hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ڡ / page 7 (10)

statistics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2012-04-15 Sun

#1084. Ѹν򼨤ܤΰ [elf][statistics][internet][airspeak]

ˤѸν򼨤¤פˤĤƤϡelf γƵ䡤Ȥ櫓 statistics elf γƵǼ夲ƤѸϸ߿ʹǤꡤѸ˴ؤ¤פѲκˤ뤿ˡǿξΤª뤳Ȥ񤷤ǯ٤졤ˤäƤϿǯ٤ξȤ˸䤷̤ȤȤˤʤ꤬Ǥ롥ޤ¿θԤ䵡ؤ¤פĴƤΤΡ̤ξ̤˸ɽˤȤɤޤ뤳Ȥ¿뤳Ȥ񤷤
ʲΰϡ2006ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Schmitt and Marsden (2--3) ˵󤲤ƤѸν򼨤¤פνܤԤ⤤褦 "In many cases, the most current information available dates from the 1990s, or even the 1980s." (2) Ǥ롥ޤǻͻΤ褦˰ƤǤϤ롥ʤʸǤϡƹܤŵƤꡤɬפ˱ƻȤ뤳ȤǤ롥

English is the principal language of intercontinental telephone communication.
Perhaps as much as 75 percent of mail around the world is written in English.
About half of the world's newspapers are published in English.
Twenty-eight percent of the books published annually are in English.
The majority of academic journals with international readership are in English.
The majority, and perhaps even more than two-thirds, of international scientists write in English. For example, nearly two-thirds of the publications produced by French scientists were in English in the early 1980s. Likewise, English was the major working language for German academics surveyed in the early 1990s. In 13 out of 20 disciplines, at least 40 percent claimed to work in English, and for psychology, biology, chemistry, and physics, the figures ranged from 81 to 98 percent. One can only suspect that these figures are even higher today.
Ninety percent of Internet hosts were based in English-speaking countries in the mid-1998s.
Close to 80 percent of the world's computer data available on the Internet was stored in English in the 1990s, which is not surprising considering that English-speaking countries took the lead in developing the Internet. However, as other countries rapidly increase their use of the Internet, the use of non-English languages is rising. Still, English sites on the Internet continue to attract a disproportionately high percentage of hits.
Forty percent of the people online on the Internet speak English (228 million people), though this may eventually drop to around 30 percent. The next highest language is Chinese at 9.8 percent (55.5 million people).
The most influential software company, Microsoft, is based in an English-speaking country: the United States.
Most of the largest advertising agencies are based in the United States.
Eighty-five percent of world institutions use English as their language, or as one of their languages; for example, it is the official language of the Olympics and the World Council of Churches.
The official international language for both aviation and maritime use is English.
English is the dominant language of international trade, with about 40 percent of the business deals made in English.
The most influential movies and modern music come from English-speaking countries.
In 1994, 80 percent of all feature films that were shown in cinemas worldwide were in English.
About 85 percent of the global movie market was controlled by the United States in 1995.
The fact that large numbers of people are learning English as a second language is reflected by the large number of people taking the TOEFL® Test (about 689,000 people in 215 countries) and University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) tests (more than 1 million people in more than 130 countries) every year.


1997ǯ˽Ǥ Graddol 2003ǯ˽Ǥ Crystal ʤϤŤˤμ׾Ƥ롥Ϣơ#48. Ū˱Ѹ줬Ѥפʬ ([2009-06-15-1]) #716. ѸˤΥȥ2011ǯǡˤȤβ ([2011-04-13-1]) ⻲ȡ
ϸ̤˾򥢥åץǡȤǤФ褤Τ˾ѤΤǡ󹹿Ǥե륿ǤλŻˤʤäƤޤΤ褦ʹܰϡŤȤǧĤġ˻ȤäƤ椯Τ褤

Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
Crystal, David. English As a Global Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-01-31-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-02-13 Mon

#1022. ѸγƲǤ [phoneme][frequency][statistics]

ε#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1]) ǡǰǤǤϡѸβǤΤʤǤäȤ¿Ȥ벻ǤϲơäȤȤʤΤϲ
פȤä椬롥Fry, D. B. "The Frequency of Occurrence of Speech Sounds in Southern English." Archives Néerlandaises de Phonétique Expérimentale 20 (1947) ǽФ줿פ Crystal (239, 242) ˷ǺܤƤΤǡ˺ƷǤ롥ĹäˤٲǤǿΤǤ롥

1234567891011121314151617181920    total
/iː//ɪ//e//æ//ʌ//ɑː//ɒ//ɔː//ʊ//uː//ɜː//ə//eɪ//aɪ//ɔɪ//əʊ//aʊ, ɑʊ//ɪə//eə//ʊə/     
1.658.332.971.451.750.791.371.240.861.130.5210.741.711.830.141.510.610.210.340.06    39.21
212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344 
/p//b//t//d//k//g//ʧ//ʤ//f//v//θ//ð//s//z//ʃ//ʒ//h//m//n//ŋ//l//r//w//j/ 
1.781.976.425.143.091.050.410.601.792.000.373.564.812.460.960.101.463.227.581.153.663.512.810.8860.78


첻39.21%Ҳ60.78%٤ι⤤˥ȤȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥
/ə/ (10.74), /ɪ/ (8.33), /n/ (7.58), /t/ (6.42), /d/ (5.14), /s/ (4.81), /l/ (3.66), /ð/ (3.56), /r/ (3.51), /m/ (3.22), /k/ (3.09), /e/ (2.97), /w/ (2.81), /z/ (2.46), /v/ (2.00), /b/ (1.97), /aɪ/ (1.83), /f/ (1.79), /p/ (1.78), /ʌ/ (1.75), /eɪ/ (1.71), /iː/ (1.65), /əʊ/ (1.51), /h/ (1.46), /æ/ (1.45), /ɒ/ (1.37), /ɔː/ (1.24), /ŋ/ (1.15), /uː/ (1.13), /g/ (1.05), /ʃ/ (0.96), /j/ (0.88), /ʊ/ (0.86), /ɑː/ (0.79), /aʊ, ɑʊ/ (0.61), /ʤ/ (0.60), /ɜː/ (0.52), /ʧ/ (0.41), /θ/ (0.37), /eə/ (0.34), /ɪə/ (0.21), /ɔɪ/ (0.14), /ʒ/ (0.10), /ʊə/ (0.06).
9ǤޤǤд첻뤤ϻԤѤ벻Ǥ롥Dz̤2첻໤ФƤѲͤǡΤ褦˲̤٤ƬƤΩĤȤפʤΤǤⲻ̤٤ǤΤ褦ʥ󥭥ɽϤʤ

ʸ嵭2012/04/22(Sun)ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ٤ "Frequency of occurrence of phonemes" (323--24) ¾ͤꡥ

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-01-07 Sat

#985. Ѹθäεȳ [lexicology][loan_word][statistics][me][sggk]

[2011-08-20-1]εǡ#845. Ѹθäεȳפ礷ѸθäϤɤäΤˤĤƤ͡ʸ椬뤬פǤϡűѸͳθä60--70%ʩͳθä22--30%ťΥɸͳθä8--10%ʳ1%̤ȤͤФƤ (Duggan 238)
ȤNorman Hinton 1980ǯȾȯɽƤѸä絬ϤĴˤСפȤ˰ۤʤͤƤ롥Hinton ʸ̤ʤΤǡʲ Hinton 𤽤ΤΤǤϤʤDuggan (238--39) ǸڤƤ뤽γפ˴ŤΤͤޤǤ󤹤롥
MED ˼ФθФȤθ츻˴ŤƸʬष̡Germanic 35.06%, Romance 64.54%, Other 0.35% ȤͤϤФ줿פ٤ Germanic Romance οͤžƤ뤫Τ褦ǤꡤפˡˤäơۤɤޤǤ˷̤Τȶʤ롥פ⡤äդƲᤷʤФʤʤȤǧĤġ³褦

Etymological Makeup of Middle English Vocabulary

Hinton ϡChaucer Cotton Nero A.x θˤĤƤʬԤʤäƤꡤѸλˤäʿŪӤ뤳ȤˤäơƸΡǯ¬פߤƤ롥Chaucer θ Germanic 38.5%, Romance 61.2%, Other 0.09% ȤΨǤꡤ1460ǯʿŪΨȤޤCotton Nero A.x ˤĤƤ Germanic 58.7, Romance 41%, Other 0.15% ȤΨǡ1390ǯʿŪΨؤȤϤͤǤꡤǯؤ櫓ǤϤʤषChaucer Cotton Nero A.x 70ǯȤŪʺ줾θäλȤʬκƤ餯ʸŪʺбƤ뤫⤷ʤȤǽ⤷

Duggan, H. N. "Meter, Stanza, Vocabulary, Dialect". Chapter 8 of A Companion to the Gawain-Poet. Ed. Derek Brewer and Jonathan Gibson. Cambridge: Brewer, 1997. 221--42.
Hinton, Norman "The Language of the Gawain-Poems." Arthurian Interpretations 2 (1987): 83--94.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-10-28-1] [2012-06-30-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-11-16 Wed

#933. ѸαѸüԿ͸ [statistics][demography]

ѸüԿ͸ˤĤƤ϶Ū̻Ū¦̤ demography ΤĤεǼ夲Ƥä˰ʲ򻲾ȡ

[2009-10-17-1]: #173. ENL, ESL, EFL üԿ͸
[2010-03-12-1]: #319. ѸüԿ͸ζɤեǥ
[2010-05-07-1]: #375. ENLESL ο͸Ψ
[2010-06-15-1]: #414. language shift θ줿Ѹüԥǥ
[2010-06-28-1]: #427. ѸüԤˢ֤ǥ

̻ŪʱѸüԿ͸οܤˤĤƤϡʸ͡ʿ¬ͤȤƵ󤲤Ƥ롥[2010-03-12-1]Ρֶɤեǥפο˼Ƥͤ⤽ΰĤǤ롥ͤ礭ۤʤʤرѸǯɽ٤˵Ƥ복Ȥˡ͸οܥդƤߤ1500ǯ1900ǯޤǤ100ǯߤǤο͸פǤ롥

Growth of English Speaking Population from 1500 to 1900
YearEnglish-Speaking Population
1500about 5 million
1600about 6--7 million
1700about 8 million (including about 2 million that had emigrated to the New World)
180020--40 million
1900about 123 million


19ȯŪäŪɽ蘆Ƥ롥ơ20Τʤȯˤꡤ2000ǯʳǡΥդι⤵10ܤˤƤ­ʤۤɤüԿ򼨤Ȥˤʤ롥ߡ2üԡüԤ碌ơѸä͸15--20ȿꤵƤ롥

߷ ˧ͺ 顡ԡرѸǯɽ?ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻?١ҡ1993ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-09-04-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-10-28 Fri

#914. BNC ˤä庹Ĵ [bnc][corpus][statistics][lltest][interjection]

ε#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1]) Ǽꤢ Rayson et al. ǤϡüԤ̤ǤʤǯˤäѰۤĴƤ롥ǯ𺹤ȤäƤ⡤35̤ʾ夫Ǿ岼ʬ绨Ĥʬ̤ϤĤζ̣ͿƤ롥ʲϡχ2 ξ19̤ޤǤΰǤ (142--43)

RankUnder 35Over 35
Wordχ2Wordχ2
1mum1409.3yes2365.0
2fucking1184.6well1059.8
3my762.4mm895.2
4mummy755.2er773.8
5like745.2they682.2
6na as in wanna and gonna712.8said538.3
7goes606.6says443.1
8shit410.1were385.8
9dad403.7the352.2
10daddy380.1of314.6
11me371.9and224.7
12what357.3to211.2
13fuck330.1mean155.0
14wan as in wanna320.6he144.0
15really277.0but139.0
16okay257.0perhaps136.0
17cos254.4that131.3
18just251.8see122.1
19why240.0had118.3


ͽ̤ۤꡤ㤤ħŪʥɤϤ¿ޤǤ롥ɽθޤƤyeah, okay, ah, ow, hi, hey, ha, no, ooh, wow, hello ʤɤδ졤fucking, shit, fuck, crap, arse, bollocks ʤɤΥ֡줬Ωġ㤤ΥɤȤơ츫ͽۤ󤬤롥㤨Сplease, sorry, pardon, excuse ʤɤǫ줬㤤ħŪȤ
ۤˤϡ㤤ħŪʷƻ줬Ĥ (ex. weird, massive, horrible, sick, funny, disgusting, brilliant, really, alright, basically) ɾɽ魯ƻ졦줬¿ήԤȤߤʤȤǤ췲ǯ𺹤 "apparent time" κȹͤСˤ "real time" Ѳ뤳ȤˤʤΤǡθ췲̻Ū٤äõΤ⤪⤷

Rayson, Paul, Geoffrey Leech, and Mary Hodges. "Social Differentiation in the Use of English Vocabulary: Some Analyses of the Conversational Component of the British National Corpus." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 2 (1997): 133--52.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-04-14-1] [2011-11-02-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-10-27 Thu

#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ [bnc][corpus][statistics][lltest][interjection][gender_difference]

ɸ򰷤ä Rayson et al. ʸɤBNC ǡ͸Ūʴʬव줿äդϿ֥ѥ4,552,555ˤоݤȤơä˽ǯ𺹡ҲŪϰ̤ˤ뺹餫ˤ褦ȤǤ롥װΤʤǡŪѰۤŪ˺Ǥ⶯줿Τˤ뺹äȤȤʤΤǡܵǤϤη̤Ҳ𤷤
ޤʲ˵󤲤ͤβˤμɬפʤΤǡ˿ƤBNC ˼Ͽ줿äդϻִԤ2֤μʲä Walkman ˿᤭Ǥäǡ񤭵ΤǤꡤλִԤ73̾75̾Ǥ롥äо줹ִ԰ʳüԤˤĤƤ⡤Τۤ¿äơ֥ѥؤλΨǤСΤȤƽ⤯ʤ뤳ȤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ
ƧޤǤ⡤ΤȤƽΤۤ褯äȤȤ򼨺ͤФѤ줿 word token ǤС1.00ȤȽ1.51äͭΨǤϡ1.00ȤȽ1.33ä˽βäǤΤۤ⤤ͭΨ򼨤ȤԸ椬뤬BNC Υ֥ѥǤϽƱΤβä¿äȤȤ嵭η̤طʤˤΤ⤷ʤˤ衤̣ͤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ˡ٤äˤ˽򸫤Ƥߤ褦˽ٹ礤ι⤤ɤȴФˡϡȤƤ[2010-03-10-1], [2010-09-27-1], [2011-09-24-1]εǾҲ𤷤ΤƱˡǤ롥ѥȽѥ̤줾줫줿ɽͤ碌Ū˽ (χ2) ι⤤¤ؤФ褤ʲϡ25̤ޤǤΰǤ (136--37)

RankCharacteristically maleCharacteristically female
Wordχ2Wordχ2
1fucking1233.1she3109.7
2er945.4her965.4
3the698.0said872.0
4year310.3n't443.9
5aye291.8I357.9
6right276.0and245.3
7hundred251.1to198.6
8fuck239.0cos194.6
9is233.3oh170.2
10of203.6Christmas163.9
11two170.3thought159.7
12three168.2lovely140.3
13a151.6nice134.4
14four145.5mm133.8
15ah143.6had125.9
16no140.8did109.6
17number133.9going109.0
18quid124.2because105.0
19one123.6him99.2
20mate120.8really97.6
21which120.5school96.3
22okay119.9he90.4
23that114.2think88.8
24guy108.6home84.0
25da105.3me83.5


ɬ⤳25̤ޤǤɽǤɤ߼ʤRayson et al. (138--40) ˤаʲܤͤȤ

"four-letter words"졤δħŪǤ (ex. shit, hell, crap; hundred, one, three, two, four; er, yeah, aye, okay, ah, eh, hmm)
;̾졤1;̾졤δϽħŪǤ (ex. she, her, hers; I, me, my, mine; yes, mm, really) ̾λѤˤä˽Ϥʤ
the of λѤ¿˰̾Ѥ̾λѤ¿Ȥ̤λ¤ȴϢ뤫
ͭ̾졤̾졤ưϽ¿λ "report" ηФδط "rapport" ηθ줫
ͭ̾ΤʤǤ⡤̾ϽλѤ¿̾λѤ¿

¾Υѥˤ븡ڤɬפη̤Ȳ˶̣ߤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ɤ׽ȴϢơѥؤǥ踡ѤȤƹѤ褦ˤʤäƤ Log-Likelihood ˤĤƤϡ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 1 Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 򻲾ȡ

Rayson, Paul, Geoffrey Leech, and Mary Hodges. "Social Differentiation in the Use of English Vocabulary: Some Analyses of the Conversational Component of the British National Corpus." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 2 (1997): 133--52.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-09-23 Fri

#879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū [pde][word_formation][loan_word][statistics][lexicology][neologism]

ϢȤʤäƤ뤬Algeo Bauer ٤Ƥ뤦˲⤷ʤäƤ쥽ĴˤĤ (##873,874,875,876,877,878,879) Algeo ξܺ٤ʶʬ ϡ1963--72ǯο쥵ץ5000˴ŤޤǶŪĴ̤Ĥ̻Ūʷ򼨺Ƥ褦˻פ롥Algeo Ȥڤ뤤ϵƤˤĤơʲ󤹤롥

(1) 3ʬ2 (63.9%) ¸ǤιĤޤʣ (compounding) ܼź (affixation) ˤƤ롥ʣܼźää˸űѸˤƿμפʼʤäȸڤ뤳Ȥ¿߱ѸˤƤ⤪դθǤȤ¤ѤäƤʤ
(2) ΤʤǤϡܼź (34.1%) Τۤʣ (29.8%) ¿ԤΤʤǤϡƬΤۤब¿ΤΡ쵡ǽ򤽤ʤƤ뤿˽и٤⤯פǤ롥ΰ̣ǡѸ "a suffixing language" (272) Ǥ롥
(3) û (shortening) ϡҴŪʾڵϤʤΤΡ"I suspect that the number of shortenings in English has increased greatly during the last two or three centuries" (271) ͳȤƤϡΨη̤Ȥ񤭸դͥŦƤ롥"Of the various kinds of shortening, the largest subgroup is that in which the shortening is based on the written form (acronyms, alphabetisms, and the like); this preeminence of the written language is clearly one of the consequences of increasing literacy" (272) .
(4) ѸˤƼ (borrowing) 14ԡȤƿषƤƤꡤߤǤϤष¾ñߤФȤƤ䤬礭ʤäƤƤ롥

⤦1ġܺ٤ʶʬǤϿͤȤɽƤʤ̣¤ȤơʲŦƤ롥

. . . of the whole sample of new words, 76.7 percent are nouns, 15.2 percent adjectives, 7.8 percent verbs, and .3 percent other parts of speech. It seems that there are far more new things than new events to talk about. Whatever the case may be syntactically, in its lexicon, English is a nominalizing language. (272)


̾줬¿Ȥ¤϶äʤ⤷ʤʱѸäʻ̳ˤĤƤ[2011-02-22-1], [2011-02-23-1]ε򻲾ȡˡѸ줬 "a nominalizing language" ɤ򸡾ڤˤϡΤˤ̾γˤĤ̸ŪĴɬפǤ⡤Algeo ΤλŦϡPotter ΤѸ "noun disease" (100--05) ȤȴطƤ뤫⤷ʤȹͤȡ̣򤽤 "noun disease" ˤĤƤϡ[2011-09-04-1]ε#860. ѸѲѰۤΰפ1ܤȤƵ󤲤ˡ
ǸˡƤʤäƤƤ뿷쥽ȤƤμѤˤĤơѸȤܸ줬ե󥹸˼2̤ǤȤ¤դҤܸ줫μѤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#45. ѸäˤޤĤ: [2009-06-12-1]
#142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬ: [2009-09-16-1]
#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶ: [2009-08-31-1]

Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-09-22 Thu

#878. Algeo Bauer ο쥽Ĵ [pde][word_formation][loan_word][statistics][lexicology][neologism]

⡤Ѹο쥽˴ؤǶΰϢ (##873,874,875,876,877,878) ³[2011-09-19-1]ε#875. Bauer ˤ븽ѸοΥΤޤȤפ Bauer Ĵ̤򥰥ղ Algeo Ĵ̤ɲäΤʸǡɽHTML򻲾ȡˡƹܤ4ܤAlgeo ˤ Barnhart ο켭˴Ť1963--1974ǯοͤȿǤƤ롥դȤƤ٤äƤ뤬Algeo Ĵоǯ Bauer 3ޤ뤳Ȥդ줿

Sources of New Words over a Century: Change over a Century (from Algeo's and Bauer's Surveys)

ε[2011-09-21-1]ǤҤ٤̤ꡤBauer Algeo ĴǤ󤬤ĤۤʤäƤ롥ä Bauer ǤʻžθƤʤΤǡӾ·뤿ˡAlgeo Υǡ "Shifts" ȤƶʬƤͤƤ뤳Ȥˤդ줿 "Shifts" ĴΤ14.2%뾮ϤʤͤǤ롥ξܺٶʬ򻲾ȡˡޤAlgeo "Blends" ϡΥպǤ "shortening" ΰȤưä
Algeo οͤ Bauer 3οͤȳ뤬쥽ηȤƤϤ⤷ۤɤ˰פƤ롥Bauer μ̻ŪʷAlgeo ˤäĴƼƤȸä褤ӴκۤȤϾˤĤƲߤ˻ٻ̤ȤʤäΤ̣

Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-09-21 Wed

#877. Algeo θѸο쥽Ĵ [pde][word_formation][loan_word][statistics][lexicology][neologism]

[2011-09-17-1], [2011-09-18-1], [2011-09-19-1]εǡBauer (35, 38) ˤ1880--1982ǯ1Το쥽ˤĤƿƤѸο쥽̻ŪˤѲƤ˴ؤ븦¾ˤޤ긫ȤʤŪĴǤкε#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1]) ǿ줿 Algeo 롥
Algeo Ĵ1963ǯʹߤοϿ Barnhart μ񤫤̵Ф1000˴ŤΤǡʬǸ Bauer 31939--82ǯˤΤ褽Ⱦο˴ؤĴȤȤˤʤ롥쥽ʬब Bauer ٤ƤäȺ٤Τħǡʬ٥įǤγפĤƤޤʺ٤ޤBauer ʻž (conversion) Ĵоݤ˴ޤƤʤAlgeo "Shifts" 1ȤƴޤƤ롥 "Shifts" ˤϰ̣ѲޤޤƤꡤʿΤȤʤΤ뤤ϿޤΤˤͤ롥
Algeo ʸ Appendix (273--76) ˷ǺܤƤ롤ܺ٤ʿ쥽ʬȤοͤΥڡžܤΤǡȤ줿
嵭Τ褦 Bauer Algeo ǤĴоݤȤ񡤻塤쥽ʬȤƤ뿷פƤʤΤľӤϤǤʤΤΡξԤͿͤϤˤ賵Ǥ뤫顤碌ƸѸο쥽˴ؤ뷹򼨺ΤȤ礤˻ͤˤʤ
ѸοˤĤƤϡ[2011-01-16-1]ε#629. Ѹο쥵 Word Spyפ򻲾ȡ

Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
Barnhart, Clarence L., Sol Steinmetz, and Robert K. Barnhart, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of New English since 1963. Bronxville, N.Y.: Barnhart, 1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-09-27-1] [2011-09-22-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-09-20 Tue

#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ [blend][productivity][pde][pde_language_change][word_formation][statistics][lexicology]

[2011-01-18-1]ε#631. blending γפǡѸˤƤФ줬äƤˤĤƼ夲ФϡѸη1ĤȤ Leech et al. ŦƤ "densification" (50) θȹͤ줽Ǥ[2011-01-12-1]εָѸʸˡѲ˸뷹פ򻲾ȡˡ¿ΤФ򼨤СΤˤ⤢ʤľȤǤϤ롥[2011-09-17-1]ε#873. ѸοˤʣΥХ󥹡פǿ줿ȤꡤBauer οĴˤСˤ뤫Фγ1880--1982ǯδ֤ p < 0.05 Υ٥Ǥͭդä򼨤ƤʤʤпäƤˡʣδѻԤŦƤꡤ䤿ľˤŬФ÷ȡҴŪͤȤΤ˺ΤϤɤȤ
1ĤˤϡBauer Ĵоݴ֤1982ǯǽäƤȤȤεҴŪ2011ǯλǻ䤿ƤľȤäƤƤԻ׵ĤϤʤ30ǯۤɤδ֤ blending Ȥǽͤ롥
⤦1ġľȿͤΥåפװ롥˴ؤơAlgeo ĴҲ𤷤¿θø椬 OED ϤμѤƤ뤬Algeo ϤȤ̷μѤΩĴԤʤäκΤäˡϡ1963ǯʹߤοϿ Barnhart μ񤫤1000̵Ф򥽡Ȥ˿ʬȤΤǤ롥ĴˤȡФĴΤ4.8%ˤ¾μפʸΤʤǤΩʤƥ꡼ǤȤ̤ȤʤäAlgeo (271) ϤοͤϲᾮɾȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Last in numerical importance as a source of new words is blending. Less than a twentieth of our new words have been formed in that way (4.8 percent); however, blending is more popular than that statistic suggests. Its principal areas of use are popular journalism and advertising. Time magazine and Madison Avenue dearly love a blend. Most of the popular coinages are nonce forms that were unreported in the Barnhart dictionary and consequently are not included in these statistics. But every new word begins as a nonce form, so a source that is prolific of nonce forms today may be expected to increase its contribution to the general vocabulary tomorrow. Blending may look like a long shot, but the smart money will keep an eye on it.


"nonce-form" 뤤 "nonce-word" ׻ˤ blending ¿ѤȤΤϵҴŪ˳ΤˤľˤŬ֤ (productivity) ȤϲؤȤϡ[2011-04-28-1], [2011-04-29-1], [2011-05-28-1]εǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡΤʲͿΤ񤷤Ǥ롥䤤ϡʼ˷Ǻܤͤ˸ȤߤʤȤ⤦1ĤˤطƤ[2011-03-28-1]ε#700. 졤ǡܼ캬촴ʣ졤Ρפ򻲾ȡˡblending οϼ伭˴ŤͤˤϸˤѤθˤƳƤǤ뤳Ȥ϶餯ְ㤤ʤϡμŪɾ򡤤ˤƵҴŪ˻ٻ뤫ȤˡʤΤǤϤʤ

Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
Barnhart, Clarence L., Sol Steinmetz, and Robert K. Barnhart, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of New English since 1963. Bronxville, N.Y.: Barnhart, 1973.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-09-19 Mon

#875. Bauer ˤ븽ѸοΥΤޤȤ [loan_word][word_formation][lexicology][pde][pde_language_change][statistics][lexicology]

[2011-09-17-1], [2011-09-18-1]ǡBauer Ĵ̤˴ŤƿΥ򳵴ѤĴϤۤ¿ʤ褦ʤΤǡBauer Υǡ (35, 38) ϵŤȻפ⤦ʬϤƤߤʥǡHTML˺ܤƤ
Υ礭2ʬȡ (borrowing) ȸ (word formation) Υƥ꡼롥ѤϼѸˤäƿ˲̶ʬ졤ȤƷδ˲̶ʬ롥ޤ٤ʬƤ礭ʷˤʤΤǡѤϼѸ̤4̤(1) borrowing, (2) composition, (3) derivation, (4) shortening, (5) other word formations 5ʬǽפʤʲΥդǤϡȤ3ˤ錄ѲĤߤ䤹褦ɴʬΨɽƤ롥㤨С11880--1913ǯ򼨤οͤ­碌100%Ȥʤ롤ȤɤǤ롥

Sources of New Words over a Century

ΤȤơоݤȤʤä100ǯ֤̻ŪѲ p < 0.0001 Υ٥ͭպФΤʤǤѤη㸺Ǥ⸲ѲǤƱ p < 0.0001 Υ٥ͭաˡƻǹ碌6ۤɤ򼨤 composition derivation μ2ƥ꡼ϡˤäƤۤѲƤʤ p < 0.05 ٥ͭպʤˡޤΤǤγ礫餹Ωʤ shortening ¾θĴäƤ뤳Ȥ⸫ƨƤϤʤʤshortening ˤĤƤϡp < 0.001 Υ٥ͭաˡƥ꡼ζ̤λˤäƷθѲΤǡƱǡ͡ʳ٤į뤳Ȥɬפ
3֤εΥդޤȤƤߤ褦ˡ3##873,874,875פϢ뤷ΤӤޤǤˡ

Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-09-18 Sun

#874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬ [loan_word][lexicology][pde][pde_language_change][statistics]

εָѸοˤʣΥХ󥹡 ([2011-09-17-1]) Ǽ夲 Bauer ĴϡѸοǤεĤޤ꥽θƤ (32--33, 34--36) ʥǡHTML򻲾ȡ
ˤΨϡ1880--1913, 1914--38, 1939--82ǯ3ˤ錄 31.4% -> 22.3% -> 19.2% 礭ܸꤷƤ롥ѸˤƤϡѸѸ١Ū˼Ѥ˰¸٤޸ƤΤ狼롥Ѹ줴Ȥ˾򸫤Ƥߤ褦ʲΥդϡBauer (35) ˷ǺܤƤɽ˴ŤƺΤǤ롥

Source of Loanwords over a Century

Ūˤ Fr. (French) Grmnc (Other Germanic) ˤ p < 0.05 Υ٥ǸͭպǧΤΡΥ줬Ūʸ˴ͿƤȤϡˤ餺Ū˸³ƤΤɤ롥
դ٤ϡ1880--1913ǯ Other ƥ꡼ΩäƤ뤳Ȥˤϡȥꥢݥͥꥫ줫μѤ¿ޤޤƤȤʤλˤθ줫μѤ¿äȤϡĴƹͻɬפ
Bauer 3νλǯǤ1982ǯꡤ30ǯвᤷƤ롥ʸ塤ѸμΥ³ƤΤⶽ̣䤤Ǥ롥

Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-09-17 Sat

#873. ѸοˤʣΥХ [romancisation][compound][derivation][lexicology][pde][word_formation][productivity][statistics][pde_language_change]

Ѹäˤϡ븻Ȥ顤绨Ĥ˼Τ褦˳礵롥űѸǤʣ (composition) (derivation) äѸ줫ѸˤƤϼ (borrowing) ѸʹߤϺƤʣĥƤθûˤήơϿζ븻򡤼Ѥ¸ǡʤ켫ΤȤϸ¤ʤˤκѤ¿äƤȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϡѸħŤȤʣ2ĤθǤϡɤ餬⤤ȤPotter (69--70) ϡξԤΥХ󥹤Ϥ褯ƤɾƤ롥

German and Dutch, like ancient Greek, make greater use of composition (or compounding) than derivation (of affixation). French and Spanish, on the other hand, like classical Latin, prefer derivation to composition. Present-day English is making fuller use of both composition and derivation than at any previous time in its history.


ξԤΥХ󥹤Ƥ뤫Ȥä¾ͥ줿ȤȤˤϤޤäʤʤޥɤȥޥ󥹸ɤθħƤ뤳ȤˤꡤѸ줬Ω줫ֶᤤ׸ȴȤ̤Ϥ뤫⤷ʤʴϢ[2010-05-27-1]εֱѸΥޥ󥹸첽ˤĤƤɾפ򻲾ȡˡޥϤǤ⤢ޥ󥹷ϤǤ⤢ȤѸħϡ˸¤餺Τˤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ơPotter Ͼ嵭Τ褦ʣιХ󥹤ŦŪ¬ä櫓ǤϤʤ¾μפʥ衼åѸ줢뤤ϸŤѸȤӤˤɾˤʤˤĤƤҴŪĴΤBauer (32--33, 36--39) Bauer The Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (1972--86) Ѥ̵ɸĴǡоݤФ줿Ǥ뿷1559ǯˤ (1) 1880--1913, (2) 1914--38, (3) 1939--82 3˶ʬơ¤ˡ̤˸̤줿¤ˡȤϡAbbreviations, Blends, Shortenings, Compounds, Prefixation, Suffixation, Names, Neo-classical compounds, Simultaneous prefix and suffix, Other 10Ǥ롥
Bauer (38) ηǤɽΥǡ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 ꤲ׽ƤߤʥǡHTML򻲾ȡդϰʲ򻲾ȡˡΤȤƻ̤κ p < 0.05 Υ٥ͭդǤꡤʬ̻ۤŪѲѻȸäƤ褤¤ˡ̤Ѳ򸫤ƤߤȡAbbreviations p < 0.01 Υ٥ͭդä򼨤Suffixation Neo-classical compounds 줾 p < 0.05 Υ٥ͭդʸ򼨤¾¤ˡˤĤƤϡ3ˤ錄ɤϸϰȤȤˤʤ롥Bauer (37--38) ϡBlends äͭդǤȼƤꡤФлŦƱݤηٻƤ褦׻ p < 0.05 Υ٥ǤͭպǧʤäΤդɬפǤ[2011-01-18-1]εblending γפ򻲾ȡˡ

Processes of Word-Formation: Changes over a Century

ʣ (Compounds, Neo-classical compounds) (Prefixation, Suffixation, Simultaneous prefix and suffix) ٤ȡ3̤ƸԤγԤγ2.7٤ǰݤƤʰʲΥդ򻲾ȡˡŪˤϡΤۤ˥Х󥹤ФäƤ褦

Composition and Derivation: Changes over a Century

Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-08-29 Mon

#854. ̾̾ she (3) [personal_pronoun][she][gender][personification][political_correctness][corpus][statistics][lexical_diffusion]

ɸˤĤ[2011-08-27-1], [2011-08-28-1]εˤƤѸǤˡ she ԸդȤʤäƤƤ롤뤤ϾʤȤ⤽ register ޤäƤƤΤϤʤ
ˤϡ1960ǯʹߡȤ櫓ꥫѸǹޤäƤ gender ˽ʿȤ political correctness (PC) ؤδؿäƤ롥δ顤ʹ֤ΤȤƤ man(kind) -essȿͤɽ魯ʣ -man̿;̾ȤƤ he λѤʤɤ뤵졤ɽƤƤʴϢϡ[2009-08-20-1]ˤο͵ϤʤΤ, [2010-01-27-1]ָѸλ;ñ̾, [2011-04-17-1]֥ȥåŪȥݥȤƤθ츻פʤɤε򻲾ȡ
δ she üˡ򸫤ȡ̾ΩƤƽ̾ǼͳϤʤǤϤʤȤ롥ΰԤȤäȤѸˤȿǤƤ뤳ȤϳΤߤδѤ٤ϤʤȤͤǤ롥
ä˹̾ she ˡϡĥä񤭸դȤ register ˸¤ȡ1960ǯʹߡ㸺ƤƤ뤳Ȥ¾ڤ롥The Times corpus ѤƤ򸡾ڤ Bauer (148--49) ˤȡ1930ǯޤǤϹؼ she ˡɸŪäºݡ1900ǯ1930ǯδ֤ǡؼ it 3ΤߤäȤȤ1935ǯʹߡit 㤬³Ū˸1970ǯˤshe ư쵤ɸȤʤäshe 㤬ƤϵSƤ뤫Τ褦ǤꡤóȻ (lexical diffusion) פ碌롥ʲΥդ Bauer (149) Υդ˴ŤƳƺΤǤ롥

Feminine References to Country Names in The Times Corpus


Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-08-20 Sat

#845. Ѹθäεȳ [lexicology][loan_word][statistics][bnc][corpus]

ѸθäˤȼѸΨˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲ƤĤ󥯤ĥäƤ

[2010-12-31-1]: #613. Academic Word List ˴ޤޤγ
[2010-06-30-1]: #429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ
[2010-05-16-1]: #384. ÿȥޥΨǸűѸȸѸθäӤ
[2010-03-02-1]: #309. Ѹδܸ100εȳ
[2009-11-15-1]: #202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ
[2009-11-14-1]: #201. ѸμѸεȳ (2)
[2009-08-15-1]: #110. ѸμѸεȳ

οŪĴˤϡ󤲤ݤΥ򲿤ˤ뤫type-count token-count ɤΤ餤θõϤ򰷤츻ˤޤĤΤɤΤ褦˽뤫ʤɤιθ٤ब͡ꡤԤˤäƷ̤ޤޤȤʤ뤳Ȥ롥ʣĴ٤С褽ʿͤƤΤΤǤ롥
äƤ ICOME7 (The Seventh International Conference on Middle English) ǡ84OED3 μ紴츻ؼ Philip Durkin ᤬ "Some neglected aspects of Middle English lexical borrowing from (Anglo-)French" ꤹֱǴϢˤĤƿƤΤǡ⤷Ƥ
Durkin BNC 1000ΥꥹȤФ츻ʬϤη̡Ѹ줬489졤ե󥹡ƥ줬489졤Υɸ줬32졤ʳθ줬10Ȥͤ줿絬ϥѥ٥ꥹ (see [2010-03-01-1]) Ѥ츻ĴϤĤʬǤȻפäƤDurkin ΤǤϫϤʤȤǤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ˤꡤ嵭Υ󥯤ǼĴȹ碌ơtype-count ˴Ť100졤600졤1000졤2000졤3000졤4000졤5000졤6000졤7000졤8000졤9000졤10000Ȥ12ʳθõϤǤθΨ줿Ȥˤʤ롥ΤȤʤ븽Ѹäξ󥽡ʬϤ줾ۤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤܰ¤Ȥưʲ򼨤ʬ English, French and/or Latin, Scandinavian, Other Ȥ4줷

LevelEnglishFrench/LatinScandinavianOther
100 (GSL)92%3%5%0%
600 (LDOCE3)474544
1000 (BNC)46.948.93.21.0
1000 (Williams)831322
2000 (Williams)345727
3000 (Williams)2960110
4000 (Williams)2762110
5000 (Williams)276418
6000 (Williams)2761210
7000 (Williams)2362213
8000 (Williams)2659213
9000 (Williams)2558215
10000 (Williams)2560114
Etymological Breakdown of the Most Frequent Words


夫3ܤ4ܤդϡƱ1000٥ǤӤ3ܤϾҤ Durkin BNC ĴˤΡ4ܤ[2010-06-30-1]εǼ Williams ΤΤǤ롥ۤĴˡۤʤ뤬椨դƲ᤹ɬפ뤬ΤȤƤʤ餫˿ܤǽŪˤ25%ƥ󡦥ե󥹸60%ʳ15%Ȥͤˤ褽夯褦

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-07-20 Wed

#814. ̾ưʤ̷ư [stress][diatone][statistics][derivation][prefix][suffix][phonaesthesia][-ate]

Ʊ֤ʻˤäƶ֤θؤ (diatone) ŵǤ̾ưפˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1], [2011-07-07-1], [2011-07-08-1], [2011-07-10-1], [2011-07-11-1]ΰϢεڤƤ̾ưκۤĴƤƻ⤳ε˴ؤäƤ[2011-07-07-1]εǤϴϢ˸ڤˡ֤ˤĤơƻϸ§Ȥ̾Ʊ񤤤򼨤ư֤롥СַưפǤ롥
ưλ¤ϡޤŪ˻ٻ롥Bolinger (156--57) ˤС3ζѸýΥץĴˤȡ¿ˤĤơƻ91% non-oxytonic ʺǽʳ˶ˤư63% oxytonic ʺǽ˶ˤǤȤñˤĤƤϡΰ֤뤳ȤϤǤʤΰ̣ʤñưȷƻθĿΨư줬60.7%롥ñζ̾ oxytonic ȲᤵΤǡΨϷƻ椷ư oxytonic ʷٻͤȤ褦
ưȤ֤ʬۤ˴ϢơBolinger ξʻθκۤ˸ڤƤ롥ƻˤäΤ¿ (ex. -ant, -ent, -ean, -ial, -al, -ate, -ary, -ory, -ous, -ive, -able, -ible, -ic, -ical, -ish, -ful) ưƬˤ¿ (ex. re-, un-, de-, dis-, mis-, pre-) 㳰Ūˤ켫Ȥ˶ -ose Τ褦ʷƻ⤢뤬㳰ŪǤ뤳ȤˤäƤäƺΩ (phonaesthesia) ʤ ( augmentative ) ȤƤεǽ碌ĤȤˤʤäƤ缭ˤĤƤ[2009-08-30-1]εɼפ⻲ȡˡbellicose, grandiose, jocose, otiose, verbose ʤɤǡǤ롥
ΤȤʤ顤Τʤˤ줿¿ηƻɬ non-oxytonic Ȥʤ뤷ΤʤƬˤ줿¿ư϶2ܰʹߤ֤뤳Ȥˤʤ oxytonic Ȥʤǽ⤤εȯŸˤϡܼμθɬפ뤬ܼˤѥ㤬ưνи˹׸ȤȤǤ礤˶̣ޤ̾⡤ƻƱͤˡƬǤϤʤ¿Ѥ뤳ȤͤС̾ưˤƱΩĤΤǤϤʤ

Bolinger, Dwight L. "Pitch Accent and Sentence Rhythm." Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order. Ed. Isamu Abe and Tetsuya Kanekiyo. Tokyo: Hakuou, 1965. 139--80.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-06-29-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-06-07 Tue

#771. ̾ñʣ [corpus][statistics][plural][countability]

Biber et al. (Section 4.5.6 [pp. 291--22]) ˡ̾ñʣ٤˴ؤ뵭Ҥ롥Ѹˤ绨ĤʬۤǤϤ뤬LSWE Corpus 500쥵֥ѥѤǤͤʤΤǻͤޤǤ˥⤷Ƥޤƥ֥ѥ100˴ƤΥդκƸʿͥǡͿƤʤäΤǥդ鳵ɤ߼äƤκƸˡ

Distribution of Plural v. Singular Common Nouns Across Registers by LGSWE


(1) conversation transcription (CONV), fiction text (FICT), newspaper text (NEWS), academic text (ACAD) 4֥ѥ֤κ㤷
- §ȤʣȤʤԲĻ̾ޤƤȤϤ٤ƤΥ֥ѥñʣ٤⤤
- äǤñ٤Ū⤤
- 񤭸դǤäդʣ٤3--4ܤ⤤
(2) ġ̾Ǥߤȡ¿̾줬ñ뤤ʣΤ줫ؤζФ򼨤
(3) 㤨С̾75%ʾγñȤ롥ex. car, god, government, grandmother, head, house, theory.
(4) 㤨С̾75%ʾγʣȤ롥ex. grandchildren, parents, socks, circumstances, eyebrows, onlookers, employees, perks.

(1) ˴ؤơñŪ¿ȼΤϤޤäԻ׵ĤǤϤʤҤΤ褦ԲĻ̾ϸ§ȤñʤޤۤȤɤβĻ̾Ǥñ lemma ΤΤǤ뤷̵ɸη֤Ǥ⤢롥ۤˤϡγǰΩ硤㤨 hand in hand, from time to time ʤɤδɽˤƤϡñѤΤ̤Ǥ롥
(2)--(4) ˴ؤơ̾ˤäñʣؤФ򼨤ȤΤäʤ줾θ췲įС "the communicative needs of the language user" (291) ȿǤƤ뤳ȤϤäʬ̾Τʤ餻С֥ߥ˥ɬפñФꤽȤȤľ롥
ǤϡäñλѤ¿ȤΤϡɤ櫓Biber et al. (291--92) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

In general, the high frequency of singular nouns in conversation probably follows from the concern of speakers with individuals: a person, a thing, an event. Writers of academic prose, on the other hand, are more preoccupied with generalizations that are valid more widely (for people, things, events, etc.). This same tendency applies not only to nouns, but also to determiners and pronouns (4.4.3.1, 4.12.1, 4.14.1, 4.15.2.1).


ѥΤȤƤϡʣϰ̾2٤ʤȤˤʤ롥ʣθȤʤĤޤʣʤ٤¿ʤФʤʤ˻ˤȤäƤϡʤʤͤʤ

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-12-09-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-05-26 Thu

#759. 21͸ιϢͽ¬ [demography][statistics][elf]

2011ǯ53դǹϢ World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision ɽ줿ץ쥹꡼PDF
ˤȡ͸Ϻǯ10ޤǤ70ͤã2050ǯˤ93͡2100ǯˤ101ͤãȤ롥͸򲡤夲Ϲ⤤Ψ򼨤񡹤ǡˤϥեꥫ39񡤥9񡤥˥6񡤥ƥ󥢥ꥫ4񤬴ޤޤȤ
ʹοͤ򼨤ȡܤο͸2010ǯ12600ͤ2100ǯˤ9130ͤظο͸1925ǯ139500ͤԡˡ2100ǯˤ94100ͤظɤο͸ϡ1925ǯɤȴ1960ǯˤ171796ͤã2100ǯˤ155000ͤظ
絬Ϥʿ͸ͽ¬ˤ¿󤬴ޤޤƤ롥㤨Сץ쥹꡼ɸˤ⤢褦 "if Fertility in all Countries Converges to Replacement Level" Ȥ󤬤롥äƲˤդפ뤬ѸüԿ͸פǤ⡤Τ褦ͤϺǽפǤ롥[2010-05-07-1]εּ ENLESL ο͸ΨפǼ夲ENL7񡨻ͤȤܤɲáˤESL13ˤˤĤơ2100ǯޤǤο͸ܡ medium variant ˴Ťˤ򥰥ղƤߤ

Population Shift in ENL Countries and Japan
Population Shift in ESL Countries


ENLϥꥫƺ¤ͽ¬ESLϺȾФˤƿĹȾꤨˤɤͤȴƤꡤʥꥢѥ󡤥󥶥˥ܤĥΤ롥
̤ο͸ͽ¬Ȥ̤αѸüԤο͸ͽ¬򤹤뤳ȤñʺȤǤϤʤʤȤESLο͸ȯϤŪͽ¬˴ŤƻŪ˳ǧ줿ȤϤ
ѸüԿ͸ˤĤƤϡ[2010-06-28-1], [2010-06-15-1], [2010-05-29-1]ε⻲ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-04-08 Fri

#711. Log-Likelihood Tester CGI, Ver. 2 [corpus][bnc][statistics][web_service][cgi][lltest]

ʲˡѤ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 ʸ褦ˡϥǡΥեޥåȤ䡤⡼ɤŬڤ򤵤ƤʤˤϥСǥ顼ǽΤա

each-line mode lump mode


[2011-03-25-1]εǡѥǤ褯Ѥпٸ ( Log-Likelihood Test ) η׻ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 1 Ver. 1 ϡѥ̣ʤ2ĤΥѥǤΥɡʷˤνи٤١ѥ֤κͭդǤ뤫ɤꤹΤä
Log-Likelihood Test ϾҤŪѤ뤳Ȥ¿ȻפVer. 1 ǤϤƵǽòΤŪʣԡʣʬɽͿǡбпٸԤʤ⤢롥㤨Сε[2011-04-07-1]ǡѸˤ though although νиˤĤ BNC ˴ŤĴҲ𤷤Text Domain ȤΨϡξδ֤ŪˤɤٰפƤ롤뤤ϰפƤʤȤߤʤȤǤΤΥդ顤although ϳؽѻʸ¿though Ϻʸ¿ȤľŪʡְפŪˤϤɤΤ褦ɽΤ
Τ褦ʾˤϡΤ褦ɽͤ100νи٤ɸಽѤߡˤ򥳥ԡϥܥåŽդ롥"lump mode" ˥åؤ"Go!" 롥ʥǥեȤ "each-line mode" ǡ Ver. 1 ƱΥ⡼ɡ

    thoughalthough
Natural and pure sciences56.380.13
Applied science37.3668.31
World affairs45.8168.2
Social science48.9863.38
Commerce and finance46.1857.21
Arts74.0752.93
Leisure45.8549.46
Belief and thought70.7846.75
Imaginative prose80.226.37


̤ϡ1ԤɽȤƽϤ롥though although ɽ魯2οͤ¤ӤŪˤɤΤ餤Ƥ뤫׻Ƥ롥ȤƤϡξ Text Domain Ȥ٤¤Ӥκ p < 0.0001 Ȥ˹⤤٥ͭդǤꡤξνи Text Domain ˤäƤۤܳμ¤˰ۤʤȤ롥
ϥܥåǡν񼰤ϡֶڤʬɽɽƬɽ¦ϤάġץΤ褦ɽƬɽ¦ξޤˤϡΥ϶ˤƤɬפꡥ
"each-line mode" εǽ Ver. 1 ȸߴʤΤǡϷ⤽򻲾ȡ Ver. 2 "each-line mode" ǤϡϷ̤򥷥ץˤƤʵդˡܤ׻ͤˤ Ver. 1 Τۤͭѡˡ
Log-Likelihood Test γפˤĤƤϡ[2011-03-24-1]ε򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2012-10-26-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-04-07 Thu

#710. though although θˡκ (2) [bnc][corpus][lltest][conjunction][statistics]

ε[2011-04-06-1]ǡthough although θˡκ˿줿Ʊǡ
4000Ķʤ The Longman Spoken and Written English Corpus (the LSWE Corpus) ȤѸʸˡBiber et al. (845--46) ǤϼΤ褦ˤ롥

Both of these subordinators [though and although] occur in all four registers [conversation, fiction, news, and academic prose], although the registers show different preferences of use. Conversation and fiction show a slightly greater use of though (concessive clauses are, however, uncommon in conversation generally). News shows no particular preference. In academic prose, although is about three times as frequent as though. Although seems to have a slightly more formal tone to it, fitting the style of academic prose . . . . The greater use of although by writers of academic prose may also result from an attempt to distinguish this subordinator from the common use of though as a linking adverbial in conversation . . . .


ޤƱ p. 842 ɽϡŪ though fiction ¿although academic prose ¿Ȥǧ롥ˤ뺹ƤȤη̤
Τ褦Ըơ BNC ( The British National Corpus ) ˤꤳΤƤߤ롥BNCweb ǡ{although/CONJ}, {though/CONJ} 򤽤줾측Written/Spoken, Text Domain, Sex of Author/Speaker, Perceived Level of Difficulty ʤ͡ʥѥ᡼ǽиʬۤʬϤΩä̤ʲ˼ʿͥǡϤΥڡHTML򻲾ȡˡ
ޤWritten/Spoken κˤĤƤϡͽۤȤꡤξȤ Written ؤФ꤬㤷ʺ۷ though 0.66344 although 0.49770 ǡ餫˽񤭸դФˡLog-Likelihood Test Ǥϡp < 0.0001 Υ٥ǽ񤭸դäդͭպΤ˼줿
񤭼ꡤäˤ뺹ⶽ̣񤭸դäդξǡalthough ͭպäλѤФäƤ롥though ˤĤƤϡ although ۤɸǤϤʤʤ񤭸դǤ p < 0.05 ͭպˡ
ˡText Domain ̤٤ߤ롥9 Text Domain ̤ ( Natural and pure sciences, Applied science, World affairs, Social science, Commerce and finance, Arts, Leisure, Belief and thought, Imaginative prose ) 100νиɸಽͤǡξ Text Domain ٤򥰥ղΤʲοޤ



Text Domain ˤäξνи٤оŪʷ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ū sciences ( = academic prose ) although ΩImag(inative) Prose ( = fiction ) though ¿Log-Likelihood Test ǤϡText Domain ˤиκ p < 0.0001 ͭդǤ롥
ľŪˤԸη̤ͽۤȤǤϤ뤬although ν񤭼ˤؽѻʸǸѤȤ޼줿

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-04-10-1] [2011-04-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow