hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ڡ / page 5 (12)

corpus - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2016-06-07 Tue

#2598. ťΥɸαƶϤŤõ븦ˤαդ٤Ѹ쥳ѥ [old_norse][loan_word][me_dialect][representativeness][geography][lexical_diffusion][lexicology][methodology][laeme][corpus]

#1917. numb ([2014-07-27-1]) εǡѸˤ nimen ȸťΥɸѸ taken ζˤĤĴ Rynell θ˿줿̤˸ťΥɸѸ줬Ѹ椤ˤƱѸ˿ƩƤäݤˤϡδϰδθ롥ΤȤʤ顤οƩˤϤ٤λ֤ΤǡΤۤƩٹ礤ϸȤʤޤťΥɸαƶ the Danelaw ȸƤФ륤󥰥ˤƺǤ⶯Ǥꡤ󥰥ؤϡξ׷⤬֤ޤʤŤƤäȹͤΤǤ롥
Τ褦˸ťΥɸθŪƶζˤĤƤϡϰδ֤̩ܤߴطꡤʬۤΤǤȤ롥ºݤˡ#818. 󥰥ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) #1937. Ϣ -son ˤΤϸťΥɸͳ ([2014-08-16-1]) ˼ʬۿޤϡΤʬۤ򼨤űѸȸťΥɸѸ줬礹륱Ǥϡ̤˾嵭ʬۤǧ뤳Ȥ¿褦Rynell (359) ۩"The Scn words so far dealt with have this in common that they prevail in the East Midlands, the North, and the North West Midlands, or in one or two of these districts, while their native synonyms hold the field in the South West Midlands and the South."
ϰ츫ۤñǤϤʤȤˤαդɬפ롥Rynell (359--60) Ͼʸ³ơΤ褦â񤭤դäƤ롥

This is obviously not tantamount to saying that the native words are wanting in the former parts of the country and, inversely, that the Scn words are all absent from the latter. Instead, the native words are by no means infrequent in the East Midlands, the North, and the North West Midlands, or at least in parts of these districts, and not a few Scn loan-words turn up in the South West Midlands and the South, particularly near the East Midland border in Essex, once the southernmost country of the Danelaw. Moreover, some Scn words seem to have been more generally accepted down there at a surprisingly early stage, in some cases even at the expense of their native equivalents.


äդ٤ϡ¸ѸƥȤʬۤФäƤǤ롥򤫤СѸ쥳ѥϰ˴ؤɽ (representativeness) 礤ƤȤRynell (358) ˤС

A survey of the entire material above collected, which suffers from the weakness that the texts from the North and the North (and Central) West Midlands are all comparatively late and those from the South West Midlands nearly all early, while the East Midland and Southern texts, particularly the former, represent various periods, shows that in a number of cases the Scn words do prevail in the East Midlands, the North, and the North (and sometimes Central) West Midlands and the South, exclusive of Chaucer's London . . . .


ťΥɸθŪƶϡѸᤤǡ٤ˤǴѻ롤ȤȤϳȤƽҤ٤뤳ȤϤǤΤΡ줬Ѹ쥳ѥλʬۤȸ˰פƤ¤ƨƤϤʤʤĤޤꡤ嵭γŪʬۤϡޤ޸¸ƥȤλ֡ŪʬۤʿԤƤ뤿ˡȤˤ˶ĴƤ뤫⤷ʤΤ䤹Τޤޤ䤹ʤꡤˤΤ줿ޤޤˤ빽¤Ū꤬ˤ롥
ϡťΥɸθŪƶˤȤɤޤ餺Ѹ̡ŤѲ̤ѻݤˤͿǤ (see #941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1])#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1]))
ϢơѸ쥳ѥ A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (LAEME) ɽˤĤơ#1262. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (1) ([2012-10-10-1])#1263. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (2) ([2012-10-11-1]) ⻲ȡ

Rynell, Alarik. The Rivalry of Scandinavian and Native Synonyms in Middle English Especially taken and nimen. Lund: Håkan Ohlssons, 1948.

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2016-05-24 Tue

#2584. ˱Ѹ쥳ѥɽ [representativeness][corpus][methodology][hc][register]

ѥɽ (representativeness) ѹ (balance) ˤĤƤϡ#1280. ѥɽ ([2012-10-28-1]) ¾εǰäƤŤαѸΥѥ򰷤ˤϡѸ쥳ѥ˴ؤ꤬ΤޤƤϤޤΤΤȤʤ顤˾褻Ƥ˺꤬¿ΩϤ롥
ޤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥȤȤơѥθʤ콸ΥƥȽΤΤΤˤζˤ긽¸ƤΤ˸¤Ȥ󤬤롥ʸܡܡʤɤ˵ƸߤޤĤꡤ¸ƤΤ٤ƤǤ롥ޤλ¸ߤ뤳ȤϤ狼äƤƤ⡤Ū˥Ǥ뤫ɤǤ롥Ūˤϡ뤤Żҷ֤ǽǤƤ뤫ɤˤäƤλƥȤ콸Ȥʤꡤ褯ԻԤˤäΰѥʼȤŻҷ֡ˤؤԻ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ω˱Ѹ쥳ѥϡ򤫤äơ褦䤯˽ФΤǤꡤλŪɽãƤ븫ߤϡǰʤ
ޤ˱ѸȤҤȤ˸äƤ⡤ºݤˤϸѸƱͤ͡ lects registers ʬ졤ζʬ˱ƥѥԻ륱¿Τˡ̣ѥѥȸƤǤ褤 Helsinki Corpus Τ褦̻ѥ䡤òƤ뤬ۤʤޤ Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English ⤢뤷ȤˤäƤ̻ѥȤƤѤǤ OED ΰʸʤɤ롥̾ϡԻŪ֤˱ơ꾮ϰϤΥƥȤ˹ʤäԻ륳ѥ¿űѸ쥳ѥѸ쥳ѥʤɻˤäƶڤ뤳 (chronolects) ⤢ ꥹѸ䥢ꥫѸʤɤ (dialects) ξ⤢뤷Chaucer Shakespeare ʤκ (idiolects) ξ⤢Ҳ (sociolects) ̤Ȥ⤢뤷Ѱ (registers) ˱ƥѥԻȤȤ⤢롥ѰȤäƤ⡤äξʥˡΡäդ񤭸դˡʷˤʤɤ˱ơ̶ʬ뤳ȤǤ롥ʬ򤢤ޤ٤ƤޤȡҤΤ褦˸¸ƥȤ̤ͭ¤ǤꡤƤ˾ʤäʬۤФäƤ櫓顤ɽѹդݤĤȤʤΤȺȤʤ롥
(chronolects) μ濴ˤƶǯŪ絬Ϥ˱Ѹ쥳ѥԻ򳵴ѤƤߤȡƻαѸμʸˡϿޤΤ褦ʻͻԻȴϢŤԻ줿ΤĤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ϡƻδ𼴥ѥȤư֤ŤȤäƤ褤⤷ʤ㤨СDictionary of Old English Corpus (DOEC), A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (LAEME), Middle English Grammar project (MEG) Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϥѥȤϥƥȡǡ١Ȥ٤ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ѲǽȤʤäƤƤ뤷ꥫѸˤĤƤ Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) λߤ⤢롥
˵󤲤ɽŪ̾ʤΤΤۤ͡ڤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥԻδ褬³ȸƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#506. CoRD --- Ѹ˥ѥξ󥻥󥿡 ([2010-09-15-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Helsinki ؤ VARIENG ( Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English ) ץȤ CoRD ( Corpus Resource Database ) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ϡŪˤСҤΤ褦ˡ˱Ѹ쥳ѥɽŪ˲褹ΤϺǤϤ뤬Ǹ̥ѥԻϳ趷褷ƤꡤΤʤǿⴶϤ롥ҤȤĤϥեŪ¦̡Ѽ¦ΥѥФ٤˴ؤ⤢褦˻פ롥Żҥѥλ夬褹ˤ⡤˱ѸθԤϡ֤פȤʤΤˤ֥ѥפԻѡʬϤ˹ԤʤäƤΤǤ롥⡤䤿ռƤۤɤǤϤʤäΤΡ٤ϥѥɽѹդȤäͤƤΤǤꡤ˻ʤȤƤ⡤ͭפʸ³θѤƤŻҥѥȤʤäɽѹդ꤬ΩäƼ夲褦ˤʤäΤˤ꼫Τڤǡͤ³ɬפϤΤΡ餫ˤ츽ݤΤΤ˾ơѥ˻Ȥʤʤ餽θ³Ƥ椯ȤפʤΤǤϤʤ

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2016-03-22 Tue

#2521. Ѹ113 "such" ΰֻ [spelling][eme][laeme][corpus][scribe][me_dialect][representativeness]

ε#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1]) ³ϽѸ쥳ѥ LAEME "such" ΰֻФƤߤ (see #1262. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (1) ([2012-10-10-1])) θϡѸǤϷƻ졤졤³ȤѤ졤ƻξˤ϶ޤ⤹ΤǡΤȤ͡ʷ֤롥ե٥åȽ˰褦ʤäοͤʸڤ١ˡ

hsƿucche (1), schilke (1), schuc (3), scli (1), scuche (1), sec (1), secc (1), secche (1), sech (2), seche (1), selk (1), selke (1), shuc (1), shuch (1), siche (1), silc (1), silk (3), sli (1), slic (5), sliik (1), slik (3), slike (1), slk (1), sly (1), soch (5), soche (1), solchere (1), suc (2), sucche (2), such (51), suche (1), suecche (1), suech (1), sueche (1), sueh (1), sug (1), suic (1), suicchne (1), suich (12), suiche (3), suilc (14), suilce (1), suilch (1), suilk (1), suilke (2), sulch (1), sulche (1), sulk (1), sulke (1), suuche (1), suweche (1), suwilk (1), suyc (1), suych (4), suyche (1), svich (2), sƿche (1), sƿic (3), sƿicche (1), sƿich (1), sƿiche (14), sƿichne (1), sƿilc (30), sƿilch (22), sƿilche (1), sƿilcne (1), sƿilk (14), sƿillc (10), sƿillke (2), sƿi~lch (1), sƿlche (1), sƿuc (4), sƿucch (1), sƿucche (4), sƿucches (1), sƿuch (1), sƿuche (1), sƿuchne (1), sƿuilc (1), sƿulc (8), sƿulce (1), sƿulche (9), swch (1), swecche (1), swech (1), sweche (2), swich (5), swiche (1), swics (1), swil (1), swilc (5), swilce (1), swilk (2), swilke (2), swilkee (2), swlc (1), swlch (1), swlche (1), swlchere (1), swlcne (1), swuche (2), swuh (1), swulcere (1), swulch (3), swulchen (1), swulchere (1), swulke (1), swulne (1), zuich (10), zuiche (14), zuichen (3), zuych (10), zuyche (2)


ʸȾʸζ̤ϤĤˡ113ֻʸڤ롥Τʤ٤ˤƥȥå5ֻȴФȡsuch, sƿilc, sƿilch, sƿilk, sƿiche Ȥʤꡤ5369ĤΤ131 (35.5%) 롥
θѸ줫134ȹ碌ʣֻ򸺻ȡѸΤȤ247ΰֻ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ѤϿޤ䥳ѥɬŪǤϤʤΤǡϹʿͤȻפ롥㤨СMED swich (adj.) ˷ǤƤֻäСϤ⤦

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-16-1]

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2016-03-21 Mon

#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ [spelling][lme][lalme][corpus][scribe][me_dialect][frequency]

#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1]) ˰³ѸˤˤֻѰۤˤĤơϡֻμ¿ɾΤʡ "such" 夲롥
#1622. eLALME ([2013-10-05-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ѸϿ LALME βŻ eLALME ˤơItem List 10 "such" 򰷤äƤ롥ΰֻȴФȡԳΤƾܤ˿Ƥ⡤ʲ134ब󤬤ʤäοͤʸڤ١ˡ

asoche (1), aswyche (1), schch (1), schech (1), scheche (3), schiche (1), schoche (1), scht (1), schuc (1), schuch (3), schuche (4), schut (1), schute (1), sclik (2), sclike (1), sclyk (2), sclyke (2), scoche (1), scwche (1), sech (8), seche (39), sewyche (2), shich (1), shiche (1), shoch (1), shoche (1), shuch (5), shuche (3), shych (1), sic (6), sic- (1), sich (53), siche (101), sick (1), sɩͨh (1), sik (1), sik- (1), sike (2), silk (3), sli (1), slieke (1), slik (10), slike (26), slilk (2), slkyke (1), slyk (13), slyke (26), soch (12), soche (60), souche (3), sowche (2), soyche (1), squike (1), squilk (2), squylk (1), sqwych (1), sqwyche (1), sswiche (1), suc (1), succh (1), sucche (5), such (242), suche (375), suchee (1), sucheȝ (1), suchet (1), sucht (1), suchte (1), suech (4), sueche (6), suhc (1), suhe (1), suich (9), suiche (7), suilk (6), suilk- (1), suilke (3), suilkin (1), sulc (1), sulk (4), sulke (2), sutche (1), suth (1), suuch (1), suuche (1), suuech (1), suueche (1), suych (13), suyche (15), suylk (7), suylke (6), svche (1), sviche (1), swc (1), swch (7), swche (4), swech (19), sweche (48), swelk (4), swhiche (2), swhilke (2), swhych (2), swhyche (1), swic (2), swich (77), swiche (84), swichee (1), swilc (3), swilk (76), swilke (45), swilkes (1), swisɩͨhe (1), swlk (1), swlke (1), swuch (3), swuche (2), swych (56), swyche (65), swyeche (1), swyk (1), swyke (1), swyl (1), swylk (62), swylke (35), swylle (1), syc- (1), sych (23), syche (67), syge (1), syk (4), syk- (1), syke (5), sylk (3), sylke (2)


̤ٳ뤷٤פȡȥå10 suche, such, siche, swiche, swich, swilk, syche, swyche, swylk, soche Ǥ롥ȥåפ2 suche such ϸѸ򸫴ƤԤˤȤäơʬQŪˤߤºݡ2617㤬ʸڤ졤1867Τۤ3ʬ1롥ޤȥåפ10ǡۤ3ʬ2롥äơֻ¿뤫ȤäơΤޤ޴ʤ뺮٤ȤȤˤϤʤʤΤ褦ʻϡѸ¿ֻǧ¿θˤĤǧ졤٤Τʤˤ⤢٤餷ΤɤäƤȤ롥ȤƤ⡤ν񤭼ɤ߼ˤȤäƤϤϤؤʾä˰㤤ʤˤĤƤϡ#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1])#1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1]) ̤Ǥ롥
ѸḽνĴ٤СäȰֻμŵϼǰˤΤΡ500ۤɤȤ򸫤Ȥ롦

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2015-10-16 Fri

#2363. hapax legomenon [hapax_legomenon][terminology][lexicology][lexicography][word_formation][productivity][bible][zipfs_law][frequency][corpus][shakespeare][chaucer]

ε#2362. haplology ([2015-10-15-1]) ǥꥷ haplo- (one, single) ˿줿θ캬˴ϢƤ⤦1ʸؤ伭ؤѸȤƤФнв hapax (legomenon) 夲褦Τʤǡʥ׿ǤϤʤȡǡ1٤ѤƤʤʶˤؤꥷ hapax (once) + legomenon (something said) ʤʣʣ hapax legomena Ȥ
"nonce word" hapax legomenon ƱȤƤ뼭⤢뤬Ԥϡ׻פ֤λ¤Ѥפؤnonce-word Ͽ׻ŪǰƬѤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤФhapax legomenon ʸ˸1٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ˾ƤƤȤ㤤롥nonce ʤξ¤ΡˤȤθ츻ˤĤƤϡ#1306. for the nonce ([2012-11-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ
hapax legomenon ϡȤδϢǡФиڤƤˤ롥OED ˤȱѸˤ1692ǯΤȤǡ"J. Dunton Young-students-libr. 242/1 There are many words but once used in Scripture, especially in such a sence, and are called the Apax legomena." Ȥ롥
ʸؤ츻ؤˤơhapax legomenon ϤФȤʤ롥θθ츻Ϥ̣Ǥ뤳Ȥʤʤ伭ؤǤϡΡָפȤǧƤ褤Τδְ㤤ǤϤʤ˷Ǻܤ٤ݤȤƬˤ꤬ (see #912. ʤ񤷤 (3) ([2011-10-26-1])) ǡ䤽Ȥϡhapax legomenon ϽפʹͻоݤȤʤ롥ȤΤϡ1٤׻Ū˽и뤿ˤϡüԤŪʸȤʤФʤʤǤ (see #938. (4) ([2011-11-21-1]))
ºݤΤȤ halax legomenon Ϸ褷ƾʤʤΤȤϡåפˡ§˾Ȥ餻жä٤ȤǤϤʤ (see #1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1]), #1103. GSL ˤ Zipf's law θڡ ([2012-05-04-1])) ѸȤƤϡChaucer Ѥnortelrye (education) Shakespeare honorificabilitudinitatibus, ޤ Dickens sassigassity (audacity?) ʤɤ󤲤롥

Referrer (Inside): [2016-09-23-1]

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2015-09-26 Sat

#2343. 19ˤ a lot of ȯ [clmet][corpus][lmode][agreement][3pp][syntax][reanalysis]

#2333. a lot of ([2015-09-16-1]) ǡѸǶˤ٤ι⤤ζ (phrasal determiner) ˤ200ǯ;Ǥ뤳Ȥߤ19ޤǤϡζˤ lot ϡְ컳ȡġ췲פۤɤθѤƤꡤθ塤褦䤯¿¿̡פθȤȤäǡѸˤ a lot of lots of ǧ٤CLMET3.0 ʸ򽦤äƤߤʸ̤Υƥȥե
1 (1710--1780) Υ֥ѥ10,480,431ˤ4㤬ҥåȤ¿?פ̣ȤƤѤƤʤa lot of my own drawing Ǥϡ¿פǤϤʤְ컳פθȤѤƤꡤ"Annuities for lives have occasionally been granted in two different ways; either upon separate lives, or upon lots of lives" Ǥ餫ˡֽġפθǽʤɤǤϡ¿פؤȯŸƤʷϵϴ롥
2 (1780--1850) Υ֥ѥ11,285,587ˤ22㤬줿ͽ̤ꡤˡǻȤƤΤۤȸФĤʸ󤲤褦

You know when a lot of servants gets together they like to talk about their betters; and some, for a bit of swagger, likes to make it appear as though they knew more than they do, and to throw out hints and things just to astonish the others. (Anne Brontë, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848))
Therell be lots to speak for her! (ibid.)
. . . there's a high fender, and an iron safe, and some cards about ships that are going to sail, and an almanack, and some desks and stools, and an inkbottle, and some books, and some boxes, and a lot of cobwebs, . . . (Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son (1844))
. . . I ran on through a lot of alleys and back-slums, until I got somewhere in St. Giles's, and here I took a cab. (Punch, Vol. 1 (1841))


a lot of οΰפȽǤǤʸϾʤä1ʸ̣ a lot of servants Ф gets ȼƤ뤬ư -s ϡ³ some . . . likes ȽǤƤ⡤ʣ˰פʣߤ -s ȹͤΤʣ -s ˤĤƤ 3pp γƵ򻲾ȡˡ
3 (1850--1920) Υ֥ѥ12,620,207ˤϡɽټΤ384㤬ҥåȤlot(s) θѤƤ⾯ߤ뤬ŪˤϸѸ¤ȵ̤ۤˡ¿?פΰ̣ѤƤ롥1800ǯ˽Фθǯǰ쵤˹ޤäήԸˡǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥

Referrer (Inside): [2016-01-22-1]

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2015-09-21 Mon

#2338. 16hem, 'em Ժߤ (2) [personal_pronoun][emode][corpus][eebo][punctuation][apostrophe]

ε ([2015-09-20-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ16 hem, 'em Ժߡ뤤٤ȤˤĤơEEBO (Early English Books Online) Υƥȥǡ١Ѥơʰ׸Ƥߤ̤ϡư hem ޤᡤλäƤꡤǫ˽֤ϼäƤʤΤΡ16ϳΤ˶ü˾ʤȤ狼ä
16ȾΤϡAndrew Boorde, The pryncyples of astronamye (1547) ˸ "doth geue influence to hem the which be borne vnder this signe" 1ΤߤǤ롥16Ⱦ300ۤɤΥ֥ѥΤʤǡˤ'em ˻äƤϡ16ȾΥ֥ѥޤƤ㤬ʤ
16ȾΥ֥ѥǤ⡤hem ϾȤϤƾѤʤF. T., The debate betweene Pride and Lowlines (1577) ʤƥȤˤ "for they doon hem blame", "For which hem thinketh they should been aboue" ʤɤJoseph Hall, Certaine worthye manuscript poems of great antiquitie reserued long in the studie of a Northfolke gentleman (1597) ȤˤƤŤᤫΤʤDz٤줿ꤹ٤Ǥ
17֥ѥθ̰򤶤äįȡhem ٤ȤݤϤʤ'em ϤᡤٳĥƤͻҤǤ롥Ԥ 'em νиϡݥȥեȤɵ漫Τγ礬17ˤƿʹԤȤȴط (see #582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]))
hem, 'em Ū³ȤˤĤƤϡ16ˤ⤫㤬ʸڤȤȤ顤³ǧƤ褤ȤϹͤ롥ǤϤäˤѤƤȤ¬⡤餯ʤʸϤξˤۤȤȿǤʤäΤȤϻĤ뤷17ʹߤ褷ƤݤˡǤ˶Ūˤ them ξάȲᤵƤǽˤĤƤɤͤ뤫ȤĤ롥ϡޤȤäƤ褤

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2015-09-19 Sat

#2336. Text Analyser --- ʰץƥʬϴ [cgi][text_tool][web_service][corpus]

ǶǤϡƥʬϤΤιⵡǽʥġ뤬ڤǤ褦ˤʤäѸ쥳ѥʬϤץʤɤǤϡѸ˴Ťͤ͡׻졤䤹󼨤롥Τ褦ʥġƸɬפʤȤФʤʰץƥʬϴ CGI ƤߤΤǡ hellog ǤȤȤ֤ƤƥȥܥåʸϤꤲ



ظǤ Perl ⥸塼 Lingua::EN::Fathom ѤƤ뤬ʸǧ䲻ᥫȤʤɡưǤϴ񤷤¿뤿ᡤ̤ȤƤͤ϶ŪʤΤȤ򤵤줿ΥСǤϡʲ14ͤ򼨤Ȥˤ

(1) Number of characters
(2) Number of words (tokens)
(3) Number of types
(4) Type/token ratio
(5) Per cent of complex words
(6) Average syllables per word
(7) Number of sentences
(8) Average words per sentences
(9) Number of text lines
(10) Number of blank lines
(11) Number of paragraphs
(12) Fog index
(13) Flesch reading ease score
(14) Flesch-Kincaid grade level score

¿ͤΰ̣ϼȻפ뤬ĤˤĤƤ(4) Type/token ratio ϡä¿򼨤ɸǤ롥ƥΤ٤Ƥθ줬ơ1٤긽ˤϡ 1.0 򼨤ƥȤĹ礭¸뤿ᡤλɸñΤǤϤۤɾ̤Ϥʤ
(5) Per cent of complex words "complex words" Ȥϡ3ʾθγǤ롥(12), (13), (14) ϡƥȤɤߤ䤹λɸǤꡤ1ʸθ (words_per_sentence) 1줢β (syllables_per_word) ˴ŤƷ׻Ƥ롥ƻɸħȲλʲάҤ롥

(12) The Fog index
ɤߤ䤹ɽ魯ؤʻɸ( words_per_sentence + percent_complex_words ) * 0.4 ǵ뤳ȤǤ롥ɸοͤϳǯɽ路γǯɸṲ̄ǤСʸϤɤǤȤ롥ܰ¤ȤƤϡ8 = childish, 10 = acceptable, 12 = ideal, 14 = difficult, 18 = unreadable

(13) The Flesch reading ease score
206.835 - (1.015 * words_per_sentence) - (84.6 * syllables_per_word) ǵ롥ǹ100ǡɸ⤱й⤤ۤ򤷤䤹ƥȤǤ롥60--70ŬȤ롥

(14) Flesch-Kincaid grade level score
(11.8 * syllables_per_word) + (0.39 * words_per_sentence) - 15.59 ǵ롥ɸƹγǯɽ路㤨 8.0 ǤСΥƥȤ8ǯ̤ǤȤȤˤʤ롥7.0--8.0 ŬͤȤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-08-1]

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2015-09-15 Tue

#2332. EEBO Υɤ [eebo][lob][corpus][keyword][text_tool][emode]

ѥ饭ɤ򽦤ȤʬϤ򡤡#317. Ǽʬޥ˥󥰡ʥԡˡ ([2010-03-10-1])#518. Singapore English ΥɤС ([2010-09-27-1])#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ƤϽѸ濴Ū˰ƥȡǡ١ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ꡤɤ򽦤äƤߤ
EEBO ĿŪ˼ѸΥƥȽ11ʾˤФWordSmith KeyWords еǽѤȥѥȤƤϡ奤ꥹѸɽΤȤ LOB ѥꤷϻȥѥΤۤä絬ϤǤϤʤФʤʤΤEEBO 礭ȤȤǡܤĤ֤äƤϡѸ٤ƻ٤⤤Ѹθ򽦤ФȤȤǤ롥μҲħŤäޤϤǤ롥
򼨤ɸι⤤ˡ500ޤǤΥꥹȤɤ줿⾮ʸǼ

[ Top 100 ]

amp, note, god, and, that, hath, them, christ, shall, haue, thou, they, thy, so, all, our, not, their, upon, doth, vnto, of, unto, his, king, yet, or, hee, eacute, vs, ye, him, lord, thee, which, bee, doe, saith, men, onely, but, vpon, be, nor, de, c, gods, by, faith, holy, great, church, your, o, as, selfe, wee, owne, ad, con, est, things, then, such, therefore, himselfe, may, y, to, sin, grace, cause, tis, us, mr, ther, kings, thereof, let, spirit, man, al, vp, yea, any, this, ac, s, pro, ing, com, thus, e, against, forth, re, shew, whom, l, wherein

[ -- 200 ]

loue, ly, selves, scripture, self, law, st, those, thing, cor, sinne, being, glory, euery, death, good, sonne, true, neuer, whereof, iohn, againe, psal, pope, religion, ed, hym, soule, hast, lib, ex, heaven, agrave, whiche, pray, neither, downe, acirc, tion, quod, my, sed, fore, soul, nature, euen, dayes, is, p, apostles, euer, till, feare, chap, ver, rom, vnder, ma, qui, vse, according, giue, power, ouer, mans, egrave, lesse, se, doctrine, ne, ment, meanes, themselues, shal, d, sins, viz, prince, did, vertue, wicked, honour, earth, ut, blessed, princes, ter, apostle, th, persons, que, thinke, same, others, lords, ought, pag, truth, none, kingdome

[ -- 300 ]

tho, si, cap, goe, if, beene, flesh, et, christs, make, fathers, concerning, reason, body, mercy, selues, enemies, bishops, farre, v, bishop, ar, hearts, wil, likewise, other, rome, name, obedience, en, wise, cum, speake, finde, nay, iesus, we, conscience, manner, non, heart, sinnes, it, yt, hauing, saints, generall, mat, contrary, worke, wit, sayd, whereby, covenant, wherefore, gen, passe, poore, lorde, publick, word, mens, suffer, na, heare, mee, ei, heb, divers, christians, therein, theyr, minde, shalt, bloud, shewed, certaine, vers, un, son, amongst, ibid, ca, jesus, betwixt, quae, scriptures, say, divine, thine, rest, countrey, besides, di, heauen, cannot, qu, therfore, godly, sent

[ -- 400 ]

m, moses, these, christian, called, n, vn, false, should, paul, also, discourse, meane, without, booke, whence, shee, emperour, souls, place, thereby, yeares, tyme, lawes, peace, what, dis, behold, foure, citie, giuen, israel, anno, liberty, thence, gospel, cast, ograve, aboue, souldiers, tooke, sa, priests, gaue, fol, maketh, places, pardon, te, warre, saviour, wayes, saint, thinges, will, themselves, kinde, suche, bene, love, salvation, yeare, towne, spirituall, esse, fa, duke, majesty, brethren, laws, alwayes, workes, ab, lest, for, wrath, wordes, soules, done, sunt, angels, vel, ry, liue, ted, ty, looke, repentance, dr, beare, prayer, keepe, faire, ii, parts, helpe, iudge, no, churches, r

[ -- 500 ]

dy, vsed, prophet, outward, ble, ap, spake, sect, armes, notwithstanding, come, h, naturall, maner, crosse, popes, sayth, pa, papists, whatsoever, gospell, iudgement, writ, noble, hoc, par, sacrifice, dye, worship, ons, af, eternal, leaue, ob, euill, am, sacrament, diuers, both, ghost, quam, lye, yee, comming, secondly, how, iustice, sword, daies, father, vi, before, prayers, bodie, whome, councell, nec, though, faithfull, lawe, humane, aut, wel, mi, hir, iii, worthy, isa, easie, ugrave, nowe, lawfull, ere, seene, priest, glorious, serue, commanded, earle, forme, thither, eternall, prophets, turne, iewes, mo, im, halfe, matth, manifest, wilt, are, words, iust, betweene, affections, ocirc, li, ned, creatures

оݤȤΤ EEBO ʿƥȤǤꡤˤ¿䥿ޤޤƤ롥ʤɤ̤ʥƥȽϻܤƤʤΤǡäƤ뤳Ȥդºݡ1̤ amp ϥΰǤꡤ2̤ note ɽ魯ȹͤƤ褤Τǡ̵뤹٤Ǥϥз̤򤽤Τޤ󼨤뤳Ȥˤ
ǤٸǤϤ뤬Ǥֻۤʤ hath, haue, doth, hee, vs, bee ʤɤ̤뤳ȤǤޤǤϸȤʤäƤ2;ñ̾ thou, thy, thee θʤȤǤ롥
⤷ΤϡߤǤ⸽ǤϤ뤬ۤɸǤϤʤʤäƤǤ롥㤨СꥹȤξ̤˥ꥹȶŪʸ줬¿Ȥ˵Ť200̰˸¤äƤäȽǤ⡤god, christ, gods, faith, holy, church, grace, spirit, loue, scripture, sinne, glory, death, pope, religion, soule, heaven, pray, soul, apostles, vertue, wicked, honour, blessed, apostle ʤɤ󤬤롥塼ī奢īȤˡꥹȶϮ³äȤطդˤС夬¯ȤȤǤ⤢롥
ֻȤƤϡ̵ <e> μͳղáæ<u> <v> ڤ <i> <j> κߡshall θʻѡye λ¸ʤɤ󤲤 (see #373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1]); #1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1])) ޤߤǤϷ줷ǽ¿ (ex. upon, vnto, nor, therefore, thereof, whereof)

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-06-1] [2018-01-10-1]

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2015-09-07 Mon

#2324. n-gram [corpus][information_theory][coca][bnc][google_books][statistics][n-gram][collocation][frequency][link]

伫ʬѤ n-gram Ȥʬϼˡ롥ѥؤǤ⤹ǤˤߤγǰǤꡤɽ (collocation) θʤɤǤΤ褦Ѥ褦ˤʤäΥѥΥ󥿡եˤƤѤƤꡤ#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1]) Ǥ̾˴ޤޤƤۤɤܥ֥Ǥ COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) N-gram ǡ١Ѥơ#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ƤʤαѤϡ#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1])#954. ӱƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-07-1])#955. ʸϤ碌2।ǥ ([2011-12-08-1]) 򻲾ȡˡBNC ǤϡExplore Words and Phrases from the BNC ѤǤ롥
ԥ塼ѤʬϼˡȤ񤷤ʹ뤬n-gram ιͤϻäñǤ롥ʸ٥ 2-gram (bigram) ͤƤߤ褦ĹαñȤ pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (#63. پɤϱѸǺǤŤµ ([2009-06-30-1])) ˤȤ롥ޤƬ2ʸ1Ȥ pn Фˡ2ʸܤ˿ʤƱ褦 ne Ф3ʸܤ˿ʤ eu 4ʸܤ˿ʤ um 롥Ʊ褦ˡ1ʸıˤ餷ʤ顤Ǹ is ޤ2ʸ1Ȥ򼡡ȽäƤ44Ȥ2ʸȤˤʤ롥ȤΤʤǡic co ȤȤ߹碌ϳơ3󵯤ꡤos, si, no, on Ȥ߹碌ϳơ2󸽤졤ʳȤ߹碌Ϥ1٤Ǥ롥äơñˤƺǹ٤2ʸ1Ȥ ic co Ȥʤ롥
n-gram ñ̤ϡΤ褦ʸǤɬפϤʤǤǤ褤礭ñ̤ǤǤǤ褯礭ʶʤɤΤ礭ñ̤Ǥ褤Ѹ쥳ѥؤǤϡȤñ̤ǹͤΤ̤Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have a Dream αΥƥȤǸñ̤ 4-gram ȡǤ¿4Ȥ߹碌ϡͽ̤ "I have a dream" 8"will be able to" Ʊ8󸽤롥"Let freedom ring from" 7Ȥ褯롤ʬϤǽȤʤ롥Ǥ4ȤפꤷΤ 4-gram ȸƤФ뤬ܤ뤤Ĥʸθ뤫ˤ 1-gram (unigram), 2-gram (bigram), 3-gram (trigram) 5-gram ʾͤ뤳ȤǤ1-gram ξ硤ꥹȤϡ¾ƸɽǤˡ
祳ѥ줿 2-gram 3-gram ΰϡ켫ΤɽθʤɤǤϴܥǡȤʤ뤿ᡤ־Ǥ⤤ȸƤ롥ܸǤN-gram ѥ - ܸ쥦֥ѥ 2010뤷ѸǤ COCA n-gram ǡ١ 롥ޤBigram Plus Ǥϡ˱Ѹ쥳ѥޤ᤿ƼѸ쥳ѥ N-Gram Search Ԥʤ뵡ǽ󶡤Ƥ롥ۤˤǤդΥƥȤ䥳ѥоݤ n-gram ƼΥġ䥽եȤ⡤־ǽ
n-gram ʬϤθʬؤαϰϤϹʲʸˤϲȤͽ¬ǽȤطᡤˤ벻ǧʬϡȽꡤưڥåõΡʸѥǥåκʤɤ˳Ѥ롥󡤶ɽθǤϡܤˤԲķμʤȤʤäƤ롥n-gram ϤäѤȤɽ̲줿ƥȤоݤȤؤˤ빽¤ˤޤä뤳ȤʤᡤʸˡΤ褦ʸ̤Ƚ褦ܤϡn-gram in Wikipedia 򻲾ȡ
n-gram Ϲ׼ǡޤޤȤƻꤽ˱ѸƥȤˤ⡤ѤƤ

ʸ嵭2015/09/12(Sat) Sketch Engine N-grams ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-09-07-1]

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2015-05-22 Fri

#2216. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡ [link][corpus][bnc][coca][ame_bre][sociolinguistics][language_change][gender_difference][link]

Ρ#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס ([2015-04-22-1]) ˰³520դǡּԡפޤWEBޥ Lingua   *
ϡʣΥѥѤ뤳Ȥ䤪⤷򲡤ФޤޤѸαƺȤ츫Ūˤ⡤ưŪ뤤̻Ū뤳Ȥˤꡤʸ⶯Ĵޤ
ΤʤǤ⿨ޤºݤˤϺΡּԡפǽҤ٤˻ˤϡäȾܤĴʤФʤޤ󡥤ѥѤơ㤨ФΤ褦ʸѲħȤ館뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤǽ򴶤äƤ館СȤǼɮޤԡԤǻμɮôϴǤʹߤ³WEBޥ Lingua εˤܤХåʥСͭѤǤʲWEBޥ Lingua γƵؤΥ󥯡ʺǿǡˤĥäƤޤ

1. ʤѥ ֿܡ
2. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ԡ а桡
3. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ʸԡ а桡
4. Google 򥳡ѥ˸ΩƤ ʿβʡ
5. פδáԡˡ ٺθ ʾӡͺϺ
6. פδáʸԡˡ ʾӡͺϺ
7. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
8. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
9. ؽԥѥȤϲ ʳҡΡ
10. ؽԥѥDzǤΤ ʳҡΡ
11. ѥ륳ѥβǽ ʿβʡ
12. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷Ѷˡ ġץꥷ
13. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷ѶѲǽ ġץꥷ
14. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
15. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
16. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
17. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
18. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ1ɸ well, I mean, kind of, like λȤ ʻ
19. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ2㤤ʪǤ׵ɽ ʻ
20. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ëľ
21. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ֻ졦ư ëľ
22. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
23. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ

ʤμԤܤ gorgeous ˴ؤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεǰäƤޤΤǤȤ

#476. That's gorgeous! ([2010-08-16-1])
#477. That's gorgeous! (2) ([2010-08-17-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])

ޤѸʸˤ˽ˤĤƤ gender_difference γƵǰäƤޤä˸˽ȥѥѤ᤿Ȥơ#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-21-1]

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2015-04-22 Wed

#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡ [link][corpus][brown][ame_bre]

420դǡWEBޥ Lingua 졼Ϣܡdzؤ֥ѥѽˡμɮ֥ѥõѸαƺԡεǺܤޤϡΥ졼ϢܤȻεˤĤƾҲ𤷤ޤ  *
Ϣܡּdzؤ֥ѥѽѡפϥѥѽ鿴ԸΥ˥Хǡ͡ʸظԤо줷פļŪ˥ѥѤˡ⤷Ƥ椯꡼ǤǤ20εǺܤƤꡤѥδܤϤޤꡤƼΥѥξҲѤΥġ㸦桤˻ޤǡѥ˴Ϣ͡ʻǫ˲⤵ƤޤʲˡƵؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

1. ʤѥ ֿܡ
2. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ԡ а桡
3. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ʸԡ а桡
4. Google 򥳡ѥ˸ΩƤ ʿβʡ
5. פδáԡˡ ٺθ ʾӡͺϺ
6. פδáʸԡˡ ʾӡͺϺ
7. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
8. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
9. ؽԥѥȤϲ ʳҡΡ
10. ؽԥѥDzǤΤ ʳҡΡ
11. ѥ륳ѥβǽ ʿβʡ
12. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷Ѷˡ ġץꥷ
13. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷ѶѲǽ ġץꥷ
14. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
15. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
16. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
17. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
18. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ1ɸ well, I mean, kind of, like λȤ ʻ
19. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ2㤤ʪǤ׵ɽ ʻ
20. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ëľˡʢ2015/05/18(Mon)˥󥯤ɲá
21. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ֻ졦ư ëľˡʢ2015/05/18(Mon)˥󥯤ɲá
22. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
23. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδˡʢ2015/05/21(Thu)˥󥯤ɲá

ν񤤤ϡѥѤƱѸαƺˤĤƹͤ褦Ȥݤǡߤϸ奤ꥹѸȸ奢ꥫѸζŪӤǤ2ѼоȤäƤŪطʤ̻Ūʻ礫ʤȤȤĴƤޤϡִԡפǤäơѸαƺäƤνƺĴѤǤ륳ѥҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
ʲΥ졼Ϣܤεȹ碌ɤͭѤȻפܥ֥ε˥󥯤ĥޤۤˤ⥳ѥѤˤĤƤ corpus εѸαƺˤĤƤ ame_bre ε⤴Ȥ

#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1])
#1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-30-1])
#1743. ICE Frequency Comparer ([2014-02-03-1])

#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])
#517. ICE 󶡤7ϰѼ拾ѥ ([2010-09-26-1])

#1278. BNC 濴Ȥ륳ѥϢΥ󥯽 ([2012-10-26-1])
#307. ѥѤ ([2010-02-28-1])
#367. ѥѤ (2) ([2010-04-29-1])
#368. ѥϸβǽ򹭤 ([2010-04-30-1])

#240. ֻαƺ礭 ([2009-12-23-1])
#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1])
#312. ʸˡαƺ ([2010-03-05-1])
#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ ([2010-03-08-1])
#357. American English or British English? ([2010-04-19-1])
#627. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ෿ ([2011-01-14-1])
#628. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ෿ (2) ([2011-01-15-1])
#677. Ѹˤˡưο ([2011-03-05-1])
#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1])
#1010. ѸαƺˤĤ Martinet ΰ ([2012-02-01-1])
#1221. ˡ ([2012-08-30-1])
#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1])
#1331. äαƺ뤿νѸ ([2012-12-18-1])
#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1])

Υ졼ϢܵϡִԡפǤϡּԡפǺܤͽǤ

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2015-01-22 Thu

#2096. SUBTLEX-US Word Frequency List [frequency][statistics][corpus][lexicology][zipfs_law][cgi][web_service]

αѸظˤơҤɽȤХꥫѸ˴ؤ Kucera and Francis (1967) ΤΤ䡤ꥹѸŤ֤꿷ΤȤ CELEX (1993) 䤽2 (cf. #1424. CELEX2 ([2013-03-21-1])) 褯ѤƤǶᡤȽˡ˴ŤꥫѸθɽ줿٥륮إؤμ¸زʤ󶡤 SUBTLEXus Ǥ롥HP顤SUBTLEXus ΰ췲ɽΥե䵭ҤɡǤ롥
SUBTLEXus δפˤ륳ѥϡ8388αDzλνǤꡤ5100˵ڤ֡SUBTLEXus ɽϡKucera and Francis CELEX ɽ٤ơĤλФ줿ɸˤƤƤȼĥƤ롥٤ϡФ (lemma) ȤǤϤʤ (word form) Ȥ˿Ƥꡤ㤨̾Ǥñ -s ʤɤʣ̰ʰۤʤ74,286ˡ̾ưʤʣʻȤѤˤĤƤϡ줾ʻ줴Ȥ٤ˤ⥢Ǥ뤷ͥʻ (Dominant POS) Τۤع绻٤ؤ⥢Ǥ롥ǡˤϡۤ˲αDz˸Ƥ뤫ʸȤƸƤΤϲ󤫡٤пäɸZipf ɸ (cf. #1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1])) ʤɤޤޤƤ롥μΥǡޤޤƤȡŪȥǥǤͭѤǤäե١Ǥ뤳Ȥ⸲ħ
ɤǤ뤤ĤΥǡΤʤ "a zipped Excel file of SUBTLEX-US with the Zipf values included" ɤäƤߤ㤨С(1) Ū¿졤 (2) ¿αDzˤ⸽ϡŪʰ̣٤⤤ȹͤ (1) (2) ˴ؤпλɸݤ碌ơ߽¤٤ƺǽ100ȡäκñ100줬ϤάҳʤɤޤޤƤ뤬ʲΥꥹȤǤ롥

you, I, the, to, s, a, it, t, that, and, of, what, in, me, is, we, this, he, on, for, my, m, your, don, have, do, re, no, be, know, was, not, can, are, all, with, just, get, here, but, there, ll, so, they, like, right, out, go, up, about, she, if, him, got, at, now, come, oh, one, how, well, want, yeah, her, think, good, see, let, did, why, who, as, going, his, will, from, when, back, time, yes, look, d, take, an, where, man, would, them, been, some, or, tell, us, had, were, say, could, gonna, didn, hey


ۤˤϡ10졤25졤50졤100졤250졤500졤1,000졤2,500졤5,000졤10,000졤25,000졤50,000졤100,000ˤĤơDominant POS Ȥ˿夲Ƥߤ뤳Ȥ⤿䤹#666. COCA 5000ʻ̤γϡ ([2011-02-22-1])#667. COCA 50ʻ̤γϡ ([2011-02-23-1])#1132. ñʻ̤γ ([2012-06-02-1]) εǤ⡤̤Υѥˤ褦ĴԤäSUBTLEX-US ǤĴ̤ϼΥդˤޤȤ롥

Wordform-Based POS Ratios by SUBTLEXus

ʲϤޤθġ (SUBTLEX-US Word Frequency Extractor) ޤʤΤǡ10ޤǤ̤ϤʤͤǤSUBTLEXus 󶡤ʣʸǽʡSUBTLEXus Online Search ɤ

    

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-08-1] [2018-01-03-1]

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2014-12-28 Sun

#2071. <dispatch> vs <despatch> [spelling][johnson][corpus][clmet]

ɸθֻϡԤ <dispatch> ɸŪȤ뤬ä˥ꥹѸǤϸԤ <despatch> Ѥ롥ǤξܤƤΤ̤ǡԤäɸŪǤȤҤϤʤϲȤΤʤˤϸԤ츻Ūʴ񤹤⤢褦ˤĤ Horobin (230--31) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The preference for dispatch over despatch is similarly debatable, given that despatch is recorded as an alternative spelling for dispatch by the OED. The spelling dispatch is certainly to be preferred on etymological grounds, since its prefix derives from Latin dis-; the despatch spelling first appeared by mistake in Johnson's Dictionary. However, since the nineteenth century despatch has been in regular usage and continues to be widely employed today. Given this, why should despatch not be used in The Guardian? In fact, a search of this newspaper's online publication shows that occurrences of despatch do sneak into the paper: while dispatch is clearly the more frequent spelling (almost 14,000 occurrences when I carried out the search), there were almost 2,000 instances of the proscribed spelling despatch.


ѤˤȤꡤȯü Johnson μεҤ餷Τ Johnson ϸФȤ <despatch> ǤƤꡤ츻Ǥϥե󥹸 depescher 򻲾ȤƤ롥Ƭ첻ϥޥ󥹽Ǥ <i> <e> ɤƤΤǤꡤJohnson <e> κѤ츻˾Ȥ餷 "mistake" ȸƤ٤뤫ɤϵǤ롥ȤȥƥǤϤθʸڤƤʤꥢǤ dispaccioե󥹸Ǥ despeechier ʤɤֻԤƤѸֻݤˤɤθ츻Ȥ줿ǤꡤǤϤʤޤJohnson ϼʳμˤƤϰӤ <dispatch> ѤƤꡤŴ֤äȤƤ
<despatch> γطʤ Johnson μ񤬤äȤȤϡ¾ڤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ΤΡʬˤꤽѸ쥳ѥ CLMET3.0 70ǯȤ˶ڤä3ˤξֻ٤äƤߤȡΤ褦˽Ф

Period (subcorpus size)<dispatch> etc.<despatch> etc.
1710--1780 (10,480,431 words)403354
1780--1850 (11,285,587)145267
1850--1920 (12,620,207)67263


Ĵ̤Τϡ <dispatch> ŪͥäΤΡ夬ˤĤŪ <despatch> ΩäƤȤήǤ18ξֻƤ褦ƱȾФ Johnson μ񤬷Ȥʤä <despatch> ȤǽϽʬˤꤽ
20ĴϤƤʤ餯ˤƥƬ򼨤 <dispatch> ֻɸŪȤ뵬ϰռƯϤᡤ<despatch> θȤʤäƤȤſǤϤʤ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1] [2016-07-17-1]

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2014-12-02 Tue

#2045. ʤ mayn't ȤʤΤ (2) [auxiliary_verb][negative][clitic][corpus][emode][lmode][eebo][clmet][sobokunagimon]

ε#2044. ʤ mayn't ȤʤΤ (1) ([2014-12-01-1]) ˰³ɸꡥŪʻ¤󼨤롥OED ˤȡû̷ mayn't 16㤬ߤȤȤƺǤᤤΤ17 Milton ΤΤ

1631 Milton On Univ. Carrier ii. 18 If I mayn't carry, sure I'll ne'er be fetched.


OED ˴Ťȡܤ٤ϽѸʸȤȤˤʤ롥 EEBO (Early English Books Online) ١ǸĿŪ˺äƤƥȡǡ١ˤ٤ԤäȤΤ褦ʷ̤Фmai nat ʤɤΰ۷ޤƸˡƻΥ֥ѥεϤۤʤΤǡ100 (wpm) Ӥ줿

Period (subcorpus size)mayn'tmay not
1451--1500 (244,602 words)0 wpm (0 times)474.24 wpm (116 times)
1501--1550 (328,7691 words)0 (0)133.22 (438)
1551--1600 (13,166,673 words)0 (0)107.01 (1,409)
1601--1650 (48,784,537 words)0.020 (1)131.85 (6,432)
1651--1700 (83,777,910 words)1.03 (86)131.54 (11,020)
1701--1750 (90,945 words)0 (0)109.96 (10)


û̷ mayn't û̷ may not ٤ơ˰ŪɤǤäȤϵ٤ʤû̷16ϸĤʤä17˾ĸФͻҤϤĤळȤǤ18㤬ʤΤϡ֥ѥεϤ餫⤷ʤ#1948. Addison clipping Ƚ ([2014-08-27-1]) Ǹ褦ˡAddison 18Ƭ mayn't ޤû̷񤷤Ƥۤɤ顤ǤϤ褯ԤƤΤ
³ƸѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 ƱͤĴ٤Ƥߤ18--19ˤ⡤mayn't Ū˾ʤʤΤ˻ѤƤꡤ19Ⱦˤ٤ޤäƤ褦mayn't may not δ֤ɤ򼨤ƥȤ⾯ʤʤ

Period (subcorpus size)mayn'tmay not
1710--1780 (10,480,431 words)33859
1780--1850 (11,285,587)21703
1850--1920 (12,620,207)68601


19Ⱦ mayn't λѤƤͻҤϡḽ奢ꥫѸ쥳ѥ COHA ǤǧǤ롥



20äƤξ̤Ĵ#677. Ѹˤˡưο ([2011-03-05-1]) 鼨褦ˡmay Τ˿α̿򤿤ɤ뤳Ȥˤʤä櫓顤mayn't α̿䤷Τ٤εǿ줿褦ä˸奢ꥫѸǤ shan't shall ȤȤ˿षƤȤȹͤ碌ȡû̷οϽưΡʹˤοȴϢŤ򤹤ɬפ褦˻פ롥may ΤŤ줷ưȤʤСեޥʶܼղä mayn't Τʤϡդˡmayn't ԻѤ1ĤͳΤǤϤʤ⤦1ĻפĤmayn't ԻѤϡɸŪǼҲŪ㤤ͤͿƤ ain't Ȳ뤳ȤȴϢ뤫⤷ʤⲾʳƤˤʤͤޤǤˡ

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2014-12-01 Mon

#2044. ʤ mayn't ȤʤΤ (1) [auxiliary_verb][negative][tag_question][bnc][corpus][sobokunagimon]

ʤ may not û̷ mayn't ѸǤϰŪѤʤΤȤ򤤤ΤԻ׵ĤȻפäƤΤޤǰ鷺ˤΤǾͤƤߤ
ˡư줬꼭ȼˤϡƤбû̷롥can't, couldn't, won't, wouldn't, shouldn't, mightn't, mustn't, needn't, use(d)n't, oughtn't mayn't ϤޤꤪܤˤʤºݤΤȤ礭ʼˤϵܤΤ졼٥ȤƤϸŪǤȤǤȤüˡȤƤ롥OED Ǥ mayn't "(colloq., now rare)" "rare in all varieties of English" ȤꡤɸѸ򥿡åȤȤѸ춵ˤƶƤʤΤ̵̤ȤǤ롥Quirk et al. (122) Ǥ⡤mayn't shan't ȤȤѤʤʤäƤƤ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ롥

Every auxiliary except the am form of BE has a contracted negative form . . ., but two of these, mayn't and shan't, are now virtually nonexistent in AmE, while in BrE shan't is becoming rare and mayn't even more so.


ޤ Quirk et al. (811--12) ϡղõˤ mayn't I? ʤɤηȤˤΤʤˤڤǤ롥mightn't I? can't I? ѤüԤ⤤褦ޡȤǤϤʤmay I not? Ͼ˲ǽ줷¿ʸ̮ˤϤդ路ʤ

The negative tag question following a positive statement with modal auxiliary may poses a problem because the abbreviated form mayn't is rare (virtually not found in AmE). There is no obvious solution for the tag question, though some speakers will substitute mightn't or can't or --- when the reference is future --- won't:
   ?I may inspect the books, | mightn't I?
                             | can't I?
   ?They may be here next week, | mightn't they?
                                | won't they?
The abbreviated form is fully acceptable, but limited to formal usage:
   I may inspect the books, may I not?
   They may be here next week, may they not?


ơBNC mayn't 򸡺7ΤߥҥåȤäե֥ѥ2Τߤ񤭸ե֥ѥ5Ūʸ̮ˤƤ롥73㤬 mayn't you?, mayn't it?, mayn't there ȤäղõΤʤǸƤꡤϻѤƤ뤳Ȥ狼뤬1쵬ϤΥѥǤȤȤϡϤ¾ԻѤȤäƤ褤
can't mightn't ȤʿǤڤꡤղõˤ뤽ΤʤżƤޤǤ mayn't λѤ򤱤ȤξϡäɤΤ褦򤹤Ф褤ΤŪ˲ǤΤŪʻˤĤơεǹͻ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1] [2014-12-02-1]

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2014-11-05 Wed

#2018. <nacio(u)n> <nation> ֻѲ [spelling][latin][etymological_respelling][corpus][hc][eebo]

ḽѸ <nation> ֤ϡѸǤϼȤ <nacio(u)n> ֤Ƥ<nacio(u)> <nation> ѲϡŪˤϤʤġɤΤ褦ΤǤ첻 <ou> <o> ѲȡҲ <c> <t> Ѳʬƹͤɬפ롥
ޤ첻ѲˤĤƹͤ褦 (331) ˤȡ¯ƥˤ /o/ + ɡǽIJϡб Norman French η֤Ǥɡ첻û첻 /ʊ/ 뤤Ĺ첻 /uː/ 򼨤βĸ줬ѸؼѤȡround, troumpe, count, nombre, countrefeten, countour, cuntree, counseil, commissioun, condicioun, nacioun, resoun, sesoun, religioun ʤɤ֤줿-<sioun> -<tioun> ȯϡб븽 -<sion> -<tion> ȯ /ʃ(ə)n/ ȤϰۤʤꡤޤƱ岽⤷Ƥ餺ʲ /siuːn/ ݤäƤȹͤ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƤβ˶ʤʤäƤȡƱ岽Ϥޤꡤߤ /ʃ(ə)n/ ˶ŤƤäβĹ첻򼨺ֻ -<ioun> Ϥդ路ʤȴ졤1ʸȤ -<ion> ȤΤ̲롥
<ou> <o> Ѳñȯֻפ٤ΤǤȤɤϸڤ;Ϥ롥ˤ¿ʤȤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) κѤäΤǤϤʤȤΤϡME nacioun nation ѲȤѲΤ첻ǤϤʤԤҲ <c> <t> ؤѲȤäǤ롥Upward and Davidson (97) ˤȡ

The letter C with the value /s/ before E and I in OFr had two main sources. One was Lat C: Lat certanus > certain. The other was Lat T, which before unstressed E, I acquired the same value, /ts/, as C had in LLat. Medieval Lat commonly alternated T and C in such cases: nacionem or nationem, whence the widespread use of forms such as nacion in OFr and ME. The C adopted in LLat, OFr and ME for classical Lat T has sometimes survived into ModE: Lat spatium > space; platea > place. Elsewhere, a later preference for classical Lat etymology has led to the restoration of T in place of C, as in the -TION endings: ModE nation.


Ĥޤꡤ<nacio(u)n> <nation> ˤ첻ѲҲѲ⡤ŵƥֻ˰פ٤ΤǤϤʤ
ֻѲġɤΤ褦ˤĤơ˥ѥѤĴƤߤޤ Helsinki Corpus äơη̤ʰʲθǤϡʣΤĤֻʤɤ˽äƤˡϾʤΤΡ16ѲλäȤ롥


<nacion> (<nacioon>)<nation>
M2 (1250--1350) 0 (1)0
M3 (1350--1420)7 (1)0
M4 (1420--1500)2 (0)0
E1 (1500--1569)2 (0)2
E2 (1570--1639)0 (0)13
E3 (1640--1710)0 (0)14


Ʊ͡Ѹ (1418--1680) 45줫ʤʥѥΥץ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence Ǥ⸡Ƥߤ绨Ĥǯʬǻʬ¤ꡤΤʷ̤β񤷤


<nacion><nation>
CEECS1 (1418--1638)212
CEECS2 (1580--1680)127


ͭѤʷ̤뤳ȤǤΤϡEEBO (Early English Books Online) ΥƥȤѤƸĿŪ˺äƤʥǡ١θˤäƤǤ롥ȾȤ˶ʬƥ֥ѥεϤϤ줾ۤʤΤǡ̻ŪʿͤñӤϤǤʤ줾λˤֻŪʬۤϰ


<nacion><nacioun><nation><natioun>
1451--1500 (123,537 words)4000
1501--1550 (1,825,565 words)900820
1551--1600 (6,648,588 words)64094713
1601--1650 (21,296,378 words)1806,4510
1651--1700 (38,545,254 words)11022,3501
1701--1750 (33,741 words)00120


첻ˤĤƤϡѸޤǤˤǤ <-ioun> ϤۤѤƤ褦Ǥ롥ơҲˤĤƤϡ16˰쵤 <t> <c> ֤ƤäͻҤ狼롥ʤȤ⤳λҲѲΥߥ󥰤ˤĤƤϡ̤˸츻ŪֻκȤ16˰פƤ뤳ȤϻŦƤƤ褤첻ѲˤĤƤϡ츻Ūֻˤӽ櫓ǤϤʤŪᤫäȤ顤ҤΤȤȯֻפ褦ȤưŤ˴ŤƤǽ⤤ΤǤϤʤ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-11-26-1] [2014-12-06-1]

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2014-10-09 Thu

#1991. ˸ȯŸطʤˤؤ "paradigm shift" [historical_pragmatics][pragmatics][history_of_linguistics][corpus]

#545. ˸ ([2010-10-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡǯ˸ (historical_pragmatics) Ƥ롥ǯιݳزȯɽʪΥȥ򸫤ƤƤ⡤αƶϤƤƤ뤳Ȥϵʤ2013ǯ˱Ѹ˸路 Jucker and Taavitsainen ϡؤ "paradigm shift" ˤΤȰ֤ŤƤ롥 "paradigm shift" ϡʲ6󤵤 (5--9)

(1) From core areas to sociolinguistics and pragmatics
(2) From homogeneity to heterogeneity
(3) From internalised to externalised language
(4) From introspection to empirical investigation
(5) Renewed interest in diachrony
(6) From stable to discursive features

դˤС6ĤĬήιԤ夯įȡ˸˼ҲؤȤäβվ񤭤Ǥ롥˸ؼԤμ̣Ȥ̣ʤǤϤʤȾθؤĬή褯ɽƤȤϻפ6򶯰˼ûˤޤȤСǯθؤǤϡֳ줿Τ¿̻Ūʿ񤤡뤤äФҲŪŪʴؿޤäƤƤꡤиŪʸˡŻ뤵褦ˤʤäƤפȤȤˤʤ˻Ūṳ̂ƤСָɤ餮ؤδؿιޤפǤ롥
6ĤĬήϸߤ̩ܤ˴طäƤꡤפ˰֤ƤʤȤơäŪʡŻҥѥŦƤȤϽפѥ˸θ˱Ѥ뤳ȤɬưפǤϤʤ㸦¤ƤƤ뤷ˡⳫȯƤƤ롥
ʬȯŸˤϡ˴ԤȤǤ롥ȤΤϡ"English historical sociopragmatic" ʤʬζδϡŪܤѸ츦椬ܻؤƤ "English philology" κȯŸؤȤĤʤϤऱѸʸؤ򸫤٤Ѹ˸ؤǤɬפ롥

Jucker, Andreas H. and Irma Taavitsainen. English Historical Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-28-1] [2014-10-18-1]

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2014-10-01 Wed

#1983. -ick or -ic (3) [suffix][corpus][spelling][emode][eebo][johnson]

ε#1982. -ick or -ic (2) ([2014-09-30-1]) ˰³ѸǤ -ic(k) ΰ֤ʬۡʿܡˤĴ롥Ѥ륳ѥϻΤΤΤǤϤʤĿŪ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ɤѤƥȽǤ롥ޤѥƤ餺ɽѹդݤƤʤñʤƥȤνȤΤʤΤǡĴ̤ϲΤΤȤƲᤷƤʬ1617绨Ĥʬ줾쥳ѥ923,115졤9,637,954Ǥʥѥ10ܰʾγԶѹդʼ֤աˡʲǤϡ100 (wpm) ǼƤ롥

Spelling pairPeriod 1 (1501--1600) (in wpm)Period 2 (1601--1700) (in wpm)
angelick / angelic0.00 / 0.001.45 / 0.21
antick / antic0.00 / 0.002.49 / 0.10
apoplectick / apoplectic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.00
aquatick / aquatic0.00 / 0.000.10 / 0.00
arabick / arabic0.00 / 0.000.52 / 0.10
archbishoprick / archbishopric0.00 / 0.000.10 / 0.00
arctick / arctic0.00 / 0.000.42 / 0.00
arithmetick / arithmetic0.00 / 0.003.22 / 0.31
aromatick / aromatic0.00 / 0.000.83 / 0.10
asiatick / asiatic0.00 / 0.000.31 / 0.00
attick / attic0.00 / 0.000.31 / 0.21
authentick / authentic0.00 / 0.003.94 / 0.42
balsamick / balsamic0.00 / 0.000.73 / 0.10
baltick / baltic0.00 / 0.000.93 / 0.00
bishoprick / bishopric1.08 / 0.004.25 / 0.00
bombastick / bombastic0.00 / 0.000.10 / 0.00
catholick / catholic5.42 / 0.0038.39 / 1.97
caustick / caustic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.00
characteristick / characteristic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.10
cholick / cholic0.00 / 0.000.93 / 0.00
comick / comic1.08 / 0.001.45 / 0.10
critick / critic0.00 / 0.001.76 / 1.87
despotick / despotic0.00 / 0.000.62 / 0.21
domestick / domestic0.00 / 0.008.09 / 0.21
dominick / dominic1.08 / 0.000.62 / 0.42
dramatick / dramatic0.00 / 0.000.83 / 0.10
emetick / emetic0.00 / 0.000.31 / 0.00
epick / epic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.10
ethick / ethic0.00 / 0.000.00 / 0.10
exotick / exotic0.00 / 0.000.73 / 0.10
fabrick / fabric0.00 / 0.008.72 / 0.31
fantastick / fantastic1.08 / 0.003.42 / 0.10
frantick / frantic1.08 / 0.003.94 / 0.00
frolick / frolic1.08 / 0.003.32 / 0.00
gallick / gallic0.00 / 0.003.32 / 0.52
garlick / garlic0.00 / 0.002.28 / 0.00
heretick / heretic2.17 / 0.006.02 / 0.00
heroick / heroic0.00 / 0.0016.91 / 1.35
hieroglyphick / hieroglyphic0.00 / 0.000.31 / 0.00
lethargick / lethargic0.00 / 0.000.52 / 0.10
logick / logic0.00 / 0.007.06 / 1.04
lunatick / lunatic0.00 / 0.001.66 / 0.00
lyrick / lyric0.00 / 0.000.42 / 0.10
magick / magic2.17 / 0.003.32 / 0.10
majestick / majestic0.00 / 0.004.88 / 0.42
mechanick / mechanic0.00 / 0.004.15 / 0.00
metallick / metallic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.00
metaphysick / metaphysic0.00 / 0.000.10 / 0.21
mimick / mimic0.00 / 0.000.42 / 0.00
musick / music7.58 / 627.2240.98 / 251.40
mystick / mystic0.00 / 0.001.45 / 0.10
panegyrick / panegyric0.00 / 0.004.46 / 0.10
panick / panic0.00 / 0.001.35 / 0.10
paralytick / paralytic0.00 / 0.000.10 / 0.00
pedantick / pedantic0.00 / 0.000.93 / 0.00
philosophick / philosophic0.00 / 0.000.00 / 0.21
physick / physic1.08 / 0.0027.39 / 1.56
plastick / plastic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.00
platonick / platonic0.00 / 0.000.93 / 0.00
politick / politic0.00 / 0.0015.98 / 1.14
prognostick / prognostic0.00 / 0.000.52 / 0.00
publick / public5.42 / 3.25237.39 / 5.71
relick / relic0.00 / 0.000.52 / 0.00
republick / republic0.00 / 0.003.01 / 0.31
rhetorick / rhetoric0.00 / 0.005.71 / 0.21
rheumatick / rheumatic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.00
romantick / romantic0.00 / 0.000.83 / 0.00
rustick / rustic0.00 / 0.001.66 / 0.00
sceptick / sceptic0.00 / 0.000.10 / 0.10
scholastick / scholastic0.00 / 0.000.31 / 0.42
stoick / stoic0.00 / 0.000.93 / 0.00
sympathetick / sympathetic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.00
topick / topic0.00 / 0.001.45 / 0.00
traffick / traffic3.25 / 0.008.61 / 0.42
tragick / tragic3.25 / 0.002.91 / 0.00
tropick / tropic0.00 / 0.001.04 / 0.00


ΤȤįȡѸǤ -ick Τۤ -ic ͥǤ롥-ic 㳰ŪͥʤΤϡ16 music ȡ17 critic, scholastic 餤Ǥ롥η̤ȹ碌ƿ¬ȡ1700ǯʹߡ餯18Ⱦδ֤ˡ-ick -ic ؤηεžŪ®˿ʹԤƤΤǤϤʤġθˤƵžΥԡɤ¿ۤʤ褦ŪʷϤĤळȤǤ18ȾФ -ick Johnson ϡϤݼŪä褦

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2014-09-30 Tue

#1982. -ick or -ic (2) [suffix][johnson][webster][corpus][spelling][clmet][lmode]

#872. -ick or -ic ([2011-09-16-1]) εǡ<public> <publick> ֻʬ̻ۤŪѲˤĤơGoogle Books Ngram Viewer Google Books: American English ѤƴʰĴ-ic -ick ˾ѰۤˤĤƤϡJohnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ǤԤޤƤWebster The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) ǤϸԤؤɤڤäƤȰҤ٤ΰϾɬפΤ褦
#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 CLMET3.0 ѤơѸμ礿 -ic(k) ֻĴƤߤ1710--1920ǯδ֤3ʬơ줾ֻ٤Ȥä̤ʲ˷Ǥ褦

Spelling pairPeriod 1 (1710--1780)Period 2 (1780--1850)Period 3 (1850--1920)
angelick / angelic6 / 500 / 680 / 50
antick / antic4 / 101 / 60 / 3
apoplectick / apoplectic0 / 101 / 190 / 14
aquatick / aquatic1 / 20 / 350 / 56
arabick / arabic2 / 1010 / 450 / 115
archbishoprick / archbishopric4 / 72 / 20 / 8
arctick / arctic1 / 50 / 200 / 93
arithmetick / arithmetic9 / 320 / 770 / 98
aromatick / aromatic4 / 140 / 290 / 36
asiatick / asiatic1 / 1010 / 480 / 76
attick / attic1 / 320 / 340 / 71
authentick / authentic4 / 1600 / 790 / 68
balsamick / balsamic1 / 10 / 50 / 1
baltick / baltic4 / 500 / 330 / 43
bishoprick / bishopric3 / 282 / 90 / 19
bombastick / bombastic1 / 20 / 30 / 4
cathartick / cathartic0 / 11 / 00 / 0
catholick / catholic7 / 2910 / 3420 / 296
caustick / caustic1 / 20 / 110 / 20
characteristick / characteristic8 / 920 / 3540 / 687
cholick / cholic1 / 130 / 20 / 1
comick / comic1 / 680 / 670 / 165
coptick / coptic1 / 110 / 30 / 35
critick / critic12 / 1530 / 1680 / 155
despotick / despotic9 / 660 / 510 / 65
dialectick / dialectic1 / 00 / 00 / 6
didactick / didactic0 / 101 / 200 / 23
domestick / domestic46 / 7330 / 7360 / 488
dominick / dominic4 / 110 / 141 / 3
dramatick / dramatic8 / 2140 / 2060 / 216
elliptick / elliptic1 / 10 / 80 / 2
emetick / emetic4 / 50 / 70 / 5
epick / epic1 / 680 / 831 / 38
ethick / ethic1 / 60 / 00 / 3
exotick / exotic2 / 70 / 200 / 38
fabrick / fabric15 / 1161 / 840 / 111
fantastick / fantastic9 / 450 / 1570 / 198
frantick / frantic5 / 882 / 1630 / 124
frolick / frolic19 / 440 / 460 / 32
gaelick / gaelic1 / 10 / 300 / 64
gallick / gallic1 / 750 / 110 / 10
gothick / gothic2 / 4980 / 1310 / 66
heretick / heretic2 / 310 / 370 / 24
heroick / heroic17 / 2012 / 2240 / 211
hieroglyphick / hieroglyphic2 / 40 / 70 / 8
hysterick / hysteric1 / 90 / 100 / 6
laconick / laconic2 / 130 / 140 / 7
lethargick / lethargic1 / 120 / 80 / 14
logick / logic4 / 620 / 3610 / 367
lunatick / lunatic2 / 320 / 340 / 77
lyrick / lyric3 / 150 / 260 / 37
magick / magic9 / 1100 / 2960 / 292
majestick / majestic4 / 730 / 1491 / 115
mechanick / mechanic6 / 790 / 470 / 58
metallick / metallic1 / 90 / 790 / 137
metaphysick / metaphysic1 / 20 / 110 / 9
mimick / mimic2 / 251 / 460 / 23
musick / music87 / 5493 / 12203 / 1684
mystick / mystic1 / 390 / 920 / 167
obstetrick / obstetric1 / 20 / 10 / 0
panegyrick / panegyric19 / 1210 / 430 / 16
panick / panic14 / 581 / 900 / 314
paralytick / paralytic1 / 150 / 410 / 14
pedantick / pedantic3 / 310 / 280 / 29
philippick / philippic2 / 20 / 30 / 2
philosophick / philosophic1 / 1400 / 800 / 155
physick / physic35 / 1574 / 513 / 38
plastick / plastic1 / 40 / 190 / 32
platonick / platonic5 / 480 / 300 / 22
politick / politic8 / 402 / 370 / 51
prognostick / prognostic2 / 180 / 50 / 1
publick / public767 / 33501 / 31712 / 2606
relick / relic1 / 264 / 560 / 65
republick / republic12 / 5150 / 1850 / 171
rhetorick / rhetoric26 / 1092 / 400 / 65
rheumatick / rheumatic1 / 70 / 330 / 30
romantick / romantic32 / 1910 / 3460 / 322
rustick / rustic3 / 1020 / 1570 / 80
sarcastick / sarcastic1 / 370 / 660 / 60
sceptick / sceptic3 / 260 / 190 / 26
scholastick / scholastic2 / 240 / 420 / 46
sciatick / sciatic1 / 10 / 10 / 3
scientifick / scientific2 / 160 / 4510 / 814
stoick / stoic5 / 341 / 150 / 26
sympathetick / sympathetic3 / 260 / 700 / 248
systematick / systematic1 / 130 / 640 / 104
topick / topic12 / 1280 / 1770 / 176
traffick / traffic80 / 671 / 1640 / 203
tragick / tragic4 / 650 / 650 / 209
tropick / tropic12 / 370 / 70 / 23


2ʹ (1780--1920) ϡ٤Ƥθˤƻ¾ -ic ΤߤȤʤäȤߤƤ褤18Ⱦޤ1 (1710--1780) ˤĤƤϡݼŪ -ick 롥ˤäƤ <critick>, <frolick>, <heroick>, <musick>, <panegyrick>, <panick>, <physick>, <publick>, <rhetorick>, <romantick>, <tropick> ʤ ٤򼨤Τ⤢뤷<traffick> ǤϤष -ic ͥʤʤ޸ȤƤ -ic(k) ǤϤʤgarlick/garlic ϡ1 17 / 7, 2 1 / 8, 3 0 / 11 ǽ -ick ͥä⤦1ĤǤˡΤȤ -ick ϻˤǤ18 -ic ƤȤ狼롥Ĥޤꡤ18ȾФ Johnson μǤϡǤ˱ƤʤäƤݼŪ -ic ȾаռŪ˺Ѥ줿Ȥ᤬ΩWebster λǤϤʤJohnson λˤǤ -ic ϻ¾λ̱Ƥȹͤ롥
CLMET 줿ѸοˤŬڤ˰֤ŤƲ᤹뤿ˤϡԤѸˤֻʬۡѲˤⲡƤɬפˤĤƤεǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-10-01-1]

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