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corpus - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2012-01-08 Sun

#986. COCA "WORD AND PHRASE . INFO" [coca][corpus][dictionary][synonym][collocation][semantic_prosody][intensifier][web_service]

COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) 򱿱Ĥ Mark Davies ᤬ǯˡCOCA١Ǹ˴ؤǤ륵ӥ WORD AND PHRASE . INFO lemma ٤Ǿ60,000˸¤ˤϤȡ뤴Ȥ٤䤽Υ󥳡󥹡饤ϤȤꡤWordNet ˴Ť췲ޤǤ̾˸롥ۤȤɤιܤåǽǡʤ뵡ǽؤȥǤ롥󥿡եľŪǻȤ䤹
츦 collocation ˤΩĻͤˤʤäΤǤϤʤ㤨Сsemantic_prosody 򰷤ä[2011-03-12-1]ε#684. semantic prosody ʸˡƥ꡼פǡո utterly, absolutely, perfectly, totally, completely, entirely, thoroughly ˤĤƤθҲ𤷤WORD AND PHRASE . INFO utterly ϤС췲ɥ˰롥ȤϡƸ򥯥åƤ椯ǡ٤ collocation ξܺ٤롥Τ褦ĤΤ˸̤ȯ

utterly by WORD AND PHRASE . INFO

Referrer (Inside): [2012-03-03-1]

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2012-01-04 Wed

#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverb [adverb][adjective][register][corpus][ame_bre][americanisation][colloquialisation][grammar][flat_adverb]

ε#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1]) κǸ˿줿ñ (flat adverb) 夲롥б -ly ¸Ƥ硤flat adverb ϰ̤άŪ뤤ϸŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ롥Ūʴϡ-ly ȼɸǤꡤflat adverb оݤȤΤǻѤ򹵤٤Ȥ뤬LGSWE (Section 7.12.2) ˤСʲΤ褦ϲåѥǤ̤˸Ȥ

The big one went so slow. (CONV)
Well it was hot but it didn't come out quick. (CONV)
They want to make sure it runs smooth first. (CONV)


ä good real ȤѤˡϡAmE θǹʹ롥LGSWE (Section 7.12.2.1) εҤˤСgood well ΰ̣ѤϡAmE βäǰŪˤ褯졤ǽ񤭸դ BrE ǤϵǤ롥really ѤȤƤ real ˤĤƤϡAmE βäǤ really Ⱦʬۤɤ٤ǻѤƤȤ顤٤ѥ٤ǤС BrE βäˤ really ٤ɤŨȤʤBrE Ǥ real Τˡϳ̵ǤϤʤǤ롥ξԤ LGSWE 餤Ĥ󤲤褦

It just worked out good, didn't it? (AmE CONV)
Bruce Jackson, In Excess' trainer said, "He ran good, but he runs good all the time. It was easy." (AmE NEWS)
It would have been real [bad] news. (AmE CONV)
I have a really [good] video with a real [good] soundtrack. (AmE CONV)


Τ褦ˡgood ưȹ¤ʤƽˡreal ϷƻĴˡ̤Ǥ롥
ʾΤ褦ˡѸˤ flat adverb ϥꥫѸθѤ뷹Ȥѥ餫ȤʤäƤ뤬ηȴϢ[2011-01-12-1]ε#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹פǿ줿ꥫѸ첽 (Americanisation) ȸ첽 (colloquialisation) Ĭή۵ˤʤ塤goodreal ˸¤餺ѸΤȤ flat adverb λѤ礷Ƥ椯ȤǽȤȤ碌ơ[2010-03-05-1]ε#312. ʸˡαƺפ (5) ⻲Ȥ줿

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2011-12-09 Fri

#956. COCA N-Gram Search [cgi][web_service][coca][corpus][collocation][n-gram]

##953,954,955 εǡǶ줿 COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) n-gram ǡ١ѤƤߤCOCA ˸ 2-grams, 3-grams, 4-grams, 5-grams ˤĤơ줾100ɽ󤷤ǡ١ǡ긵ˤƤС׼ COCA Υ󥿡եǤϸˤɽθǽȤʤ롥
n-gram Υǡ١ϡᥬХȤ̤ΥƥȥեǡľܸˤϽŤǡSQLite ǡ١ؤȳǼSQL ʸˤ븡ǽȤʤ褦˸ץȤʲϡ̤κǽ10ԤϤ CGI Ǥ롥

    


ʲˡơ֥̾ n-gram "n" ͤ˱ơ"two", "three", "four", "five" Ȥʤߤˡ1-grams Υǡ١ʻ¾塤COCA 3ʾ帽٤Ĥꥹȡˤտ路Ƥꡤơ֥̾ "one" Ȥƥǽˤեɤϡơ֥˶̤ "freq" ١ˤƤƤۤ"n" ͤ˱ơ"word1" "word5" ޤǤθ (case-sensitive) ȡ"pos1" "pos5" ޤǤ COCA θɸꤵƤ롥select ʸΤͭʲˡŵŪʸȤƺܤƤ

# 1-grams ǡֻٽ˼Фʤcase-sensitive ʤΤǺƽפɬס
select * from one where pos1 like "i%" order by freq desc;

# 2-grams ǡϥ󥵥ʤΤٽ˼Ф
select * from two where word1 = "handsome" and pos1 = "jj" and pos2 like "nn_" order by freq desc;

# 2-grams ǡ"absolutely (adj.)" ǶĴƻٽ˼Ф[2011-03-12-1]ε#684. semantic prosody ʸˡƥ꡼פ򻲾ȡ
select * from two where word1 = "absolutely" and pos2 = "jj" order by freq desc;

# 3-grams ǡ٤ as ... as ɽФ
select * from three where word1 = "as" and word3 = "as" order by freq desc;

# 4-grams ǡ٤ from ... to ... ɽФ
select * from four where word1 = "from" and pos1 = "ii" and word3 = "to" and pos3 = "ii" order by freq desc;

# 5-grams ǡõ롨 "die of" "die from" ɤѻ
select * from five where word1 in ("die", "dies", "died", "dying") and pos1 like "vv%" and word2 in ("of", "from") and pos2 like "i%" order by word3;


n-gram ǡ١¤˻ȤʤˤϡΤ褦ˤ줿̤Ȥˤ˾ʤꡤʣθ̤դ碌ʤɤιפɬפ

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2011-12-08 Thu

#955. ʸϤ碌2।ǥ [binomial][rhyme][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram][suffix][proverb]

[2011-12-06-1], [2011-12-07-1]εǡCOCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) 3-gram ǡ١ФѸˤƬƧ2।ǥ (binomial) ȵӱƧ2।ǥ򸫤ƤʬϤʤǡξꥹȤΤʤǽʣ2।ǥब줿ΤǡФƤߤ줾ƬȵӱξͤʤʸϤ碌ȤƤζɽǤ롥ʸ̤᤿ƥȥե50ɽ󤲤褦

Saturday and Sunday, personal and professional, himself or herself, quantity and quality, morbidity and mortality, quantitative and qualitative, security and stability, best and brightest, latitude and longitude, sixteenth and seventeenth, whenever and wherever, sensitivity and specificity, watching and waiting, majority and minority, basketball and baseball, fight or flight, ranting and raving, forties and fifties, cooperation and coordination, nature and nurture, pushing and pulling, tossing and turning, twisting and turning, grandchildren and great-grandchildren, skiers and snowboarders, communication and collaboration, cooking and cleaning, psychiatrists and psychologists, biggest and best, development and deployment, slipping and sliding, communication and cooperation, Dungeons and Dragons, heterosexual and homosexual, healthier and happier, grandmother and grandfather, stopping and starting, sixteen or seventeen, hooting and hollering, competence and confidence, stalactites and stalagmites, waxing and waning, positive and productive, reading and rereading, patience and perseverance, bedroom and bathroom, consultation and collaboration, going and getting, grandfather and grandmother, protection and promotion


¿ϡƬȵӱϤȤƶ˰פȹͤϡ촴ɤ˸츻ŪʴϢ뤬椨ƬƧǤΤǤꡤƱѤƤ뤬椨˵ӱƧǤΤȲ᤹٤
ñʤϤͷӤȤʤ졥嵭ϡỌ̇̄Ĵ¤򤤤䤪ʤ2δ֤˰ɬƤӵΤ褦ʡ٤˽ŪɽȤfight or flight, nature and nurture, competence and confidence, positive and productive ʤɤϡñʤ٤ζɽǤȤʾˡŪȤ虜ŪǤ餢롥

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-22-1] [2015-09-07-1]

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2011-12-07 Wed

#954. ӱƧ2।ǥ [binomial][rhyme][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram][suffix][compound]

ε#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1]) ˰³ϡӱƧ٤ binomial COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) n-gram ǡ١ˤ꽦ФƱͤˡ3-gram Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽǡ A B ӱƧǤ褦̤Ǽ᤿ƥȥե
̤įƤƺʤ鵤դȤʤΤӱƬ٤ƥѥ󤬸Ĥ䤹ä˸ʤΤϡӱ¿촴θ˰¸ƤȤϡ˰¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ-ing, -ed, -ly, -al, -y, -ion, -er ʤɤζƤ롥

positive and negative, national and international, internal and external, Friday and Saturday, teaching and learning, gifted and talented, elementary and secondary, hunting and fishing, personal and professional, presence or absence, reliability and validity, coming and going, winners and losers, physical and psychological, formal and informal, directly and indirectly, advantages and disadvantages, rising and falling, physically and mentally, buyers and sellers


ޤͤƤߤС⤢ʤȤʤΤʣ2ǤƱǤѤ뤳Ȥˤ걤ƧǤ¿ self-rhyme ǤϤ롥

Friday and Saturday, children and grandchildren, Saturday and Sunday, hardware and software, himself or herself, formal and informal, parents and grandparents, direct and indirect, buyers and sellers, mother and grandmother, father and grandfather, Afghanistan and Pakistan, anything and everything, football and basketball, indoor and outdoor, direct or indirect, servicemen and women, likes and dislikes, urban and suburban, indoor and outdoor


¿Ѥޤ right-headed ʣ򹥤ѸˤƤϡӱѤ2।ǥηưפǤꡤˤǤ뤳ȤϡǤդ鸫С촴θƬѤƬ2।ǥηϡŪ񤷤ȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-09-07-1] [2011-12-08-1]

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2011-12-06 Tue

#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ [binomial][alliteration][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram]

[2011-07-26-1]ε#820. ʩƱפǡ2।ǥ (binomial idiom) Ҳ𤷤and, but, or ʤɤ³ǷФ2फʤɽϸѸǤ⸲ߤǤꡤ褯ΤˤϡϤΤ褤 (euphony) ¿ѸˤƸϤɤȤС[2011-11-26-1]ε#943. ƬˤפǼ夲Ƭ (alliteration) ŵ1ĤȤƵ󤲤롥
Ȥǡ1122ˡ絬ϥ饤󡦥ѥ COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) ʤɤΤ륳ѥؼ Mark Davies COCA ˴Ť n-gram ̵Ǹ2, 3, 4, 5줫ʤ롤줾100ζɽ (collocation) ٿȤȤ󤷤ǡ١ǡɤƥե饤Ǽͳ˽Ǥ롥

Visit N-GRAMS: from the COCA and COHA corpora of American English. For downloading, directly visit Free lists.
Also visit Word frequency lists and dictionary: from the Corpus of Contemporary American English for other COCA-derived n-grams and frequency lists.

ǡCOCA n-gram 鸽Ѹ2।ǥ˸ƬõƽФƤߤ褦ȻפΩä3-gram ǡ١Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽõäüԤΰռƤʤȤǤ⡤ƬɽΤʤѤƤϤȤͽۤΤȤǤθäºݤ¿򽦤ФȤǤ̤Υƥȥե2θƬλҲפƤΤФʤΤǡ줬ɽ魯ҲפƤȤϸ¤餺դɬפǤ롥Ǥ⡤ŪƬ򽦤ФȤǤ
̤̾ˤϡhis or her, four or five, six or seven, this or that, Saturday and Sunday ʤɡʤۤɤȤϻפ碌뤬ۤɶ̣ʤ㤬ʤʤǥŪʤΤ⤦Τ褦ʶɽ⼡ȵ󤬤ꡤι夬ä­

public and private, rules and regulations, pots and pans, command and control, flora and fauna, free and fair, death and destruction, go and get, safety and security, signs and symptoms, fame and fortune, families and friends, fresh or frozen, peace and prosperity, past and present, quantity and quality, morbidity and mortality, slowly but surely, professional and personal, name and number, facts and figures, pencil and paper, state and society, small but significant, clear and convincing


n-gram ˤĤƤϡ[2010-12-25-1]ε#607. Google Books Ngram Viewerפ⻲ȡ

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2011-11-13 Sun

#930. a large number of people οΰ [agreement][number][syntax][bnc][corpus]

Ѹǡa (large) number of + ʣ̾פΩĤȤưʣ˰פΤ§Ǥ롥ˤǤΤΤ褦ʸ˽Ф路

A large number of native speakers is perhaps a pre-requisite for a language of wider communication . . . . (Graddol 12)


ǡμʸˡҤä֤ƤߤۤȤɤ٤Ƥλͽ񤬤ζʣȤƤꡤʬϤͿƤΤˤĤƤϡnumber ǤϤʤξǸ native speakers (head) ȤߤʤƤ롥äˡOALD8, LDOCE5, COBUILD English Usage ȤäŵŪʳؽѱѱѼǤϡʣưǰפ褦ŪͿƤ롥ޤʸˡΤո Fowler "number" ιˤˤȼ̤ǡñפˤĤƤŪʸڤϤʤä

. . . as a noun of multitude in the type 'a number of + pl. noun', normally governs a plural verb both in BrE and AmE.


Ĵ٤ե󥹤ΤʤǡñפˤĤƸڤƤΤϰʲΤΤǤ롥

CGEL: "A (large) number of people have applied for the job. [2]" ȤʸˤĤơ"Use of the singular . . . would be considered pedantic in [2] . . . ." (765) ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
CALD3: ñפ򼨤ʸ "(slightly formal)" Ȥ졼٥ͿĤĵ󤲤Ƥ"A large number of invitations has been sent."
إ˥缭ŵ: ñפ(())פȤƤ"A ? of passengers were [(()) was] injured in the accident."

ǡformal or pedantic Ȥ register Ǥޤ˻Ѥ餷ȤȤʬäǤϡBNCWeb dzΤƤߤ褦ȡ"a (very)? (large|great|good|small)? number of ((_AV*)? _AJ*)* _NN2 (_VHZ|_VBZ|was_VBD|_VDZ|_VVZ)" ȤƸΤߤȤǽФƤߤ25㤢ä1Ƥ٤Ƥ񤭸դʸǤꡤΤ12㤬 Academic prose ΤΤäΤȤơɽ academic or pedantic ض򼨤ȤϳΤʤ褦

Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-20-1] [2013-01-11-1]

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2011-10-28 Fri

#914. BNC ˤä庹Ĵ [bnc][corpus][statistics][lltest][interjection]

ε#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1]) Ǽꤢ Rayson et al. ǤϡüԤ̤ǤʤǯˤäѰۤĴƤ롥ǯ𺹤ȤäƤ⡤35̤ʾ夫Ǿ岼ʬ绨Ĥʬ̤ϤĤζ̣ͿƤ롥ʲϡχ2 ξ19̤ޤǤΰǤ (142--43)

RankUnder 35Over 35
Wordχ2Wordχ2
1mum1409.3yes2365.0
2fucking1184.6well1059.8
3my762.4mm895.2
4mummy755.2er773.8
5like745.2they682.2
6na as in wanna and gonna712.8said538.3
7goes606.6says443.1
8shit410.1were385.8
9dad403.7the352.2
10daddy380.1of314.6
11me371.9and224.7
12what357.3to211.2
13fuck330.1mean155.0
14wan as in wanna320.6he144.0
15really277.0but139.0
16okay257.0perhaps136.0
17cos254.4that131.3
18just251.8see122.1
19why240.0had118.3


ͽ̤ۤꡤ㤤ħŪʥɤϤ¿ޤǤ롥ɽθޤƤyeah, okay, ah, ow, hi, hey, ha, no, ooh, wow, hello ʤɤδ졤fucking, shit, fuck, crap, arse, bollocks ʤɤΥ֡줬Ωġ㤤ΥɤȤơ츫ͽۤ󤬤롥㤨Сplease, sorry, pardon, excuse ʤɤǫ줬㤤ħŪȤ
ۤˤϡ㤤ħŪʷƻ줬Ĥ (ex. weird, massive, horrible, sick, funny, disgusting, brilliant, really, alright, basically) ɾɽ魯ƻ졦줬¿ήԤȤߤʤȤǤ췲ǯ𺹤 "apparent time" κȹͤСˤ "real time" Ѳ뤳ȤˤʤΤǡθ췲̻Ū٤äõΤ⤪⤷

Rayson, Paul, Geoffrey Leech, and Mary Hodges. "Social Differentiation in the Use of English Vocabulary: Some Analyses of the Conversational Component of the British National Corpus." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 2 (1997): 133--52.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-04-14-1] [2011-11-02-1]

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2011-10-27 Thu

#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ [bnc][corpus][statistics][lltest][interjection][gender_difference]

ɸ򰷤ä Rayson et al. ʸɤBNC ǡ͸Ūʴʬव줿äդϿ֥ѥ4,552,555ˤоݤȤơä˽ǯ𺹡ҲŪϰ̤ˤ뺹餫ˤ褦ȤǤ롥װΤʤǡŪѰۤŪ˺Ǥ⶯줿Τˤ뺹äȤȤʤΤǡܵǤϤη̤Ҳ𤷤
ޤʲ˵󤲤ͤβˤμɬפʤΤǡ˿ƤBNC ˼Ͽ줿äդϻִԤ2֤μʲä Walkman ˿᤭Ǥäǡ񤭵ΤǤꡤλִԤ73̾75̾Ǥ롥äо줹ִ԰ʳüԤˤĤƤ⡤Τۤ¿äơ֥ѥؤλΨǤСΤȤƽ⤯ʤ뤳ȤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ
ƧޤǤ⡤ΤȤƽΤۤ褯äȤȤ򼨺ͤФѤ줿 word token ǤС1.00ȤȽ1.51äͭΨǤϡ1.00ȤȽ1.33ä˽βäǤΤۤ⤤ͭΨ򼨤ȤԸ椬뤬BNC Υ֥ѥǤϽƱΤβä¿äȤȤ嵭η̤طʤˤΤ⤷ʤˤ衤̣ͤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ˡ٤äˤ˽򸫤Ƥߤ褦˽ٹ礤ι⤤ɤȴФˡϡȤƤ[2010-03-10-1], [2010-09-27-1], [2011-09-24-1]εǾҲ𤷤ΤƱˡǤ롥ѥȽѥ̤줾줫줿ɽͤ碌Ū˽ (χ2) ι⤤¤ؤФ褤ʲϡ25̤ޤǤΰǤ (136--37)

RankCharacteristically maleCharacteristically female
Wordχ2Wordχ2
1fucking1233.1she3109.7
2er945.4her965.4
3the698.0said872.0
4year310.3n't443.9
5aye291.8I357.9
6right276.0and245.3
7hundred251.1to198.6
8fuck239.0cos194.6
9is233.3oh170.2
10of203.6Christmas163.9
11two170.3thought159.7
12three168.2lovely140.3
13a151.6nice134.4
14four145.5mm133.8
15ah143.6had125.9
16no140.8did109.6
17number133.9going109.0
18quid124.2because105.0
19one123.6him99.2
20mate120.8really97.6
21which120.5school96.3
22okay119.9he90.4
23that114.2think88.8
24guy108.6home84.0
25da105.3me83.5


ɬ⤳25̤ޤǤɽǤɤ߼ʤRayson et al. (138--40) ˤаʲܤͤȤ

"four-letter words"졤δħŪǤ (ex. shit, hell, crap; hundred, one, three, two, four; er, yeah, aye, okay, ah, eh, hmm)
;̾졤1;̾졤δϽħŪǤ (ex. she, her, hers; I, me, my, mine; yes, mm, really) ̾λѤˤä˽Ϥʤ
the of λѤ¿˰̾Ѥ̾λѤ¿Ȥ̤λ¤ȴϢ뤫
ͭ̾졤̾졤ưϽ¿λ "report" ηФδط "rapport" ηθ줫
ͭ̾ΤʤǤ⡤̾ϽλѤ¿̾λѤ¿

¾Υѥˤ븡ڤɬפη̤Ȳ˶̣ߤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ɤ׽ȴϢơѥؤǥ踡ѤȤƹѤ褦ˤʤäƤ Log-Likelihood ˤĤƤϡ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 1 Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 򻲾ȡ

Rayson, Paul, Geoffrey Leech, and Mary Hodges. "Social Differentiation in the Use of English Vocabulary: Some Analyses of the Conversational Component of the British National Corpus." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 2 (1997): 133--52.

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2011-09-24 Sat

#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ [corpus][ame_bre][ame][bre][flob][frown][text_tool][keyword]

ƻ·äƤдñ˼¹ԤǤ̤ȤƤ⤪⤷ѥλȤȤơФ롥θˤĤƤ[2010-03-10-1]ε#317. Ǽʬޥ˥󥰡ʥԡˡפdz⤷[2010-09-27-1]ε#518. Singapore English ΥɤСפǤ⥭ФλҲ𤷤
ϤȶʵȤơ(1) ꥫѸФƤˤ⥤ꥹѸŪñϲ(2) ꥹѸФƤˤ⥢ꥫѸŪñϲ FLOB Frown 2ѥѤƼФƤߤξѥˤĤƤ[2010-06-29-1]ε#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿաפ򻲾ȡˡϤΤϡƱ WordSmith KeyWords еǽǤ롥
ξѼθɽߤͤ碌줾쥭 (keyness) ι⤤˾500ФꥹȤΥƥȥե򻲾ȡˡǤϡ줾줫50ΤߤƷǤ褦٤ƾʸǼ

Q. (1) ꥫѸФƤˤ⥤ꥹѸŪñϲ
A. (1) ʲ̤ꡥ

cent, which, labour, uk, towards, london, per, centre, was, british, programme, behaviour, it, be, colour, britain, defence, favour, royal, there, been, round, bbc, thatcher, sir, mp, charter, nhs, realised, scottish, yesterday, lord, favourite, local, council, recognised, theatre, mr, being, fviii, tory, kinnock, mps, thalidomide, whilst, scotland, churches, should, programmes, parliament


Q. (2) ꥹѸФƤˤ⥢ꥫѸŪñϲ
A. (2) ʲ̤ꡥ

percent, toward, program, programs, clinton, u, bush, labor, s, defense, president, american, states, center, washington, formula, federal, behavior, color, united, black, state, fiber, says, zen, americans, ó, california, congress, zach, san, o, white, presidential, pex, jell, women, treaty, favorite, said, bill, gray, colors, perot, favor, douglass, hershey, quayle, j, n


ˤϡǤϰ̣ΤΤ⤢롥BrE 1 cent ʤɤϲΤȻפ⤷ʤʬ񤭤򤹤 per cent 2ܤȴФ줿̤Ǥ롥AmE Ǥб percent 1̤Ǥ롥¾ˤֻαƺϤ褯ȿǤƤꡤbehaviour, centre, colour, defence, favour, favourite, labour, programme(s) ϸߤΥꥹȤ˸롥
ѹħŤ MP(s), NHS, Parliament, Royal, Scotland, Toryбƹ Congress, Federal, President, State(s), Washington, White (House) ʤɤϡʤۤɤ롥ξѥΥƥǯǤ1990ǯƬʤȾλˤħŤ Thatcher, Bush, Clinton ޤޤƤ롥
ʸˡȤƤϡBrE which whilst ([2010-09-17-1]ε#508. Dracula ˸ whilstפ򻲾ȡˤ̣
ˤƤ⡤줾ɡˤĤۤɤ BrE 뤤 AmE Ǥ롥դˡѼѥѥ餳Τ褦ˤФ줿ɤɤ줯餤ޤޤƤ뤫ˤäơʤ겿ʤΥƥȤ BrE Ū AmE Ū뤤ϤΩ "World Standard English" ˶ᤤȤȤ¬뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Фˤ֤ˤץ꡼Ϻ³

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2011-09-16 Fri

#872. -ick or -ic [suffix][johnson][webster][corpus][google_books][spelling][n-gram]

Ѹư panic picnic ϡ޸ղäȡpanicking, panicky, picnicked, picnicker ʤɤ <k> 롥ޤbrick, kick, stick ʤɤǤϤʤ캬ΰȤƤ /-ɪk/ ˤ <k> 롥̤ȤƤ /-ɪk/ ˸硤бֻ -ick ǤϤʤ -ic Ǥ (ex. public, music, specific, basic, domestic, traffic, democratic, scientific, characteristic, academic)
Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Ǥϡ-ic Ϥ٤ơޤ -ick Ȥ֤Ƥ -ic ؤȲ᤿ΤϥꥫμԻ Noah Webster äब The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) θפˤ public ֻ夷Τۤ¿ -ic ֻ夷ơ줬ꥫѸΤߤʤ餺ꥹѸؤ礷ƤäΤǤ (Potter 41)
äȤ⡤Webster -ic ֻʤä櫓ǤϤʤष٤λ̱Ƥ餳Webster ΰ첡Ȥ¦̤롥[2010-12-25-1]εǾҲ𤷤 Google Books Ngram Viewer ˤ public publick ٤򸫤СξİǤ롥AmE BrE ǧ줿Ʊǡ Mark Davies ˤ Google Books: American English ͳ10ǯߤ˸ȡpublick 1810--29ǯޤǤ100դ20ʾ帽Ƥ1830ǯˤ4.15ط㸺ƤΤʬ롥

public or publick by Google Books BYU

-ic ˴ϢȤƤϡε⻲ȡ

[2009-08-02-1]: #97. ֥å
[2009-08-03-1]: #98. ֥åפ֥˥åפǤϤʤ֥åפڤФͳ
[2009-08-10-1]: #105. ܸä֥å׸

Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-09-30-1]

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2011-09-12 Mon

#868. EDD Online [dialect][web_service][corpus][lmode][lexicography][edd][dictionary]

޽ۤ reference corner ˡŤᤫˤμ񤬤ΤƤʬǤϤޤȤȤϤʤʤȻפäƤǯʸ˴Ϣ eyes ʡܡפʣˤбѸνѸ丽ѸǤɤΤ褦ȯãʬۤѲƤĴ٤ɬפꡤΤȤˤμ򳫤ΤƤä褦˻פʤ̤ Hotta (2005) ˤꡥ[2009-12-02-1]εeyes ɽ172ֻ̤פ⻲ȡˡJoseph Wright ˤ6Τμ The English Dialect Dictionary (EDD) Ǥ롥
ʹߤ⤿ޤ˳Ϥääزǡμ񤬥饤󲽤줿Τäפ֤ EDD ˿ɤȻפ®Ƥߤ뤳ȤˤInnsbruck ؤ Prof. Manfred Markus ǤԤ̳ SPEED (Spoken English in Early Dialects) ץȤ̤ EDD Online beta-version Ǥ롥ǤϴǤǤϤʤȤĤĤ⡤Ǥ˸εǽ˭٤˼Ƥ˭٤ƳѻڤʤۤɡˡؽѸѤ˻ѵĤ̵ǥǤ롥ѥޥ˥奢⻲ȡ
®ѵĤƥƤߤĴ٤बʤˤȤäƤϡڤ˿ǭ˾ȽᤷʡФ측 eye Ƥߤꤷơʢǰʡˡʤ"structured view" ɽȡǤꤺäȸ䤹ΤǤǤͭѡˡMarkus ᤬زǤƤ̤ꡤ͡ʸǽΤ褦Ǥ롥Ф측ʸϤΤȡdialect area ǤϸˤäƤ county ٥ϰǤ롥usage label Ǥ٥٥롤̣٥denotation, simile, synonym ʤɡˡѥ٥derogatory, slang ʤɡˤξ꤬ǽǤ롥etymology εǽäƤ롥Ȥ߹碌Сϰθ줫μѸäδطʤɤƤ뤫⤷ʤˡͤäƤϡޤ EDD ɤΤ褦ʼ񤫡EDD Online ɤΤ褦ʵǽƤΤؤФʤС
EDD ΤΤˤĤƤϡVARIENG (Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English) ˷ǺܤƤ롤Markus ˤ Wright's English Dialect Dictionary computerised: towards a new source of information 褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥

ʸ嵭2022/10/21(Fri)EDD SPEED ؤΥ󥯤ڤƤΤȯEDD Ͽɤ

Hotta, Ryuichi. "A Historical Study on 'eyes' in English from a Panchronic Point of View." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 20 (2005): 75--100.
Wright, Joseph, ed. The English Dialect Dictionary. 6 vols. Henry Frowde, 1898--1905.

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2011-08-29 Mon

#854. ̾̾ she (3) [personal_pronoun][she][gender][personification][political_correctness][corpus][statistics][lexical_diffusion]

ɸˤĤ[2011-08-27-1], [2011-08-28-1]εˤƤѸǤˡ she ԸդȤʤäƤƤ롤뤤ϾʤȤ⤽ register ޤäƤƤΤϤʤ
ˤϡ1960ǯʹߡȤ櫓ꥫѸǹޤäƤ gender ˽ʿȤ political correctness (PC) ؤδؿäƤ롥δ顤ʹ֤ΤȤƤ man(kind) -essȿͤɽ魯ʣ -man̿;̾ȤƤ he λѤʤɤ뤵졤ɽƤƤʴϢϡ[2009-08-20-1]ˤο͵ϤʤΤ, [2010-01-27-1]ָѸλ;ñ̾, [2011-04-17-1]֥ȥåŪȥݥȤƤθ츻פʤɤε򻲾ȡ
δ she üˡ򸫤ȡ̾ΩƤƽ̾ǼͳϤʤǤϤʤȤ롥ΰԤȤäȤѸˤȿǤƤ뤳ȤϳΤߤδѤ٤ϤʤȤͤǤ롥
ä˹̾ she ˡϡĥä񤭸դȤ register ˸¤ȡ1960ǯʹߡ㸺ƤƤ뤳Ȥ¾ڤ롥The Times corpus ѤƤ򸡾ڤ Bauer (148--49) ˤȡ1930ǯޤǤϹؼ she ˡɸŪäºݡ1900ǯ1930ǯδ֤ǡؼ it 3ΤߤäȤȤ1935ǯʹߡit 㤬³Ū˸1970ǯˤshe ư쵤ɸȤʤäshe 㤬ƤϵSƤ뤫Τ褦ǤꡤóȻ (lexical diffusion) פ碌롥ʲΥդ Bauer (149) Υդ˴ŤƳƺΤǤ롥

Feminine References to Country Names in The Times Corpus


Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

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2011-08-20 Sat

#845. Ѹθäεȳ [lexicology][loan_word][statistics][bnc][corpus]

ѸθäˤȼѸΨˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲ƤĤ󥯤ĥäƤ

[2010-12-31-1]: #613. Academic Word List ˴ޤޤγ
[2010-06-30-1]: #429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ
[2010-05-16-1]: #384. ÿȥޥΨǸűѸȸѸθäӤ
[2010-03-02-1]: #309. Ѹδܸ100εȳ
[2009-11-15-1]: #202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ
[2009-11-14-1]: #201. ѸμѸεȳ (2)
[2009-08-15-1]: #110. ѸμѸεȳ

οŪĴˤϡ󤲤ݤΥ򲿤ˤ뤫type-count token-count ɤΤ餤θõϤ򰷤츻ˤޤĤΤɤΤ褦˽뤫ʤɤιθ٤ब͡ꡤԤˤäƷ̤ޤޤȤʤ뤳Ȥ롥ʣĴ٤С褽ʿͤƤΤΤǤ롥
äƤ ICOME7 (The Seventh International Conference on Middle English) ǡ84OED3 μ紴츻ؼ Philip Durkin ᤬ "Some neglected aspects of Middle English lexical borrowing from (Anglo-)French" ꤹֱǴϢˤĤƿƤΤǡ⤷Ƥ
Durkin BNC 1000ΥꥹȤФ츻ʬϤη̡Ѹ줬489졤ե󥹡ƥ줬489졤Υɸ줬32졤ʳθ줬10Ȥͤ줿絬ϥѥ٥ꥹ (see [2010-03-01-1]) Ѥ츻ĴϤĤʬǤȻפäƤDurkin ΤǤϫϤʤȤǤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ˤꡤ嵭Υ󥯤ǼĴȹ碌ơtype-count ˴Ť100졤600졤1000졤2000졤3000졤4000졤5000졤6000졤7000졤8000졤9000졤10000Ȥ12ʳθõϤǤθΨ줿Ȥˤʤ롥ΤȤʤ븽Ѹäξ󥽡ʬϤ줾ۤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤܰ¤Ȥưʲ򼨤ʬ English, French and/or Latin, Scandinavian, Other Ȥ4줷

LevelEnglishFrench/LatinScandinavianOther
100 (GSL)92%3%5%0%
600 (LDOCE3)474544
1000 (BNC)46.948.93.21.0
1000 (Williams)831322
2000 (Williams)345727
3000 (Williams)2960110
4000 (Williams)2762110
5000 (Williams)276418
6000 (Williams)2761210
7000 (Williams)2362213
8000 (Williams)2659213
9000 (Williams)2558215
10000 (Williams)2560114
Etymological Breakdown of the Most Frequent Words


夫3ܤ4ܤդϡƱ1000٥ǤӤ3ܤϾҤ Durkin BNC ĴˤΡ4ܤ[2010-06-30-1]εǼ Williams ΤΤǤ롥ۤĴˡۤʤ뤬椨դƲ᤹ɬפ뤬ΤȤƤʤ餫˿ܤǽŪˤ25%ƥ󡦥ե󥹸60%ʳ15%Ȥͤˤ褽夯褦

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2011-07-05 Tue

#799. ±ʣ <z> [plural][netspeak][suffix][corpus][z][alphabet]

ʣå㡼Ȥơˤʤʣ롥ȯ -s ξƱֻͤ <z> Ȥʤz ʣפǤ롥Crystal (137) ʲΤ褦˻ŦƤ

New spelling conventions have emerged, such as the replacement of plural -s by -z to refer to pirated versions of software, as in warez, tunez, gamez, serialz, pornz, downloadz, and filez. (137)


줾ȯκۤȼʤֻΰ۷֤路̤ȴǤ롥Τ路ͳ褹ΤȤС<z> ʸΤΤİͤ[2010-07-17-1]ε֤֤ȤĤäƤ <z>פǼꤢ褦ˡ<z> ϤƱƤʸ<s> 餫˴ԤȤ <z> ʲȤ䤱Ωġ
ֳ±ʣ ( plural of piracy ) ȤǤƤӤʤ뤳 <z> ʻˤλѤϡߤǤ NetSpeak ǤαȤƤλѤ˸ꤵƤ褦COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) θˤȡwarez 4㤬ҥåȤ warez ʳξǤθϥҥåȤʤˡʲϤΤ1ǡ2004ǯ Houston Chronicle εǤ롥

CW Shredder - www.spyware info.com/merijn/ Developed by the same author as Hijack This!, CW Shredder removes a very common piece of spyware known as the Coolwebsearch Trojan. It takes advantage of a flaw in a key component of Windows - Microsoft's version of the Java Virtual Machine - to install itself via pop-ups often found on porn and illegal software (a.k.a. "warez") sites.


¾ BNCweb "*z_NN2" ȤƸƤߤȡBOYZ ¿ҥåȤϥꥫο͵롼 Boyz II Men 䥢ꥫѸ Boyz n the Hood ؤθڤˤΤǡ±ʣȤϼ񤬰ۤʤ롥ȤϤͭ̾侦̾ʤˤɸŪֻѤ뤳ȤϾȹǤϹ븽ݤǤ㤨 Heinz Ҥ "Heinz Buildz Kidz" ˡΩ̤äƤǤ϶롥
ʤߤˡKirg(h)iz ֥륮͡פҥåȤϥֻ˽सΤñʣƱǤˤʤʰ۷Ȥ Kirg(h)izes ⤢ˡ

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

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2011-06-09 Thu

#773. PPCMBE COHA [corpus][coha][ppcmbe][lmode][adjective][comparison][inflection][representativeness]

ܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲Ƥ2Ĥ˱Ѹ쥳ѥ PPCMBE ( Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English; see [2010-03-03-1]. ) COHA ( Corpus of Historical American English; see [2010-09-19-1]. ) ˤĤơܻ᤬رѸ쥳ѥ٤κǿ˸ΡȤȯɽƤ롥ξԤȤ2010ǯ˸줿ѸΥѥ줾ѼǤ뤳ȡޤԻŪۤʤ뤳Ȥ٤ӤоݤˤŬʤɽϤȤ륳ѥΰŪħ٤뤳Ȥϰ̣
PPCMBE 1700--1914ǯΥꥹѸƥ949,000ǹƤꡤParsed Corpora of Historical English 1ʤƱͤ˹ʸϤ줿Ťб륳ѥȤ³ռǤ롥ͭǥǡꤹɬפ롥COHA 1810--2009ǯΥꥫѸƥ4Ͽ祳ѥǤ롥ϡʸϤϤƤʤCOHA ̵ǥ饤󥢥Ǥ뤿Ȥ䤹󥿡եꤵƤΤǽʥǡǤʤȤ롥
ѥεϤȤط뤬PPCMBE ɽ (representativeness) 񤬤롥PPCMBE ΥѥƥȤ18غ٤ʬषƥǯ10ǯߤǤȤȡȤʤޥܤ¿롥ϡʬ٤ͭյʬϷ̤ФʤȤȤǤꡤѤ˺ݤդפ롥
COHA ΥѥƥȤ Fiction, Popular Magazines, Newspapers, Non-Fiction Books 4绨Ĥ˶ʬƤ롥٤ʬθˤѤǤʤ10ǯߤǤƥޥܤŬڤʥΥƥȤۤƤꡤɽϤ褯ݤƤ롥Fiction ιΨɤλ50%ƤꡤFiction θħä˸áˤѥΤθħ˱ƶͿƤȹͤ졤ʬϤκݤˤϤդפ롥
ܻϡξѥΰʾħ򡤸Ѹˤƻӵ顦ǾˤäƼƤ롥CONCE (Corpus of Nineteenth-Century English) Ѥ Kytö and Romaine ԸˤС19δ֡ӵαФ޷γϡ30ǯߤƬ57.1%67.8%ؤäƤȤƱͤĴ COHA PPCMBE 10ǯߤ˻ܤȤԤǤ1810ǯ64.7%1910ǯ74.3%¤äƤ뤳ȤΤ줿ԤǤ1810ǯ79.4%1910ǯ78.0%ޤɤ줬㤷äȤܡp. 56ˡCONCEƱͤ30ǯߤʬϤľȡPPCMBE ǤͭդѲܴۤѻǤۤɤη̤ǤȤ
ѥϤ줾ȼħäƤ롥褯İѤɬפ뤳ȤǧϢơ[2010-06-04-1]εή˵դäƤӵˡפ򻲾ȡ

2ĤλŦѥ---ɽסرѸ쥳ѥ18桤Ѹ쥳ѥز2011ǯ49--59ǡ
Kytö, M. and S. Romaine. "Adjective Comparison in Nineteenth-Century English." Nineteenth-Century English: Stability and Change. Ed. M. Kytö, M. Rydén, and E. Smitterberg. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 194--214.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-08-15-1] [2015-09-29-1]

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2011-06-07 Tue

#771. ̾ñʣ [corpus][statistics][plural][countability]

Biber et al. (Section 4.5.6 [pp. 291--22]) ˡ̾ñʣ٤˴ؤ뵭Ҥ롥Ѹˤ绨ĤʬۤǤϤ뤬LSWE Corpus 500쥵֥ѥѤǤͤʤΤǻͤޤǤ˥⤷Ƥޤƥ֥ѥ100˴ƤΥդκƸʿͥǡͿƤʤäΤǥդ鳵ɤ߼äƤκƸˡ

Distribution of Plural v. Singular Common Nouns Across Registers by LGSWE


(1) conversation transcription (CONV), fiction text (FICT), newspaper text (NEWS), academic text (ACAD) 4֥ѥ֤κ㤷
- §ȤʣȤʤԲĻ̾ޤƤȤϤ٤ƤΥ֥ѥñʣ٤⤤
- äǤñ٤Ū⤤
- 񤭸դǤäդʣ٤3--4ܤ⤤
(2) ġ̾Ǥߤȡ¿̾줬ñ뤤ʣΤ줫ؤζФ򼨤
(3) 㤨С̾75%ʾγñȤ롥ex. car, god, government, grandmother, head, house, theory.
(4) 㤨С̾75%ʾγʣȤ롥ex. grandchildren, parents, socks, circumstances, eyebrows, onlookers, employees, perks.

(1) ˴ؤơñŪ¿ȼΤϤޤäԻ׵ĤǤϤʤҤΤ褦ԲĻ̾ϸ§ȤñʤޤۤȤɤβĻ̾Ǥñ lemma ΤΤǤ뤷̵ɸη֤Ǥ⤢롥ۤˤϡγǰΩ硤㤨 hand in hand, from time to time ʤɤδɽˤƤϡñѤΤ̤Ǥ롥
(2)--(4) ˴ؤơ̾ˤäñʣؤФ򼨤ȤΤäʤ줾θ췲įС "the communicative needs of the language user" (291) ȿǤƤ뤳ȤϤäʬ̾Τʤ餻С֥ߥ˥ɬפñФꤽȤȤľ롥
ǤϡäñλѤ¿ȤΤϡɤ櫓Biber et al. (291--92) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

In general, the high frequency of singular nouns in conversation probably follows from the concern of speakers with individuals: a person, a thing, an event. Writers of academic prose, on the other hand, are more preoccupied with generalizations that are valid more widely (for people, things, events, etc.). This same tendency applies not only to nouns, but also to determiners and pronouns (4.4.3.1, 4.12.1, 4.14.1, 4.15.2.1).


ѥΤȤƤϡʣϰ̾2٤ʤȤˤʤ롥ʣθȤʤĤޤʣʤ٤¿ʤФʤʤ˻ˤȤäƤϡʤʤͤʤ

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-12-09-1]

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2011-05-24 Tue

#757. decline + ۼsyntax] [gerund][bnc][corpus]

1796ǯ919ꥫ罰ν George Washington (1732--99) οä farewell address ֤̤ΥԡפɤվΡرʸˡΤäƤޤ (252--53) ˤȡθФʬѸϤλФˤʤȤΤǡɤ뵡äʲαʸǤ롥

FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS. The period for a new election of a citizen, to administer the executive government of the United States, being not far distant, and the time actually arrived, when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made.


Τɤ߱ΤʸǤ롥դ٤ʸˡΥݥȤϤ󤢤뤬ǸΤۤ decline Ǥʤư̾줬³ŦƤ줿ϸƨƤΤ;פ˴ؿäΤdecline ˡؽѱѱѼĴ٤ȡư̾줬³빽ʸϿƤʤ礭ʱ¼ǤϡŪǤϤʤȤʤ⡤ư̾줬³ȵҤƤ롥ޤOED Ĵ٤ decline, v. θ 13b ˵󤲤Ƥ17ʹߤοǡư̾θ³빽ʸǧ롥äơWashington ư̾ѤƤΤŪˤʤʸǤϤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
Washington ƵʹʸѤΤϤʤstyle formality ʤΤ뤤 decline μ빽ʸμ٤鸽ߤޤǤδ֤̻ŪѲƤȤȤʤΤɤܻؤˤϡˤʤäܳŪˤ̻ѥʤɤĴ٤ɬפ뤬ޤ BNCweb ǤɤΤ餤ҥåȤ뤫Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
줬³빽ʸФΤˡ"{decline/V} (_{ADV})* _TO0" Ǹȡ769㤬ҥåȡư̾줬³빽ʸ "{decline/V} (_{ADV})* _VVG" ǼФҥåȤ9Τºݤˤ3Τ߳Ǥ뤳ȤȽ󥳡󥹥饤򼨤

- FTT 821: . . . but with proper delicacy to this subject they decline making application at Present and till it is ascertained how cattle markets may go in June next . . .
- FTT 839: The Presses of this meeting, as being part owner of the Steam Boat, declines allowing the assessment for the Steam Boat to be charged for this year.
- HW8 831: Dosh and Freddie didn't take much persuading but Chase thankfully declined saying that parties didn't like him.


FTT ʤŵAn Islay Notebook Ȥ non-academic prose and biographyˤ2㤬ڤȤΤϡ񤭼ʤʤΤWashington ư̾λˤĤƤȽǤ򲼤ʤޤޤߤޤǤ˸뤤ϳʼĥäȤ˸ꤵƤǽ̻Ū٤äƤǽϤꤽ

졡رʸˡΤäƤޤ١ʸ麽սʸտӡ2003ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-12-1]

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2011-05-05 Thu

#738. inclusive superlative [superlative][contamination][syntax][corpus][ppceme]

εֹʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) ǺǸ˼夲 "inclusive superlative" ˤĤơBNCweb ǤɤΤ餤ҥåȤ뤫Ƥߤ"(most _AJ0 | _AJS) (_{N})* of (any)? other" Ǹȡʲ7ФȤǤֻϰѼԡˡ

- Chang's speed was the best of any other player.
- Perhaps the most notable of other attempts to describe parents in this fashion was undertaken by Earl S. Schaefer.
- This percentage is the largest of any other constituency in England.
- But centuries of migration, conquest, occupation, intermarriage, trade and cultural exchange - not to mention the tendency of artists to copy or reinterpret the most successful facets of other artists' work - have eroded much of this exclusivity.
- Commander Keen has the largest fan club of any other shareware game available.
- 'In proportion to the kiwi's size the egg is the largest of any other bird.
- I say in particular our union because everyone here knows we probably have the largest and best training programme of any other union in Britain today.


Ѹˤ⸫줿ȤȤʤΤǡThe Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (PPCEME) ǤäĴ٤ƤߤȡJohn Fryer (b. c1650, d. 1733) ʤʪιԵ˼1㤬ä

They yet retain a Warlike Disposition, being still accounted the best Gunners here of any other places in Persia;


̯ʹʸεˤõˤϡΤȤȤʤäƤ2Ĥιʸ comparative + than any other superlative + of all ٤ʸ̮ޤФɬפ

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2011-05-04 Wed

#737. ʸ contamination [blend][contamination][syntax][superlative][bnc][corpus]

[2011-01-17-1] blend פˤݤ˾줿 contamination פ롥ξԤϰռŪݤȤ̤뤳Ȥ뤬ä˶̤ƱͤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥̾ϸβȤª뤬[2011-01-17-1]εǿ줿褦˹ʸΥ٥ǤǤⵯꤦ롥㤨СεǤϡ"Why did you do that for?" "different than" 󤲤
Graddol ˹ʸ contamination ˽вäֻϰѼԡˡ

English is remarkable for its diversity, its propensity to change and be changed. This has resulted in both a variety of forms of English, but also a diversity of cultural contexts within which English is used in daily life. (5)


Ǥϡboth . . . and . . . not only . . . but also . . . ιʸ򤷤Ƥ롥BNCweb 긡 "both +** but also" õƤߤȡ6ۤɤĤäֻϰѼԡˡ

- Ion Pacepa, Ceausescu's chief intelligence officer who defected in 1978, takes particular pleasure in his memoirs in exposing Stefan Andrei as both corrupt but also as well aware of the absurdity of the Ceausescus' pretensions, especially Elena's academic titles.
- Their economy and population were both suffering, but also they were becoming wary of the Dzhungars' increasing strength.
- In fitting statistical models to study relationships, it is important to take account of such hierarchies, both for technical reasons but also because influential factors can be present at any or all levels of aggregation.
- The changes that have been introduced into South Africa [pause] forced upon the white minority government by both international pressure but also by the magnificent work at the A N C in Cosatu [pause] must be supported as well but we cannot treat South Africa as anything but a pariah [pause] a, a, a national pariah [pause] until we see one person one vote, and a black majority government in South Africa.
- 'Committees' means both actual committees but also individuals or organisers listed as committees.
- I mean that can be both pleasurable, but also make somebody feel uncomfortable.


contamination ϡŪˤüԤȯû2ĤδϢʸκȤƲᤵ뤬줬ƱΤ˹äƤ٤ǧ٤ȡʸȤΩ夹뤳Ȥ롥Τ褦ʾˤϡcontamination ̻Ūʴ饢ץ뤳ȤǤʲϸѸ˸빽ʸ contamination 餬ĺ˸졤ߤޤǤˤɤ٤ǧ٤ƤȤϡѸˤǤ롥

(1) these kinds of things: these things this kind of things κ
(2) different than: different from other than κ
(3) different to: different from opposed to κsimilar to ȤȤͤ롥
(4) cannot help but do: cannot help doing cannot but do κ
(5) It is no good for us complaining about it.: It is no good for us to complain about it. It is no good we complaining about it. κ
(6) no sooner . . . when: no sooner . . . than scarcely . . . when κ
(7) I am friends with him.: I am friendly with him. He and I are friends. κ
(8) a man whom she thought was a murderer: a man who she thought was a murderer a man whom she thought to be a murderer κ
(9) the cleverest of all the other boys: cleverer than the other boys the cleverest of all the boys κ

Ĵ٤ƤߤȤȤ褦(9) Τ褦Ͼʤʤ褦ǡж (127) ϼΤ褦˥ȤƤ롥ȤƤ⤷

Sunday's action was the most brilliant and fruitful of any fought up to that date by the fighters of the Royal Air Force. [the most . . . of (all) + (more . . . than) any]---W. Churchill / This is the greatest error of all the rest. [the greatest . . . of (all) + (a greater . . . than) all the rest]---Sh., Mids. N. D. v. i. 250. ǸΤ褦ˡǾ˽̾򡤰̣ϤޤޤʤϤΡ֤¾פ礵ɽ򡤤ȤǾ (Inclusive superlative) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥϶αѸˤȤɤ롥


Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ

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