hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ڡ / page 7 (12)

corpus - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-04-06 Sat

#1440. ٥󥭥 [syllable][corpus][lexicon][phonetics][frequency][statistics]

#1424. CELEX2 ([2013-03-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ǡ١DzƤߤ褦ȹͤVersion 2 ǿ˲ä줿 (English Frequency, Syllables) Υ֥ǡ١ˤꡤѸǺǤ¿᥿פΥ󥭥󥰤
ϡCELEX2 ΤȤˤʤäƤ륳ѥΤΤ7.26%130äե֥ѥФ줿٤Ǥꡤ٤ǤϤʤȡ٤ˤΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤäդˤ뤢ñ٤⤱Сʬñ˴ޤޤ벻᥿פ٤⤯ʤȤȤǤ롥㤨Сof "Ov" (= /ɒv/) ɽ벻ϡ4̤٤Ǥ롥ʤ̵ͭϹθ٤Ƥ롥
ʲΥꥹȤ˵󤲤벻ɽϡIPA ǤϤʤ CELEX ͤäɽʤΤǡбɽ󤲤Ƥ

CELEX2 Phonetic Character Set

Ǥϡʲ˥󥭥ɽǥȥå50̤ޤǤǺܤ롥٤ñβ᥿פΤޤ޾̤ȿǤƤơޤꤪ⤷ɽǤϤʤΩĤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ

RankSyllableFrequency
1eI72971
2Di:60967
3tu:31446
4Ov30108
5In29906
6&nd28709
7aI23822
8lI19728
9@19566
10rI14356
11ju:12598
12dI12465
13D&t12118
14It11504
15wOz10834
16fO:r*9778
17Iz9517
18tI9161
19fO9042
20Sn,8969
21hi:8928
22r@n8638
23bi:8505
24bI7936
25nI7068
26wID7046
27On7030
28&z6919
29O:l6569
30h&d6240
31E6165
32bl,6021
33sI5836
34@U5824
35t@r*5687
36&t5652
37hIz5564
38bVt5416
39mI5397
40s@5391
41nOt5357
42D@r*5339
43I5283
44tId5259
45DeI5162
46IN5063
47t@5053
48s@U4974
49baI4894
50h&v4769


󥭥ɽ򸫤ϡֶڤ Syllable Frequency Rank Table by CELEX2 򻲾ȡ֥饦DZϡɤΤȤƤ11492ΰۤʤ벻᥿פϿƤꡤ٤1ʾΤΤ7934פ롥#1023. ܸμȿ ([2012-02-14-1]) κǸǡѸβ᥿פܸ٤ƶäۤ¿¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥ˿줿οߤǼǤϢơsyllable γƵ򻲾ȡ
ʤCELEX2 Υޥ˥奢ˤϰʲâ񤭤ƤΤǡƷǤƤ

Please note that the English corpus used by CELEX for deriving these frequencies contains only 7.3% spoken material. This means there is a rather tenuous relationship between the full frequency figures, which are based on written forms, and the syllable frequencies, which merely refer to phonemic conversions of these graphemic transcriptions. Of course it could be argued that frequencies of syllables, as lexical sub-units, are less liable to get skewed from differences in medium than full words, but it has to be taken into account that NO FIRM EVIDENCE ABOUT SPOKEN FREQUENCIES can be derived from these data.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-28-1] [2019-07-03-1]

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2013-03-25 Mon

#1428. ye = the [palaeography][spelling][thorn][th][pub][alphabet][graphemics][ppcme2][ppceme][ppcmbe][corpus]

#13. ѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷 ([2009-05-11-2]) ǡye yethe Ѥ뵼ŪֻˤĤƿ줿
þ (thorn) y Ȥλˤ뺮ƱѸ鸫줿κ𤬤дΤ þ षƤǤ롥þ ѤƤäΤϡ#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-16-1]) #1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-17-1]) dzǧ褦ˡHelsinki Corpus λʬˤME4 (1420--1500) ʹߤǤ롥˸ƱơŪ괧 ye ϶ѸäƤ٤ƤOED 򻲾Ȥȡye λѤѸ줫17ˤơȤ롥
ǤϡѸ줫ѸˤơŪˤɤ ye Ѥ줿ΤĴ٤뤿 PPCME2, PPCEME, PPCMBE POSե뷲 "ye/D" 򸡺ƤߤME1ΤߡEModE1259㡤LModE5㤬󤬤äƥѥϤ褽130졤180졤100줫ʤ뤬ͤȤ⡤ȤƤ롥Ѹǵ޷˸쵤˿ȤȤǤ롥PPCEME 1259Τ975ϡThe Journal of George Fox (1673--74) Ȥ1ʤǤ롥ۤˤ10ʾ帽ƥȤ4ĤΤߤǡĤ20ƥȤ˾㤺ĻФäƤˤʤȤʬۤǤϤ롥δˤ᤿Ȥϡ̣ήԤȤä
ɥˬ줿ݤˡ145 Fleet St Ϸޥѥ "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese" 42 Ludgate Hill "Ye Olde London" δĤ򻣱ƤƤǰʤ餳ǥդ뵡Ϥʤäɤ⡤̤Υѥ֤ǤϰաʤǤϤʤˤޤ

Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese Ye Olde London

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2013-03-21 Thu

#1424. CELEX2 [corpus][dictionary][statistics][frequency][lexicology]

ñ٤˴ϢBetty Phillips ʤɡˤǡCELEX Ȥåǡ١ѤƤΤ򸫤뤳Ȥ롥߼꤫äƤ븦ǡ祳ѥ˴ŤǤפɬפˤʤäΤǡ͹ߤ350ɥ뤹뤳ιʥǡ١ꤷƤߤǤ2ǤǤꡤCELEX2 ȤƹǤ롥ʤʤͽۤƤʤäꤷ CD-ROM ˤϡLDC99T42 Ȥǡ١ޤޤƤˤ tagged Brown Corpus, Wall Street Journal, Switchboard tagged ʤ Treebank ϤΥѥäƤ롥
ơCELEX2 ˤϡѸä˴ؤʣΥǡ١ǼƤ롥줾Υǡ١ˤϡˡᡤ֡γƴ顤Ф (lemma) 뤤ϸ (wordform) ȤˡѥǤξ󤬳ǼƤ롥Ūˤϡ11Υǡ١ѲǽǤ롥

ect (English Corpus Types)
efl (English Frequency, Lemmas)
efs (English Frequency, Syllables)
efw (English Frequency, Wordforms)
eml (English Morphology, Lemmas)
emw (English Morphology, Wordforms)
eol (English Orthography, Lemmas)
eow (English Orthography, Wordforms)
epl (English Phonology, Lemmas)
epw (English Phonology, Wordforms)
esl (English Syntax, Lemmas)

Ф줢뤤ϸȤ token ٤μФ˶ǡ١ȤǧǹºݤˤϡޤޤƤμ϶äۤ˭٤ǡ11Υǡ١٤Ƥ碌եɿϤΤ250ʾ˵ڤ֡Կ efl 52,447ԡefw 160,595ԤȤ礵Ѥ SQLite DB 򤳤館顤̤ˤ90MBĶƤޤä
CELEX2 ΥϡˤĤƤ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1974) ڤ Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1978) ǤꡤپˤĤƤ 1790줫ʤ COBUILD/Birmingham corpus Ǥ롥Υѥιϡ1660 (92.74%) 񤭸եѥ130 (7.26%) äեѥǡԤ284ƥȤΤ44ƥ (15.49%) ꥫѸǤ롥ΥꥫѸϤۤȤɤꥹѸֻľƤ뤳Ȥդ
CELEX2 ˤ "lemma" ϡʲ5˰¸롥

(1) orthography of the wordforms: peek vs peak
(2) syntactic class: meet (adj.) vs meet (adv.)
(3) inflectional paradigm: water (v.) vs water (n.)
(4) morphological structure: rubber (someone or something that rubs) vs rubber (the elastic substance)
(5) pronunciation of the wordforms: recount [ˈriː-kaʊnt] vs recount [rɪ-ˈkaʊnt]

äơ̾ۤʤ lexeme Ȥư bank (ڼˤ bank ʶԡˤʤɤϡCELEX2 ǤƱ lemma ȤưƤΤդɬפǤ롥
Τ褦 CELEX2 ˶Ϥʸ٥ǡ١¾ˤٸ˻񤹤ǡ١ġ¸ߤ롥ܥ֥ǿ줿ΤȤƤϡfrequency statistics lexicology γƵ䡤ä˰ʲεͤˤʤ

#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])
#708. Frequency Sorter CGI ([2011-04-05-1])
#1159. MRC Psycholinguistic Database Search ([2012-06-29-1])

Baayen R. H., R. Piepenbrock and L. Gulikers. CELEX2. CD-ROM. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, 1996.

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2013-03-20 Wed

#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) [verb][conjugation][emode][corpus][ppceme][ppcbme][number][agreement][analogy][3pp]

#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1]) ε³εǤϡPPCEME ˤ븡ǡ3ʣ -s 50ۤɼФȤǤȽҤ٤ʸ̮򸫤ʤȤȤ52㤬ǧ줿ʥǡΥƥȥեˡ
PPCEME ǤϡE1 (1500--1569), E2 (1570--1639), E3 (1640--1710) 3ʬƤ뤬ζʬȤ3ʣ -s 򼨤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤʳƴΥѥ⼨ˡ

PeriodTokensWordcount
E1 (1500--1569)13567,795
E2 (1570--1639)18628,463
E3 (1640--1710)21541,595
Total521,737,853


Queen Elizabeth I's Boethius (E2), Thomas Middleton's A chaste maid in Cheapside (E2), Celia Fiennes's journeys (E3) ʤɤΥƥȤ˿ʾȤϤΤȤƾʤʤ⡤褽ʤʬۤƤȤϸ뤫⤷ʤʸįƤߤȡʲΤ褦˼ư֤ߤΤĤꡤѸΡthere is + ʣ̾פΤ褦ʹʸ۵롥

and after them comys mo harolds,
Here comes our Gossips now,
Now in goes the long Fingers that are wash't Some thrice a day in Vrin,


ơLass (166) 3ʣ -s ˤĤƴϢڤ򸫤ĤΤǡҲ𤷤ƤLass ϡ3ʣ -s εˤĤơñ٤л٤줿ΤΡŤȹͤƤ褦

The {-s} plural appears considerably later than the {-s} singular, and if it too is northern (as seems likely), it represents a later diffusion. The earliest example cited by Wyld ([History of Modern Colloquial English] 346) is from the State Papers of Henry VIII (1515): 'the noble folk of the land shotes at hym'. It is common throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as a minority alternant of zero, and persists sporadically into the eighteenth century.


1617̤ƹԤʤƤȤȤϡ嵭 PPCEME dzΤǧ줿ʤѸ򥫥С PPCMBE 18ʹߤξĴ٤Ƥߤȡ6󤬤äΤοȴǰξǾȤ԰פɤΤޤޤƤ[2012-06-14-1]ε#1144. Ѹˤ԰פפ򻲾ȡˡѸǤ3ʣ -s ϳ̵˶ᤤȹͤƤ褵


Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

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2013-03-14 Thu

#1417. °ȯã [genitive][clitic][synthesis_to_analysis][metanalysis][corpus][ppcme2][syntax]

Ѹʹߤ apostrophe s ϡ̾ˤĤȤߤʤϡ̾ˤĤܸ (enclitic) ȤߤʤۤΤǤ롥ȤΤϡthe king of England's daughter Τ褦° (group genitive) ȤƤˡǧ뤫Ǥ롥apostrophe s ϡ³˷Ūñ̤Ȥϡ췲³Ūñ̡ʤܸ (clitic) Ȥߤʤɬפ롥
apostrophe s εȹͤ -es ϡѸˤϡΤ̾ˤĤ޸ä줬̾ܤ°ʤˡΤϤʤηϲäΤѸˤǤ˵ƤǤ롥
Ĥθ (Janda) ˤС°ʤؤȯŸʳǡ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1]) ޲ȤƺѤΤǤϤʤȤñ㲽ƼС(1) °ʸ -es ȿ;̾ñ° his Ȥ̵ƱȤʤ¤ȡ(2) ľ̾̾ȤƤ his °ʤȤ2ؤäơΤ褦㼰ǽȤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ

king his doughter : king of England his doughter = kinges doughter : X
X = king of Englandes doughter


Allen ϤƱդʤPPCME2 䤽¾ѸƥȤͿ뤢Ƥ̡his °ʤ޲ȤʤäƷ°ʤȤ븫ˤϡڵ塤̵Ȥ롥Allen ϡȤ櫓"attached genitive" Ū -es °ʡˤ "separated genitive" his °ʡˤȤδ֤ˡĶ˱Ƥʬ۾κʤȤ򺬵ˡѸ his °ʤ "just an orthographical variant of the inflection" (118) Ǥȷ롥
Ǥϡ°ʤȯã his °ʤ޲ȤΤǤϤʤäȤȡ¾ˤɤΤ褦ʷꤨΤAllen ϤȤơ"the gradual extension of the ending -es to all classes of nouns, making what used to be an inflection indistinguishable from a clitic" (120) ƤƤ롥14ޤǤ°ʸΧ -(e)s 褦ˤʤꡤ줬Ϥ޸ȤƤǤϤʤ̵Ѳܸª˻äΤǤϤʤȤޤǽη°ʤϡThe grete god of Loves name (Chaucer, HF 1489) þe kyng of Frances men (Trevisa's Polychronicon, VIII, 349.380) ˸褦ʡм򼨤 of ȼä귿Ǥꡤʣ̾ȤǤ褦ɽǤ롥줬Ȳ򤵤졤ľ˽ͭ򼨤 -(e)s ĤȤΤϤޤäԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ
Allen ϡ16Ⱦ鸽 his °ʤʿŪ her °ʤ their °ʤˤĤƤϡǤ-(e)s ˤ뷲°ʤΩʬ (metanalysis) η̤ǤꡤŪɽˤʤȸƤ롥ΰʬϤ"spelling pronunciation" ʤ "spelling syntax" (124) ȸڤƤΤ̣
Allen ηѤ褦 (124)

A closer examination of the relationship between case-marking syncretism and the rise of the 'group genitive' than has previously been carried out provides evidence that the increase in syncretism led to the reanalysis of -es as a clitic. There is evidence that this change of status from inflection to clitic was not accomplished all at once; inflectional genitives coexisted with the clitic genitive in late ME and the clitic seems to have attached to conjoined nouns and appositives before it attached to NPs which did not end in a possessor noun. The evidence strongly suggests that the separated genitive of ME did not serve as the model for the introduction of the group genitive, and I have suggested that the separated genitive was an orthographic variant of the inflectional genitive, but that after the group genitive was firmly established there were attempts to treat it as a genitive pronoun.


Allen Appendix I ˤơMustanoja (160) his °ʤȤƵ󤲤ƤűѸѸ줫[2011-07-25-1]ǵ󤲤ˤ¿路ǤƤ롥
ʤ°ʤˤĤƤϡBaugh and Cable (241) ˤñʸڤ롥

Janda , Richard. "On the Decline of Declensional Systems: The Overall Loss of OE Nominal Case Inflections and the ME Reanalysis of -es as his." Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Ed. Elizabeth C. Traugott, Rebecca Labrum, and Susan Shepherd. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 243--52.
Allen, Cynthia L. "The Origins of the 'Group Genitive' in English." Transactions of the Philological Society 95 (1997): 111--31.
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2013-03-13 Wed

#1416. shew show (2) [spelling][corpus][ppcmbe][johnson][pronunciation_spelling]

ε#1414. shew show (1) ([2013-03-12-1]) ³ԡ Helsinki Corpus ѤƽѸޤǤ shew show ʬۤĴϸѸˤʬۤ PPCMBE (Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English; see [2010-03-03-1]) ˤäƴñĴ
PPCMBE ϡ1700ǯ1914ǯޤǤ948,895ΥѥǤ롥70ǯĤ3ʬФ첽줿 pos ե뷲оݤ˸뤳Ȥ shew show token 夲̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ


shew show
1700--17698025298,764
1770--18397986368,804
1840--191417162281,327


绨Ĥʿ夲ǤϤ뤬13餫ʬۤͭպФ롥1800ǯ򶭤˷žshow ͥˤʤäƤȤ狼ʤžȤͳˤĤƤϡJohnson Dictionary (1755) εҤͤˤʤ롥"To SHOW" θФΤȤ˼Τ褦ˤΤǡѤƤ

This word is frequently written shew; but since it is always pronounced and often written show, which is favoured likewise by the Dutch schowen, I have adjusted the orthography to the pronunciation.


Ĥޤꡤspelling_pronunciation ʤ pronunciation_spelling ȤȤˤʤΤshow ۤɤιٸǤΤ褦ʰŪʲѤȤΤԻ׵Ĥˤפ뤬Ѹ衤ȤϤ show 󤬰ϹԤʤƤȤ¤طʤˤäȤϡΤ˸Ƥ

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2013-03-12 Tue

#1415. shew show (1) [spelling][phonetics][corpus][hc][diphthong]

ư show ˤϸŤ֤ shew 롥ˡΧʸ񡤻ʤɤˤϸΤΡߤǤϰŪˤϤޤꤪܤˤʤshew 18ޤֻͥǤꡤ19ȾޤǸȤƳƤ20ȾǤܤˤ뤳ȤäOED "show, v." θ츻εҤ򻲾Ȥ褦

The spelling shew, prevalent in the 18th cent. and not uncommon in the first half of the 19th cent., is now obsolete exc. in legal documents. It represents the obsolete pronunciation (indicated by rhymes like view, true down to c1700) normally descending from the Old English scéaw- with falling diphthong. The present pronunciation, to which the present spelling corresponds, represents an Old English (? dialectal) sceāw- with a rising diphthong.


ΰ֤ͳϡűѸ scéawian (to look) η֤ͳ褹롥촴2첻Ĺ첻ؤȳ경 (smoothing) ݤˡȤȲĴ2첻Ǥкǽ첻Ӥ ē Ȥʤꡤ徺Ĵ2첻ǤкǸ첻ӡ̤Ȥ ō Ȥʤäshew ϢʤԤηǤϡ§Ūʲȯãˤꡤ/ʃjuː/ ϤϤshow ϢʤԤηȯ /ʃoʊ/ ִ뤳ȤˤʤäȾޤǤֻȤƤ shew ͥǤʤ顤ȯȤƤ show ̲ƤȤȤˤʤ롥ʤsew /soʊ/ ⡤ʿŪȯãη̤Ǥ롥
OED 츻ǤϡޤǤ shew ͥäȤȤä show ˨Ѹ줫ǧ (cf. MED "sheuen (v.(1))") Helsinki Corpus ˤꡤѸ줫ѸޤǤ shew vs show ̻Ūʬۤ򳵴ѤƤߤ褦ʥǡե "shew" and "show" in Helsinki Corpus 򻲾ȡ


shew show
M1120
M2362
M31850
M42077
E119813
E211315
E3714


Τ˽ѸޤǤ̻ŪʷǤ롥Ѹʹߤ show εžˤĤƤ̤ĴʤΤǡεõäƤߤ롥

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2013-03-10 Sun

#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s [verb][conjugation][emode][corpus][ppceme][number][agreement][analogy][3pp]

ɸˤĤ Baugh and Cable (247) ˿Ƥꡤܤ椤3ñʤ3ʣˤ -s ϡѸǤʤѸǤϡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) βϿޤǼ褦ˡľˡ3;ʣǤ -es ܤäѸɸѼˤ3ʣ -s ȤΤԻ׵ĤǤ롥ȤΤϡλʸؤʸȿǤɸѼǤϡѸ East Midland -e(n) ṳ̈ȤƤΥͽۤ뤷ºݤʬۤȤưŪ3ʣ -s ϳΤ Shakespeare Ǥ⻶롥
ˤĤơBaugh and Cable (247) ϼΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥

Their occurrence is also often attributed to the influence of the Northern dialect, but this explanation has been quite justly questioned, and it is suggested that they are due to analogy with the singular. While we are in some danger here of explaining ignotum per ignotius, we must admit that no better way of accounting for this peculiarity has been offered. And when we remember that a certain number of Southern plurals in -eth continued apparently in colloquial use, the alternation of -s with this -eth would be quite like the alternation of these endings in the singular. Only they were much less common. Plural forms in -s are occasionally found as late as the eighteenth century.


ǡ3ʣ -s αƶǤϤʤȤ Baugh and Cable θϡWyld, History of Modern Colloquial English, p. 340 θڤäƤ롥षλ3ñ -s -th θؤʣˤŪӲФ̤ȹͤƤ롥ʤGörlach (89) ϡ餭Τñ餭ΤᤫͤƤ롥
ͻˤäơϤȤ⤢졤Ѹˤ3ʣ -s ʤ -th ʤ꤬ŪˤɤΤ餤٤ǸΤǧƤɬפ롥ǡThe Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (PPCEME) ˤꤶäȸƤߤ180ȤϤΥѥ3ʣ -s 50ۤɡ3ʣ -th 60ۤɤ󤬤äʷ̥ƥȥեϺ򥯥åˡǯʸ̮ʤɤξܺ٤ʬϤϤƤʤŵŪ򾯤󤲤Ƥ


and all your children prayes you for your daly blessing.
but the carving and battlements and towers looks well;
then go to the pot where your earning bagges hangs,
as our ioyes growes, We must remember still from whence it flowes,
Ther growes smale Raysons that we call reysons of Corans,


now here followeth the three Tables,
And yf there be no God, from whence cometh good thynges?
First I wold shewe that the instruccyons of this holy gospell perteyneth to the vniuersal chirche of chryst.
and so the armes goith a sundre to the by crekes.
And to this agreith the wordes of the Prophetes, as it is written.
Also high browes and thicke betokeneth hardnes:


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

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2013-02-24 Sun

#1399. Ѹˤ between ΰ۷֤ʬ [laeme][corpus][preposition][me_dialect][methodology]

#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1])#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1])#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1]) ³ơ LAEME Ѥ̻ŪѲʬۤĴ̤𤹤롥
Helsinki Corpus ˤ̻ŪĴ ([2013-02-19-1]) ξƱͤˡ¿ΰ۷֤ޤȤäơʳˤ첻ΰ㤤̵뤷2ʹߤλҲʤȡ⤷и첻ˤμȤ߹碌ܤlexel "between" ꤷƼФȤˡ241ĤΥȡȾȡ̤ʶʬ[2012-10-10-1]ε#1262. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (1)פǺѤΤƱˡǡ򻲾ȡʲǽǯ̡̤ν׷̤Ǥ롥

PERIODnnnnexxexnxtehnhetntxtxntxethsseynznSum
C12b181270000000000000028
C13a23419644091401010000085
C13b2032321341000102111164
C14a5132892200031000010064
Sum662172247941014321121211241

DIALECTnnnnexxexnxtehnhetntxtxntxethsseynznSum
N00192200001000000015
NEM140000000000000000014
NWM706000081400002000037
SEM1420950000030100000052
SWM3112675702001010101184
SW001630040000000010024
SE001400000000000010015
Sum662172247941014321121211241


Ѹ between Ϣʤ롤n ޤǤ̤Υפ3˼Ƥ뤬bitweonen ʤɤ "nn" פϻȤȤ "n" פ "ne" פִƤ椯ͻҤ롥Mustanoja (369) ϡ"nn" פˤĤ "The -en forms occur mainly in the more southern parts of the country" ȵҤƤ뤬ºݤˤ NEM NWM ˤ⸽Ƥ롥Ĥޤꡤ"nn" פʬۤϡǤʾ˻Ǥǽ롥 n æǡġ٤˸뤳ȤϡͽۤǤ뤳Ȥ
n ˤϱ󤯵ڤФʤbituix bitƿixen ʤɤ x λѤλ˵ǤʤȤϡHelsinki Corpus Ĵ̤礷Ƥ롥x N, SEM, SWM, SW ʬۤƤꡤ֤˶ޤ줿 NEM, NWM ˤʸڤʤʬ̯ۤΤȤ㤬ʬ¿ʤˡNorth Midlands θ¸ƥȤ˸뵡񤬤ʤäȤȤ⤷ʤѸˤĹ t ղä xte פϡѸǤ C13b SW bitwixte ʤɤη֤Ǥ鷺˸ˤȤɤޤäƤ롥
bituhen bituhe ʤɤ h ϡHelsinki Corpus ˤСűѸ쵤˿षȤΤȤäLAEME ˤСѸǤ C13a NWM ˽椹ĤäƤ褦λޤǤ˿෹ϷŤƤȸ
ĴǴФʽѸ˳Ϥ뤤ϿʹԤƤȵѲˤĤĴ٤ˤϡHelsinki Corpus ̻ŪѲŤߤˤǡLAEME Ѥơ٤ʬ̤θƷ겼Ƥ椯Τ褵

Referrer (Inside): [2014-12-19-1] [2013-07-29-1]

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2013-02-19 Tue

#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ [hc][corpus][preposition]

#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1]) ڤӺε#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥbetween Ūʰ۷֤ʬۤHelsinki Corpus ǤäĴƤߤĴη̡ѥ between η֤Ȥ 97 types, 793 tokens ǧ줿ʲϤ97ΰ۷֤֡Ǥ롥

be-twen, be-twene, be-twix, be-twyen, be-twyn, be-twyx, be-twyxe, betuen, betuene, betuh, betuih, betuixt, betun, betux, betuyx, betwe, between, betweene, betwen, betwenan, betwene, betweoh, betweohn, betweon, betweonan, betweonen, betweonon, betweonum, betweox, betweoxan, betwex, betwi, betwih, betwihn, betwinan, betwinum, betwioh, betwion, betwix, betwixe, betwixt, betwixte, betwixts, betwne, betwoex, betwonen, betwuh, betwux, betwuxn, betwyh, betwyn, betwynan, betwyne, betwyx, betwyxe, betwyxen, betwyxte, bi-tuine, bi-twen, bi-twene, bi-twenen, bi-tweohnen, bi-tweone, bi-tweonen, bi-twexst, bi-twext, bi-twihan, bi-twixst, bituen, bituene, bituhe, bituhen, bituhhe, bituhhen, bituien, bituih, bituin, bituix, bitunon, bitweies, bitwen, bitwene, bitwenen, bitwenenn, bitweon, bitweone, bitweonen, bitweonon, bitweonum, bitwex, bitwexe, bitwien, bitwih, bitwix, bitwixe, bitwixen, bitwyxe


793η֤δǤޤȤƽפΤưפǤϤʤϸʳˤ첻ΰ㤤̵뤹뤳Ȥˤ2ʹߤλҲʤȡ⤷и첻ˤμȤ߹碌ˤäƽפ㤨С"nm", "nn", "x", "xt" Ȥפϡ줾 betweonum, betweonan, betwyx, betwixt ʤɤη֤ɽ롥ʲɽϡHelsinki Corpus ˤʬ򻲾Ȥε󤬤ʤä O1 ʸűѸ1ˤλ10ˤ̻ŪѲ󤷤ΤǤ롥


nmnnnnexxexnxtxtexstxtshhnhnnheseiSum
O214100130100003140000064
O35221605600000048000000147
O41153022000000300000044
M10284813010000041900068
M2015321110000000010042
M300431241801040000001083
M40041125621600000000156
E1001266200253000000000108
E2002344000316000000000104
E30054800014001000000077
Sum206712520015625572154182819111793


between Ϣʤ n ķ֤ϡűѸ줫Ѹ˻ޤǰӤƼήɤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥betwix ʤɤ x ⡤űѸ줫Ѹޤ n ɤŨۤѤƤ뤬Ѹ xt 󤬽и˵ڤӡŤ x ϱƤƤ椯h ϡűѸǤäűѸ쵤˿षƤ椯
Ѹ˴ؤƤϡˤʬۤκĴɬפ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-01-12 Sat

#1356. 20ꥹѸǤ government οΰ [bre][number][agreement][noun][syntax][corpus]

ε#1355. 20ꥹѸǽ̾ñפä ([2013-01-11-1]) Ǽ夲Bauer ν̾οΰפ˴ؤĴˤĤơҲ³롥The Times μΥѥˤ̻ŪĴ̤ơBauer ϷȴƺѤν̾Ǥ government 20δ֤ˡΰפ˴ؤƶ̣ʬۤ򼨤Ȥȯ (Bauer 64--65)
20ˤϡgovernment ʣפ¿ΤΡ褫ŦƤȤꡤȤ館˱ñʣΤѰۤ򼨤ƤȤˤʤȡñʣפΰ㤤ؼоݤΰ㤤б褦ˤʤäʣȤѤȤˤϱѹܤؤñȤѤȤˤ¾ܤؤȤƤȤΤʸˡȤ⡤̣ʻؼоݡˤؤȰܹԤΤ褦ʲˡBauer (64) "Concord with government by meaning from The Times corpus, 1930--65" ΥǡƷǤ褦

YearBritish governmentNon-British government
SingularPluralSingularPlural
1930315123
1935213112
194021442
19452722
1950126260
19552280
196002380
196511341
Total131136518


1965ǯޤǤˤηΩθ塤θˤơ٤ϻؼоݤˤ餺ñפƤ롥government ˴ؤ¤ꡤ notional variation semantic distinction grammatical preference for the singular ȿ񤤤ѲƤȤȤˤʤ롥
䤦٤ϡ嵭20λȤʬηϼʳΥƥȥפǤƱͤ˸ΤȤ government ٤Ǹ뤳Ȥͽۤ줿Ȥ˼θˤüˡȯãȵȤǤ뤫⤷ʤѥ򹭤Ƴǧɬפ

Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-25-1] [2021-05-20-1]

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2013-01-11 Fri

#1355. 20ꥹѸǽ̾ñפä [bre][number][agreement][noun][syntax][corpus][americanisation]

ưοΰפˤĤƤϡ#930. a large number of people οΰס ([2011-11-13-1]) #1144. Ѹˤ԰פ ([2012-06-14-1]) #1334. Ѹˤ̾ưο԰ס ([2012-12-21-1]) εǰäƤ̤ˡѸˤ government team ʤɤν̾οΰפϡꥫѸǤϤäѤñǰפ뤬ꥹѸǤϤȤ館˱ñǤʣǤפȤ롥ΰ̲ϳͭΰפ˴ؤѰۤ򼨤ꥹѸˤĤƤߤȡ20̤ñפηޤäƤƤΤǤϤʤȤŦ롥Bauer (61--66) The Times μоݤȤѥҲ𤷤褦
Bauer ϡ1900--1985ǯ The Times corpus μ⤫ʤ륳ѥоݤˡ̾줬ñǰפΨ᤿Bauer ϡĴ The Times μȤ˷ĥäʸΤˤĴǤꡤ줬ɬ⥤ꥹѸΤɽƤȤϤʤǤäạ̇̄դͿƤ롥ʲϡBauer (63) ΥդܸƤǿͤɤ߽ФƺΤǤ롥

Singular Concord of Collective Nouns

ľȤƤʤ餻Сǯ0.3178%γǤȤʤäƤ롥ͤꤷʤȤ䥳ѥФʤɤͳˤꤳη̤ɤޤǿǤΤȤʤ뤬Bauer Ϻ٤ͿƤ餺ȽǤǤʤΤǤ롥
Bauer ϤˡѥǺǤ٤ι⤤̾ government üʿ񤤤򤹤뤳Ȥܤθ̾ˤĤơñפγƷ׻ΥդƱΤǡBauer (66) Υդ˴ŤƲΥդƺʤ餹ǯ0.1877%γǤǤ롥

Singular Concord of Collective Nouns Excluding 'government'

η̤¿Dzη̤ˤȤɤޤ餶ʤ褦˻פ뤬ʤȤ⤵ĴʤƤ椯ΥˤϤʤ
ʤBauer 1930ǯˤη֤äȤ¤򺬵ˡꥫѸ줬ƶͿȹͤ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤƤ[2011-08-26-1]ε#851. ꥹѸФ륢ꥫѸαƶ2狼פ򻲾ȡˡ
government οΰפ˴ؤ뤪⤷񤤤ˤĤƤϡεǾҲ𤹤롥

Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

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2013-01-02 Wed

#1346. ղõϤɤΤ餤褯Ȥ뤫 [interrogative][tag_question][ame_bre][corpus][frequency][statistics]

ѸβäǤϡղõ䤬褯Ȥ롥ŪˤɤΤ餤褯ȤΤ⤽Ū˵ʸϤɤΤ餤٤ΤΤʤǡղõϤɤ줯餤γΤΤ褦ʵ顤ޤ٤ Biber et al. LGSWE Ǥ롥
ǽˤĤƤϡp. 211 ˲ͿƤ롥οˤƤĴCONV(ERSATION) Ǥ401ĵ䤬ޤޤƤȤåѥǤϡž̾塤䤬ȿǤƤǽ⤯ºݤˤϿͰʾ٤ǵʸƤϤǤ롥ƥȥפǤС礭򳫤 FICT(ION) ³NEWS ACAD(EMIC) Ǥϵʸ٤ϸ¤ʤ㤤
ˡƥ֥ѥˤơʸΤˤղõϤɤΤ餤p. 212 ˷ǺܤƤ׷̤ʲΤ褦ˤޤȤ᤿Ĥ­100%ȤʤɽǤ롥

(* = 5%; ~ = less than 2.5%)CONVFICTNEWSACAD
independent clausewh-question******************************
yes/no-question************************
alternative question~~~~
declarative question***~~
fragmentswh-question******
other********
tagpositive*~~~
negative*****~~


CONV ˤղõΨ⤤ȤΤ褦ͽ¬줿Ʊ֥ѥεɽΤΤʤ25%ȤȤȯäΤʤǤ⡤ is it? isn't it? ΥפΤۤä¿ޤFICT CONV ˤ褽ऺʬۤ򼨤Τϡեβʬι׸NEWS ACAD ղõΨ㤤ΤϡɽäȤηӤĤ򶯤ΤǤ롥ޤ2ĤΥ֥ѥǤϡΩǤεʸä wh-question Ū¿Τդ
ղõΨ˴ؿäΤϡ¤ϡSchmitt and Marsden (192) ˼Τ褦ʵҤ򸫤Ĥä

Tag questions (i.e., regular questioning expressions tagged onto a sentence) exist in both American and British English, with British speakers perhaps using them more than Americans: "That's not very nice, is it?" Peremptory and aggressive tags tend to be used more in British English than in American English: "Well, I don't know, do I?" (192)


ǰʤ顤Biber et al. Ǥղõ٤αƺΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤӡƤΥѥĴ٤ɬפ

Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2012-12-12 Wed

#1325. ä¿ͳ [corpus][negative][frequency]

Cheshire (115) ɤǤơѸ˴ؤ뵭ҤȤơäˤ¿ȤȤڤľŪˤϳΤˤΤ褦˻פ뤬ҴŪ΢դϤΤȡLGSWE äƤߤȡϢ뵭Ҥ pp. 159--60 ˸Ĥä
ˤ͡ʼब뤬4ĤλѰΤ줾ˤĤơѥѤ "Distribution of not/n't v. other negative forms" Ĵ̤Ƥ100򡤥դɽǼ

Distribution of <em>not</em>/<em>n't</em> v. Other Negative Forms

not/n'tother negative forms
CONV195002500
FICT95004000
NEWS45002000
ACAD35001500


äѽФͳȤơLGSWE ϰʲ󤲤Ƥ롥

(1) äǤ¾Υ쥸ư줬¿ưȺǤ⶯ӤĤΤǡä꤬¿Τͽۤ롥
(2) äǤ¾Υ쥸᤬û¿ʬ¿ʤ뤳Ȥͽۤ롥
(3) äǤɽȿ¿ȿ⤽˴ޤޤ롥
(4) ¿ղõʤɡäȤФŵŪ깽ʸȤΤ롥
(5) not ȶư줬ꡤϤȤ櫓äˤ٤⤤㤨Сforget, know, mind, remember, think, want, worry ʤɤοưʤɡ
(6) äˤ꤬ꡤոΰפ԰פ˴ؤɽ¿ʤ롥äǤϡnot Τߤʤ餺 no ¾꼭ѽФ롥

CONV μ FICT ¿Τϡ餯եˤʬ׸Ƥ뤫ޤ(1) ˤĤƤϡäˤΤȤư줬¿ȤͿƤ

Cheshire, Jenny. "Double Negatives are Illogical." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 113--22.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-12-10 Mon

#1323. Helsinki Corpus COCOA [cgi][web_service][hc][corpus]

Helsinki Corpus (The Diachronic Part of the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts) 1991ǯ˸ư衤Ѹ˥ѥθĤȤƽѤƤHC ϸߤǤƤ餺ܥ֥Ǥ#381. oft often ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2010-05-13-1]) Ϥᡤhc γƵǸڤƤ
HC ܳŪ˻ȤʤˤϡΥޥ˥奢ɤɬפ롥Ȥ櫓̥֥ѥθϲƤɬפ뤷COCOA Format ˤ뻲ȥפCOCOA Format ϡHC ΥƥˤΥƥȤ˴ؤξͿ뤿ηǤ롥ƥƥȤˤĤơǯ塤Ԥ̡ʸʸʤɤξ󤬡ηˤͿƤ롥ѼԤϡξѤ뤳ȤˤꡤξƥȤӽФȤǤȤ櫓
HC COCOA Ѥιʤߤؤˤ뤿ˡޤɽˤޤȤǡ١ (SQLite)

    


ʲˡSQLбǡơ֥̾ "hccocoa" ȤƸꡥselect ʸΤͭեɤ26ܡ"ID", "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I", "J", "K", "M", "N", "O", "P", "Q", "R", "S", "T", "U", "V", "W", "X", "Y", "Z"ƥѥ᡼ΰ̣ϡʲ̤ꡥޤƥѥ᡼μꤦͤξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡޥ˥奢򻲾ȡʤ뤤ϡ"select distinct C from hccocoa order by C" ʤɤȸƤĴ٤ˡ

A = "author"
B = "name of text file"
C = "part of corpus"
D = "dialect"
E = "participant relationship"
F = "foreign original"
G = "relationship to foreign original"
H = "social rank of author"
I = "setting"
J = "interaction"
K = "contemporaneity"
M = "date of manuscript"
N = "name of text"
O = "date of original"
P = "page"
Q = "text identifier"
R = "record"
S = "sample"
T = "text type"
U = "audience description"
V = "verse" or "prose"
W = "relationship to spoken language"
X = "sex of author"
Y = "age of author"
Z = "prototypical text category"


ŵŪʸȤƵ󤲤Ƥ

# ɽΤƸ
select * from hccocoa

# ʬ̤Υƥȿ
select C, count(*) from hccocoa group by C

# ƥȥ̤Υƥȿ
select T, count(*) from hccocoa group by T

# ME ˻ʬƤƥȤγƼ
select B, C, D, V from hccocoa where C like 'M%' order by C

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-12-09 Sun

#1322. ANC Frequency Extractor [cgi][web_service][frequency][corpus][anc]

ε#1321. BNC Frequency Extractor ([2012-12-08-1]) ˰³ANC (American National Corpus) ˴ŤɽANC Second Release Frequency Data Υڡ˸ƤΤǡ"ANC Frequency Extractor"

    


ͤϡ"BNC Frequency Extractor" Ⱦۤʤ롥ǡ١ SQLite ǡselect ʸΤͭȤΤƱ͡ơ֥ "anc" ʥѥΡˡ"written" ʽ񤭸եѥˡ"spoken" äեѥ) "token" (Ȥ٤Ψˤ4ࡥեɤϡ"anc", "written", "spoken" γƥơ֥ˤĤƤϡ"word", "lemma", "pos", "freq" 4ġ"token" Υơ֥ˤĤƤϡ"word", "freq", "ratio" 3ĤǤ롥POS-tag ˤĤƤϡPenn Treebank Tagset 򻲾ȡ
ʲˡ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

# 񤭸եƥȤǡƺȤ "diarrhoea" vs. "diarrhea" ֻ٤ǧ
select * from written where word like "diarrh%"

# 񤭸եƥȤǡƺȤ "judgement" vs. "judgment" ֻ٤ǧʤ¾[2009-12-27-1]ε#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡפֻǤ椯Ȥ⤷
select * from written where word like "judg%ment%"

# -ly ǽʤõflat adverb ⤷ʤõ
select * from anc where lemma not like "%ly" and pos like "RB%"

# -s ǽõadverbial genitive ̾Ĥ⤷ʤõ
select * from anc where pos like "RB%" and word like "%s"

# ñ̾ʣ̾ token Ӥ written subcorpus spoken subcorpus ǡ[2011-06-07-1]ε#771. ̾ñʣ١פ򻲾ȡ
select pos, sum(freq) from written where pos in ("NN", "NNS") group by pos
select pos, sum(freq) from spoken where pos in ("NN", "NNS") group by pos
select pos, sum(freq) from anc where pos in ("NN", "NNS") group by pos


ANC ͭȴ褵줿 OANC (Open American National Corpus) ̵ANC ڤ OANC ˤĤƤϡ#708. Frequency Sorter CGI ([2011-04-05-1]) #509. Dracula ˸ whilst (2) ([2010-09-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ
"BNC Frequency Extractor" "ANC Frequency Extractor" Ȥ߹碌ƻȤСäαƺˤĤ٤δñĴǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2014-01-21-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-12-08 Sat

#1321. BNC Frequency Extractor [cgi][web_service][frequency][corpus][bnc]

Adam Kilgarriff Ƥ BNC database and word frequency lists 顤Ф첽Ƥʤɽ (unlemmatised lists) ɤǤ褦˥ǡ١򤳤館

    


ͤǡ١ˤ SQLite ѤƤꡤSQLбselect ʸΤͭơ֥ "bnc" ʥѥΡˡ"written" ʽ񤭸եѥˡ"demog" 'demographic' spoken material) "cg" ('context-governed' spoken material) "variances" ʷ׻줿ʬ¾ͤޤˤ5ࡥvariances 4ơ֥ˤĤƤϡեɤ "freq" ١, "word" ʸ, "pos" ʻ졨BNC CLAWS POS-tags ΰ򻲾ȡ, "files" ʤθƤƥȿˤ4ġvariances Υơ֥ˤĤƤϡ嵭4եɤ˲äơ"mean" = freq / files) "variance" ʬˡ"variance_to_mean" (= variance / mean) 3ĤꤵƤ롥variances η׻ȤʤäƤ륵֥ѥϡ5000ʾޤ񤭸եƥȤȤȤǡΤȤƤ1BNCΤ1ˤǤ롥Ūˤϡ"select * from bnc limit 10" "select * from variances limit 10" ʤɤȤСǡγǼΤΤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ʲˡŵŪʸ󤲤Ƥ

# 񤭸եƥȤǡƺȤ "diarrhoea" vs. "diarrhea" ֻ٤ǧ
select * from written where word like "diarrh%"

# s ǻϤޤʬι⤤
select * from variances where word like "s%" order by variance desc limit 100

# 첻Ѱۤʣ򼨤ñ١cf. #708. Frequency Sorter CGI([2011-04-05-1]) Ǥ lemma ä
select * from bnc where word in ("foot", "goose", "louse", "man", "mouse", "tooth", "woman") and pos = "nn1" order by freq desc

# 첻Ѱۤʣ
select * from bnc where word in ("feet", "geese", "lice", "men", "mice", "teeth", "women") and pos = "nn2"

# POSǤޤȤ٤ι⤤ˡä 'demog'
select pos, sum(freq) from demog group by pos order by sum(freq) desc

# Ǥ⹭¿Ȥ̾
select * from variances where pos like "n%" order by variance desc limit 100

# Ǥ⹭¿Ȥƻ
select * from variances where pos like "aj%" order by variance desc limit 100


ʤФ첽Ƥɽ (lemmatised list) ˤĤƤϡ٤ˤ800ʾ帽롤6318̤ޤǤθФΤߤ˸ꤵƤꡤθġϡ#708. Frequency Sorter CGI ([2011-04-05-1]) ȤƼƤ롥Ϣơ#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-01-21-1] [2012-12-09-1]

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2012-11-24 Sat

#1307. most mest [analogy][superlative][vowel][me_dialect][corpus][hc][ppcme2][comparison]

ѸˤϡǾ most mest Ȥ첻ȼäƸ뤳ȤʤʤѸʹߡԤѤƤäξεʬϤɤˤΤ
most Proto-Germanic *maistaz ̤뤳ȤǤޥǤ Du. meest, G meist, ON mestr, Goth. maists ʤɤʸڤ롥§˽СűѸ māst ȤʤϤǤꡤºݤˤη֤ Northumbrian dzǧΤΡǤϳǧʤǤϡ첻ȼ West-Saxon mǣst Kentish mēst Ѥ줿OED ˤС첻ϡlǣst "least" ȤȤ롥첻ηȤ mest(e) Ȥ֤ѸؤѾ졤Ǥ15ޤǻȤ줿
˵ķ֤ϡѸǤϸ첻ηȯãȤ most(e) Ȥ֤¿Ѥ줿Ǥ̲ȤλΰŪʿ˲äӵ mo, more 첻ȤäΤǤϤʤ롥
ŪˡѸʹߤˤϥޥĸ줫ε§Ūȯã most ɸŪȤʤäƤ椭űѸ줫ѸˤѤ줿 mest ɸफϼƤäְΡפ̣Ѹ formest (cf. ӵ former) 15 foremost ȤƺʬϤ줿طʤˤϡҤ most ˤ mest ִͿƤ뤫⤷ʤäȤ⡤űѸꡤǾ -est Τ -ost Ȥ褯Ʊ줿ΤǤꡤǾ˴ؤˤơξ첻θؤϾˤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ʤPPCME2 Ǥäȸ첻 (ex. most) 첻 (ex. mest) ʬۤĴ٤ƤߤȡԤ354㡤Ԥ168ҥåȤHelsinki Corpus ǤñĴѸǤ⸽ɸѸƱͤ most ήäȤϴְ㤤ʤ褦

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2012-11-22 Thu

#1305. 쥿ΤĤ Google Books Ngram Corpus [corpus][google_books][ame_bre]

[2010-12-25-1]ε#607. Google Books Ngram ViewerפǾҲ𤷤 Google 󶡤Υѥġˡ쥿դ줿󥿡եǤ Google Books Ngram Viewer θѤʤɸĤθϤǤ褦ˤʤäξҲˡϡSyntactic Annotations for the Google Books Ngram Corpus ǻȤǤ롥
ߡGoogle Books Ngram Corpus English, Spanish, French, German, Russian, Italian, Chinese, Hebrew 8ΥѥޤबѸ쥳ѥ˴ؤ¤ꡤ4,541,627ʬ468,491,999,492 tokens ʤĶƥȡǡ١ȤʤäƤ롥ǡåȤǽ
줿쥿ϡŪˤСʻ (POS) Ƚط (head-modifier) Ǥ롥ɸդ׳Ū˼ưǹԤʤƤ롥ʻϰʲ12ब̤롥

NOUN (nouns), VERB (verbs), ADJ (adjectives), ADV (adverbs), PRON (pronouns), DET (determiners and articles), ADP (prepositions and postpositions), NUM (numerals), CONJ (conjunctions), PRT (particles), '.' (punctuation marks), X (a catch-all for other categories such as abbreviations or foreign words)


ϼȤƤϡ㤨 "burnt" Τ褦˸뤳ȤǤ뤷"burnt_VERB" Τ褦ʻꤷ뤳ȤǤ롥 3-grams ϢǤ "_ADJ_" Τ褦ʰѤǤ롥ʾΥѥ碌ơ"the _ADJ_ girl_NOUN" ʤɤǽطλǤϡ"hair=>black", "read=>book" ʤɤϤǤ䤽¾ΥΥȤʤǤϤȤǽȤʤäƤ롥
̾ưˡͭƤˤĤơʻ̤Ѳߤͤ褦travel ̾ǤưǤ⤢뤬Ѹ쥳ѥΤоݤȤˤС20ä̾ˡưˡɤȴȤ狼롥оݥѥꥫѸꥹѸڤؤӤȡԤ̾줬ư٤ξɤȴΤ1960ǯȤä٤
ۤˡhave a look ڤ take a look ȤɽγĴ٤褦Ȥˡ괧θ˷ƻʤɤǽθ"have>=look, take>=look" ʤɤȸƤߤꥫѸǤ take Ѥɽ1970ǯɤȴƤ뤬ꥹѸǤ20˽˳礳Ƥ뤬ޤ have ѤɽɤĤƤʤ

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2012-10-31 Wed

#1283. η׻ˡ [corpus][statistics][bnc][collocation][lltest]

[2010-03-04-1]ε#311. girl Ȥ褯 collocate ƻϲפǡȸζ (collocation) ¬׻ˡ (association measure) ˤϤĤμब뤳Ȥ򸫤ѥؤǤϡLog-Likelihood Test Ȥˤ׻ˡŪ褯ȤƤ뤬줾η׻ˡˤħΤǡʤ٤ʣˡΤ褤[2010-03-04-1]ƤȽʣʬ⤢뤬BNCweb ǼƤ7η׻ˡγơˤĤ Hoffmann et al. (149--58) 򻲾Ȥʤ顤ħѤΥҥȤ򼨤
Ƽη׻ˡϡ(a) (frequency of co-occurrence)(b) ͭ (significance of co-occurrence)(c) եȡ (effect-size) 1ġ뤤ʣȤ߹碌˴ŤƤ롥(b) ϡŪͭդǤȤγο٤ɽ魯ɸǤꡤζɽ魯ΤǤϤʤȤդɬפ롥(c) ϡѻ٤ȴ٤Ȥ׻δܤȤɸǤ롥

(1) Rank by frequency
ѻ붦٤ΤΤѤ롤ǤñľŪʼ١¾η׻ˡΤ褦ʣ׽ϤۤɤƤ餺ɸȤƤϺǤƤǽɵʤɤ̤뤳Ȥ¿̾ζʬϤˤѤʤ

(2) Log-likelihood
ͭѤ롥BNCweb ΥǥեȤη׻ˡǡѥǹѤƤ롥ǽɵʤɤζˤƹ٤θȤζ䡤դ˶ˤ٤θ1, 2ʤɡˤȤζϤ롥٤ι⤤Ȥ߹碌˹ͿȤħꡤˤդפ롥

(3) Mutual information (MI)
եȡѤ롥ˤ褯ѤƤ׻ˡѤäƤ¿դפ롥ǽɵʤɤȤΤդ줿ŪӽƤϤ褤ȿ̡٤ζɽؤФ꤬㤷Фαƶ򸺤뤿ˡBNCweb Ǥ "Freq(node, collocate) at least" 10ʾꤹ뤳Ȥ侩롥ˤꡤ"conspicuous and intuitively appealing collocations involving words of intermediate frequency" (Hoffmann et al. 154) ⤭ĦȤʤ롥

(4) T-score
٤ȶͭθ׻ˡ٤1ʲ٤εʶɽˤĤƤ Rank by frequency Ȼ褦ʿ񤤤򤷡٤ι⤤ɽˤĤƤ϶ͭȿǤ񤤤򤹤롥ޤѻ٤٤ɬ⤯ʤ롥Log-likelihood ̤Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿٤ؤΥХϰضʤ롥ΡɤΤΤ1000礭ˡ̤ȯ뤳Ȥ롥

(5) Z-score
ͭȥեȡθ׻ˡ٤ζɽˤϥեȡŻ뤹뤬٤ζɽˤϤޤǥեȡ˴꤫ʤLog-likelihood MI ξħ褦ʡХ󥹤μ줿ɸǤ롥MI Ʊͤˡ٤ζɽؤΥХߤΤǡ"Freq(node, collocate) at least" 5٤ꤹΤ褤Ȥ롥

(6) MI3
٤ȥեȡθ׻ˡMI ΤɽؤнŤ٤Ƥ롥ٶɽˤϥեȡٶɽˤ϶٤Ū褯ȿǤ롥POS ˤȤȤѤȸŪʣ줫ʤѸʤɤμФ˰Ϥȯ롥ΤȤƤϹٶɽؤΥХŪʶʬϤˤϸʤ

(7) Dice coefficient
MI3 Ʊͤˡ٤ȥեȡθ׻ˡMI3Ȱۤʤꡤٶɽˤ϶٤ٶɽˤϥեȡ褯ȿǤ졤ξԤڤؤޤʤΤħŪǤ롥ڤؤϡΡɤΤΤ٤ɽ٤10ܤۤɤǵȤ롥иŪˡZ-score Ȼ褦ʷ̤뤬Z-score ۤ٤˴ŤХʤ

ʾΤ褦¿ढäܰܤꤹ뤬Hoffmann et al. θˤСñη׻ˡȤƤ Log-likelihood MI ǡη׻ˡȤƤ Z-score Dice ȤΤȤǤ롥
͡ʷ׻ˡˤĤƤϡAssociation measures 򻲾ȡ

Hoffmann, Sebastian, Stefan Evert, Nicholas Smith, David Lee, and Ylva Berglund Prytz. Corpus Linguistics with BNCweb : A Practical Guide. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-07-10-1]

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