2008ǯ˥ꥫϷǼ Merriam-Webster ܳŪ EFL ѤαѱѼ Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary ( MWALED ) Ǥ줿ε[2010-08-23-1]Ǥ饤Ҳ𤷤ʲ˸ܥåŽդ
| Keyword | GA | RP | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| lot | /lɑt/ | /lɒt/ | bomb, cot |
| palm | /pɑːm/ | /pɑːm/ | balm, father |
| thought | /θɔːt/ | /θɔːt/ | caught, taught |
| cloth | /clɔːθ/ | /clɒθ/ | loss, soft |
Ѹ˻ĤοʤԵ§ʣ1Ĥ ox ͺפʣ oxen 롥ɸѼǤϡűѸμѲ̾ľܤͳ褹ͣʣǤ롥ȤǶᥢꥫѸ oxes ϤƤ롥ѤȤƤǤϤʤإ˥缭ŵ٤ˤ ox θ2ȤƼΤ褦ˤꡤθǤʣˤ oxes ⤢ꤦȤ
2 Τ褦(϶), ꤷ, Τޤο // a dumb ox ((ά))(ΤǤ)Τ.
OED ˤȤŪʰ̣16餢롥ߤǤϥꥫѸǤ ox ϤθʳˤϤޤѤʤ褦ǤϤȤȤǡBritish National Corpus (BYU-BNC) Corpus of Contemporary American English (BYU-COCA) Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
BNC Ǥ oxes 2ҥåȤ뤬 ox Ե§ʣ̾ȶǶƤȤʸ̮ oxes ѤȤƾҲ𤷤ƤʤΤǡ¾奼ȹͤƤ褤
COCA ǤϴͿ㤬6㤢ääդ˥塼ѸǡŪʸ̮ˤƻȤƤꡤgore ֡ʳѤǡͤɤĤפȤưоݤȤѤƤ롥㤨СʲΤȤǤ롥
Now our oxes are being gored more directly, not with malice, but out of some perverse ego game.
The establishment, we are sometimes -- you knows, in some cases, convenient oxes to gore. But I think there's no question they represent an important political constituency in the country.
gore (one's) ox Ȥǥϡ¯ "to goad or intentionally try to piss someone off" ͤäĤƤ롤餻פȤ̣ɽꥫѸͭΤ褦Ǥ롥 ox ϥǥΰȤѤƤꡤäˡ֤ΤפȤ̣ǤϤʤʥǥΰ̣ˤĤƤ ȡΥǥʣ oxes Ǥʤ oxen ѤƤ㤬4㤢뤳Ȥ顤ɽŪʣ oxes νи˲̤ƤȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ϡưʪȤƤǤʤԥ塼ޥʣȤƤ mouses 䡤ФȤƤǤʤƥʤʣ antennas ʤɡŪȯỴ̈˵§Ūʣ -s ղäΤ븽ݤgore (one's) ox ox ϸΡͺפΥäƤꡤ줬 oxes Ȥ֤뤳ȤǽˤƤΤǤϤʤΤȤͺפΰ̣ʣȤ oxes ƤȤڵϡʸѰʳˤϡˤʤ褦
ε[2010-08-16-1]ǿ줿 gorgeous ³ԡϡŨʡפθγꥹѸɽ BNC ǸꥫѸǤϤɤȻפCorpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ˤĴ٤Ƥߤ뤳ȤˤȤΤϡإӥͥѼѱѸ缭ŵ4ǡ٤ "My son is an extremely gorgeous baby." ˤ gorgeous λȤϥꥫѸȤäǤ롥ꥹѸǤˡϥꥫˡ ( Americanism ) ȵڤȤǽȤȤ
ޤϡCOCA äե֥ѥ˸ꤷĴ٤Ƥߤȡ̣Ȥˤ20ǯ֤dzμ¤ gorgeous λѤƤ롥

ˡäդ˸¤餺դޤĴ٤ȡϤꤳ20ǯ֤ǷŪƤ롥fiction, magazine, newspaper ȤդΥǤ⤫ʤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥgorgeous ŪʪäƤ롥

äդ˸¤äƤ¤ʤƤ⡤15ǯ gorgeous ٤Ȥˤʤ롥θ̤ϡθֲʡڤʡפȿŨʡפȤ̤ƤʤKWIC ( Keyword in Context ) äįƤߤ¤ꡤԤθΤۤ¿褦Ǥ롥ˡγȤΤϲФĤȤˤϰ쵤˲ФĤΤʤȤȤ´Ǥ
ñĴǤϡꥹѸǤλä Americanisation ˤΤɤȽǤǤʤäʤȤѼǺȤŪƻȤäƤ褵
ѸθǡɸΤ褦ɽ롥֤ޤä̤äפȤ̣ǡLDOCE5 ˤ nother, 'nother θФΤȤ˼Τ褦ʵҤ롥
a whole nother ... used humorously when emphasizing that something is completely different from what you have been talking about. It is a changed form of 'another whole':
- Texas is a whole nother country.
- That a whole 'nother ball game.
another ( a(n) + other ) ʬƶĴ whole ߹ݤˡa whole other ǤϤʤ a whole nother ʬ ( metanalysis ) ƶ߹ɽǤʰʬϤ[2009-05-03-1]ȡˡCorpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ǤϷ빽ʿ㤬äBritish National Corpus (BNC) Ǥ㤬ʤäMerriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary Ǥ "US informal" Υ졼٥뤬դƤꥫѸ¿ɽȤäƤ褵
ơŤѸߤƤߤȡa whole nother Τ褦˴֤˷ƻ줬ޤäƤ륿פ nother 㤳ޤĤƤʤa + nother ȰʬϤƤ1300ǯ鸽Ƥ롥ane nothir sentence an nother maner ʤɤȡnother ǤΩȤǧƤȤʬ롥ѸƸ졩ˤ a whole nother Ȥ礬ŪʰʬϤȤɤΤ褦ʴطˤΤʳĴǤǤ롥
ѸαƺˤĤƤϡޤǤ͡ˤƤ ( see ame_bre ) äֻκˤĤƤȯκƱͤܤˤĤ䤹ΤȤƼ夲뤳Ȥ¿ܥ֥Ǥ[2009-12-23-1]ˤ
ameba, center, color, defense, program, traveler ʤɡꥹ֤ȤϰۤʤȼΥꥫֻƤΤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) Ǥ롥Webster ȤС1828ǯ˽Ǥ줿 The American Dictionary of the English Language ޤˤͭ̾Ǥ롥μȤλ¹ϸߤ˻ޤǼ̤Ȥ˥ꥫѸ켭κǹȤƤꡤǤ Webster ΰŪʱƶϤΤ褦Webster βפֻμˤȿǤƤꡤȤȤ˥ꥫ˹ΤϤ뤳ȤȤʤä
ǤϡWebster ϤʤֻפϤ褦ȻפΩäΤͤˡꥹǤֻξѤƤѸ Caxton ˤǰѤƳѸ첻 ( Great Vowel Shift ) ʤɡ⳰ѲФơѸֻȯЪΥȤƬˤ뤳ȤȤʤäꥹǤ16ؼ ( orthoepist ) ϤᡤֻװƤƤ礭ˤϤʤä Mulcaster βפˤĤƤ[2010-07-12-1]ȡˡɡꥹǤ1755ǯ Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language äƸֻܸۤꤷȤäƤ褤
Τۤο̱ϡꥫǤֻˤĤƤϥꥹĴ碌ƤȤ18ȾΩ夫饢ꥫ٤ѤäƤ롥ˤ¿㤬Ƥ̤ꡤŪΩλָȸŪΩλָɽΤǤ롥ꥫŪΩλˤϡʰǤ줿ꥫѸ쿮Ԥ줿Webster ⤽1ͤǤꡤꥹѸΥꥫǤǤϤʤΩ֥ꥫ( the American language ) ǤƤ褦ȹͤƤΤǤ롥ʲ Webster θդǤ롥
The question now occurs; ought the Americans to retain these faults which produce innumerable inconveniences in the acquisition and use of the language, or ought they at once to reform these abuses, and introduce order and regularity into the orthography of the American tongue? . . . . a capital advantage of this reform . . . would be, that it would make a difference between the English orthography and the American. . . . a national language is a band of national union. . . . Let us seize the present moment, and establish a national language as well as a national government. (Webster, 1789 quoted in Graddol, p. 6)
ɽŪˤϡѸֻȯЪΥ˹ŪʲͿ褦ȤǤʤ顤¤ΤȤϡꥫιȤȤƤΩꥹФȼΥǥƥƥȤäŪʰտޤǻǤäȤη̤Ȥ˶ջ֤ Webster Τߤʤ餺¿Υꥫ̱˲Ƥ餳̾븫ߤΤʤֻפդΤ
դˤС˥ݥƥ֤ʾ郎·ʤֻפˤȤ褯Ƥ롥ȤΤϡWebster Ǥ顤ƤŪֻװƤùʤФʤʤäǤ롥ΰƤʤǤ뤳ȤƼꡤ嵭 center color ʤɤηֻѹΤߤʤ벺ϩڤؤΤä
ֻˤƺΩаޤˤϡWebster ȤƱΥꥫͤ夲֥ꥫפؤۤäΤǤ롥
Webster, Noah. "An Essay on the Necessity, Advantages and Practicability of Reforming the Mode of Spelling, and of Rendering the Orthography of Words Correspondent to the Pronunciation." Appendix to Dissertations on the English Language. 1789. Extracts reprinted in Proper English?: Readings in Language, History and Cultural Identity. Ed. Tony Crowley. London: Routledge, 1991.
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
ε[2010-08-01-1] OANC η̤˰ꤺˡƬ <h> ֤뤬 /h/ ȯʤñ¿õ٤BNC ǤƱȤäƤߤΤۤ⤷̤ФΤǡ𤹤 OANC ܴݤĤ֤졩ˡ
216θ줬줿ͭ̾Ƭ줬¿Ƥ⤢ޤꤪ⤷ʤʸHTMLȡˡޤʻΥդ˸꤬⤢äΤǡϤޤdzפΤ뤿νĴȤ줿̾ƻ˹ʤä117ե٥åȽ˼
habitual, habituated, habitué, haemoglobin, half, half-hour, hallucination, hallucinatory, hallucinogenic, handful, haphazardly, happy, haute-couture, hazard, heap, heartening, hedonistic, heir, heir-apparent, heiress, heirloom, hell, heparin, hepatic, heraldic, herbaceous, herbalist, hereditary, heretical, hermaphrodite, heroic, heterogenous, heterologous, heuristic, hexadecimal, hexagonal, hi, hiatus, hibiscus, hide, hierarchical, hierarchically, hierarchy, high, higher, hilarious, historian, historic, historically, historically-created, historically-evolved, historicist, historiographical, history, histrionic, hitherto, hockey, hole, holiday, holistic, holoenzyme, holy, home-grown, homogeneous, homologous, hon., honest, honest-to-god, honest-to-goodness, honestly, honesty, honorable, honorarium, honorary, honour, honour-able, honourable, honourably, honoured, honouring, hopeful, horchata, horizon, horizontal, horrendous, horrific, horror, hors-d'oeuvre, horse, hospital, host/target, hotel, hotel-keeper, hour's-worth, hour-an-a-half, hour-and-a-half, hour-glass, hour-long, hourglass, hourglass-shaped, hourly, hours, howitzer, human, humanities, humble, hundred, hydraulic, hydraulically, hydroxyapatite, hydroxyl, hypnotic, hypostasised, hypothesis, hypothetical, hysterical, hysterically
history, honest, honour, hour δϢϤϤ¿⤷Ȥꤢȡhabitual, hallucination, hepatic, hereditary, heretical, heroic, hierarchical, hilarious, homogeneous, horizon, horrendous, horrific, hypothetical, hysterical 1˼綯ʤΤǸƬ /h/ ä˼ޤ䤹1˼綯⾯ʤʤȤϳΤǤ롥
OANC Ǥη̤ȤƽФ herb homage BNC ǤϽФʤäθ /h/ ΤʤȯϥꥫѸȯΤߤǤȤεҤȰפƤ褦
ˤƤ⡤BNC OANC μϿ˺ȤϤꥹѸ줫μ˭٤ϺΩäƤ롥Τ˥ꥹѸˤ h-dropping ̾⤤ Cockney ʤɤ⤢뤷/h/ ꤵΤǤϤʤͽۤϤƤޤꥫѸǤ֤ȯ ( spelling-pronunciation ) ηȤȤƤʬäƤ BNC OANC ǤνĴη̤ͽۤȰפΤäܤĴ٤Ƥȷ빽⤷ơޤȯŸƤ椯⤷ʤ
ε[2010-07-31-1] OANC (Open American National Corpus) ƳȤ𤷤ΤǡϤºݤˤäƤߤ褦
ϰε[2010-07-30-1]ǸƬ h ˤΤǡ˰äơƬ <h> ֻĤľ괧 an ФƤߤ[2009-11-27-1]Ǥ줿褦ˡheir, honest, honour, hour Τ褦ʸ줬 /h/ ⤿ʤȤǤ褯ΤƤ뤬¾ˤɤΤ褦ʸ줬ϥեåȤñ㸡ǡäդȽդ̤Ȥ¾κ٤ϹԤʤäƤʤʲ˷̤٤ȤȤ˰
| word | freq. |
|---|---|
| heir | 1 |
| Henri | 1 |
| herb | 2 |
| hereditary | 3 |
| Hermes | 1 |
| historian | 1 |
| historic | 6 |
| historical | 1 |
| HMO | 10 |
| homage | 4 |
| hommage | 5 |
| honest | 24 |
| honor | 5 |
| honorable | 14 |
| honorarium | 1 |
| honorary | 13 |
| honored | 1 |
| honorific | 3 |
| hour | 135 |
| hourglass | 1 |
| hourlong | 3 |
| hourly | 1 |
| hours-long | 1 |
BNC ( The British National Corpus ) ΥꥫѸǤ ANC ( American National Corpus ) κץȤʹǤ롥1990ǯʹߤΥꥫѸ multi-genre corpus ǡˤ BNC ɤŨ1ʾΥѥȤʤͽȤΤȡǤ2200쵬ϤΤΤ Second Release Ȥͭˤǽ
ǡեѤǤ1500Υ֥ѥ OANC (Open ANC) Ƥꡤäդ300춯դ1100춯Ȥ316MBۤɤǥɲǽŸȥǡǤ5GBۤɤ롥ǡѴġȤ Java ưץब ANC Software ɤǤ롥
ANC ΥȤꡤXCES Markup for Standoff Annotation Ȥ˽äƤꡤƥΤȳƼ annotation ̡Υե˼ƤΤħǤ롥XCESݡȤƤʤ OANC ˤϡ㤨 Xaira WordSmith ʤɤإǡѴʤФʤʤԤˤβΤȤ Xaira °ΥǥѤ롥Ԥ ANCTool Υǥ쥯ȥ "java -jar ANCTool-xxxx.jar" 餻СȤGUIɤˤʤäƤΤǻؼ˽Ф褤ǡ̤ΤΤǡ֤ä
奢ꥫѸ¾ΥѥȤƤϡMark Davies Υ־ѤǤ Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ʤɤ롥1990--2009ǯ4춯ΥѥMark Davies ˤ¾Υ饤ѥȡ
ε[2010-07-28-1]˰³ꥫѸʬˤĤơ Kurath ζʬϹΤƤ뤬Baugh and Cable θŵŪѸ˽ΤʤǺѤƤʬƶϤȻפΤǥΡȤƤ
Baugh and Cable ϡꥫ̤礭4ĤʬʬˡѤƤ롥夫 Upper North, Lower North, Upper South, Lower South Ǥ롥˲äơUpper North ü Eastern New England ̤ȤߤʤΤ˽ʬäǤꡤƱ New York City (NYC) ̰Ȥ碌6Ĥ̤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʲϿޤϡBaugh and Calbe (377) Ȥ˺

6줾ħ Baugh and Cable (379--91) ˤޤȤޤäƤΤǤǤϾά뤬[2010-07-24-1], [2010-06-07-1]ˤ postvocalic r ̵ͭcot caught 첻Ω̵ͭfast 첻βʤɤʬθȤʤäƤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
ꥫѸθħΰĤˡŪƱ롥ꥫιѤ3̤ǡꥹ40ܡܤ26ܤȼ¤˹γˤϾǤ롥ͳʣŪǤꡤˤȡꥹθϤޤ줿͡ʱѸѼκǤ뤳ȡ¿¿ͤʰ̱θȤκǤ뤳ȡɸ餹뷹ŪʸѤʤɤ
ꥹѸʤɤ٤ŪƱŪȤȤǤꡤꥫѸˤ¸ߤ롥ǤؤʥꥫѸʬϡthe New England dialect, the Southern dialect, General American ȻʬˡǤ롥General American ϡ¾ĤǤʤȤ绨ĤǡŪʥΥꥫѸ˺Ǥᤤ
绨ĤʶʬϥꥫؤȯŸȤȤ˽ִƤꥫؤܳŪʸϡߥؤ Hans Kurath λشץ The Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada Ȥ1931ǯ˻Ϥ줿1939ǯ New England1973--76ǯ the Upper Midwest1986--92ǯ the Gulf States ϿޤǤ졤Ϣ븦ϸߤ³Ǥ롥
ΰϢθΤʤǡ1949ǯ Kurath Ǥ A Word Geography of the Eastern United States ϸߤǤפϰ̤Ƥ롥Kurath ϸäʬۤ˴ŤƥꥫѸޤ18ξʬ Northern, Midland, Southern 3ĤˤޤȤʲϡCrystal (245) ϿޤȤ˺ Kurath ʬϿޤǤ롥

ꥫζʬˡˤ͡ذƤƤꡤߤǤ䤨ʤ Kurath ζʬˡϴܤȤƲƤꥫѸʬˤĤƤϡBaugh and Cable (376ff) 褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
ε[2010-07-23-1]˰³postvocalic r ꡥ[2010-06-07-1]Ǹ褦ŵŪʥꥫѸǤ postvocalic r ȯ뤬ɤξƱͤˡꥫǤŵæ¸ߤ롥 (33) ˤȡꥫѸ rhotic ʬۤϰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

ѤǤȥɤ non-rhotic Ψճ㤫äΤФꥫ rhotic Ψ⤤äƤ뻲ʸϤǤ˸ŤȤȤȤƤꥫѸüԤ 2/3 3/4 ۤɤ rhotic ǤȤ⤢롥New England New York CityᥭѴˤƤϰ褬ꥫǤϥޥʡ non-rhotic ϰǤȤȤΤäƤȤϱѸŪˤϽפǤ롥ȤΤϡ non-rhotic ϰϡǤ non-rhotic Ƥ뤤 non-rhotic ĤĤäΰ̱濴Ȥʤäƿ̱ϰǤ롥ǡ rhotic ϰϡ General American ȸƤФƤȤ褽פŪˤ rhotic Ǥäѹϰ褫ΰ̱ˤäƼ˳ƤϰǤ롥ꥹǤ r ʬۤȰ̱ˤͤ碌ȡꥫǤ r ʬۤϹKrapp ( Vol. 2, 228 ) ϡƤ r ʬۤ礬ǤϤʤŪʷѾ ( inheritance ) ˴ŤƤ뤳ȤοƤ ( see [2009-12-21-1], [2009-12-23-1] )
. . . one must be assured that the weakening of [r] in America was really an older dialectal phenomenon, a trait of speech which did not develop on American soil in the eighteenth century, but one which went back, as a common inheritance of both British and American speech, to an early colonial custom in America.
äȤ⡤[2010-06-07-1]Ǹ Labov θ椬̤ꡤߤǤŪʥꥫ non-rhotic ϰǤ r ʹ褦ˤʤäƤƤ褦
ȡرѸIIIB١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Krapp, George Philip. English Language in America. 2 vols. New York: Century, 1925.
Ѹ˵ƤʸˡѲȤ wh- ط̾줬that zero ط̾줬äƤȤ㤬롥wh- طŪ formal ʶͭƤꡤäդդ˸뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ뤬νդˤƤ٤ܤ˸ƤȤ
Leech and Smith (195--96) the Brown family of corpora ѤƱƳѼˤ1961ǯ1991/1992ǯδ֤˵äĤθѲĴĴˤȡAmE Ǥ30ǯۤɤδ֤˴ط which 34.9%Фơthat 48.3%äzero 23.1%äƱͤˡBrE Ǥ which 9.5%that 9%ázero 17.1%äδط⡤AmE Τۤ BrE ⿶礭Ĥޤ㤷ȤȤˤʤ롥ä AmE Ǥ which θΨ
ˤϡ伫Ȥפи롥礦1991/1992ǯդءγعʸˡޤ줿ϡط which λѤˤĤƤϥɥ̤̤ƤȤ˱ѸʸΩˤʤäƼä which ϢȯȤꥫѸüԤΥͥƥ֥åǤȤȤ which Ǥʤ that ˤȼƤޤäи롥줬Υȥ饦ޤˤʤä褦ǡǶϴط which λѤˤϤʤ꿵ŤǤ롥ʬ Americanisation ĤĤȤȤ
ꥫѸǤ which ˡˤȤʤʤĤĤȤץեȤιǽ⤳ĹƤ롥ĤƤΤΥɥϲäΤȲƻפ碌ѲǤ롥ɥǤ1991ǯλǤ⤹Ǥ˸ˡȤƤ which οŤƤΤˡ
Leech, Geoffrey and Nicholas Smith. "Recent Grammatical Change in Written English 1961--1992: Some Preliminary Findings of a Comparison of American with British English." The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics. Ed. Antoinette Renouf and Andrew Kehoe. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2006. 185--204.
ε[2010-06-08-1]Ǥϡ17Υ˴ŤեꥫȼȯãȤƤ Afrikaans ˤǤ Afrikaans ¤DZѸ졤̱²ɤĶƹ⥳ߥ˥˶Ƥ롥ѸϡȤƤϿ1ۤɤѤ˲ʤȤƤϿȾʬۤɤȤ롥Τ褦 ENL ESL ¸붽̣Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ[2010-04-05-1]εǤꤢ

ǤαѸѤ19˥ꥹ the Cape ̤뤬ܳŪˤ1820ǯʹߤ˥ꥹͤ絬Ϥʰ̱Ԥ褦ˤʤäƤΤȤǤ롥ꥹ̱κǽˤϡ쥤ɤļ˽пȼԤ¿ Eastern Cape äΤȤαѸϽȤκФơäѼȯã Cape English ȸƤФ롥
絬ϰ̱19ȾФ˹Ԥ줿ΤȤˤϼҲι⤤Ԥ¿Yorkshire Lancashire ʤ̥ɽΰ̱¿ä Natal ˽夭ܹȤϢ³ᡤαѸѼϰҿΤ륤ꥹɸѸ˶ᤤޤޤݤ줿 Natal English ȸƤФ롥ޤϰ˸ꤵ줺ǹʹ General South African English ȸƤФѼȯã
嵭ξϡꥫѼޤ줿丽ߤʬۤ˻Ƥ롥˥ο̱Ԥꥫ Jamestown Ωƥꥫü˥ο̱Ԥꥫ New England ĤȤʤä䥹åȥɤʤɤ饢ꥫŸ̱ԤϡGeneral American ȸƤФϰ迧ꥫѸѼμºݤˤϰ̱ˤϤñǤϤʤѼ٤κϤ¾ѼȤκˤäȯŸƤƤ뤬̱Ȱ̱ѼϢ³ȤǤȥꥫξӤ롥¤ΤȤΤ褦Ϣ³䥢ꥫΤߤʤ餺ȤƤαѸ줬ܿ줿쥤ꥹ̱ϤǤϹ븽ݤǤ롥
ʤߤˡˤϾ˵Ѹ컰ѼΤۤˡä South African Indian English ʹ롥1860ǯʹߡɿͤϫƯϤȤ Natal Ϣ졤äʱѸѼä褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
ƤѸѼϾʤʤ䡥
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 112--15.
Ѹˤ첻ܤȤСGreat Vowel Shift ( see [2009-11-18-1] ) Ūͭ̾첻ܤϡLate Middle Chinese Τʤˤ㤬롥ѸƤ첻ܤȤƤϡBrE ǹߤƤ Estuary English ΤΤ褯ΤƤ뤬AmE ˤߤԻԤƤ Northern Cities Shift ͭ̾Ǥ롥
Northern Cities Shift Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo ʤɤνԻԤˤ˼դνؤ礷ƤͻҤǤʲϿޤȡˡ

GVS Ĺ첻˵äƤΤФơNCS û첻˵äƤΤħŪǤ롥⤷ȤˡѸˤǤĹ첻Ѳˤ˵äƤ뤬û첻ϸűѸ褫ʤꤷƤꡤηŪ˿ܤȤϤʤNCS ϡѸû첻ηϤǯʾ̲꤫Фơ֤Τ褦ˤäȲФΤ褦첻ܤǤ롥NCS ϡAmE ΤʤǤäΩŪɸŪ General American ȯĤȤƼ¾ɾƤ Michigan ʤɤƤΤǡ塤ɤΤ褦ŸˤʤȤǤ롥
첻ܤϡοޤǤޤȤ롥

첻Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤޤǴ¸ηϤΤʤ chain shift äƤǤ롥Ȥ֤¤ꡤpush chain drag chain ξƯƤ褦
ϴʤȥߥ˥˳װˤʤʤAnn ʽҡ Ian ˻ҡˤˤʤäƤޤ
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 239--41.
19ȾС絲 ( 1845--48 ) ƥɿͤΥꥫؤܽ ( The Great Irish Immigration ) äη̡ĤΥɱѸθˡꥫѸ˻ޤ졤˥ꥫˡȤ夷ȤϲͭԡرѸˡ٤ˤС㤨СΤ褦ʹܤƤ롥
shall ˡ will ˤۤȤɼä줿1855ǯˤǤ˳Ω
the measles ʤɤΤ褦괧ѤˡʥɱѸδؤˤ륲αƶ
Ƭˤʻѡ anti-, semi-, -ster, -eer ʤɤܼˤ¤ AmE ˸ΥǤϥɱѸαƶϤޤDzǽȤΤȡ
ո¿
Τʤäαƶ¤ɤҴŪդΤǧɬפ뤬ФлŦѸαƺΰü Irish English ˵ȤСꥫ̱ˤȤϢƶ̣
ϲ ͭ ԡ ¼ϰ ˡ ϲ ͭĻ ¼ δ ˧ رѸˡ١Ѹإ[1]1986ǯ罤۽Ź159--60ǡ
ŵŪʥꥫѸˤ Krapp ϡꥫѸȯꥫͤε˵Ȥ¯ФäڤΤƤƤ롥ꥫѸü߽ФװϺǽŪˤϤɤ˵ϤȤǧĤĤ⡤ΤȤȽǤʤΤ顤ʳηѾ ( inheritance )ʤꥹѸ줫ΰ仺ȤߤʤΤ˲ȤȤƸ٤ǤϤʤȤˤˤ֤ʤפɵ椹 causation εˤơǽŪʸͤߤ뤳ȤΤꤦ¤ʸŪڵäȤ⤢ꤽʷѾβΩƤƵҤ褦ȤʳŪ٤ƩŰƤ롥
Especially in speech covering short chronological periods, as is the case in comparing British and American speech, one may more hopefully look to inheritance than to ultimate causes in seeking to account for the traits which present themselves. Inheritance obviously will not explain everything, since what is inherited must ultimately have had a determining cause, must have had an origin; but if one cannot discover ultimate origins, the historia, at least, can content himself with transmissions. (Vol. 2, 22--23)
If one did not fear to affirm a universal positive, one might say that in every case the distinctive features of American pronunciation have been but survivals from older usages with were, and in some instances still are, to be found in some dialect or other of the speech of England. (Vol. 2, 28)
The student who would explain American speech as derived from British speech has an inexhaustible store of variations to draw upon, and it is only when the probabilities in all directions have been exhausted that one may turn to the theory of independent and original development of speech sounds in America. (Vol. 2, 29)
ΤȤ Krapp ϡꥫѸꥹѸαĹ˰֤ŤƤꡤꥫ ( the American language ) ǧʤΩǤ롥⤦ĤΥꥫѸˤθŵ The American Language Mencken Ȥ٤ۤʤ롥
Krapp, George Philip. English Language in America. 2 vols. New York: Century, 1925.
Mencken, H. L. The American Language. Abridged ed. New York: Knopf, 1963. 194.
[2009-06-21-1], [2009-06-20-1]Ѹˤ through ΰ֤꤬515̤ꤢäȤ˼夲ѸλǤꡤֻˤȿǤ줿̡ȤǤʤΰ֤꤬ʤ줿Ѹˤʤȡ˽ɸबƤޤŪʰ̣ǤΡɸפǤϤʤɸಽؤβߤȤʤֻפƤѼǤ롥ϥɥθʸѤ줿ѼǡChancery Standard ȤΤƤ롥15 Chancery Standard ΥѥĴ Fisher et al. ˤȡthrough ΰ֤Ϥλ14ˤޤǹʤƤʣΰ֤꤬ǸŪʰ̣ǤΡɸפǤϤʤȤΤ뤬515̤⤢äľλ٤гʤοǤ롥ʲѥٿȤȤ˰֤롥
through (1), thurgh (4), þurgh (3), thorugh (2), thourgh (1), throu (1), thorogh (1), throgh (1), thorwe (1), thorwgh (1), thorw (1), thorow (1), þorow (1), þorowe (1)
Chancery English ʳΥѥȤС¾ΰ֤⤤ޤ˭٤¸ߤƤȿ¬뤬15αѸνդɸಽؤƻϤȤϴְ㤤ʤ
ʤߤˡƸǸ thru ֤ϡѸ줫ΰ֤ˤȤڤΥƹͤ٤Ǥ롥ºݤˡѸ515̤Τʤ thru ¸ߤʤѸ through ȤƤ褦䤯ɸಽ줿֤꤬ǯƸ thru ʤ֤ƤȤȤϡˤչԤƤ褦Ǥ⤷
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006. 30.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996. 68, 76.
ꥫѸͭμѸȤȡѸϥꥫǥθ˰㤤ʤȴäƤޤ⤷ʤꥹ˥ꥫ˿̱Ƥ衼åѽθ줫⡤ճ¿θäѤƤ롥졤ե졤ڥʤɤ㤬롥
ߤ New York ϡο̱ϤǤä New Amsterdam 1664ǯ˥ꥹå褷ƲΤԻԤǤꡤͥ餤ĤΥѸ줬ꥫѸäboss, coleslaw, cookie, Santa Claus, sleigh, waffle ʤɤ롥 waffle ˤĤƤ[2009-07-12-1]εȡ
1803ǯΥեΥ륤ʤι ( Louisiana Purchase ) ϡꥫ罰ιڤΥեͥˤꡤޤʥˤեαƶϤȿǤơ18ʹߤˤĤμѸ줬äbateau, chowder, prairie ʤɡ
ڥ줫μѸϡ̱ϻͳ褹ΤȤƤ avocado, coyote ʤɾ˲ʤ19ˤʤäƤϡꥫѸθä礭ϡ1819ǯ Florida 1845ǯ Texas ʻ硤1848ǯ California New Mexico γ˸褦ˡ19˼ȥڥΤꥫμϤäȤȴϢǤ˥ڥʸƩƤϤ˱Ѹ줬櫓Ǥ롥κμѸȤƤϡranch, rodeo ʤɤҾѸ䡤cafeteria, canyon, mustang, patio ʤɤ롥
ϢȤơ[2009-09-24-1]ȡ
ϲ ͭ ԡ ¼ϰ ˡ ϲ ͭĻ ¼ δ ˧ رѸˡ١Ѹإ[1]1986ǯ罤۽Ź157--58ǡ
ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ رѸˡ١ƥձѸإ11995ǯ罤۽Ź139--40ǡ
ꥫѸˤϡΤȤʤ饤ꥹѸˤ⤺äû
ѹͤˤ륢ꥫؤκǽܳŪʿ̱ϡ1607ǯ Virginia ˤƻϤޤäĮϡι̾ˤʤ Jamestown ̾դ줿1607ǯȤǯϡѸŪˤϱѸ줬ꥫػޤ줿ǯȤȤˤʤꡤʻ볫ȤƽפʥݥȤǤ롥
ʹߡ400ǯˤ錄äơꥫѸϥꥹѸФơȤˤϴźȤˤϵΥʤ顤ŪȯŸ뤲ƤꥫѸ400ǯˤϡ褽ʲΤ褦˻ʬǤ롥
(1) ( 1607 -- 1790 )
ꥫѸηꥹѸνδߤν˻ޤ졤ꥫѸδפ줿̱Ԥνпϡ̱ΥѥŪˤꡤޤˤäơδߤ˱äλʬ롥1776ǯΩǽŪڤ줿1790ǯäơ̱ϻαѸϽλ롥
(2) ( 1790 -- 1920 )
ꥫѸĹ1861--65ǯȸʬ롥λϡꥫΩռιޤꡤڤγ硤̤ΰ̱ήʤɤˤäħŤ졤ꥫѸ줬Τȼϩ߽ФǤ롥ˤϥɥĤ䥢ɤΰ̱ˤ̲沤ΰ̱̤˥ꥫ˲¿̱²κˤꡤפȤѸ줬ꥫ˹äƤäޤΩˤ뼫ռιޤ꤫顤ꥹѸȰ褹ѼȤƥꥫѸ줬¸ߴ褦ˤʤä
(3) 軰 ( 1920 -- )
ꥫѸγ켡ΥꥫϡܹꥹޤĶȤʤäкѡʸʤ¿ʬɤô褦ˤʤꡤȼäƥꥫѸ줬˳ȻߤǤϡꥹѸˤƶڤܤѼȤʤäƤ롥
ʥꥹ˱ѸλʬפФƤߤȡ449ǯϤޤäűѸ1100ǯϤޤäѸ1500ǯʹߤζѸȡ礭ĤλꤵΤǤ롥1900ǯʹߤä˸ѸʬˤϻͤĤλȤʤ롥
̣ΤϡꥫѸˤ400ǯۤɤ˲ʤ櫓Ʊ褦˻ʬ䤵Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥塤ʤƸˤȤʬ⤽Ǥ뤬˲Ȥޤᡤ˲ȤϻʬΤʤ褦Ǥ롥ꥹѸˤʤꡤꥫѸˤʤꡤʬƤߤƤߤȡˤ hop, step, jump Υѥ˽äƤ褦˸̣ĹǤ롥οʲռ19Υ˥ŪȯۤȤ
ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ رѸˡ١ƥձѸإ11995ǯ罤۽Ź134--38ǡ
[2009-09-22-1]εǡ (Ǥ Netherlandic language ȸƤ) եꥫ¹ǸѸΰĤȤäƤ Afrikaans Ȥ˸ڤǤϱѸѸΰĤǤꡤξϸߤ˱ƶڤܤäƤ롥εءʲΤ褦ʥȤä
줫٤ʬ줿ʡ˱Ѹȥ줬եꥫϤǽвäơߤ˱ƶäƤäƤΤԻĤʴǤġ
ȯãΤʳˤư٤̤줿ɤˤζˤꡤ˱Ϥǡ֤᤹פȤ롼ȤϳΤ˶̣Ϥ쿢̱ϤǤϡʣΥ衼åθ줬¸ƤȤȤϽʬˤȤǡκǤϥꥫߤΥꥫΰϤĤƤϥڥΤեΤä櫓ǤꡤϰǤϡѸޤ衼åѽ줬ƶͿäƤܿ椬衼åѤǤϤʤꥫäȤȤ⤷Τƹζ̤̱åǤäȤͤСܹդǤϤʤषΥ줿ϤǤܿäȤȤϼʤΤ⤷ʤ
ꥫǤαѸȥ衼åѽθܿˤĤƤϡMencken ˶̣꤬äȤƤΤǡõƤߤƸˤ ker- Ƭñ줬Ĥ롥ŤΤɥ봶魯ƬȤ㤨 ker-flop, ker-smash, ker-thump ʤɤ롥Mencken ˤȡϥɥĸƬ ge- ̤ΤǤϤʤȤ Mencken ˤ Dorpalen Horwill λʸƤ뤬ɮԤ̤ǧ
ޤɥİ̱¿ä Pennsylvania Wisconsin Ǥ϶̣ɥĸαƶ褦㤨С³ that ñȤ so that ΰ̣ɽȤ
Ĥ˶̤ƤΤϡűѸǤϡɥĸбƬˡȤȤäȤơϱѸǤϸ˼ƤޤäƱ Germanic °ɥĸȲɴǯ夫˥ꥫϤǽвȤˤꡤ褷Ȥ褷ȤäƤѸ¦ˤμФϤʤ櫓λҴŪįƤߤȡĤθη줬ޤĤʤäפΤ褦Ǥ롥
ѲȸܿΰȤ٤
Mencken, H. L. The American Language. Abridged ed. New York: Knopf, 1963. 194.
Dorpalen, Andreas. "German Influences on the American language." American-German Review (1941). 14.
Horwill, H. W. American Variations. London: Clarendon, 1936. 176.
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