤ褦Ի졤ɤΤ褦˻ѤƤ뤫ѻ뤳ȤˤꡤλαѸΡʼҲ˸Ū⤭ĦˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤƻ头Ȥħ줤⤭ĦˤʤäƤ褦ǤС¤٤ƤߤСαѸ˵ҤȤʤˤʤСƻΥѥȼ³ߤʤΤŦƤСλظˤƩƸƤΤǤϤʤȡ֥ѥΤߤѸˡפΤ褦ʻߤǽȤʤäƤǤ
ˤߤƤޤѸɸԺߤʤΤǡñ褦ȤƤ⡤⤽ɤֻǸФ褤ΤȤȯ餷Ȥʤޤ (cf. #1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1])ˡºݡѸ켭 MED ǤñˤƤ⡤ϫ뤳ȤޤLAEME LALME Ǥ⸡եˤ͡ʹפϤʤƤޤϤμ丫ŤɬפǤΤǡñǤȤϸƤޤ¤ɸʤ櫓Ǥ顤פޤ
˽ѸǤEEBO ϸեʤˤȤäĤ䤹츫ȸΤΤ꤬褦ˤϸޤѸŪˤϤޤɸಽϺƤˤȤɤޤꡤɸಽã줿Ȥϻ𤬰ۤʤޤĤޤꡤɸȤܤΤƥåȤƤ⡤¤Ͻϳ줬¿ƤޤΤǤˤϼƤȤ lemma ⡤ºݤˤϻפۤ٤Ϲ⤯ޤȤ꤬äѤǤ
Ǹˡ21ѸνѼоݤȤ GloWbE ˤĤƤϡʥݥȡ˸Ѹ줬Ǥ顤ʤɸϤƸǤޤBNC COCA Τ褦ʡ̤ΡץѥȰۤʤΤϡ֤븡̤Ѽͳ褹¿ͤȤȤǤ
绨ĤˤޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤޤ
| ɽѥ | ˡʤɤȿǤ֥ѥΤ | ʼҲ˸Ū | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ѹ | LAEME, LALME | ˡ | ɸʤ |
| Ѹ | EEBO | ˡ츫Ȱפ | ɸȾüˤʤ |
| 21Ѹ | GloWbE | ˡפ | ɸϤ뤬εǽѼˤä¿ |
ε#4076. Dictionary of Old English Dictionary of Old English Corpus ([2020-06-24-1]) ˰³Ѹ˸ˤϤʤƤϤʤʤġˤĤơѸ츦ȤСƤ MED ʤФʤʤ (Kurath, Hans, Sherman M. Kuhn, John Reidy, and Robert E. Lewis. Middle English Dictionary. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1952--2001. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/) DOE DOEC δطƱͤˡMED ˤϢ MEC Ȥѥꡤ⤿ؤͭѤǤ (MEC = McSparran, Frances, ed. Middle English Compendium. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2006. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mec/)
MED 1952ǯ˺ǽξǤ졤1991ǯ˺ǸξǤƴθ塤2000ǯ˥饤Ǥ Middle English Compendium Ȥ߹ޤ졤Ȥ꤬˸夷٤ʸǤ뤳ȤϤhyperbibliography ν¿꤬56,000ۤɤθФؤѸμǤ뤳ȤϤˤФѸ츦˾κʪȤ롥2018ǯˤϤۤ20ǯβǤ졤ߤѸ츦äƤ롥
MED ˤϡѤäΤäƤ٤Ĥħ롥Durkin (1150--52) ˵äƻŦƤޤMED ϡ¿դʧȤȤOED ǤϤθ礭ʴȤƵҤʬƤ뤬MED ΥȥκιϸǤ롥̣Ǥϸΰ㤤ʤɤȳڤäơLALME LAEME ˰ѤͤƤȤäǤ롥θͥȤħˤꡤŪʸΤߤʤ餺ʸŪŪʸˤġȤʤäƤȤ¦̤롥
νŻȴϢơMED ϳθͭ̾ȤƤλѤˤդʧäƤ롥ƤǸθȤƸڤ뤬ϸͭ̾츦˸ͭѤǤ롥¿ƥȤ˵ƤѸ̾ʤɤ⽦夲Ƥꡤ¾ʸܿθˤǤ롥
MED ˤ餯ϡ츻ҤʤȤľθűѸѸǤХǤη֤ʤɤƤˤȤɤޤꡤߤʤ
Ǹ˻ŦƤ٤ϡʸդƤǯˤĤơ(1) ܡʾڵˤΤΤǯȡ(2) ƥȤ줿ȤܤǯȤʬƵƤǤʸԤϥåǤƤˡξǯǰƬˤС㤨аۼܴ֤ǤθӤ˺ݤƵŤȽǺȤʤνפʾϡdiplomatic ɤߤɵ᤹ʸŪʴؿƤǽƤ롥
Ϣơ#4016. Ѹ츦ΤδŪʥ饤 ([2020-04-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.
ɸμϡܲʹθűѸ켭ԻץȤν껺Ǥcf. #3006. űѸμ ([2017-07-20-1])ˡʹʤΤ̤ȤȤˤʤ뤬 The Dictionary of Old English (DOE) Υ ꡤDictionary of Old English: A to I online, ed. Angus Cameron, Ashley Crandell Amos, Antonette diPaolo Healey et al. (Toronto: Dictionary of Old English Project, 2018). ιܤ饤DZȤǤʸѤǤ̵Ǥˡ
DOE ϢưǸűѸ쥳ѥ (DOEC) ԻƱ˿ʹԤƤꡤDictionary of Old English Web Corpus ꥪ饤ǥǤ褦ˤʤäƤʸѤǤ̵Ǥˡ¸űѸʸϸˤ300Ȥ졤ŪϿԻŪʸġ뤳ȤϲǽϰϤǤ롥DOEC ϡΤ褦ŪβDOE ԻץȤΰĤȤơޤٸϿޥեåǤ1980ǯ1985ǯ˸줿θ塤1997ǯ˥饤Ǥ2005ǯˤ A--F ޤǤιܤϿ CD-ROM Ǥ˽Фθ⸽ߤ˻ޤǡԻԤƻϤˤäƸܤƤƤ롥
DOE γƸΥȥǤϡʸڤ륹ڥ㡤ƥȤξбƥñʤɤξ졤OED ؤλȤޤͻؤΥƤ롥
˴ʥġϤʤ褦ˡDOE(C) ˤѤ˺ݤդ٤Ϥ롥űѸƥȤʣΥС硤ʸŪˤϳơñ variants ξ뤳Ȥ˾ޤDOE(C) ǤϥƥȤˤäƤμϿɤ줬롥ޤȤƤ variants Ϥ褽夲ƤȤƤ⡤ŪŪŪʰյ variants ˤϤۤɰդʧƤʤˡξάۤΤŸƤȤˤդɬפǤ롥츻ͿƤʤ⡤ȤƻǰǤϤ롥
Ǥ⡤űѸ츦ˤ DOE νȴԤ礭ϷפꤷʤOED ˤűѸñϼϿƤ뤬ޤʬŪǤꡤ1150ǯĶӤűѸñ˸ꤵƤ롥ԻץȤΥԥ졼ΤϡOED νǤĤĤä100ǯۤ Craigie Υǥͳ褹Ȥ顤¤©ĹץȤʤΤǤ롥礷Ƥޤ礦
DOEC ˤĤƤϡCoRD (Corpus Resource Database) ξɤ
Lowe, Kathryn A. "Resources: Early Textual Resources." Chapter 71 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1119--31.
Traxel, Oliver M. "Resources: Electronic/Online Resources." Chapter 72 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1131--48.
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.
ɸˤĤơSmith (47--48) λʸɽꤤĤȴФĥäƤߤʸǤ뤳ȤǧѤߡˡܥ֥Ǥϡ¾ƼΥ饤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤȤʤΤ link ȡȤ櫓 Chaucer ϢΥϡ#290. Chaucer ˴ؤ Web resources ([2010-02-11-1]) ɤ
ɸˤĤƤϡʲεޤ͡ʵ˼夲Ƥ
#307. ѥѤ ([2010-02-28-1])
#367. ѥѤ (2) ([2010-04-29-1])
#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])
#1280. ѥɽ ([2012-10-28-1])
#2584. ˱Ѹ쥳ѥɽ ([2016-05-24-1])
#2779. ѥϱѸ˸˻Ȥ뤱ɤ ([2016-12-05-1])
ѥѤѸʻˡ˸ϤޤޤˤʤäƤƤꡤسǤ뤵褦ˤʤä餳ѤˤäǧƤȤǤ롥ݤϤ褽֤Ȥʤ뤬ϱѸγ路 Fischer et al. (14) ꡤ4Ŧ褦
(i) there can be tension between what is easily retrieved through corpus searches and what is thought to be linguistically most significant; a historical syntactic case in point involves patterns of co-reference of noun phrases . . . ; these have been largely neglected because they involve information status, which is currently not part of any standard annotation scheme;
(ii) when a data search yields large numbers of hits, there may be a temptation to interpret corpus results merely as numbers, which is a severely reductive approach; in cases of grammaticalization, for example, changes in frequency may act as tell-tale signs . . . , but an exclusive quantitative focus will mean that one is ignoring the changes in meaning and context that form the core of the process;
(iii) the substantial amounts of data that can be collected from a corpus can also blind researchers to the dangers of making generalizations about the language as a whole on the basis of a partial view of it; this is a particularly relevant problem for diachronic research, because we only have very incomplete evidence for the state of the language in any historical period . . . ;
(iv) trying to achieve greater representativness by collecting and comparing data from various corpora can also be tricky: principles guiding text inclusion vary widely, there is little standardization in user interfaces, and they can require a significant time investment to learn to operate.
4θդĶСΤ褦ˤʤ롥
(i) ѥǿԤ䤹꤬Ūˤɬ̣ΤǤϤʤ⤷ʤդ٤
(ii) ŪʴŻ뤹븦ˤΩŪʴᤴƤޤ
(iii) ʥѥǤäȤƤ⡤ representative Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤʤ˸ؤˤ "bad-data problem"
(iv) ѥԻԤ䥤եԤΰտޤĤǡˡƽϤ٤
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
ѸƱޥե٥åȤѤʸΤʤǤ⡤ˡ (punctuation) ˴ؤƤŪñ롥Ūʶɵ椬ФäΤ500ǯ餤Ǥꡤο¿ʤ (cf. #575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])) ޤʸΤΤ26ʸʤˡեɥĸʤɤˤߤ롤ʸμդդüȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])) ⸶§ȤѤʤˡΰʸǤ϶ɵ椬˻Ȥ褦ˤʤäƤƤȤ롥net_speak ʤɤǤϡʶɵλˡ߽ФƤ뤳ȤΤǤꡤˡȯŸߤޤäƤޤä櫓ǤϤʤ褦 (cf. #808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1]))
ơ100ΥꥫѸνեѥ Brown Corpus ѤĴˤȡѸμפʶɵλ (%) ϼ̤Ȥ (Cook 92)
| Commas | 47 |
| Full stops | 45 |
| Dashes | 2 |
| Parentheses | 2 |
| Semi-colons | 2 |
| Question marks | 1 |
| Colons | 1 |
| Exclamation marks | 1 |
#833. Ͽǥƥȡ ([2011-08-08-1]) Ҳ𤷤ġˡرñؽβʳء (12) Ǽ夲Ƥ̤θÿϥƥ Test Your Vocabulary Online With VocabularySize.com Ҳ𤷤褦1404åʤʤƤȤǡword family ١ǤθϤȽǤ롥ܸꤷƿǤ롥ޤѸǤνΤߤȤʤ뤬ƱååȤѤ100䤫ʤÿǥƥȤβ⤢롥
Ϣ (13) Ǥϡñ٥٥Ĵ٤ġȤơCompleat Lexical Tutor VocabProfilers ȤҲ𤵤Ƥ롥BNC COCA ʤɤѤơϤñʷˤ٤1000٥롤2000٥ʤɤñ̤ǶƤ롥٤Ĺαʸȡñå٥뤴Ȥ˿ŤƤ줿ꡤʬۤפ֤ƤͥΤե䥴㥴㤷Ƥʬˤ
ܿͤαѸؽԤˤȤäƤϡɸÿ SVL 12000פʤɤ˴ŤƱʸθå٥ȽꤷƤ Word Level Checker Ǥ롥ñ줴Ȥ˥٥֤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤϤʸθå٥Ȥʬ֤ۤƤȤġǤ롥
ʸϤȡñθե٥åȽ˼ưƤ Apps 4 EFL Text to Flash ȤġˤαǤǡñåỌ̇̄ݥåץåɽʸɲڡñ˺ Pop Translation ʤġ⤢롥桤ˤʤäΤʤ
ã顡رñؽβʳء١ҡ2019ǯ
̾εǤޤǤ˥ѥѤˤĤƽƤ֥¾ؤΥˤޤ
ޤѸؤǥѥѤ褦Ȼפä顤͡ʻͿΤΡޤϸҤΥ֥Ȥ֥졼Ϣܡdzؤ֡ѥѽѡϢܵ37ܡˤܤ̤Τ褤ȻפޤɮԤĤƤǤƤƤޤ (cf. #2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס ([2015-04-22-1]) ȡ#2216. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡ ([2015-05-22-1])ˡ
ܥ֥ corpus γƵΤǤ椫ä˽פʵǤޤ
#568. ѥȱѸ쥳ѥ ([2010-11-16-1])
#307. ѥѤ ([2010-02-28-1])
#367. ѥѤ (2) ([2010-04-29-1])
#2779. ѥϱѸ˸˻Ȥ뤱ɤ ([2016-12-05-1])
#363. Ѹ쥳ѥȯŸ3 ([2010-04-25-1])
#368. ѥϸβǽ ([2010-04-30-1])
#1165. ѹǥѥ椬ˤʤäطʡ ([2012-07-05-1])
#1280. ѥɽ ([2012-10-28-1])
#2584. ˱Ѹ쥳ѥɽ ([2016-05-24-1])
#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])
#517. ICE 7ϰѼ拾ѥ ([2010-09-26-1])
#271. øġȤƤμȥѥ ([2010-01-23-1])
˱Ѹ쥳ѥΥϥ֤Ȥ٤ȤȤС#506. CoRD --- Ѹ˥ѥξ ([2010-09-15-1]) ʤ櫓ˤϤޤǺǤͭѤ˱ѸξѥȤǤ
BNC, COCA, ICE, Brown Family, COHA, HC (= Helsinki Corpus), LAEME, EEBO, CLMET ʤɸ̤Ρˡ˥ѥˤĤƤϡ줾ΥĤ bnc, coca, ice, brown, coha, hc, laeme, eebo, clmet ⤴Ȥ
¾ȤƤϡ֥ѥõѸαƺԡס ([2015-04-22-1]) ε⻲ȡ
#2000. ˸ʬȲ ([2014-10-18-1]) ˰³ơ˸ (historical_pragmatics) ϡǯδ֤˹ŪˤŪˤ̾٤ƤǤϻ HiSoPra* (= HIstorical SOciolinguistics and PRAgmatics) ˻äƤäƤ뤷Ϥγ並ԤߤƤߤƤμ¤˴ؿޤäƤƤΤ롥
˸ΰΰϹμήɸؤǤϼꤳܤƤֻ¿ʡС뤳Ȥ¿˸θΰ褦Ȥߤϡε ([2014-10-18-1]) ǤҲ𤷤褦ˡĤ롥ϡArnovick (96) Ѹ˸ǰƬ֤ĤĵƤ3ʬˡҲ𤷤褦
Pragmatic forms: discourse markers, terms of address, connectives, and interjections;
Interactional pragmatics: speech acts, politeness, impoliteness;
Discursive domains: scientific and medical discourse, journalism, religious and political discourse, courtroom discourse, literary discourse, public and private correspondence.
Arnovick ƱʸǤϡѸ˸ȥѥѤοˤĤƤ⤫Ƥ롥ƳŪʸϤȤʤäƤΤǡѸ˸˽ƴؿä顤ɤǤ餤
Arnovick, Leslie K. "Historical Pragmatics in the Teaching of the History of English." Chapter 9 of Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language: Pedagogy in Practice. Introduction. Ed. Mary Heyes and Allison Burkette. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 93--105.
-o ǽû̾줫鵬§Ūʣˡֻ -s Τߤդ pianos פȡ-es Ȥ potatoes פ̤롥
LGSWE (285) ϡLGSWE Corpus ˤäξפʬۤĴξδ֤ɤΤ⤢Τǡ80%ʾΨˤơ줫Υפ˳꿶äꥹȤǤ롥ӡŰʸˡ٤ä * դˤޤĤġʲ褦
pianos : *autos, avocados, casinos, commandos, concertos, discos, *dynamos, embryos, Eskimos, *ghettos, jumbos, kilos, memos, pesos, photos, pianos, portfolios, radios, scenarios, shampoos, solos, stereos, studios, taboos, tacos, tattoos, *torsos, trios, twos, videos, weirdos, zeros, zoos
potatoes : buffaloes, cargoes, echoes, heroes, mangoes, mosquitoes, mottoes, negroes, potatoes, tomatoes, tornadoes, torpedoes, vetoes, volcanoes
С-s Τߤդ pianos פ§Ǥ롥äˡάͳ褹 -o ǶοȤƲää -o -s ʣΤǥեȤǤ롥ޤ첻 oפȤʤˤ⡤ֻԹȻפ뤬-s ΤߤդΤ§Ǥ (e.g. bamboos, cameos, cuckoos, curios, folios, radios, studios, trios)
potatoes פϤɤ餫ȤС㳰פ¦ˤʤ櫓ΥפˤϱѸ첽ٹ礤Ū줬ޤޤΤդפ롥
ޤ-s -es δ֤ɤ̾⾯ʤʤŰʸˡ٤ǤϡȤ banjo(e)s, buffalo(e)s, cargo(e)s, fresco(e)s, ghetto(e)s, grotto(e)s, halo(e)s, mango(e)s, manifesto(e)s, mosquito(e)s, motto(e)s, tornado(e)s, volcano(e)s, zero(e)s Ƥ롥˵ꥹȤȽʣñ⤢뤳Ȥ顤-o ʣäȺ٤ĴСºݤˤϤ˹Ϥɤ줬ѻΤ⤷ʤ
ʤȴϢơñ potato ֤ potatoe ȸäƳФƤꥫ Dan Quayle Υ롤̾Ρpotato פˤĤơHorobin (2--3) 뤤Ϥ (16--17) ȡ1ʸΥڥߥʤǤϤʤˤǡ̿Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢Ȥä٤Ǥ롥pianos potatoes ȤϷ褷ʤ
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
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