hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 ڡ / page 4 (5)

ame - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2010-08-24 Tue

#484. ǿΥꥫѸ첻ͻȿǤ MWALED ȯɽ [pronunciation][phonetics][vowel][merger][ame][dictionary][lexicography]

2008ǯ˥ꥫϷ޼Ǽ Merriam-Webster ܳŪ EFL ѤαѱѼ Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary ( MWALED ) Ǥ줿ε[2010-08-23-1]ǤҲ𤷤ʲ˸ܥåŽդ



EFL ѱѼϤޤǥꥹϽǼҤۤȤɻԾꤷƤꡤꥫѸǤä EFL Ǥ饤ꥹϤνǤäMWALED νǤäơ褤襢ꥫνǼҤȼ EFL Ծ˾ǤȤˤʤ롥ꥫμˤΥꥫѸ EFL ȤȤǵƤ American Ǥ뤫ˤʤ뤬ȯɽˤĤƸȡΥꥹϽǼҤˤ륢ꥫѸ EFL ٤ American Τ褦Kokawa et al. ( pp. 38--41; Sugimoto Ἱɮô ) ˵äơGeneral American ( GA ) ˤ첻ͻͻҤ⤷褦
ˤʤϡlot, palm, thought, cloth Ǥ롥 EFL Ǥ GA RP Ǥ줾켡Τ褦ȯɽƤ

KeywordGARPExamples
lot/lɑt//lɒt/bomb, cot
palm/pɑːm//pɑːm/balm, father
thought/θɔːt//θɔːt/caught, taught
cloth/clɔːθ//clɒθ/loss, soft


GA Ǥ RP Ǥʬۤϰۤʤ뤬3θ첻̤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ȥǯ GA Ǥϡlot--palm merger /ɑː/ ͻ礷ƤƤ롥ˡlot--thought merger Ƥꡤ cloth ⴬Ǥ٤ /ɑː/ ؤ1ƤƤȤŪˡ¿ GA üԤϤ4ɽ췲򤹤٤ /ɑː/ Ȥƶ̤ʤȯ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥
ǯ˽Ǥ줿ꥹϤΥꥫѸ켭Ǥϡ첻ͻοʤǤ뤳κǿξˤȯɽȿǤƤ餺ŪݼŪǤäȤMWALED ϤƤ /ɑː/ ˤޤȤƤ롥˥ꥫμˤ륢ꥫμǤ롥ȿǤ˥ץǤ뤬ꥹѸȯӤɬפˤϵĤʤФʤʤ
̤ˡԻ ( lexicography ) ϵŪ ( descriptive ) ٤Ȥ뤫Ū ( prescriptive ) ٤Ȥ뤫2ԤΤǥХ󥹤ɬפ뤬EFL ȤʤХХ󥹤μϤ񤷤MWALED Ͼ嵭θ첻ˤĤƤϵҼǤäƽФɼԤϥꥫѸؤܤȤƵϤ EFL ؽԤǤ롥鵬ϤȤϤäƤ⡤ҡʸ¡ˤѲаѲƤ椯Τ̿ʤΤ

Kokawa, Takahiro, Rika Aoki, Junko Sugimoto, Satoru Uchida, and Miyako Ryu. "An Analysis of the Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary." Lexicon 40 (2010): 27--84.

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2010-08-22 Sun

#482. oxes νи [plural][coca][bnc][ame]

Ѹ˻ĤοʤԵ§ʣ1Ĥ ox ͺפʣ oxen 롥ɸѼǤϡűѸμѲ̾ľܤͳ褹ͣʣǤ롥ȤǶᥢꥫѸ oxes ϤƤ롥ѤȤƤǤϤʤإ˥缭ŵ٤ˤ ox θ2ȤƼΤ褦ˤꡤθǤʣˤ oxes ⤢ꤦȤ

2 Τ褦(϶), 󤰤ꤷ, Τޤο // a dumb ox ((ά))(ΤǤ)Τ.


OED ˤȤŪʰ̣16餢롥ߤǤϥꥫѸǤ ox ϤθʳˤϤޤѤʤ褦ǤϤȤȤǡBritish National Corpus (BYU-BNC) Corpus of Contemporary American English (BYU-COCA) Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
BNC Ǥ oxes 2ҥåȤ뤬 ox Ե§ʣ̾ȶǶƤȤʸ̮ oxes ѤȤƾҲ𤷤ƤʤΤǡ¾奼ȹͤƤ褤
COCA ǤϴͿ㤬6㤢ääդ˥塼ѸǡŪʸ̮ˤƻȤƤꡤgore ֡ʳѤǡͤɤĤפȤưоݤȤѤƤ롥㤨СʲΤȤǤ롥

Now our oxes are being gored more directly, not with malice, but out of some perverse ego game.


The establishment, we are sometimes -- you knows, in some cases, convenient oxes to gore. But I think there's no question they represent an important political constituency in the country.


gore (one's) ox Ȥǥϡ¯ "to goad or intentionally try to piss someone off" ͤäĤƤ롤餻򤹤פȤ̣ɽꥫѸͭΤ褦Ǥ롥 ox ϥǥΰȤѤƤꡤäˡ֤ΤפȤ̣ǤϤʤʥǥΰ̣ˤĤƤ 򻲾ȡΥǥʣ oxes Ǥʤ oxen ѤƤ㤬4㤢뤳Ȥ顤ɽŪʣ oxes νи˲̤Ƥ򵿤ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ϡưʪȤƤǤʤԥ塼ޥʣȤƤ mouses 䡤ФȤƤǤʤƥʤʣ antennas ʤɡŪȯỴ̈˵§Ūʣ -s ղäΤ븽ݤgore (one's) ox ox ϸΡͺפΥ᡼󤶤äƤꡤ줬 oxes Ȥ֤뤳ȤǽˤƤΤǤϤʤΤȤͺפΰ̣ʣȤ oxes ƤȤڵϡʸѰʳˤϡˤʤ褦

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2010-08-17 Tue

#477. That's gorgeous! (2) [coca][corpus][ame][semantic_change][americanisation]

ε[2010-08-16-1]ǿ줿 gorgeous ³ԡϡŨʡפθγ򥤥ꥹѸɽ BNC ǸꥫѸǤϤɤȻפCorpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ˤĴ٤Ƥߤ뤳ȤˤȤΤϡإӥͥѼѱѸ缭ŵ4ǡ٤ "My son is an extremely gorgeous baby." ˤ gorgeous λȤϥꥫѸȤ񤭤äǤ롥ꥹѸǤˡϥꥫˡ ( Americanism ) ȵڤȤǽȤȤ
ޤϡCOCA äե֥ѥ˸ꤷĴ٤Ƥߤȡ̣Ȥˤ20ǯ֤dzμ¤ gorgeous λѤƤ롥

<em>gorgeous</em> in COCA Spoken

ˡäդ˸¤餺񤭸դޤĴ٤ȡϤꤳ20ǯ֤ǷŪƤ롥fiction, magazine, newspaper Ȥ񤭸դΥǤ⤫ʤ٤򼨤Ƥ뤳Ȥgorgeous ŪʪäƤ롥

<em>gorgeous</em> in COCA Spoken and Written

äդ˸¤äƤ¤ʤƤ⡤15ǯ gorgeous ٤Ȥˤʤ롥θ̤ϡθֲʡڤʡפȿŨʡפȤ̤ƤʤKWIC ( Keyword in Context ) 򤶤äįƤߤ¤ꡤԤθΤۤ¿褦Ǥ롥ˡγȤΤϲФĤȤˤϰ쵤˲ФĤΤʤȤȤ´Ǥ
ñĴǤϡꥹѸǤλä Americanisation ˤΤɤȽǤǤʤäʤȤѼǺȤ᤯ŪƻȤäƤ褵

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2010-08-15 Sun

#475. That's a whole nother story. [metanalysis][corpus][ame]

ѸθǡɸΤ褦ɽ롥֤ޤä̤äפȤ̣ǡLDOCE5 ˤ nother, 'nother θФΤȤ˼Τ褦ʵҤ롥

a whole nother ... used humorously when emphasizing that something is completely different from what you have been talking about. It is a changed form of 'another whole':
- Texas is a whole nother country.
- That a whole 'nother ball game.


another ( a(n) + other ) ʬ򤷤ƶĴ whole 򶴤߹ݤˡa whole other ǤϤʤ a whole nother ʬ ( metanalysis ) ƶ߹ɽǤʰʬϤ[2009-05-03-1]򻲾ȡˡCorpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ǤϷ빽ʿ㤬󤬤äBritish National Corpus (BNC) Ǥ㤬ʤäMerriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary Ǥ "US informal" Υ졼٥뤬դƤꥫѸ¿ɽȤäƤ褵
ơŤѸߤƤߤȡa whole nother Τ褦˴֤˷ƻ줬ޤäƤ륿פ nother 㤳ޤĤƤʤa + nother ȰʬϤƤ᤯1300ǯ鸽Ƥ롥ane nothir sentence an nother maner ʤɤ򸫤ȡnother ǤΩȤǧƤȤʬ롥ѸƸ졩ˤ a whole nother Ȥ礬ŪʰʬϤȤɤΤ褦ʴطˤΤʳĴǤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2014-11-11-1]

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2010-08-08 Sun

#468. ꥫȤ Webster [popular_passage][ame][ame_bre][webster][spelling_reform][johnson]

ѸαƺˤĤƤϡޤǤ͡ˤƤ ( see ame_bre ) äֻκˤĤƤȯκƱͤܤˤĤ䤹ΤȤƼ夲뤳Ȥ¿ܥ֥Ǥ[2009-12-23-1]ˤ
ameba, center, color, defense, program, traveler ʤɡꥹ֤ȤϰۤʤȼΥꥫֻƤΤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) Ǥ롥Webster ȤС1828ǯ˽Ǥ줿 The American Dictionary of the English Language ޤˤͭ̾Ǥ롥μȤλ¹ϸߤ˻ޤǼ̤Ȥ˥ꥫѸ켭κǹȤƤꡤǤ Webster ΰŪʱƶϤΤ褦Webster βפֻμˤȿǤƤꡤȤȤ˥ꥫ˹ΤϤ뤳ȤȤʤä
ǤϡWebster ϤʤֻפϤ褦ȻפΩäΤͤˡꥹǤֻξ򳵴ѤƤѸ Caxton ˤǰѤƳѸ ( Great Vowel Shift ) ʤɡ⳰ѲФơѸֻȯЪΥȤƬˤ뤳ȤȤʤäꥹǤ16ؼ ( orthoepist ) ϤᡤֻװƤƤ礭ˤϤʤä Mulcaster βפˤĤƤ[2010-07-12-1]򻲾ȡˡɡꥹǤ1755ǯ Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language äƸֻܸۤꤷȤäƤ褤
Τۤο̱ϡꥫǤֻˤĤƤϥꥹĴ碌ƤȤ18ȾΩ夫饢ꥫ٤ѤäƤ롥ˤ¿㤬Ƥ̤ꡤŪΩλָȸŪΩλָɽ΢ΤǤ롥ꥫŪΩλˤϡʰ񿴤΢Ǥ줿ꥫѸ쿮Ԥ줿Webster ⤽1ͤǤꡤꥹѸΥꥫǤǤϤʤΩ֥ꥫ( the American language ) ǤƤ褦ȹͤƤΤǤ롥ʲ Webster θդǤ롥

The question now occurs; ought the Americans to retain these faults which produce innumerable inconveniences in the acquisition and use of the language, or ought they at once to reform these abuses, and introduce order and regularity into the orthography of the American tongue? . . . . a capital advantage of this reform . . . would be, that it would make a difference between the English orthography and the American. . . . a national language is a band of national union. . . . Let us seize the present moment, and establish a national language as well as a national government. (Webster, 1789 quoted in Graddol, p. 6)


ɽŪˤϡѸֻȯЪΥ˹ŪʲͿ褦ȤǤʤ顤¤ΤȤϡꥫιȤȤƤΩꥹФȼΥǥƥƥȤäŪʰտޤǻǤäȤη̤Ȥ˶ջ֤ Webster Τߤʤ餺¿Υꥫ̱˲Ƥ餳̾븫ߤΤʤֻפդΤ
դˤС˥ݥƥ֤ʾ郎·ʤֻפˤȤ褯Ƥ롥ȤΤϡWebster Ǥ顤Ƥ޿ŪֻװƤùʤФʤʤäǤ롥ΰƤʤǤ뤳Ȥ򸫤Ƽꡤ嵭 center color ʤɤηֻѹΤߤʤ벺ϩڤؤΤä
ֻˤƺΩаޤˤϡWebster ȤƱΥꥫͤ夲֥ꥫפؤۤäΤǤ롥

Webster, Noah. "An Essay on the Necessity, Advantages and Practicability of Reforming the Mode of Spelling, and of Rendering the Orthography of Words Correspondent to the Pronunciation." Appendix to Dissertations on the English Language. 1789. Extracts reprinted in Proper English?: Readings in Language, History and Cultural Identity. Ed. Tony Crowley. London: Routledge, 1991.
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm

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2010-08-02 Mon

#462. BNC ФȯʤƬ <h> [corpus][bnc][oanc][ame][bre][h][spelling_pronunciation]

ε[2010-08-01-1] OANC η̤˰­ꤺˡƬ <h> ֤뤬 /h/ ȯʤñ¿õ٤BNC ǤƱȤäƤߤΤۤ⤷̤ФΤǡ𤹤 OANC ܴݤĤ֤졩ˡ
216θ줬줿ͭ̾Ƭ줬¿Ƥ⤢ޤꤪ⤷ʤʸHTML򻲾ȡˡޤʻΥդ˸꤬⤢äΤǡϤޤdzפΤ뤿νĴȤ򤵤줿̾ƻ˹ʤä117򥢥ե٥åȽ˼

habitual, habituated, habitué, haemoglobin, half, half-hour, hallucination, hallucinatory, hallucinogenic, handful, haphazardly, happy, haute-couture, hazard, heap, heartening, hedonistic, heir, heir-apparent, heiress, heirloom, hell, heparin, hepatic, heraldic, herbaceous, herbalist, hereditary, heretical, hermaphrodite, heroic, heterogenous, heterologous, heuristic, hexadecimal, hexagonal, hi, hiatus, hibiscus, hide, hierarchical, hierarchically, hierarchy, high, higher, hilarious, historian, historic, historically, historically-created, historically-evolved, historicist, historiographical, history, histrionic, hitherto, hockey, hole, holiday, holistic, holoenzyme, holy, home-grown, homogeneous, homologous, hon., honest, honest-to-god, honest-to-goodness, honestly, honesty, honorable, honorarium, honorary, honour, honour-able, honourable, honourably, honoured, honouring, hopeful, horchata, horizon, horizontal, horrendous, horrific, horror, hors-d'oeuvre, horse, hospital, host/target, hotel, hotel-keeper, hour's-worth, hour-an-a-half, hour-and-a-half, hour-glass, hour-long, hourglass, hourglass-shaped, hourly, hours, howitzer, human, humanities, humble, hundred, hydraulic, hydraulically, hydroxyapatite, hydroxyl, hypnotic, hypostasised, hypothesis, hypothetical, hysterical, hysterically


history, honest, honour, hour δϢϤϤ¿⤷Ȥꤢȡhabitual, hallucination, hepatic, hereditary, heretical, heroic, hierarchical, hilarious, homogeneous, horizon, horrendous, horrific, hypothetical, hysterical 1˼綯ʤΤǸƬ /h/ ä˼ޤ䤹1˼綯⾯ʤʤȤϳΤǤ롥
OANC Ǥη̤ȤƽФ herb homage BNC ǤϽФʤäθ /h/ ΤʤȯϥꥫѸȯΤߤǤȤεҤȰפƤ褦
ˤƤ⡤BNC OANC μϿ˺ȤϤꥹѸ줫μ˭٤ϺΩäƤ롥Τ˥ꥹѸˤ h-dropping ̾⤤ Cockney ʤɤ⤢뤷/h/ ԰ꤵΤǤϤʤͽۤϤƤޤꥫѸǤ֤ȯ ( spelling-pronunciation ) ηȤȤƤʬäƤ BNC OANC ǤνĴη̤ͽۤȰפΤäܤĴ٤Ƥȷ빽⤷ơޤȯŸƤ椯⤷ʤ

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2010-08-01 Sun

#461. OANC ФȯʤƬ <h> [corpus][oanc][ame][h][article]

ε[2010-07-31-1] OANC (Open American National Corpus) ƳȤ𤷤ΤǡϤºݤˤäƤߤ򤷤褦
ϰε[2010-07-30-1]ǸƬ h ˤΤǡ˰äơƬ <h> ֻĤľ괧 an ФƤߤ[2009-11-27-1]Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡheir, honest, honour, hour Τ褦ʸ줬 /h/ ⤿ʤȤǤ褯ΤƤ뤬¾ˤɤΤ褦ʸ줬ϥեåȤñ㸡ǡäդȽ񤭸դ̤Ȥ¾κ٤ϹԤʤäƤʤʲ˷̤٤ȤȤ˰

wordfreq.
heir1
Henri1
herb2
hereditary3
Hermes1
historian1
historic6
historical1
HMO10
homage4
hommage5
honest24
honor5
honorable14
honorarium1
honorary13
honored1
honorific3
hour135
hourglass1
hourlong3
hourly1
hours-long1


history, honor, hour ʣǤ롥ޤHenri, Hermes, hommage ϥե󥹸ȤơHMO (Health Maintenance Organization) ϥե٥åɤߤȤǼherb homage ȯäñ⡤/h/ ΤʤȯϥꥫѸͭȤ
OANC ǤʤȤ褤ȤФ褤ä̤餷ȤϰФ

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2010-07-31 Sat

#460. OANC ( Open American National Corpus ) [corpus][oanc][ame]

BNC ( The British National Corpus ) ΥꥫѸǤ ANC ( American National Corpus ) κץȤʹǤ롥1990ǯʹߤΥꥫѸ multi-genre corpus ǡˤ BNC ɤŨ1ʾΥѥȤʤͽȤΤȡǤ2200쵬ϤΤΤ Second Release Ȥͭˤǽ
ǡե꡼ѤǤ1500Υ֥ѥ OANC (Open ANC) Ƥꡤäդ300춯񤭸դ1100춯Ȥ316MBۤɤǥɲǽŸȥǡǤ5GBۤɤ롥ǡѴġȤ Java ưץब ANC Software ɤǤ롥
ANC Υ󥳡ȤꡤXCES Markup for Standoff Annotation Ȥ˽äƤꡤƥΤȳƼ annotation ̡Υե˼ƤΤħǤ롥XCES򥵥ݡȤƤʤ󥳡󥵡 OANC 򰷤ˤϡ㤨 Xaira WordSmith ʤɤإǡѴʤФʤʤԤˤβΤȤ Xaira °ΥǥѤ롥Ԥ ANCTool Υǥ쥯ȥ "java -jar ANCTool-xxxx.jar" 餻СȤGUIɤˤʤäƤΤǻؼ˽Ф褤ǡ̤ΤΤǡ֤ä
奢ꥫѸ¾ΥѥȤƤϡMark Davies 󶡤Υ־ѤǤ Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ʤɤ롥1990--2009ǯ4춯ΥѥMark Davies ˤ¾Υ饤󡦥ѥ׻ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2010-08-01-1]

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2010-07-29 Thu

#458. ꥫѸʬ Baugh and Cable ǡ [ame][dialect][map]

ε[2010-07-28-1]˰³ꥫѸʬˤĤơ Kurath ζʬϹΤƤ뤬Baugh and Cable θŵŪѸ˽ΤʤǺѤƤʬƶϤȻפΤǥΡȤƤ
Baugh and Cable ϡꥫ̤礭4ĤʬʬˡѤƤ롥夫 Upper North, Lower North, Upper South, Lower South Ǥ롥˲äơUpper North ü Eastern New England ̤ȤߤʤΤ˽ʬäǤꡤƱ New York City (NYC) ̰Ȥ碌6Ĥ̤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʲϿޤϡBaugh and Calbe (377) Ȥ˺

Map of the American Dialects by Kurath

6줾ħ Baugh and Cable (379--91) ˤޤȤޤäƤΤǤǤϾά뤬[2010-07-24-1], [2010-06-07-1]ˤ postvocalic r ̵ͭcot caught 첻Ω̵ͭfast 첻βʤɤʬθȤʤäƤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-02-21-1]

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2010-07-28 Wed

#457. ꥫѸʬ Kurath ǡ [ame][dialect][map]

ꥫѸθħΰĤˡŪƱ롥ꥫιѤ3̤ǡꥹ40ܡܤ26ܤȼ¤˹γˤϾǤ롥ͳʣŪǤꡤˤȡꥹθϤޤ줿͡ʱѸѼκǤ뤳ȡ¿¿ͤʰ̱θȤκǤ뤳ȡɸ餹뷹ŪʸѤʤɤ󤲤
ꥹѸʤɤ٤ŪƱŪȤȤǤꡤꥫѸˤ¸ߤ롥ǤؤʥꥫѸʬϡthe New England dialect, the Southern dialect, General American ȻʬˡǤ롥General American ϡ¾ĤǤʤȤ绨ĤǡŪʥ᡼ΥꥫѸ˺Ǥᤤ
绨ĤʶʬϥꥫؤȯŸȤȤ˽ִƤꥫؤܳŪʸϡߥؤ Hans Kurath λشץ The Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada Ȥ1931ǯ˻Ϥ줿1939ǯ New England1973--76ǯ the Upper Midwest1986--92ǯ the Gulf States ϿޤǤ졤Ϣ븦ϸߤ³Ǥ롥
ΰϢθΤʤǡ1949ǯ Kurath Ǥ A Word Geography of the Eastern United States ϸߤǤפϰ̤Ƥ롥Kurath ϸäʬۤ˴ŤƥꥫѸޤ18ξʬ Northern, Midland, Southern 3ĤˤޤȤ᤿ʲϡCrystal (245) ϿޤȤ˺ Kurath ʬϿޤǤ롥

Map of the American Dialects by Kurath

ꥫζʬˡˤ͡ذƤ󵯤ƤꡤߤǤ䤨ʤ Kurath ζʬˡϴܤȤƲƤꥫѸʬˤĤƤϡBaugh and Cable (376ff) 褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2010-07-24 Sat

#453. ꥫѸνˤ r [dialect][rhotic][ame][phonetics]

ε[2010-07-23-1]˰³postvocalic r[2010-06-07-1]Ǹ褦ŵŪʥꥫѸǤ postvocalic r ȯ뤬󥰥ɤξƱͤˡꥫǤŵæ¸ߤ롥 (33) ˤȡꥫѸ rhotic ʬۤϰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Rhotic Areas in US

ѤǤȥ󥰥ɤ non-rhotic Ψճ㤫äΤФꥫ rhotic Ψ⤤äƤ뻲ʸϤǤ˸ŤȤȤȤƤꥫѸüԤ 2/3 3/4 ۤɤ rhotic ǤȤ⤢롥New England New York CityᥭѴˤƤϰ褬ꥫǤϥޥʡ non-rhotic ϰǤȤȤΤäƤȤϱѸŪˤϽפǤ롥ȤΤϡ non-rhotic ϰϡǤ non-rhotic Ƥ뤤 non-rhotic ĤĤä󥰥ΰ̱濴Ȥʤäƿ̱ϰǤ롥ǡ rhotic ϰϡ General American ȸƤФƤȤ褽פŪˤ rhotic Ǥäѹϰ褫ΰ̱ˤäƼ˳󤵤ƤϰǤ롥ꥹǤ r ʬۤȰ̱ˤͤ碌ȡꥫǤ r ʬۤϹKrapp ( Vol. 2, 228 ) ϡƤ r ʬۤ礬ǤϤʤŪʷѾ ( inheritance ) ˴ŤƤ뤳ȤοƤ ( see [2009-12-21-1], [2009-12-23-1] )

. . . one must be assured that the weakening of [r] in America was really an older dialectal phenomenon, a trait of speech which did not develop on American soil in the eighteenth century, but one which went back, as a common inheritance of both British and American speech, to an early colonial custom in America.


äȤ⡤[2010-06-07-1]Ǹ Labov θ椬̤ꡤߤǤŪʥꥫ non-rhotic ϰǤ r ʹ褦ˤʤäƤƤ褦

ȡرѸIIIB١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Krapp, George Philip. English Language in America. 2 vols. New York: Century, 1925.

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2010-06-25 Fri

#424. 奢ꥫѸˤ wh- ط̾η㸺 [relative_pronoun][syntax][ame][corpus]

Ѹ˵ƤʸˡѲȤ wh- ط̾줬that zero ط̾줬äƤȤ㤬󤲤롥wh- طŪ formal ʶͭƤꡤäդ񤭸դ˸뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ뤬ν񤭸դˤƤ٤ܤ˸ƤȤ
Leech and Smith (195--96) the Brown family of corpora ѤƱƳѼˤ1961ǯ1991/1992ǯδ֤˵äĤθѲĴĴˤȡAmE Ǥ30ǯۤɤδ֤˴ط which 34.9%Фơthat 48.3%äzero 23.1%äƱͤˡBrE Ǥ which 9.5%that 9%ázero 17.1%äδط⡤AmE Τۤ BrE ⿶礭Ĥޤ㤷ȤȤˤʤ롥ä AmE Ǥ which θΨ
ˤϡ伫Ȥפи롥礦1991/1992ǯդء⹻γعʸˡ򤿤ޤ줿ϡط which λѤˤĤƤϥɥ̤̤ƤȤ˱ѸʸΩˤʤäƼä which ϢȯȤꥫѸüԤΥͥƥ֥åǤȤȤ which Ǥʤ that ˤȼƤޤäи롥줬Υȥ饦ޤˤʤä褦ǡǶϴط which λѤˤϤʤ꿵ŤǤ롥ʬ Americanisation ĤĤȤȤ
ꥫѸǤ which ˡˤȤʤʤĤĤȤץեȤιǽ⤳ĹƤ᤬롥ĤƤΤΥɥϲäΤȲƻפ碌ѲǤ롥ɥǤ1991ǯλǤ⤹Ǥ˸ˡȤƤ which οŤƤΤˡ

Leech, Geoffrey and Nicholas Smith. "Recent Grammatical Change in Written English 1961--1992: Some Preliminary Findings of a Comparison of American with British English." The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics. Ed. Antoinette Renouf and Andrew Kehoe. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2006. 185--204.

Referrer (Inside): [2010-06-29-1] [2010-06-26-1]

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2010-06-09 Wed

#408. South African English American English Ѽﹽ [south_africa][afrikaans][ame][variety][map]

ε[2010-06-08-1]Ǥϡ17Υ˴ŤեꥫȼȯãȤƤ Afrikaans ˤǤ Afrikaans ¤DZѸ⹭򤵤졤̱²ɤĶƹ⥳ߥ˥˶Ƥ롥ѸϡȤƤϿ͸1ۤɤѤ˲᤮ʤȤƤϿ͸Ⱦʬۤɤ򤹤Ȥ롥Τ褦 ENL ESL ¸붽̣Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ[2010-04-05-1]εǤꤢ

Map of South African Provinces

ǤαѸѤ19˥ꥹ the Cape ̤뤬ܳŪˤ1820ǯʹߤ˥ꥹͤ絬Ϥʰ̱Ԥ褦ˤʤäƤΤȤǤ롥ꥹ̱κǽˤϡ쥤󥰥ɤļ˽пȼԤ¿ Eastern Cape äΤȤαѸϽȤκФơäѼȯã Cape English ȸƤФ롥
絬ϰ̱19ȾФ˹Ԥ줿ΤȤˤϼҲ񳬵ι⤤Ԥ¿Yorkshire Lancashire ʤ̥󥰥ɽΰ̱¿ä Natal ˽夭ܹȤϢ³ᡤαѸѼϰҿΤ륤ꥹɸѸ˶ᤤޤޤݤ줿 Natal English ȸƤФ롥ޤϰ˸ꤵ줺ǹʹ General South African English ȸƤФѼȯã
嵭ξϡꥫѼޤ줿丽ߤʬۤ˻Ƥ롥˥󥰥ο̱Ԥꥫ Jamestown Ωƥꥫü򳫤˥󥰥ο̱Ԥꥫ󤷤 New England ĤȤʤä󥰥䥹åȥɤʤɤ饢ꥫŸ̱ԤϡGeneral American ȸƤФϰ迧ꥫѸѼμ򼬤ºݤˤϰ̱ˤϤñǤϤʤѼ٤κϤ¾ѼȤκˤäȯŸƤƤ뤬̱Ȱ̱ѼϢ³ȤǤȥꥫξӤ롥¤ΤȤΤ褦Ϣ³䥢ꥫΤߤʤ餺ȤƤαѸ줬ܿ줿쥤ꥹ̱ϤǤϹ븽ݤǤ롥
ʤߤˡˤϾ˵󤲤Ѹ컰ѼΤۤˡä South African Indian English ʹ롥1860ǯʹߡɿͤϫƯϤȤ Natal Ϣ졤äʱѸѼä褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
򸫤ƤѸѼϾʤʤ䡥

Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 112--15.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-11-29-1] [2013-12-25-1]

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2010-05-28 Fri

#396. Northern Cities Shift [northern_cities_shift][vowel][ame][language_change][map]

Ѹˤ첻ܤȤСGreat Vowel Shift ( see [2009-11-18-1] ) Ūͭ̾첻ܤϡLate Middle Chinese Τʤˤ㤬롥ѸƤ첻ܤȤƤϡBrE ǹߤƤ Estuary English ΤΤ褯ΤƤ뤬AmE ˤߤԻԤƤ Northern Cities Shift ͭ̾Ǥ롥
Northern Cities Shift Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo ʤɤνԻԤˤ˼դνؤ礷ƤͻҤǤʲϿޤ򻲾ȡˡ

Northern Cities

GVS Ĺ첻˵äƤΤФơNCS û첻˵äƤΤħŪǤ롥⤷ȤˡѸˤǤĹ첻Ѳˤ˵äƤ뤬û첻ϸűѸ褫ʤꤷƤꡤηŪ˿ܤȤϤʤNCS ϡѸû첻ηϤǯʾ̲꤫Фơ֤Τ褦ˤäȲФΤ褦첻ܤǤ롥NCS ϡAmE ΤʤǤäΩŪɸŪ General American ȯĤȤƼ¾ɾƤ Michigan ʤɤƤΤǡ塤ɤΤ褦Ÿ򼨤ˤʤȤǤ롥
첻ܤϡοޤǤޤȤ롥

Northern Cities Shift

첻Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤޤǴ¸ηϤΤʤ chain shift äƤǤ롥Ȥ֤򸫤¤ꡤpush chain drag chain ξƯƤ褦
ϴʤȥߥ˥˳װˤʤʤAnn ʽҡ Ian ˻ҡˤˤʤäƤޤ

Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 239--41.

Referrer (Inside): [2010-06-03-1]

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2010-03-20 Sat

#327. Irish English American English Ϳƶ [ame][irish_english][ireland][contact][history]

19ȾС絲 ( 1845--48 ) ƥɿͤΥꥫؤܽ ( The Great Irish Immigration ) äη̡ĤΥɱѸθˡꥫѸ˻ޤ졤˥ꥫˡȤ夷ȤϲͭԡرѸˡ٤ˤС㤨СΤ褦ʹܤ󤲤Ƥ롥

shall ˡ will ˤۤȤɼä줿᤯1855ǯˤǤ˳Ω
the measles ʤɤΤ褦괧ѤˡʥɱѸδؤˤ륲αƶ
Ƭˤʻѡ anti-, semi-, -ster, -eer ʤɤܼˤ¤ AmE ˸ΥǤϥɱѸαƶϤޤDzǽȤΤȡ
ո¿

Τʤäαƶ¤ɤҴŪ΢դΤǧɬפ뤬ФлŦѸαƺΰü Irish English ˵ȤСꥫ̱ˤȤϢƶ̣

ϲ ͭ ԡ ¼ϰ ˡ ϲ ͭĻ ¼ δ ˧ رѸˡ١Ѹإ[1]1986ǯ罤۽Ź159--60ǡ

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2009-12-21 Mon

#238. Ѹˤˤ causation ɵ [ame][historiography][causation]

ŵŪʥꥫѸˤ Krapp ϡꥫѸȯꥫͤε˵Ȥ¯ФäڤΤƤƤ롥ꥫѸü߽ФװϺǽŪˤϤɤ˵ϤȤǧĤĤ⡤ΤȤȽǤʤΤ顤ʳηѾ ( inheritance )ʤꥹѸ줫ΰ仺ȤߤʤΤ˲ȤȤƸ٤ǤϤʤȤˤˤ֤ʤפɵ椹 causation εˤơǽŪʸͤߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤Τꤦ¤ʸŪڵ򤫤äȤ⤢ꤽʷѾβΩƤƵҤ褦ȤʳŪ٤ƩŰƤ롥

Especially in speech covering short chronological periods, as is the case in comparing British and American speech, one may more hopefully look to inheritance than to ultimate causes in seeking to account for the traits which present themselves. Inheritance obviously will not explain everything, since what is inherited must ultimately have had a determining cause, must have had an origin; but if one cannot discover ultimate origins, the historia, at least, can content himself with transmissions. (Vol. 2, 22--23)


If one did not fear to affirm a universal positive, one might say that in every case the distinctive features of American pronunciation have been but survivals from older usages with were, and in some instances still are, to be found in some dialect or other of the speech of England. (Vol. 2, 28)


The student who would explain American speech as derived from British speech has an inexhaustible store of variations to draw upon, and it is only when the probabilities in all directions have been exhausted that one may turn to the theory of independent and original development of speech sounds in America. (Vol. 2, 29)


ΤȤ Krapp ϡꥫѸ򥤥ꥹѸαĹ˰֤ŤƤꡤꥫ ( the American language ) ǧʤΩǤ롥⤦ĤΥꥫѸˤθŵ The American Language Mencken Ȥ٤ۤʤ롥

Krapp, George Philip. English Language in America. 2 vols. New York: Century, 1925.
Mencken, H. L. The American Language. Abridged ed. New York: Knopf, 1963. 194.

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2009-11-06 Fri

#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ [spelling][me][chancery_standard][ame][me_dialect][standardisation][through]

[2009-06-21-1], [2009-06-20-1]Ѹˤ through ΰ֤꤬515̤ꤢäȤ˼夲ѸλǤꡤֻˤȿǤ줿̡ȤǤʤΰ֤꤬ʤ줿Ѹˤʤȡ˽񤭸ɸबƤޤŪʰ̣ǤΡɸפǤϤʤɸಽؤβߤȤʤֻפ󶡤ƤѼǤ롥ϥɥθʸѤ줿ѼǡChancery Standard ȤΤƤ롥15 Chancery Standard ΥѥĴ Fisher et al. ˤȡthrough ΰ֤Ϥλ14ˤޤǹʤƤʣΰ֤꤬ǸŪʰ̣ǤΡɸפǤϤʤȤΤ뤬515̤⤢äľλ٤гʤοǤ롥ʲѥٿȤȤ˰֤󤲤롥

through (1), thurgh (4), þurgh (3), thorugh (2), thourgh (1), throu (1), thorogh (1), throgh (1), thorwe (1), thorwgh (1), thorw (1), thorow (1), þorow (1), þorowe (1)


Chancery English ʳΥѥ򻲾ȤС¾ΰ֤⤤ޤ˭٤¸ߤƤȿ¬뤬15αѸν񤭸դɸಽؤƻ߻Ϥ᤿Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ʤߤˡ򺣡ƸǸ thru ֤ϡѸ줫ΰ֤ˤȤڤΥƹͤ٤Ǥ롥ºݤˡѸ515̤Τʤ thru ¸ߤʤѸ through ȤƤ褦䤯ɸಽ줿֤꤬ǯƸ thru ʤ֤򸫤ƤȤȤϡˤչԤƤ褦Ǥ⤷

Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006. 30.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996. 68, 76.

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2009-10-20 Tue

#176. ꥫǼѤ줿衼åѸθ [loan_word][ame]

ꥫѸͭμѸȤȡѸϥꥫǥθ˰㤤ʤȴäƤޤ⤷ʤꥹ˥ꥫ˿̱Ƥ衼åѽθ줫⡤ճ¿θäѤƤ롥졤ե󥹸졤ڥʤɤ㤬롥
ߤ New York ϡο̱ϤǤä New Amsterdam 1664ǯ˥ꥹå褷ƲΤԻԤǤꡤͥ󤫤餤ĤΥѸ줬ꥫѸäboss, coleslaw, cookie, Santa Claus, sleigh, waffle ʤɤ롥 waffle ˤĤƤ[2009-07-12-1]ε򻲾ȡ
1803ǯΥեΥ륤ʤι ( Louisiana Purchase ) ϡꥫ罰ιڤΥեͥˤꡤޤʥˤե󥹤αƶϤȿǤơ18ʹߤˤĤμѸ줬äbateau, chowder, prairie ʤɡ
ڥ줫μѸϡ̱ϻͳ褹ΤȤƤ avocado, coyote ʤɾ˲᤮ʤ19ˤʤäƤϡꥫѸθä礭׸ϡ1819ǯ Florida 1845ǯ Texas ʻ硤1848ǯ California New Mexico γ˸褦ˡ19˼ȥڥΤꥫμϤäȤȴϢǤ˥ڥʸƩƤϤ˱Ѹ줬櫓Ǥ롥κμѸȤƤϡranch, rodeo ʤɤҾѸ䡤cafeteria, canyon, mustang, patio ʤɤ롥
ϢȤơ[2009-09-24-1]򻲾ȡ

ϲ ͭ ԡ ¼ϰ ˡ ϲ ͭĻ ¼ δ ˧ رѸˡ١Ѹإ[1]1986ǯ罤۽Ź157--58ǡ
ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ رѸˡ١ƥձѸإ꡼11995ǯ罤۽Ź139--40ǡ

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2009-10-02 Fri

#158. ꥫѸλʬ [ame][periodisation]

ꥫѸˤϡΤȤʤ饤ꥹѸˤ⤺äû
ѹͤˤ륢ꥫؤκǽܳŪʿ̱ϡ1607ǯ Virginia ˤƻϤޤäĮϡι񲦤̾ˤʤ Jamestown ̾դ줿1607ǯȤǯϡѸŪˤϱѸ줬ꥫػޤ줿ǯȤȤˤʤꡤʻ볫ȤƽפʥݥȤǤ롥
ʹߡ400ǯˤ錄äơꥫѸϥꥹѸФơȤˤϴźȤˤϵΥ򤪤ʤ顤ŪȯŸ뤲ƤꥫѸ400ǯˤϡ褽ʲΤ褦˻ʬǤ롥

(1) ( 1607 -- 1790 )
ꥫѸηꥹѸνδߤν˻ޤ졤ꥫѸδפ줿̱Ԥνпϡ̱Υѥ󡤿Ūˤꡤޤˤäơδߤ˱äλʬ롥1776ǯΩǽŪڤ줿1790ǯäơ̱ϻαѸϽλ롥

(2) ( 1790 -- 1920 )
ꥫѸĹ1861--65ǯ򶭤ȸʬ롥λϡꥫΩռιޤꡤڤγ硤̤ΰ̱ήʤɤˤäħŤ졤ꥫѸ줬Τȼϩ߽ФǤ롥ˤϥɥĤ䥢ɤΰ̱ˤ̲沤ΰ̱̤˥ꥫ˲󤻤¿̱²κˤꡤפȤѸ줬ꥫ˹äƤäޤΩˤ뼫ռιޤ꤫顤ꥹѸȰ褹ѼȤƥꥫѸ줬¸ߴ򼨤褦ˤʤä

(3) 軰 ( 1920 -- )
ꥫѸγ켡Υꥫϡܹ񥤥ꥹޤĶȤʤäкѡʸʤ¿ʬ꡼ɤô褦ˤʤꡤȼäƥꥫѸ줬˳ȻߤǤϡꥹѸˤƶڤܤѼȤʤäƤ롥

ʥꥹ˱ѸλʬפФƤߤȡ449ǯϤޤäűѸ1100ǯϤޤäѸ1500ǯʹߤζѸȡ礭ĤλꤵΤǤ롥1900ǯʹߤä˸ѸʬˤϻͤĤλȤʤ롥
̣ΤϡꥫѸˤ400ǯۤɤ˲᤮ʤ櫓Ʊ褦˻ʬ䤵Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥塤ʤƸˤȤʬ⤽Ǥ뤬˲Ȥޤᡤ˲ȤϻʬΤʤ褦Ǥ롥ꥹѸˤʤꡤꥫѸˤʤꡤʬƤߤƤߤȡˤ hop, step, jump Υѥ˽äƤ褦˸̣ĹǤ롥οʲ򶯤ռ19Υ˥ŪȯۤȤ

ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ رѸˡ١ƥձѸإ꡼11995ǯ罤۽Ź134--38ǡ

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2009-09-24 Thu

#150. ꥫѸؤΥɥĸι׸ [german][ame][prefix]

[2009-09-22-1]εǡ (Ǥ Netherlandic language ȸƤ) եꥫ¹ǸѸΰĤȤäƤ Afrikaans Ȥ˸ڤǤϱѸѸΰĤǤꡤξϸߤ˱ƶڤܤäƤ롥εءʲΤ褦ʥȤä

줫٤ʬ줿ʡ˱Ѹȥ줬եꥫϤǽвäơߤ˱ƶäƤäƤΤԻ׵ĤʴǤġ


ȯãΤʳˤư٤̤줿ɤˤζˤꡤ˱Ϥǡ֤᤹פȤ롼ȤϳΤ˶̣Ϥ쿢̱ϤǤϡʣΥ衼å󶯤θ줬¸ƤȤȤϽʬˤȤǡκǤϥꥫߤΥꥫΰϤĤƤϥڥΤեΤä櫓ǤꡤϰǤϡѸޤ᤿衼åѽ줬ƶͿäƤܿ椬衼åѤǤϤʤꥫäȤȤ⤷Τƹζ̤̱åǤäȤͤСܹդǤϤʤषΥ줿ϤǤܿäȤȤϼʤΤ⤷ʤ
ꥫǤαѸȥ衼åѽθܿˤĤƤϡMencken ˶̣꤬äȤ򵭲ƤΤǡõƤߤƸˤ ker- Ƭñ줬Ĥ롥ŤΤɥ봶򤢤魯ƬȤ㤨 ker-flop, ker-smash, ker-thump ʤɤ롥Mencken ˤȡϥɥĸƬ ge- ̤ΤǤϤʤȤ Mencken ˤ Dorpalen Horwill λʸ󤲤Ƥ뤬ɮԤ̤ǧ
ޤɥİ̱¿ä Pennsylvania Wisconsin Ǥ϶̣ɥĸαƶ褦㤨С³ that ñȤ so that ΰ̣ɽȤ
Ĥ˶̤ƤΤϡűѸǤϡɥĸбƬˡȤȤäȤơϱѸǤϸ˼ƤޤäƱ Germanic °ɥĸȲɴǯ夫˥ꥫϤǽв񤦤Ȥˤꡤ褷Ȥ褷ȤäƤѸ¦ˤμФϤʤ櫓λҴŪįƤߤȡĤθη줬ޤĤʤäפΤ褦Ǥ롥
ѲȸܿΰȤ٤

Mencken, H. L. The American Language. Abridged ed. New York: Knopf, 1963. 194.
Dorpalen, Andreas. "German Influences on the American language." American-German Review (1941). 14.
Horwill, H. W. American Variations. London: Clarendon, 1936. 176.

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