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diachrony - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-30 01:44

2016-08-10 Wed

#2662. 塼ˤζ֤̻ (2) [diachrony][linguistics][saussure]

ѻݤζ (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) Ȥ2Ĥθϡ塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) ν̤⤤ư衤ؤδܳǰȤ夷Ƥܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ȥˤ򵿤ۤ褦ȤĤĤ⡤ŪˤϤ2ʬˡƤ
2Ĥ֤ζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#2555. 塼ˤζ֤̻֡ ([2016-04-25-1]) Dz⤷ϡSaussure ȤΡڤδȡפˤꡤ2ʬˡˤĤ­ä
ֶؤפȾΤ륽塼ϡѲ򸦵椹̻Ūʡ׸ؤȡˤξ֤򸦵椹ֶŪʡ׸ؤ̤뤳Ȥĥ塼ˤС2ĤδϤޤäƤ줺ΩΤǤ롥ϡ礦ڤδڤ2Ĥˡ롥1Ĥϴʿڤꡤǯؤιޤ줿̿ޤѻ뤳ȡ⤦1Ĥϡľڤꡤּ˱äڤĹѻ뤳ȤǤ롥Aitchison (38) ο޼Ƹ褦

Tree-Trunk Analogy of Synchrony and Diachrony

#1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1]) εǿ줿뿷פȤǸľС֤ϥ̿Ƥ̻֤ϥӥǥ黣ƤŤưδطȤäƤ褤
֤̻֤͡ˤĤƤϡ#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1])#1076. 塼뤬֤̻֤ͥ褵3Ĥͳ ([2012-04-07-1])#1040. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰۡ ([2012-03-02-1])#1260. ֤̻֤ ([2012-10-08-1])#1426. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰ (2) ([2013-03-23-1])#2197. 塼ζ֤̻֤ǧ ([2015-05-03-1])#2563. ̻ءؤȤѸäơ ([2016-05-03-1]) ϤȤơdiachrony γƵǰäƤΤǡȤ

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-05-1]

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2016-05-14 Sat

#2574. ־ѰۤꡤѲäƤ [language_change][variation][diachrony][spelling_pronunciation]

Ѳ򰷤Ȥǡ (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony)Ѱ (variation) Ѳ (change) Ȥǥ롼סǥå󤷤ƤȤ륰롼פɸΤ褦ʸӽФȤƹͤƤΤϡoften ȯŪ [ˈɒfən] Ǥʤֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) Ȥ [ˈɒftn] Ȥȯ褦ˤʤäƤƤѲ (= t1) ԤȯʤäȤ (= t2) ˸ԤƤ鸽ߤ˻ޤξȯδ֤ɤ줬졤Τ (= t3) ˤԤѤƸԤΤߤĤȤǽʤǤϤʤϡԤȯʤäȤΤΤǤꡤܺ٤ϡ#379. often spelling pronunciation ([2010-05-11-1])#380. often <t> ǤϤʤ <n> ⤷ ([2010-05-12-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿δάΤˡϤΤ褦ˤƤˡ
ơ̾ѸȤǤϡt1 t2 t3 Ȥ̻ŪʲˤĤơ֢פ뤤ϡ֢פʬΤȤѲפȸƤӡt2 ˤƸɤؤơѰۡפȸƤ֡礹Ѱ۷ (variant) ¸ߤʤ t1 t3 λˤƤ⡤塤ɤΤѰۡפξ֤Ȥߤ뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤºݾ϶꤬¸ߤʤΤΡϥѰ۷Ȳꤹ롤Ȥt2 ˤ2ĤѰ۷ѻΤѰ۷߲Ƥ뤫Ǥꡤt1 t2 Ǥ⸫ʤѰ۷Ū¸ߤƤΤȵǤ롥ιͤ variationist ξ򤤤super-variationist ȤǤ⤤٤Τ٤ƤθबŪˤϾѰۤˤ餵Ƥ롤ȤѰۤƤ롤ȤäȤ
ѰۤˤĤƤΤιͤѲˤѤȡƤȸ뤳ȤǤ2ĤλӤȤˡܤˤϲѲƤʤǤäƤ⡤ϥѲäΤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤŪˤϤबѲƤΤȲꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥Τ褦˹ͤΤǤСܾѲƤʤݤ¤ѲΤΤȤȤˤʤ뤫顤֤ʤפ䤤ΩƤ뤳ȤǤ롥٤ϡ#2115. ݻȸѲؤ񹳡 ([2015-02-10-1])#2220. ѸǸƬ໤ͭʤäͳ ([2015-05-26-1])#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡؼԤ̵ѲǤ餦٤ȤMilroy μĥȤ礤
ѰۡѲȤͤˤϥ󥹥ԥ졼

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2016-05-03 Tue

#2563. ̻ءؤȤѸä [saussure][terminology][diachrony][methodology][history_of_linguistics][evolution]

#2555. 塼ˤζ֤̻֡ ([2016-04-25-1]) ǡ֤̻֤ζ̤ˤĤˤȤǡSaussure (116--17) Cours ǡ̻֤ȶ֤ν̤⤤ľˡɸ2ĤθؤθƾΤˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥

Voilà pourquoi nous distinguons deux linguistiques. Comment les désignerons-nous? Les termes qui s'offrent ne sont pas tous également propres à marquer cette distinction. Ainsi histoire et «linguistique historique» ne sont pas utilisables, car ils appellent des idées trop vagues; comme l'histoire politique comprend la description des époques aussi bien que la narration des événements, on pourrait s'imaginer qu'en décrivant des états de la langue succesifs on étudie la langue selon l'axe du temps; pour cela, il faudrait envisager séparément les phénomènes qui font passer la langue d'un état à un autre. Les termes d'évolution et de linguistique évolutive sont plus précis, et nous les emploierons souvent; par opposition on peut parler de la science des états de langue ou linguistique statique.
   Mais pour mieux marquer cette opposition et ce croisement de deux ordres de phénomènes relatifs au même objet, nous préfèrons parler de linguistique synchronique et de linguistique diachronique. Est synchronique tout ce qui se rapporte à l'aspect statique de notre science, diachronique tout ce qui a trait aux évolutions. De même synchronie et diachronie désigneront respectivement un état de langue et une phase d'évolution.


Saussure ѸؤΤ򸫤Ƥ롥Saussure ˡ׸ (linguistique historique) ǤۣȤΤϡּΰۤʤˤ֤򼡡ȵҤ뤳ȤˡפǤС붦ŪηϤ̤ζŪηϤؤȻּ˱äƿʤޤƤ븽ݤˤĤƸ뤳ȤˡפǤ뤫Ԥΰ̣ɽ魯ˤϡˡפǤΤǤȤȤǸԤòѸȤ "linguistic historique" "linguistique évolutive" Ф "linguistic statique"ˤѤ뤳Ȥˡ2ĤμΩѸΩ뤿ˡ"linguistique diachronique" Ф "linguistic synchronique") ѤΤǤ롥
Τ褦ʷаޤ̻֤ȶ֤ѸΩΩƤ櫓ʲ ("linguistique évolutive") ָ ("linguistic statique") ȤƾΤ⡤ĿŪˤϤ֤ľŪǼΤƤ롥

Saussure, Ferdinand de. Cours de linguistique générale. Ed. Tullio de Mauro. Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-05-1] [2016-08-10-1]

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2016-04-28 Thu

#2558. ѲϸܼǤ [language_change][diachrony][saussure][methodology]

20μήɸؤǤϡѲʤΤꤵƸ椵ƤȤϤäƤ⡤줬鸽ߤˤѲƤ¤ǧ줿櫓ǤϤʤ19θ츦Ǿܺ٤˼줿̤ꡤϾѲƤΤǤꡤѲƤ롥ˡ塤ѲȤ¦̡̻֡򸫤ʤȤˤƤ뤤ϸ󤷤ˤƤȤȤǤ롥
ؼԤΤߤʤ餺̤ο͡ˤȤäƤ⡤줬ѲȤܼŪʻ¤Ϥޤ긫Ƥʤ褦˻פ롥줬ѲȤȤϳΤΤäƤ롥ήԸνиȾüиƤ뤷ˡѲä˸ո˴ؤסˤϥǥ䶵ˤˤƤ롥ŵ˿иߤθȤκҤҤȴ뤷ѸˤܸˤȤܤ뤳ȤΤäƤ롥¿οͤˤȤäơѲϤɤ餫Ȥ㳰ŪʽǤꡤ줬˵äƤȤФϤʤΤǤϤʤ
Τ褦ʴФظˤϡͤθո˴ؤ뵬ϰռζΨΤ褤ߥ˥ΤˤϡϰסѤäƤϤʤոεϼʤФʤʤȤռ롥ä˽񤭸դϵŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿ְͤǸ경פȤݤͿ䤹ҲˤƸҤѸΤ褦ʸФƤ⡤¿ο͡ϸŪʸäƤ褦ѸΤʸˡäΤäääȻפߡѤ餺˱ɤ³ȿƤ롥ϸ§ȤѲʤ뤤Ѳʤۤ褤ȤѤ줬ѲƤȤ¤򸫤ˤƤ롥
Ѳ˵Ťˤ̤ͳȤƤϡƤθѲޤ˺٤ǤꡤʤǤȤȤ롥θѤΤʤǵäƤѲϡߥ˥˳ʤ٤ζˤƷʰæǤ뤿ᡤۤȤγФʤȤγФ줿ȤƤ⡤פǤʤæǤ뤿ᡤ˰ռήꡤ˺Ƥޤ
¤ˤθѤθѤ٤˰ۤʤäƤΤǤꡤ˸ѲƤȤΤ
ؤǽŪ˸ܼ餫ˤ뤳Ȥ̿ȤʬǤʾ塤ѲΤǤȤ¤ФơĤޤǤܤĤƤ櫓ˤϤʤ餫ηǡѲܼˤؤǤФʤФʤʤѲȤ߹ؤɬˤĤƤϡ#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1])#2197. 塼ζ֤̻֤ǧ ([2015-05-03-1])#2295. Ѳϸξ֤ϳؤǤ ([2015-08-09-1]) ʤɤε⻲ͤˤ줿

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2016-04-25 Mon

#2555. 塼ˤζ֤̻ [saussure][diachrony][methodology][terminology][linguistics]

塼衤ͻȤưۤʤ2Ĥγ٤̤Ƥ (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) Ǥ롥ܥ֥ǤϤ2ʬˡȤǡ˰͵򤷤ꡤ뤤ϲŪ˵ꤷƤͭ̾2ʬˡˤĤơѸ켭ŵʤɤ򻲾Ȥơ餿ƳǧƤ
ޤݻΥ塼Ѹ (309--10) ˤϼΤ褦ˤ롥

synchronie/diachronie [̻֡]
ʳؤоݤη (système de valeurs) ȤªȤ֤μΰ̤ˤ (état) 򶦻֤ȸƤӡŪ¤򡤻 (temps) κѤ̵뤷ƵҤ븦򶦻 (linguistique synchronique) ȤϤޤǤˡλǤäơ¤ˤϡηϤϹȰܤѤФ꤫ʣηϤŤʤäƶ¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ˺ƤϤʤʤάФơΰܤѤ뤵ޤޤʳǵҤ줿Ṳ̤̄ӤηΤѲéȤ븦椬̻ (linguistique diachronique) ǤꡤоݤȤͤư (déplacement) ̻֤Ǥ롥


Ʊݻ (73--74) Ǥϡ塼ιͤ򼡤Τ褦˲⤷Ƥ롥

ָؤˤĤΰۤʤäʳؤ롥֤ޤ϶ؤȡư֤ޤ̻ؤǤסĤζ̤ϡ褽ηϤоݤȤǤɬʤ٤ǤäơȤзкѳؤȷкѻˤƱʳؤΤʤǤϤäʬ줿ʬΤƱˡؤˤƤĤΰ̤٤ǤȤΤ̥塼ͤιͤǤä塼ϤθεҤ (linguistique synchronique)ȤȤѲεҤ̻ (linguistique diachronique) ȸƤǤ롥


Crystal Ѹ켭ŵǤϡpp. 469, 142 ˤ줾츫ФΩƤƤ롥

synchronic (adj.) One of the two main temporal dimensions of LINGUISTIC investigation introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure, the other being DIACHRONIC. In synchronic linguistics, languages are studied at a theoretical point in time: one describes a 'state' of the language, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. For example, one could carry out a synchronic description of the language of Chaucer, or of the sixteenth century, or of modern-day English. Most synchronic descriptions are of contemporary language states, but their importance as a preliminary to diachronic study has been stressed since Saussure. Linguistic investigations, unless specified to the contrary, are assumed to be synchronic; they display synchronicity.


diachronic (adj.) One of the two main temporal dimensions of LINGUISTIC investigation introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure, the other being SYNCHRONIC. In diachronic linguistics (sometimes called linguistic diachrony), LANGUAGES are studied from the point of view of their historical development --- for example, the changes which have taken place between Old and Modern English could be described in phonological, grammatical and semantic terms ('diachronic PHONOLOGY/SYNTAX/SEMANTICS'). An alternative term is HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS. The earlier study of language in historical terms, known as COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY, does not differ from diachronic linguistics in subject-matter, but in aims and method. More attention is paid in the latter to the use of synchronic description as a preliminary to historical study, and to the implications of historical work for linguistic theory in general.


ݻ Ϻإ塼뾮ŵ١罤ۡ1985ǯ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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2016-03-31 Thu

#2530. evolution evolution (4) [evolution][history_of_linguistics][language_change][language_myth][neogrammarian][saussure][chomsky][diachrony][generative_grammar][terminology]

3֤ε ([2016-03-28-1], [2016-03-29-1], [2016-03-30-1]) ǡѲ򰷤ʬˤ "evolution" ȤѸ줬ˤȤ館ƤͤȤ櫓ǯθؤˤ "evolution" ϡ٤Ѹ˼깤ĤȾϲäȤ˺Ƥ夷ƤǰǤ뤳Ȥǧ1ʾ³ƤȤäƤ褯1Ĥε䤬롥ؼԤγ̿ŪʻۤαƶΤ19ȾʤΤȤ˸ؤʪؤѳפ˸礦ϤѳפФʤäΤʤ100ǯʾ20ȾˤʤäƤ褦䤯 "linguistic evolution" 󵯤졤ɾ褦ˤʤäΤδ֤˸ءʼԡˤˤϲäƤΤ
ˤĤơNerlich ʸߤĤɤǤߤNerlich Ϥζλ֤ͳ(1) 19Ⱦ Schleicher ʲ򤷤ȡ(2) 20Ⱦ Saussure ʬŪиŪˤΩäŪؤؤμήȤʤäȡ(3) 20ȾФˤ Bloomfield Chomsky ϤȤ륢ꥫؤ̣¿üԤڻ뤷Ƥȡ3˵Ƥ롥
(1) ˤĤ Nerlich (104) ϡ Schleicher ϥοʲ򡤻ǤָοפŪݡȤȤѤȤˡοʲμ׳ǰǤ "variation, selection and adaptation" ŬѤ˽ƤޤäȤäȤƤ롥ɸ֤ʤ顤μ¡ιͤΥƤʤäΤǤ롥㤨СˤȤäʪμʬϤޤ2ŪʤΤǤꡤ礿ؿѷβäSchleicher ϸʬˤäƤΤθȯιͤȥμοʲȤƱƤȤäƤ褤Schleicher ϡ򿿤򤷤ƤʤäȤ롥
(2) ʳ Saussure ɽ붦ŪؼԤ뤬λ˻ޤǤˤ⡤Schleicher θͭǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ˤꡤȽƤȽϡѲθؤδؿΤ˷ŪѤ뤳ȤϤʤʤȤˡѲ򰷤̻֤ȤΤƤ֤Ƥ֤˴ؿ椵̤Ȥʤäޤlangue ؤδؿƤϤ䤵褦ˤʤȡparole °ѤüԤϼ夲뤳ȤʤʤäϰͤǤȤβΤȤǡѲȤȤʤ¿Ѱۤ׻뤵줿
Τ褦ʶֽŻϡ(3) ˻äĺޤʬۼθؤʸˡϰ̣Ȥ԰θƤ֤ΰȤ뤳Ȥ̤夲Ƥä
(3) λȴФơ褦䤯ؼԤϻѡüԡ̣¿ѰۡѲȤȤγ¦˹äƤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤΡֵŤפˤĤơNerlich (106--07) ϼΰǤǮҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

Thus meaning, language change and language use became problems and were mainly discarded from the science of language for reasons of theoretical tidiness: meaning and change are rather messy phenomena. Hence autonomy, synchrony and homogeneity finally enclosed language in a kind of magic triangle that defended it against any sort of indeterminacy, fluctuation or change. But outside the static triangle, that ideal domain of structural and generative linguistics, lies the terra incognita of linguistic dynamics, where one can discover the main sources of linguistic change, contextuality, history and heterogeneity, fields of study that are slowly being rediscovered by post-Chomskyan and post-Saussurean linguists. This terra incognita is populated by a curious species, also recently discovered: the language user! S/he acts linguistically and non-linguistically in a heterogenous and ever-changing world, constantly trying to adapt the available linguistic means to her/his ever changing ends and communicative needs. In acting and interacting the speakers are the real vectors of linguistic evolution, and their choices must be studied if we are to understand the nature of language. It is not enough to stop at a static analysis of language as a product, organism or system. The study of evolutionary processes and procedures should help to overcome the sterility of the old dichotomies, such as those between langue/parole, competence/performance and even synchrony/diachrony.


Τ褦ˤ20Ⱦ̻֤ؤδؿꡤѲȤХοʲȤ櫓ǡʲθؤαѤƳΤǤ롥䡤ǽ Schleicher λߤԤäȤСƱѤϤޤäȤȤ뤫⤷ʤ

Nerlich, Brigitte. "The Evolution of the Concept of 'Linguistic Evolution' in the 19th and 20th Century." Lingua 77 (1989): 101--12.

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2015-11-02 Mon

#2380. Gould and Vrba γŬ (1) [exaptation][terminology][evolution][diachrony][teleology]

ε#2379. Ƶ̾γŬ ([2015-11-01-1]) Ǥ夲Ŭ (exaptation) ϡ衤ʪʲѸǤ롥#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡGould and Vrba ˤʪʲγŬʪؤˤ褯̤ؼ Lass ѲƤϤ᤿Τä
Gould and Vrba ʸϡۤĹʸǤϤʤȯŪǤ롥ʪؤ糰ǤɤۤɤΰƤꡤ餳ؤؤŬѤ;ϤäΤʲˤѸ̤ơб복ǰߴط餫ˤ褦ȤʸǤꡤνѸ䳵ǰϡΤ˹פиѲˤƤϤ뤳ȤǤ褦˻פ롥ʸƬ׻ (4) 餷ŪͤƤΤǡΤޤްѤ

Adaptation has been defined and recognized by two different criteria: historical genesis (features built by natural selection for their present role) and current utility (features now enhancing fitness no matter how they arose). Biologists have often failed to recognize the potential confusion between these different definitions because we have tended to view natural selection as so dominant among evolutionary mechanisms that historical process and current product become one. Yet if many features of organisms are non-adapted, but available for useful cooptation in descendants, then an important concept has no name in our lexicon (and unnamed ideas generally remain unconsidered): features that now enhance fitness but were not built by natural selection for their current role. We propose that such features be called exaptations and that adaptation be restricted, as Darwin suggested, to features built by selection for their current role. We present several examples of exaptation, indicating where a failure to conceptualize such an idea limited the range of hypotheses previously available. We explore several consequences of exaptation and propose a terminological solution to the problem of preadaptation.


̻ŪȯȶŪͭκƱȤꡤƤ뤿οѸȤƤ exaptation ϡˤƤΩĤϤǤ롥ߥ˥ΩĤ٤̻ŪȯƤ (adaptation) ȡȯãƷŪΩĵǽ (exaptation) ̤ƤȤϡΤɬפޤexaptation ϡŪ (teleology) ŪʸѲѤйѸȳǰͿƤ褦ˤפ롥
Gould and Vrba (5) ϡ"A taxonomy of fitness" ꤹɽǡʲΤ褦˴ϢѸƤ롥

ProcessCharacterUsage
Natural selection shapes the character for a current use --- adaptationadaptationaptationfunction
A character, previously shaped by natural selection for a particular function (an adaptation), is coopted for a new use --- cooptationexaptationeffect
A character whose origin cannot be ascribed to the direct action of natural selection (a nonaptation), is coopted for a current use --- cooptation


νѸ췲ѲˡʬŪˤǤŬѤˤϻԺɬפʤȤϤޤǤʤˤ¿βǽƤ褦ľ롥

Gould, Stephen Jay and Elizabeth S. Vrba. "Exaptation --- A Missing Term in the Science of Form." Paleobiology 8.1 (1982): 4--15.

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2015-08-09 Sun

#2295. Ѳϸξ֤ϳؤǤ [linguistics][language_change][diachrony][methodology][variation]

ѲȤ̻ŪѲΤȤǤ뤫顤ϸ츦̻Ǹ椵٤ΤǤ롤ȤΤ̤򤫤⤷ʤ̻ŪѲȶŪѰۤƱ츽ݤΰۤʤ¦̤ǤȤ䡤⤽⥽塼ߤ֤̻֤ζ̤ǤϤʤȤ뤳ȤͤȡѲ̻Ū椢뤤ŪȤư֤Ť뤳Ȥ⵿路ʤäƤ롥
Ѳϡ֤̻֤ζۤ뤤϶ѶŪۣˤ븦ΰǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ϡ֤ϳء뤤ϡ֡פȤɽ򤢤򤱤С֤ϳؤȸƤ֤٤ΤǤ롥ιͤϡϤäɽȤϤʤäܥ֥ǤʲεʤɤˤФƤ

#1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1])
#1260. ֤̻֤ ([2012-10-08-1])
#2125. 르󡤥ͥ륲 ([2015-02-20-1])
#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1])
#2167. "orderly heterogeneity" diffusion ([2015-04-03-1])
#2197. 塼ζ֤̻֤ǧ ([2015-05-03-1])

־֤ϳءפȤƤθѲΤȤ館ϡʤԤФ󾧤Ƥ褷ư̲ƤȤϸʤ־֤ϳءפΰ⤤ľܤɽƤ Keller (125) Ѥ褦

. . . does a theory of change belong to the field of synchronic or diachronic linguistics? If we look again at the definition by Bally and Sechehaye, we observe that the answer can be either 'both . . . and' or 'neither . . . nor'. Now, if a question admits two contradictory propositions as answers, we can be sure that something is amiss with the concepts involved. In this case the conclusion is inevitable that the concepts 'synchrony' and 'diachrony' are not suitable for dealing with problems of language change. They are basically concepts which belong to a theory of the history of language, not to a theory of change. The concepts 'state (of being)' and 'history' are very different from those of 'stasis' and 'dynamics'. 'The past is the repository of that which has irrevocably happened and been created'; whatever belongs to history is static, but the place of dynamics is the present. A theory of change is not a theory of history, but a theory of the dynamics of a 'state'. An explanation of this type seems able to fulfil the claim for an 'integrated synchrony' made by Coseriu in 1980 in his article 'Vom Primat der Geschichte'. Its task would be to define the manner in which 'the functioning of language coincides with language change'.


Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.

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2015-05-03 Sun

#2197. 塼ζ֤̻֤ǧ [saussure][diachrony][methodology]

塼ˤ붦֤̻֤ζ̤ΩˤĤƤϡ#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1])#1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1]) ȡ#1076. 塼뤬֤̻֤ͥ褵3Ĥͳ ([2012-04-07-1])#1040. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰۡ ([2012-03-02-1])#1426. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰ (2) ([2013-03-23-1])#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1]) ʤɤεˤƤ#1260. ֤̻֤ ([2012-10-08-1]) εǤߤ褦ˡ䥳֥ϥ塼2ʬˡ˰۵Ĥ򿽤ΩƤΩ (42) ˤХ䥳֥ȽƤʤȤ䥳֥ϸ򸽼оݤȤƤȤ館ƤꡤΩ줫顤ˤ϶Ū¦̤̻Ū¦̤ꡤξԤʬ񤯷ӤĤƤƤ롥塼ϡ򸽼оݤȤƤǤϤʤǧоݤȤƤȤ館Ǥ2ʬˡ󼨤ƤΤ䥳֥ϡ塼2ʬˡˤʳǧ򤷤ƤʤΤȡ
Ǥϡ塼2ʬˡˤʳǧȤϲϡָΤΰռפǤ롥ˤĤơˤΤ֡γˤΤ̻֤ȤǧǤ롥ĹѤȤʤ뤬Ω (43--45) Υ塼˼򷹤褦ʸʸ˵ϲؤƤˡ

塼ˤСΤΰռΤˤİΤռˤȤäƤϡŻߤ֤¸ߤƤʤǤ⾯ѲĤŤƤ뤷ĿͤΰĤƤ⤢٤ϿܤƤ櫓ĿͤϤѲޤäռˡʬϰƱİäƤȿƤΤ褦ˡİΤռӤȤե륿Ĥ줿ǧоݤҶ֡ӤǤꡤƨΤ̻֡ӤȤΤǤ롥äơ֤ƱפȤΤϸŵʪŪʻּΰִ֤ȤƤƱǤϤʤİΤռӤˤȤäƤƱäŪƱȤǤ⤤٤ΤǤ롥бơ塼뤬äƤ̻֤ȤΤŵʪŪŪ֤ǤϤʤΤռƨ褦ʡ쥷ƥѲưθưϡʤΤäơ塼ϺŪ˿ֳǰˤȤŤƶ̻֤֡ζ̤򤪤ʤǧоݤۤΤǤäơ䡼֥Τ褦˸ŵʪŪʻֳǰŪʻ֡ˤˤȤŤƤȽ褦ʤȤϡޤäΤޤȤϤǤꡤȽȤΩʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʴ餹ȡǽˤ x y ʤɸΤ褦ʿޤϡͿΤǤä⤷ʤĤϡ塼뼫ȡΤβŪʻֳǰ򤦤ޤ뤳ȤǤΤ褦ʸμޤƤΤǤäơۤȤɤθؼԤϤ٤ˤȤɤޤäƤ롥ϡΡֲǽ濴פɤޤʤФʤʤ
ƤʤҶ֡ӤȤϡָΤΰռפ䤦ȤˤäƼФʥ󥰡ˤŻ߾֤ΤȤǡŪͤΥƥƤ롥ŪͤΥƥȤΤϡСŪʴطΤȤƤεΥƥࡤɽŪۡʡΩˤΥƥȤȤ̤ΤȤǤϤʤˤơ̻֡ӤȤϡָΤΰռפƨꡤΤ̵ռΤˡ֤ΤʤξǤ롥Ҷ֡ӤΤΡҰռռӥƥͿƤΤˤơ̻֡ӤϼΤΡ̵ռӥƥˤΤͿƤȤȤǤ롥塼ϡξԤθϳؤӤơѹվ֤ˤȤƤζ֤θֳưĤĤȤƤ̻֤θưƤ롥ʾ夫餫ʤ褦ˡ̻֤֡ζ̤ȤΤϡ褯褦ʸ츦ˤˡ̤ʤɤǤϤäƤʤȼΤץ뤿ǧŪ֤ˤۤʤʤĤޤꡤҰռռӥƥȡ̵ռӥƥȤʬΤŪˡϤޤˤΤ褦ʡդؤȤƸΤǤ


֤̻֤ϡȤоݤ2¦̤ǤϤʤФФᤵƤ褦ˡѻݤ2ĤλǤʤǤϤʤ֤̻֤ȤϡҸΤΰռӤˤ뤫ˤ뤫ȤǧʤΤΩĤϡΤ褦˥塼ᤷƤ롥

Ω 󡦻 ظ١˼ҡ1990ǯ

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2015-04-03 Fri

#2167. "orderly heterogeneity" diffusion [lexical_diffusion][language_change][variation][diachrony]

#1997. Ѳ5Ĥ¦̡ ([2014-10-15-1])#1998. The Embedding Problem ([2014-10-16-1])#2012. ѲȤ٤̸§7 ([2014-10-30-1]) ǡWeinreich, Labov, and Herzog θѲ夲ƤWeinreich et al. ˤȤʤ¤ˡ"orderly heterogeneity" äۼˤ롥ηŪѰ۲ǽ (systematic variability) ȸƤǤ褤Ѱۤ츫ФФ¸ߤƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ΤȤƤϹ¤ʤƤȤˤ "orderly heterogeneity" ֤ǤƱˡϸ줬ѲƤ뤳ȤθǤ롥
"orderly heterogeneity" ϡѲäδ֤˥Τ褦˽˿ʹԤƤȼĥóȻ (lexical_diffusion) βˤ˴ѻ롥ѲϤĶ̤θĶؤηϤ򤤤Ϥ⤤ƤΤλ֤γ̤ߤȡȿäѰۤ«롥̻ŪѲΥѥȶŪѰۤȤߤбͤѻΤǤ롥äȤ⡤˽Ҥ٤ΤŪʾǤꡤºݤˤϸ¤Ϻ٤ȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ⡤Ūʥǥ򼨺ڵϿ¿θФƤ롥
Wolfram and Schilling-Estes (716) ϡCharles-James N. Bailey (Variation and Linguistic Theory. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1973.) ˰͵򤷡Ѳκˤ "orderly heterogeneity" ɤΤ褦˸Τ򼨤ǥͿƤ롥Ѳεȿ X, Y ȤY ȤäƤ2ĤθĶ E1, E2 ȤȡѲϼγʳФƿʹԤƤ

Variation model of change

Stage of change E1E2
1Categorical status, before undergoing changeXX
2Early stage begins variably in restricted environmentX/YX
3Change in full progress, greater use of new form in E1 where change first initiatedX/YX/Y
4Change progresses toward completion with movement toward categoricality first in E1 where change initiatedYX/Y
5Completed change, new variantYY


̻ŪʳȻȶŪѰۤбäƤ뤳ȤˤĤơWolfram and Schilling-Estes (716) "the systematic variability of fluctuating forms will correlate synchronic relations of "more" and "less" to diachronic relations of "earlier" or "later" stages of the change" ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
嵭ǰäƤϡѲ transition ʰܹԡˤ embedding ߡˤ˴ؤǤ롥ǤϻȤƤ̻֤ȶ֤ζ̤ϤĤ뤫⤷ʤݤȤƤ̻ŪǤⶦŪǤʤͻ礵ѲѰۤϳؤΤΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ˤĤơ#2125. 르󡤥ͥ륲 ([2015-02-20-1])#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1])#2159. ֤̻֤ӤĤ diffusion ([2015-03-26-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Weinreich, Uriel, William Labov, and Marvin I. Herzog. "Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change." Directions for Historical Linguistics. Ed. W. P. Lehmann and Yakov Malkiel. U of Texas P, 1968. 95--188.
Wolfram, Walt and Natalie Schilling-Estes. "Dialectology and Linguistic Diffusion." The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003. 713--35.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-09-1]

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2015-03-26 Thu

#2159. ֤̻֤ӤĤ diffusion [lexical_diffusion][diachrony][dialectology][language_change][geography][geolinguistics][sociolinguistics][isogloss]

#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1]) ǡ̷֤̻֤⤹ΤǤϤʤȤ륳ꥦεߤξԤ̷⤷ʤȤϡ1Ĥθ¤2Ĥ¦̤ˤʤΤǤꡤषºݤˤͻ礷ƤΤǤ롥ΤȤϡʬۤóȻθ򤷤ƤȤ褯ʬ롥֤ή줬֡Ū֤Ҳؤζ֡ˤ˺פĤȤǤФ褤ưŤƱ路ƤΤΤ褦ʻ򤦤ޤ뤳ȤϤǤʤͤƤȤWolfram and Schilling-Estes ˤؤȸŪȻˤĤƤʸϤƬ (713) ˡƤΤߤĤ̯

Dialect variation brings together language synchrony and diachrony in a unique way. Language change is typically initiated by a group of speakers in a particular locale at a given point in time, spreading from that locus outward in successive stages that reflect an apparent time depth in the spatial dispersion of forms. Thus, there is a time dimension that is implied in the layered boundaries, or isoglosses, that represent linguistic diffusion from a known point of origin. Insofar as the synchronic dispersion patterns are reflexes of diachronic change, the examination of synchronic points in a spatial continuum also may open an important observational window into language change in progress.


"spatial" ȤȤ֤ؤƤ褦˻פ뤬ƱȤϼҲ֤ˤƤϤޤ롥ºݡWolfram and Schilling-Estes (714) ϡ2Ĥΰۤʤ֤ؤγȻƱˤĤƹͤƤ롥

Although dialect diffusion is usually associated with linguistic innovations among populations in geographical space, a horizontal dimension, it is essential to recognize that diffusion may take place on the vertical axis of social space as well. In fact, in most cases of diffusion, the vertical and horizontal dimensions operate in tandem. Within a stratified population a change will typically be initiated in a particular social class and spread to other classes in the population from that point, even as the change spreads in geographical space.


֤ȼҲ֤ؤƱγȻΤۤˤ⡤͡ʼؤƱγȻͤ뤳ȤǤ롥óȻ (lexical_diffusion) Ϥ⤽֤ˤȻǤ뤷֤ϰήʤΤǡֳȻפȤɽʤʡֶֻ֡פȤ̯ʸؤΡ˰γȻȤͤ롥Τ褦¿ŪʸȻθˤĤƤϡ#1550. ȾóȻްռ (3) ([2013-07-25-1]) ǡ"double diffusion" "cumulative diffusion" ȸƤӤʤȤǤ⤢롥ˡƱ¿Ȼ (simultaneous multi-dimensional diffusion) ̾դפ̿̾Ϥ塼ˤ֤ζ̤μ뤿Υɤ1ĤȤơ

Wolfram, Walt and Natalie Schilling-Estes. "Dialectology and Linguistic Diffusion." The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003. 713--35.

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2015-03-01 Sun

#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ [saussure][diachrony][language_change][causation][methodology][linguistics]

ǶᡤؼԥꥦθѲˮ줿Ѳ򸦵椹ԤˤȤäƥꥦΤȤФ϶Ƭ (19) ǡָѲȤפȤ˸ڤƤʰʲ˵ؤƤˡ

ѲȤϡ餫˰ĤκŪ̷򤫤Ƥ롥⤽⡤򸶰Ȥ٤ȤꤢơϤʤѲΤʤޤѲ򤷤ƤϤʤʤΤ褦ˡˤ䤦ȼΡˤ褽ʤäΤˡȯŸ𤷡˲餷ƤޤΤȸǤ롥ȯŸϸܼȿΤȡޤˤΤȤεǤȤ롥


̷θ塼ζ֤̻֤2ʬˡˤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥#1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1]) ȡ#1076. 塼뤬֤̻֤ͥ褵3Ĥͳ ([2012-04-07-1]) ǿ줿Ȥꡤ塼ϸ츦ˤ붦֤ͥ褷̻֤ϼΤŪ⤿ʤ衤¿θؼԤ塼˽ܼŪηϤǤꡤѲȤΤϸˤȤä̷ʳβΤǤʤȿƤƱԻ׵ĤäƤ⤭
ꥦ (22--23) ϡŪʸѲ̷˿øй롥ꥦˤ8ʻŦѤ褦

(a) ѲˤĤƸդ餵Ƥ뤳εʤΤϼºݤˤ¸ߤŪˤϡϤäʤΤϤ뤬ʥ󥰡ˤȡֶŪơפȤƱΤȹͤƤޤ꤫ˤʤȡ(b) ѲȤϸγ٤Ȥꤢ뤳ȤϤǤʤޤ٤Ǥʤȡ(c) ˰ĥϳΤľˤȤŤƤϤ뤬ޤǤɤˤȤ褦ʲˤͤƤޤˡǤʤΤоݤΤˤƤ뤳ȡΤ褦ʼĥʤԤɤˤ򤱤̤Ƥޤ̷Ϥ٤Ƥ뤳ȡ(d) ϤäС̻֤֡ΧȿоݤΥ٥ˤǤϤʤΥ٥°ΤǤäơ줽ΤΤˤǤϤʤؤˤΤǤ뤳ȡ(e) 塼Χȿ뤿μ꤬ϡ塼뼫ȤΤȤˡȤФθ¤ˤϤޤʤˡޤȿƤ⤽ꤳǤޤäƤˡǤ褦ȯ뤳ȤǽǤȤȡ(f) ϸäƤϤꡤ塼ιͤȤγǰȤϡˤҤ̷ιˤຬŪʸ򤫤Ƥ뤳ȡ(g) ηϡפȡפȤδ֤ˤϤʤ̷ʤȿФˡϤηޤ߹ǤȤȡ(h) Υ٥ˤ붦֤̻֤ȤΧȿϡˤˤƤΤߡޤˤˤäƤΤ߹ǤȤȡʾǤ롥


Ѳ뤳ȼΤܼǤꡤѲ뤳ȤˤäƸϸǤ³롥ޤäƱǤ롥#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1]) ⻲ȡ

E. ꥦˡ ɧˡظѲȤ꡽̻֡֡ˡ١ȽŹ2014ǯ

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2015-02-18 Wed

#2123. Ѳڤ [language_change][causation][diachrony][linguistics][flash][methodology][mindmap]

ѲˤĤ͡ƤѲͻǤνڤ椹ǴƤ٤Υѥ᡼ƤߤˤȤäѲܼŪǤʤСѲ椳츦γ׿Ȥ⤤ϤǤ롥
ʲ˸Ѳڤܥ֥ؤΥ󥯤ĥĤġ10ΩƤޥɥޥåˤޤȤ᤿PDF뤤ϥΡɤĤǤFLASHɤνϡǤפ3Τߤ˸¤äƱͤλߤȤơ#729. ѲΥޥɥޥåס ([2011-04-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

Perspectives on Language Change



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Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.
Weinreich, Uriel, William Labov, and Marvin I. Herzog. "Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change." Directions for Historical Linguistics. Ed. W. P. Lehmann and Yakov Malkiel. U of Texas P, 1968. 95--188.

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2014-09-19 Fri

#1971. ʸˡˤӸݤ [drift][grammaticalisation][generative_grammar][syntax][auxiliary_verb][teleology][language_change][unidirectionality][causation][diachrony]

Lightfoot ϡˤˤ ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ϸѲθ뤤Ǥʤ̤εҤˤʤȤߤƤ롥"Grammaticalisation, challenging as a phenomenon, is not an explanatory force" (106) ȡˤ٤ʤ콳ʸˡΰ"mystical" drift ʶήˤˤʤ館ơŪ (teleology) ŪʸѲѤȽƤ롥
Lightfoot ϡ츫ȤʸˡȤߤѲ⡤Ū "local cause" ˤäǤȤȤपդˡư첽 (auxiliary_verb) 夲Ƥ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#1670. ˡưȯã V-to-I movement ([2013-11-22-1]) #1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ ([2013-03-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤLightfoot ʸˡȤߤǡҶθ콬UG (Universal Grammar)PLD (Primary Linguistic Data) δؿȤơcan may ʤŪưˡư첽롥ΡʸˡפȤߤѲΤ줾ʳˤѲư local cause ¸ߤ뤳ȤŦѲΤȤ mystical Ǥʤ teleological ǤʤȤ򼨤ȤŪΩ줫 local cause 褦Ȥ Lightfoot ζŪ٤ϡθȯĥʹСSaussure Chomsky ʤΤΤ褦˻פ롥ˤ϶ֻζפ롥

Time plays no role. St Augustine held that time comes from the future, which doesn't exist; the present has no duration and moves on to the past which no longer exists. Therefore there is no time, only eternity. Physicists take time to be 'quantum foam' and the orderly flow of events may really be as illusory as the flickering frames of a movie. Julian Barbour (2000) has argued that even the apparent sequence of the flickers is an illusion and that time is nothing more than a sort of cosmic parlor trick. So perhaps linguists are better off without time. (107)


So we take a synchronic approach to history. Historical change is a kind of finite-state Markov process: changes have only local causes and, if there is no local cause, there is no change, regardless of the state of the grammar or the language some time previously. . . . Under this synchronic approach to change, there are no principles of history; history is an epiphenomenon and time is immaterial. (121)


Lightfoot ˡȤƤζֻΩϤ狼롥ޤlocal cause εɬפȤĥˤƱդ롥drift ʶήˤƱͤˡʸˡ "mystical" ʸݤˤȤɤޤ餻Ƥ櫓ˤϤʤʾ塤ŪȤɬפǤ롥Lightfoot ŪƤϡ㳰Ϥˤʸˡ¿θˤˤƤߤȤ¡ƤͳˤĤƤϲäƤʤ Lightfoot ʸˡˤӸݤˤʤȤΩǤ뤫顤ɬפʤȹͤƤΤʸˡŪή졤drift ΰȤƤǤϤʤѲư붦ŪϤȤƤߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤ

Lightfoot, David. "Grammaticalisation: Cause or Effect." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 99--123.

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2014-08-11 Mon

#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) [communication][linguistics][language_change][prescriptive_grammar][diachrony][causation][monitoring]

Smith ѲѤɽ魯ΤȤơ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) ȡ#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ ([2014-08-07-1]) Ҳ𤷤ϵŪʸѲθǤꡤʹԺߤΰݤͿ뤫⤷ʤSmith θѲϷ褷ƸμҲŪ¦̡üԤİԤȸδطʤˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤSmith (49) ϡѲμȤƤ variation ¸ߡ variation ΤʤθġθȤ԰٤ϡѼԤǤ˼Ƥ monitoring ȤѤȿؤ꤬ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Human beings are social creatures, and not simply transmitters (speakers) or receivers (hearers); they are both. When humans speak, they are not only producing sounds and grammar and vocabulary; they are also monitoring what they and others say by listening, and evaluating the communicative efficiency of their speech for the purposes for which it is being used: communicative purposes which are not only to do with the conveying and receiving of information, but also to do with such matters as signalling the social circumstances of the interaction taking place. And what humans hear is constantly being monitored, that is, compared with their earlier experience as speakers and hearers. . . . / This principle of monitoring, or feedback as it is sometimes called (Lyons 1968: 111), is crucial to an understanding of language-change.


üԤϼʬȯդ򤵤뤫˾դʧäƤ뤷İԤȯդ򤹤Τ˾ˤθɸŪηϤ򻲾ȤƤ롥üԤİԤ⡤ȯ줿դƻܤ餻Ƥꡤߤ˥åäƤ롥2ͤθηϤϲʸˡäκˤƼ㴳㤷Ƥߥ˥ȼǤξȹȤ椨ˡߤ礭æ뤳ȤϤʤ2ͤθηϤϾͭƤꡤξΤΤư뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ξԤȤ˰ưƤΤǤ롥줬Ѳˤˤ monitoring Ȥ
ͤθոΤʤѲ뤳ȤˤĤơ#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1]) #1890. ФȤȤ˸ոѤ ([2014-06-30-1]) ǹͻƤmonitoring ȤͤϡˤƤƤĿͤƸѤʤǡüԤȤδ֤ monitoring ǽѤ monitoring η̤ȤơηϤξ򾯤İưƤ⤷ʤˤΰư¥Ƥ⤷ʤ
monitoring ϡˤ뵬ϼȤ礤˴ط롥̾üԤİԤ monitoring λϡߤθѡ뤤Ϥ⤦餬°춦ƱΤˤ̤θѤ#1929. ؤΩ줫鵬ϼŪѤɤ٤ ([2014-08-08-1]) Ǽ褦ˡϼŪѤٸ춦ƱΤΤʤ˿ƩȡʸˡΤΤ monitoring λȤʤꤦ롥Ĥޤꡤʬ꤬εϤ餷Ƥ뤫ɤå礦Ȥ̾⤺ä©줷롥ϼŪѤȯãϡmonitoring ȤߤСmonitoring μ̤ŤǤȤ⤤뤫⤷ʤ

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2014-07-11 Fri

#1901. apparent time real time [age_grading][sociolinguistics][language_change][methodology][terminology][diachrony]

#1890. ФȤȤ˸ոѤ ([2014-06-30-1]) εǡage-grading ȤҲؾγǰѸҲ𤷤Ѳμ¾Ūˤơage-grading βǽϾǰƬˤƤʤФʤʤȤΤϡѻԤߵäƤŪʡʤäñȯΡ˸ѲȤǤȻפǤݤºݤˤ巫֤Ƥ age-grading ˤʤäȤȤ뤫դˡ巫֤ age-grading ȿƤ븽ݤºݤˤϤλͭΰ¤θѲǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Ǥϡѻθ츽ݤθѲʤΤ age-grading ʤΤʬˤϡɤФ褤Τ߿ʹθѲѻˡȤơ2λΤƤ롥apparent time real time Ǥ롥Trudgill Ѹ콸ꡤ줾Ѥ褦

apparent-time studies Studies of linguistic change which attempt to investigate language changes as they happen, not in real time (see real-time studies), but by comparing the speech of older speakers with that of younger speakers in a given community, and assuming that differences between them are due to changes currently taking place within the dialect of that community, with older speakers using older forms and younger speakers using newer forms. As pointed out by William Labov, who introduced both the term and the technique, it is important to be able to distinguish in this comparison of age-groups between ongoing language changes and differences that are due to age-grading (Trudgill 9--10)

real-time studies Studies of linguistic change which attempt to investigate language changes as they happen, not in apparent time by comparing the speech of older speakers with that of younger speakers in a given community, but in actual time, by investigating the speech of a particular community and then returning a number of years later to investigate how speech in this community has changed. In secular linguistics, two different techniques have been used in real-time studies. In the first, the same informants are used in the follow-up study as in the first study. In the second, different informants, who were too young to be included in the first study or who were not then born, are investigated in the follow-up study. One of the first linguists to use this technique was Anders Steinsholt, who carried out dialect research in the southern Norwegian community of Hedrum, near Larvik, in the late 1930s, and then returned to carry out similar research in the late 1960s. (Trudgill 109)


apparent-time studies ϡ̻ΰ̤ˤ庹θѤоȤ뤳Ȥǡ߿ʹθѲŪͤߤ褦ȤˡǤ롥ߤȤ1ΤߤΩäĴǤˡȤƴؤǤϤ뤬餫ˤʤä庹̤ƿθѲʤΤ age-grading ʤΤ̤ˡǡ̾ real-time studies ˤäơ˸ˤɬפ롥
real-time studies ϡ̻ʣˤĴɬפꡤʬºݾμ֤Ϥ뤬θѲ age-grading ʬΤɬפʥǡꤹ뤳ȤǤȤ롥
ŪºŪʴϡѲĴݤˤξˡȤ߹碌ΤʲȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ɤΤȤŪĴ³Ĵ̤ǡ١Ѥ߽ŤͤƹԤȤοʤΤƱͳǡŪ˶Ūѥ³ƤȤ⡤˸ؼԤˤȤäƽפʲǤ롥
apparent time real time ˤĤƤϡ#919. Asia ȯ ([2011-11-02-1]) Ǥ⿨줿ΤǡȤ

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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2013-12-14 Sat

#1692. ̣ȷ֤δط [sign][arbitrariness][double_articulation][diachrony][semantic_change][polysemy][semantics]

ˤĤƤϡarbitrariness ε濴ˡȤ櫓#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1]) ǵǤϡ̵̤ͭɬפ뤳Ȥ˿줿signifié signifiant Ȥδطʿа̣ȷ֤ȤδطˤĤƤ򿿷˹ͻΤ塼Ρä˥ե󥹡˸ؤȤ뤬̣ؼԤǤФʤΤȡ¡ʤ̴ؿ򼨤
Ф2ϤϡۤȤɰ̣ȷ֤δطιͻ䤵Ƥ롥ФϡʬˤĤơ#767. ʬ ([2011-06-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Martinet Ѹ礤˽Фʤ顤ˤ signifié signifiant δطäƤФμŪɾ򤤤ĤѤ褦

̣ϰǤϡ򼨤֤ʬΥǤʤΰ̣ȷ֤ʬΥη11бʤƤ餺֤ϰ̣ꤹΤ˽ʬǤϤʤΥѥɥåˤäơΰ̣ȷ֤δط餫ˤɬפ롥(54)


Ƥϡˤȡ1ʬñ̤Ǥ뤫顤Ǥˤʤäƺ줿̣Υʤɤ̣θǤ2ʬͭ¤ǤˤϴԸǤʤ(56)


Ū̻ŪȤ2ŤδϡɽΥ٥⵭ƤΥ٥ǤȤȤ餫ˤʤ롥Τˡθ֤Ǹΰ̣뤳ȤȡŪʲ򸦵椹뤳ȤȤ餫˰ۤʤ2ĤΥץǤ롥άͤޤޤʻ˸줿Ĥΰ̣⡤¿Ȥ˹ͤСƱΤΤȤȤˤʤʤơΤϡФд¸ΥѥѤΤǡ塼ϡָ϶ǤĤϤ򤷤ǤפȤΤ٤Ƥ롥סʡعֵ١235ǡˡΰ̣ط1Ĥζ֤¾ζ֤ؤ³1̵ռŪФ뤳Ȥ⤢롥̵ռŪϡĶŪˤʤä1Ĥθΰ̣֤ΤǤ롥(61)


̣ΩϡĤ줿ηϤΤǤϤʤ줿ηϤΤǤ롥ΤˡŪˤʤäựİ뤳ȤϤǤʤ(62)


ŪŪʴؿϡȤ櫓3ܤΰѤǿƤ롤Ū¿̻Ūʰ̣ѲȤδطˤĤƤιͻܤ̣Ѳϻ֤ȤȤ˽˿ʹԤ̣ɬṬ֤̌षξΰ̣ѤƤȤ¿Ѥ̤ϡŪˤ¿Ȥʤ롥ζŪ¿ϡ1ͤüԤФΤǤϤʤŪ˿ФƺФ줿ΤǤȤǡ̵ռŪȸƤӤ뤷֤̻֤ȤĶۤĶŪȤƤӤ
嵭Τ褦˰̣Ѥ뤬֤ˤѤȤǰϤۤɤޤƤϤޤʤ褦˻פ롥ȡ֤ˤ̵ռŪĶŪʼȤΤϡͤˤȤȤˤʤդˡ̣ȷ֤ħ礭ʺΤǤϤʤ

졼̡ ءοǡϰ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-06-14-1]

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2013-06-24 Mon

#1519. ҲŪ෿ؤƻ [sociolinguistics][typology][diachrony][language_planning]

ε#1518. ([2013-06-23-1]) ˰³Ƥӥˤ˴ؤꡥϰˤѤƤμҲŪ°򵭽ҤŪˡϤꤦƹ񡤳ϰ衤ƸˤĤƷ§äҤ夲򥿥̤ʬह뤳ȤǡҲŪʸ෿ʤΤۤ뤳ȤϤǤΤ
ε٤Ferguson, Steward ʸ̤θܻؤ㤨Сѥ饰¿Ѿϡ"3L = 2L maj (So, Vg) + 0L min + 1L spec (Cr)" ʤɤɽ롥μ̣Ȥϡ̤Ǥ롥ѥ饰ˤ3줬롥2Ĥ¿ǡɸಽ줿ѸΥƥ̱ä޲Ǥ륰ˡ줫ʤ롥ϤʤΥơˤŵ졤Ȥƥƥ줬ѤƤʥ, p. 33ˡ
Fasold ϸεǽȳ줿°Ȥǥ벽ߡ Chaudenson ϥѥȥơ򼴤˼ä2ץåȤο޼Ƥ㤨СFasold ˤ뵡ǽ°δط魯ɽϼ̤ʥp. 40ˡ

ǽҲŪ˳Ƥ°
Ū1. ɸಽ
 2. λ̱ѤƤ
̱²Ū1. ʤο͸ˤȤäƤ̱²ǥƥƥξħ
 2. Υߥ˥ǹѤƤ
 3. ǹ̤äƤ
 4. ƱǽĽפظ줬ʤ
 5. ξħȤƼƤ
 6. ȴط
Ū1. äǻѤƤ
 2. ¾ԤȤޤƱˡ¾Ԥȶ̤ΤüԤ˹ͤƤ
޲Ū1. ʤȤξɤˤȤäơֳؽפȸʤƤ
Ū1. ŪݸפΥꥹȤ˺ܤäƤ
Ū1. ̤θƱʤʾɸಽԤʤƤ
Ū1. ŵŪ


ƤϤ⼨٤ǤϤҲŪʵҤͿΤɬפʽܤФŪʻ礱ƤȤ櫓ҲŪʾ줽ΤΤƱͤ˹ѲȤ̻Ūʻ礱Ƥ
ϡ嵭Τ褦෿ܻؤˤϡʤȤιϰˤĤƼΥǡθʤФʤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ (50)

①Ūǡ --- ϤĤΤθˤɤΤ餤üԤΤ
②ˡŪǡ --- ¸ΥơϡˡǧƤ뤫ݤǥ䶵ʤɤǻѤƤ뤫ݤ
③ǽŪǡ --- ޲޲Ψ¿ܹäƤĶȸ줫줫줫
④̻Ūǡ --- γ֤ãΨʤɡ
⑤ħŪǡ --- ¸ߤΰҸؤδ𡤥ߥ˥άʤɡ
⑥Ωǡ --- Ѥδطǽ䴰ʤɡ


⑤⑥ˤĤƤϡŬʷ̤λʤΤǤ롥 (51) ϡȤ櫓④̻ŪǡȤ߹ɬʤƤ롥

üԿ͸ãΨʤפħŪǡ˴ؤƤ䤨ѲƤΤǤ롥ȤǡηΩɾˤϡߤΤޤޤѲθɬפ롥顤괰ǸΨŪ¿οǥ뤬ȤС̤ΥץˤäƤǤȤСԥ塼줿ǥƤߤ褦Ͽǡ䤨ŪϤ졤ưŪɾľܤʤޤޡ󶡤Τ


줬֤ȤȤˤμҲŪʰ֤ŤѲȤȤΤȤǤ롥ѸȤäƤ⡤μҲŪʥơŪưϿӤͭʼҲŪ෿ΩСѸˤ򸫤˿ˡɲä뤳Ȥˤʤ

륤᥸󡦥ˡ ԡˡظȤϲ١ҡ2000ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-11-13-1] [2013-07-22-1]

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2013-06-14 Fri

#1509. ܸˤɡæDz [consonant][phoneme][phonology][diachrony][methodology][variation][phonemicisation]

εǡ#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1]) 夲ȿФȤ⤤ܸǵäƤΤǾҲ𤷤褦
Ūܸζ̸ȯǤϡ2Ĥͭ [g] [ŋ] ̤Ƥ§ȤԤϸƬǡԤϸ첻θˤѤ졤ۤʬۤʤ㤨С䡤ݡʤɤθǤ [g] 졤䡤ƻī񮡤󥴤ʤɤθǤ [ŋ] ʹ줿ԡפʤɤʣ2ǤλϤޤꡤ֤פʤɤƬľ塤ֽޡפʤɤοθޡ֤餬פʤɤε졤֥衼ȡפʤɤμѸˤƤϡǤäƤ [g] ɸŪǤ롥ֽޡפȡֽƸפФʤɤˤ [g] [ŋ] ΩΤǡ̩ʬۼŪΩ줫 /g/ /ŋ/ ϰۤʤ벻ǤȤȤˤʤ롥
嵭ζ̤ϡߤǤڤʤɤʬǤϰҿΤȤݤƤ뤬̤ζ̸ȯȤƤ [ŋ] ѤĤĤ롥1983ǯĴǤϡüԤǯˤ [ŋ] Ψ礭ۤʤäƤ뤳ȤΤ줿ˤȡ1930ǯޤ줿üԤ [ŋ] ξü򸣰ǤȤطʤˤϡ餬³ˤؽФơ[ŋ] ιԤʤƤʤܤ뵡ȤŦƤ롥
1986ǯ Hibiya ˤƱͤĴǤ⡤ [ŋ] ̻ŪʾüΤ줿80üԤ80--90% [ŋ] ݤäƤ20üԤͭΨϥ˶ᤤ (Hibiya 163) Ĵˡϡˤ͡ǯüԤȯĴ٤뤳Ȥˤ̻ŪѲŪª褦Ȥ "apparent-time" δѻǤꡤüԤĹȼҶդ͸դѲ (age-grading) ǤȤǽӽǤʤ
ǡ"real-time" δѻɬפˤʤäƤ롥Hibiya ϡ1920ˤƤΤĤʸŪڵ並̤򺬵ˡ[ŋ] ξüʶʤ̻ŪѲǤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤˤȡʤȤ19ޤǤϡ[ŋ] ηŪѤƤȤȤơHibiya (169) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Kato . . . claims that speakers who were born around 1930 were the originators of the change from word-internal [-ŋ-] to [-g-]; the present investigation, however, indicates that the change began earlier. Those who were born in the 1910's and 1920's have [-g-] more frequently than the speakers from the real-time data base who were born two to three decades earlier. Therefore, the age distribution . . . represents a remarkably smooth and linear sound change in the Tokyo dialect, which is going to completion in the youngest generation of today.


[ŋ] [g] ִ뤳Ȥˤäơξʬۤ졤¾ /ŋ/ βǤȤƤϰ̤ϼ줿ȤäƤ褤ϡ#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1]) #1023. ܸμȿ ([2012-02-14-1]) Ǽܸ춦̸βηϡηϤˤƶηŪѲǤꡤæDz (de-phonemicisation) βǤȤ

Hibiya, Junko. "Denasalization of the Velar Nasal in Tokyo Japanese." Towards a Social Science of Language: Papers in Honour of William Labov. Ed. G. R. Guy, C. Feagin, D. Schiffrin, and J. Baugh. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1996. 161--70.

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2013-06-13 Thu

#1508. ѸˤɡβDz [consonant][phoneme][phonology][diachrony][methodology][variation][phonemicisation][suffix][rp][minimal_pair][spelling_pronunciation]

Ѹǡfinger singer ˤ ng ʬȯϰۤʤ롥Ԥ [fɪŋgə]Ԥ [sɪŋə] Ǥ롥ԤΤ褦ˡ-ing ǽ촴ղäˤ [ŋ] ΤߤȤʤդƻѲ̤ long ӵ longer [lɔŋgə] Ǥ롥äơ֤Ĺפȡ˾͡פȤǤϡƱ longer Ǥ [lɔŋgə] [lɔŋə] ȯۤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ťϸ -ng Ͼ [ŋg] ä岻Ǥˤ뤬14Ⱦ顤ǤɸѸ17顤[ŋŋ] ͳ [ŋ] ؤȲѲ뤲West Midlands Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool ʤɤǤϤβѲϵ餺[ŋg] ݤ줿
Τ褦¿Ǹ -ng [ŋg] [ŋ] Ѳ뤳Ȥˤäơsing [sɪŋ] sin [sɪn] ʤɤǾ (minimal pair) 뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ/ŋ/ Dz (phonemicisation)
ʤưȤƤ -ing ϡ [ɪŋg] [ɪŋ] Ѳۤˡ [ɪn] ؤȯŸѰ۷⤢äѸǤϤФ -in' ɽǡɸŪȤƤ[2013-01-26-1]ε#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴפ򻲾ȡˤŪˤϹԤʤƤ19ˤݼŪ RP ǤѤƤꡤषҤȯȤߤʤƤθ塤Ū˰ҿƤäΤϡֻȯ (spelling pronunciation) αƶȹͤ롥

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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