hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ڡ / page 16 (28)

etymology - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2017-01-25 Wed

#2830. carnage (3) [etymology][indo-european][cognate][word_family]

ϢθˤäƤ뤬Ͻ˸츻ä carnage θ캬פ̣ƥ캬 carn-, carō ̤뤳Ȥϴ˽Ҥ٤˰캬ޤ̤ȡ*(s)ker- ˤɤ夯#2477. Ѹˤߤ20ˡλ ([2016-02-07-1]) ε score Ȥ˴Ϣƾ줿 *(s)ker- ϡڤ (to cut) 򸶵Ȥ롥̣ΤĤʤϡڤʬ줿פۤɤε ([2017-01-24-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡcarnage ֻ٤פΡ٤פˤϡ֤ФФڤäƤפΰ̣뤳Ȥˤαդ
캬ΰ̣ŪǤ뤫顤θ캬ͥåȥϤǤ롥츻ŵĴ٤ƤߤȡΤ褦ʱñ췲ŪƱ캬Ȥʤ롥

űѸͳscurf, shard, share, sharp, shear, shirt, short, shred, shroud, shrub
ťΥɸͳscar, score, scrap, scrape, scree, skerry, skirt
ƥͳcarnage, carnal, carnation, carnival, carnivorous, carrion, cenacle, charnel, coriaceous, cork, cortex, crone, cuirass, currier, curt, curtal, incarnate, kirtle
ꥷͳcoreopsis, corm

ƥ󡦥ꥷϤˤʸ¿ޤॲޥϤΤΤŪʸ¿
ܥӥΤˡΤ褦ʡָ캬ͥåȥץ꡼¾εȤơ#695. 캬 fer ([2011-03-23-1]), #1043. mind θ캬ͥåȥ ([2012-03-05-1]), #1124. Ϥ礦ͤ⸬ʿʹ֡ ([2012-05-25-1])#1557. mickle, much θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-08-01-1])#1602. star θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-09-15-1])#1639. Ѹ name ȥꥷ onoma (1) ([2013-10-22-1])#1708. *wer- θ캬ͥåȥ weird θ츻 ([2013-12-30-1]) ɤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-01-23 Mon

#2828. carnage [etymology][norman_french]

ΥȥΤνǤˤĤơ¿ΥǥɾƤ롥Ѹ켫ΤѤ餺Ρ֥ȥ׸ˡפʬ䤹ΤϳΤå٥դǤȤʡ#2825. ֥ȥˡס ([2017-01-20-1]) 򻲾ȡˡޤꥫΤαϰ̤˳Ĵ⤯ۤdzƤȤʤΤαˤϡؤȽˤޤŪǤ¿Ȥ
Τ褦ŪʴްդǤľŪ˴ΤAmerican carnage ȤɽȾǡ"This American carnage stops right here and stops right now." ȽҤ٤Ƥ (see Inaugural address: Trump's full speech --- CNNPolitics.com)
carnage Ȥϡֻ٤ʽŪˡ̤λΡפ̣ʸŪʸǤ롥OALD7 ˤȡ"the violent killing of a large number of people" Ȥ롥ޤOED Ǥ " The slaughter of a great number, esp. of men; butchery, massacre." Ȥ롥ˤ趯ʴްդĸǤ롥Ѹ줫󤲤Ƥߤ褦

The scene of carnage was indescribable.
They hoped never to repeat the carnage of the First World War.
Years of violence and carnage have left the country in ruins.


carnage θˤҤȤƤߤ褦OED ˤȽФ1600ǯΤȤǡ"1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. ii. 16 The carnage and execution was no lesse after the conflict than during the fight." ȤƽФ롥Philemon Holland (1552--1637) Ѥ褦ʹߤλѤϵǡ18ȾˤʤäƤ褦䤯ŪѤ褦ˤʤä
16Υե󥹸 carnage Ȥ줬ǧ졤줬ѸäΤȸ뤬Υեñ켫Τϥꥢ carnaggio μѤǤ롥ΤȤǤˡֻ٤פθϤä褦ΥꥢñϤ˸ƥ carnāticum μѤǤꡤʳǤθ "flesh-meat, also, the flesh-meat supplied by tenants to their feudal lords" ä캬ȤƤϡפ̣ƥ carn-, carō ̤롥
ťե󥹸ˤбȤ charnage Ȥ줬ǧ졤ˤϱѸƱƬҲ carnage ⤢äѸǤϸԤľܤμѤǤϤʤ褦ե󥹸ʥΥޥ˥ե󥹸λҲб <ch> = /tʃ/ vs <c> = /k/ ˤĤƤϡ#95. ޤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2009-07-31-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ϥ䡤ޤǥꥫܤФΤԤ򸫼ꤿ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-12-25 Sun

#2799. Orijinz Quiz [link][etymology][hel_education]

Merry Christmas! ȤȤǡڤ򡥿ǯΤȤѸθ츻λ˴ؤƦμ򥫡ɲ Orijinz ȤʡˤäȤ롥ʥȤ˥᡼륢ɥ쥹ϿƤ餷 Orijinz Quiz Ȥ HP ؤΥ󥯤Ƥ䤢ꡤ˲񤫤Ƥ
Τʤ2ϤǤܥ֥ǤⰷäƤǤ롥Ĥϡ#2771. by and large ([2016-11-27-1]) ǰäФǤꡤ̤1Ĥϡ#1767. ͭ̾좪̾좪;̾ΰѲƤ guy ([2014-02-27-1]) äǤ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-27 Sun

#2771. by and large [idiom][etymology]

ɸϡֳ, Ū, Ū˸ơפ̣륤ǥǤ롥ʲʸΤ褦ˡʸƬ˻Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿

By and large I think the emphasis should be on recruiting the right people.
By and large, I enjoyed my time at school.
By and large, the papers greet the government's new policy document with a certain amount of scepticism.
Charities, by and large, do not pay tax.
There are a few small things that I don't like about my job, but by and large it's very enjoyable.

ʤ by large ӤĤơֳơפΰ̣ˤʤΤ
¤ϡȤȤϹҳѤɽǤ롥by ϤǤϡ˸äơ (by the wind) ۤɤ̣ȤȤ館롥ֻ by ϡ?˸äơ (toward) ̣뤳Ȥꡤ㤨 do well by a friend ͧˤ褯Ƥˡdo one's duty by one's parents ξƤʬԤˡDo to others as you would be done by. ʿͤˤƤ餤褦˿ͤ˿ԤˡNorth by East ̡ˤʤɤ򸫤ȤǤ롥large ϡΥơפ̣ȤѤƤ롥ΰ̣Ǥ to go large to sail large ʤɤȻȤ뤳Ȥ¿Фʤ by large ϡҳѸȤ17Ƭ˽ФƤ롥
ơ2ӤĤ by and large Ȥǥ⡤٤1669ǯ˽ФƤ롥ΰ̣ϡͽ̤ۤ˸äΥ줿ꤷơ ("to the wind and off it") ۤɤä줬䤬ơ֤̤ˤ錄äơ ("in one direction and another, all ways") ΰ̣1706ǯ˸졤˸ߤΡֳơ ("in a general aspect, without entering into details, on the whole") ΰ̣1833ǯѤƤ롥̣ΰ̲ȸäƤʲˤ줾ΰ̣ν OED 󤲤Ƥ

1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. 17 Thus you see the ship handled in fair weather and foul, by and learge.
1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 35 Tho' he trys every way, both by and large, to keep up with his Leader.
1833 J. Neal Down-easters I. 23 A man who feels rather perplexed on the whole, take it by and large.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-12-25-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-25 Fri

#2769. Dreadnought [etymology][history]

ܸǡĶ׸פʤɤȤȤΡ׸פȤϡ1906ǯ˥ꥹˤϤˤĤ̾ Dreadnought ƬʸȤꡤˡ֤ߡߡ϶ݡפ̣ƤΤǤ롥Dreadnought ʸ̤ dread + nought (= nothing) ǡ֤襤Τ餺פϤǤ롥ꥹϡμ׳ФưŪʺĤ٤дϤ³礭 Dreadnought Ф¤˴ؤϱƤᡤ¾󶯤 Dreadnought νи˹Ƥɿ路ƼΡ׸ϡפ줿American Heritage Dictionary ˤȡ"a battleship armed with six or more guns having calibers of 12 inches or more" Ǥ롥
dreadnought ȤñνФϼ¤20ƬǤϤʤǤ˥ꥶ٥ī1573ǯˤϤϤ̾ȤƻȤƤΤǤ롥OED ˤȡ"Acct. Treasurer Marine Causes (P.R.O.: E 351/2209) m. 8d, In newe beildinge and erectinge fower newe shipes called the Swifte sewer, the Dreadnoughte, the Achates & the handmayd." ȤʤäƤ롥
ˤɤؤ20ƬΡ֥ɥåɥΡȡפϡ˽Ҥ٤褦1906ǯΤȤǡ"Outlook 20 Oct. 495/2 The Atlantic Fleet will consist of three Dreadnoughts and five of the Canopus class." ȤƽФƤ롥ɥåɥΡȤνиŪʥѥȤŪäϡ᤯1908ǯ the pre-Dreadnought period ȤɽФƤ뤳Ȥʬ
dreadnought Ϥ¾θǤѸѤƤ롥֤襤Τ餺Կ͡աפθ17㤬뤷18ˤϡֹŷѤθΥ饷ˡפθǤѤƤ롥θϤΰ̣ȤƤϡ fearnought (or fearnaught) Ȥ⤢ꡤϤ18Ⱦ˸Ƥ롥
ơ˾βʤ Dreadnought νиطʤˤϡܤγȯϪܳȤ¤ͿƤȤϤХåϤˤƤˤʤ٤ʤä (191--94۩

Ԥ줵äλѤ򸫤ơγطԤ礭ʥåäˤɸפȤͤˤäƤޤäꤵƤޤäǤ롥
ܳʹߡϤϰѤ塻ϻǯ˥ꥹ¤ɥåɥΡȹȤϤκǽˤʤäɥåɥΡȹǤϡޤǸ¦¤٤ƤˤѤŴĤˤ˼줿ˤΤߤĤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
ˤϡФξ֤ʤΤǡΤ褦Фޤǽˤʤ롥֤ʤСäΤˤѤơˤ˼ưʼˤˤ褦פȤΤꥹȯۤǤä
ˤѻߤ櫓顤ʬˤοƤ롥ޤǤϤǤϼˤ˰示Ĥη׻ǤäΤɥåɥΡȹϰ󥤥ˤ롤ʪΤ褦Ϥˤʤä
衤γϡϵˤɤ롥
ɥåɥΡȤνиϡ¸Ϥ򤹤٤Ƶ켰ϤˤƤޤä顤󶯤äơ֥ɵϡפ뤤ϡĶɵϡפ¤뤳ȤˤʤäʥɵȤϡɥåɥΡȵάˡη̡϶褬ޤˤǮᡤȤȤ亮ȥġʰ?ˤ򳫤ơ󶯤δ֤ͭ¤ʤФʤʤäۤɤǤä


ɥåɥΡȡ٤ (Dread it!)

졡ˤФܡ١ܤˡ5ӡå2016ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-18 Fri

#2762. plankton [etymology][greek][grimms_law][voice]

ץ󥯥ȥ (plankton) ȤϡɴʻŵˤȡֿǤäƤʪͷʪȤƤФ롥ʤɤοǡޤäưʤ鷺˱ưʤ顤äƤ롥Ԥʤʪץ󥯥ȥȡ򿩤٤ưʪץ󥯥ȥȤʬ롥Τ礭ϤޤޤǡʪƱ餤ξʤΤ顤饲Τ褦1m餤ΤΤޤǤס
Τˡ֥ץ󥯥ȥפΥ᡼ϥߥɥॷߥ󥳤ʤɤξʪ礭̵طȤȤǤ롥˾0.02m2m緿饲ޤǤޤߡӡˡˡʥޥˤưʪץ󥯥ȥȤ餷Ƥ롥Ĥޤꡤץ󥯥ȥȤϡưη֤ˤʪʬȤȤΤ褦
plankton ȤñϡɥĤؼ Viktor Hensen (1835--1924) ꥷǤѤ¤äΤѸ줬ѤΤǡOED ˤȽФ1889ǯǤ롥ꥷưư plázesthaí (to wander) θʬ plagktós plagktón ͳ褹롥ưθ촴ϡŪˤϰĸ *plāk- (to strike) ̤롥̣Ūˤϡáפ֤Ҥä֤פФơư֤Ρֲžס֥֥֥餹פϲפؤѲΤȻפ롥
θ캬ıñȤƤϡꥷ줫 apoplexy ʷΰС, paraplegia , plectrum ʥΤĤ, -plegia ˤꡤƥ줫 complain 򤤤, plague ʱ¡, plaint ʹʾ, plangent Ǥ󤻤ˤ롥ťΥɸͳ flaw , fling ꤲĤˤǤϡҲ p ˡ§Ф f ȤʤäƤ롥
Ʊˤθ캬̤ȤϤplague Ǥ to strike ǽưŪǹŪʴްդޤΤФplankton Ǥ to wander ưưŪʥեեﴶʿ¤Ǥ롥²ۤ羮͡ʥץ󥯥ȥɺѤį䤵줿Τǡʵ񤤤Ƥߤޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-10-20 Thu

#2733. hoarse r [phonetics][etymology][metathesis][r]

Ѹ hoarse ʤ㤬Ρˤˤ r ޤޤƤ뤬űѸǤη hās Ǥꡤr Ϥʤäפʸ츻ŵˤȡ r ѸˤǤȤ̣Ū˴ˤϢѸ harsk (harsh, coarse) ʤɤȤƤ롥
r εϡäȸŤȤˤǽ⤢롥ޥĸǤ *χais(r)az, *χairsaz ƷƤꡤȤ r s ꤵƤ夷ƤΤϲž (metathesis) δͿˤΤȹͤˡºݤˡޥʸڤ֤ϡ(M)HG heiser, MDu heersch, ON háss (< *hārs < *hairsaR) ʤɡr ޤǤ뤫ʤȤʳ r ¸ߤƤȤ򼨺Ƥ롥
űѸƱͤ r 礯֤򼨤⾯ʤʤOFr hās, OS & MLG hēs, OHG heis ʤɤǤ롥ɤ顤ˤ뤬Ѹˤ餺ʣθѼˤơr ̵ͭɤ򼨤Ƥ褦ȤȡűѸ r ޤ֤ʸڤ줺Ѹˤʤäƽʸ˸줿ȤäơűѸ r ޤäȤƤʤäȤϸڤʤʤ롥
ѸǤϡhoos, hos, hors ʤɤ¸Ƥꡤºݤ3Ĥֻ Piers Plowman, B. xvii. 324 ΰۼܴ֤˸롥ֻˤĤƤϡMED hōs (adj.) ⻲ȡ
r ǤϤʤ r ξüȤˤĤƤСѸ˾塤Ȥɤѻ롥㤨С#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1])#2368. űѸ sprecen r ξü ([2015-10-21-1]) λΤۤarse r 19æ ass Ȥʤä⤢롥Τ褦 r ʤȸ褦ʡȤäƤ褤ʤ#500. intrusive r ([2010-09-09-1])#2026. intrusive r (2) ([2014-11-13-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-10-09 Sun

#2722. sad ΰ̣Ѳ [semantic_change][polysemy][etymology]

Ѹǡᤷפ̣ sad ϡűѸ sæd б뤬ԤˤϡᤷפθϤʤΰ̣ϡ­ʬʡ˰פäޥĸη֤ *saðaz ȺƷƤꡤޥƱϥ zat, ɥĸ satt, ťΥɸ saðr, ȸ saþs Ȥʤ롥˰ĸ̤ * "to satisfy" ˤɤĤϥƥ satis "enough" ޤƤ롥äơƥ줫Ѹä satis, satisfaction, satisfy ϡsad Ʊ캬äƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
űѸθ­פϤθ15ȾФޤ¸³ǡᤷפθ1300ǯޤǤƤ14ˤϡֳθǤסֿʡޤʡפʤɤθƤ롥äơѸˤϡ嵭͡ʸ¸Ƥ㤨СCursor Mundi ǤϡΡ­פ Thof that thou euer vpon him se, / Of him sadd sal thou neuer be. Ȥƴѻ뤷Chaucer "The Man of Law's Tale" In Surrye whilom dwelte a compaignye / Of chapmen riche and therto sadde and trewe. Ǥϡ֤ޤʡפθǧ롥Ʊ Chaucer The Romaunt of the Rose ǤϡŪʸ She was cleped Avarice. . . Full sad and caytif was she. ˤƸ롥
Τ褦ˡʣθǯ¿夹Τ14ȾդΩ³˸Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤줫θĤʤȤʤäơ­פ񤤤ˤϡᤷפؤ夷Τ롥ʤ֤Ĥʤפˤꡤ­פᤷפػäΤȤˤĤƤϡΤʤȤϤ狼äƤʤåץ꡼θ츻ŵǤϡֽʬ˰ (sated) ˤʤꡤᤷ (sad) ʤΤǤפȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬̤βǽ⤢롥㤨Сٲ᤮ơ­׾֤ˤʤȡʹ֤ưʤʤꡤºݤưʤʤ롥ư˵¤äƤȡֹ夤ꤷפ뤤ϡֽš׾֤Ȥʤ롥ֿʡޤʡפ줬٤ĶȡᤷԤʡ׾֤˻롤ȤƻڤϤɤرѸ츻ŵ٤ϤƻڤäƤ褦
sad ˤĤƤϡ#1954. ̣ѲˤäựȤʤäʸ ([2014-09-02-1]) Ǥ⾯ƤΤǡ׻ȡ

硼 T. åץ꡼ ƻ ϻ إåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Ϻ ǡ ס ԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١Ʋ2007ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-10-08 Sat

#2721. Ƭ de- [affixation][prefix][word_formation][derivation][etymology][semantics][polysemy]

106դīʹˡJICA ߥޡȻٱΤˡֽ ٤ȤֲüפƤޤ˻Ŧ줿ȤäѸɽǡü humidifier dehumidifier ʤΤǡde- ̵ͭŤʬȤμܸǤ⡤1뤤1⡼㤤ξǤ롥Ʊ;ϤʤǤϤʤˤ260ߤȤۤؤäƤ롥
Ƭ de- ϡŵŪưδΤղäơΰ̣ȿžꡤδްդäꤹ롥ȤȤϥƥ "off" ۤɤ졦ֻ de- ͳ褷ե󥹸ФƱѸäƤ⤢Сľܥƥ줫äƤ졤˱Ѹ¤줵줿Τ⾯ʤʤϳ˱ѸƬȤĹƤΤǤ롥de- θϡʬаʲ̤ˤʤ (Web3 ˡ

1. ԰٤ȿž (ex. decentralize, decode; decalescence)
2. (ex. dehorn, delouse; dethrone)
3. (ex. derate)
4. εäʸˡѸʤɤˡ (ex. decompound, deadjectival, deverbal)
5. ߼ (ex. debus, detrain)
6. Ҥηǡ (ex. dehydro-, deoxy-)
7. (ex. de-emanate)

ˤϵ󤲤Ƥʤ#2638. Ƭ dis- ([2016-07-17-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡde- dis- ȺƱ졤̣ŪʱƶȤƤ롥ޤεǤ⿨줿ΤȤŪʰ̣ޤǤˤϡde- Τ褦ŪƬĤȡĴ̤िᡤֶĴפˡ٥뤬դ路ʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥㤨Сdecline Ǥϡcline Ȥȡֶʤ롤ޤפȲΤͥƥʴްդäƤΤǡde- ˡϡָפǤȤϡֶĴפȤʤʤdenude derelict de- Τδްդ󰦥ͥƥʤΤǡde- ̤ȤơֶĴˡȲ򤵤Ƥ
dehumidifier de- ֶĴˡȤƤФȤϤǤˤʤƬ¿ˤդƤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-10-06 Thu

#2719. autophagy [etymology][greek][onomatopoeia][combining_form][consonant]

ؤŵˤΡ٥ؾ޼ޤ󤸤줿ܿͲʳؼԤˤ3ǯϢ³ΥΡ٥޼ޤϡФ餷ϡautophagy ʺ˦ѡƱ˦ǹǤ¾ʬòѡˤθǼޤȤȤˤϤƤϤäѤǤʥȥեʹơե (fuzzy theory) ȻפäۤɤβԤǤ롥Τ褦򤷤ƤͤϷ빽ȰοʹɤˡϡΥꥷǤʤʣ졤ä2 phagy ˤĤƸ츻ҤȤ
ޤʣ1Ǥϥꥷ autós "self" ͳ褹Ϣ (combining_form) Ǥ롥ּʬʡȼפΰ̣autobiography, autocracy, autograph, automatic, automaton, automobile, autonomy ʤɤʣѸä󶡤Ƥ롥2Ǥ -phagyϡꥷư phageîn "to eat" б̾ -phagía ̤ꡤ־←פ̣ϢǤ롥äơautophagy Ȥϡʸ̤ "self-eating" ʼˤǤ롥
phageîn θ캬ϡĸ *bhag- (to share out) ̤ꡤʬۤ롤Ƥפۤɤ餷ʬۤȤϢ餫ֿ٤פθǤ Sanskrit ǤȯãƤSanskrit ͳ褹 pagoda ʩ㡤ѥˤˤθ촴ޤޤƤ롥Ǥϡʬۡפ˭פФơȷӤĤΤ餷󥹥åȸ줫饿ߥ졤ݥȥФơ17˱Ѹä
-phagy 䡤Ʊ캬 -phage, phago-, -phagous ıñϾʤʤֿԤפ˲פỤ̄ȯŸơanthropophagy ʿͽ, entomophagy ʿ, geophagy ڿ, coprophagy ʵ; bacteriophage ʥХƥꥪեٶݥ륹, bibliophage ɽ񶸡, macrophage 翩˦, microphage ʾ˦, xylophage ʿʪ; phagocyte ʿ˦, phagology ʿء, phagophobia ʶɡˤʤɤθ줬߽ФƤ롥ۤˡڥ륷줫ä baksheesh, bucksheeʿդ襤ˤ⡤Ʊ캬̤롥
ơĸθ캬 *bhag- 䥮ꥷ phageîn įƤȡܸΡ֥ѥѥס֥ХХס֥⥰⥰פλҲפФ롥٤ȤưǤϿ塤٤ƤϢɬܤǤꡤαưξüδﴱˤĴɽƤ뤫Τ褦Ǥ롥ε졦ָ (onomatopoeia) ˴Ťȹͤ뤳ȤŪǤϤʤ褦˻פ뤬ɤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-09-27 Tue

#2710. yesterday [etymology][back_formation][word_formation]

2֤ε#2708. morn, morning, morrow, tomorrow ([2016-09-25-1])#2709. tomorrow, today ([2016-09-26-1]) ǡtomorrow today θ츻򰷤äΤǡϴϢ yesterday
tomorrow, today ֻ̾פζ礫ȯãΤȤϰۤʤꡤyesterday ϡ켫ΤֺʤΡˡפΰ̣ĸűѸϢ ġeostran (< Gmc *ȝestra; cf. G gestern, Du. gisteren) ̾ dæġ դʣŪ ġeostran dæġ ͳ褹롥yesterday ϸűѸ졦̾Ѥä
¾ΥޥǤ뤬ťΥɸ䥴ȸǤƱɽֺפǤϤʤפ̣⤢ꡤʬŪˤϡˤ餺ֺ1ƤפۤɤؤɽȤȯãƤǽ⤢롥OED ˤСѸǤ yesterday פ̣㤬ʲΤ褦1ĤǧȤԻ׵ĤǤ롥

1533 T. More Apologye 201, I geue them all playn peremptory warnynge now, that they dreue yt of no lenger. For yf they tarye tyll yesterday..I purpose to purchace suche a proteccyon for them [etc.].


yester(n) ֺġפΰ̣ƬȤŪѤȡyestereve, yestermorning, yesternight, yesternoon, yesteryear Τ褦ʸ줬ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤäˡθ줫 yester ʬΩƷƻȤ (back_formation) 졤16ʹߡֺΡפΰ̣Ѥ褦ˤʤä
tomorrow, today, yesterday ϴñȤäƤ褤ơɤäƤˤϤۤñǤϤʤȤʬ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-09-26 Mon

#2709. tomorrow, today [etymology][punctuation][conversion][spelling][word_formation][distinctiones]

εmorn, morning, morrow, tomorrow ([2016-09-25-1]) tomorrow θ츻˿줿Ϥθȡ⤦1ĸϢ today ˤĤõäƤߤ褦
tomorrow θȤƤϡֻ to ˡ֡īפɽ魯̾ morrow ͿʷղäΤȹͤ졤Ǥ˸űѸǤ tō morgenne ȤȤѤƤΰ̣ϡεDz⤷ȤꡤǤˡˡפȯŸƤѸǤϡmorrow Τɤä͡ʷŪȯãˤä to morwen to morn ߤˤơԤɸŪ tomorrow ˡԤʤɤ˻Ĥ tomorn Ϣʤä衤ֻǤ뤫顤ޤˡפȤȯã15ʻžˤꡤ̾ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤä
#2698. hyphen ([2016-09-15-1]) Ǵñ˿줿褦ˡ to morrow ʬ񤭤줿Ѹ to-morrow ȥϥեǷ礵졤1Ȥ֤褦ˤʤäʤǤѸκǽˤϡض٤ Shakespeare First Folio ʤɤǡޤʬ񤭤Τ̤ۤäˡϥեǤĤʤֻ20Ƭޤ³θ塤ϥեæߤɸŪֻ tomorrow Ω
today ˤĤƤ⡤餯Ʊͤλ𤬤äȻפ롥űѸֻ tō dæġ (on the day; today) Ǥꡤ16ޤǤʬ񤭤줿θ20Ƭޤ to-day ȥϥեդ֤줿̾ȤƤˡϡtomorrow Ʊͤ16Ǥ롥
tomorrow today ȯŸηаޤƤ¿ߤ˴ϢŤڥǹͤɬפ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-09-27-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-09-25 Sun

#2708. morn, morning, morrow, tomorrow [etymology][phonetics][metonymy][semantic_change][japanese]

#2698. hyphen ([2016-09-15-1]) ε tomorrow ˿줿Ȥ916դηǼĤǡmorrow ȤˤĤƤμ䤬󤻤줿ߤ˴Ϣ롤morn, morning ʤɤȤȤˡθ츻ɤäƤߤ
űѸǡīפɽ魯ϡmorgen Ǥ롥ޥĸ *murȝanaz ͳ褷ɥĸ Morgen, morgen ƱǤ롥Ѹ morn ϡθűѸ morgen μгʷ morne mornes ʤɤû̷뤤ѸȯŸ morwen, morun, moren ʤɤû̷ͳ褹ȹͤ롥morn ϸߤǤϡԻդǡīǡפɽ魯ۤåȥǡפɽ魯
ѸǺǤ̤ morning ϡ morn -ing ĤΤǡѸˡīפΰ̣ǽФ롥 -ing ϡФˤʤ evening ˤղä줿Ȥ롥evening ξˤϡñȤǡաפɽ魯űѸ̾ ēfen, æfen ư æfnian դˤʤˤ -ing ˤ̾첽ȤʣʷаޤéäƤ뤬morning ϤΤ褦ηаޤ򥹥åפơȤˤɽŪ -ing դƤߤȤȤˤʤ롥
ơűѸ morgen ΤθβŪȯŸ͡äȤ櫓2첻Ҳ n Ѳˤ餵줿n æ morwe ʤɤη顤#2031. follow, shadow, sorrow <ow> ([2014-11-18-1]) ˽Ҥ٤ѲФơmorrow ߡmorrow ѰϸꤵƤ뤬Իդǡīפ̣롥ʤ n æϡи even ˤƤꡤ eve ա롨ˤѸƤ롥
ơīפɽ路θϡƱˡפȤ̣碌äƤ뤳Ȥ¿դ̲˽λӤȤƹͤȡīפȤ̾īפؤ顤ؼоݤȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) θǡθפΡפؤȹäƤäȹͤ롥tomorrow ⡤ֻ to ̾ morrowפȤǤꡤ֡īˤơפۤɤäƱͤžơˡפ̣褦ˤʤäʤܸǤ⡤Ťϡ֤סʴɽȤƤ <ī>ˤǡīפ̣ѸξƱͤΰ̣ĥФơפ̣褦ˤʤäȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥
ʤǿ줿 eve աˤϡ٤īλӤȤȡֺաפؤȤ¿ؼоݤֺΡפؤȹꡤɡפ̣褦ˤʤä

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-09-09 Fri

#2692. ťΥɸѸ˴ؤ Gersum Project [old_norse][contact][loan_word][lexicology][etymology][semantic_borrowing][gersum_project]

ä ICEHL19 (see #2686. ICEHL19 ˻äƵŤسĬήʤɡ ([2016-09-03-1])) γزܤȯɽˡCambridge ؤ Richard Dance Cardiff ؤ Sara M. Pons-Sanz ˤ Gersum Project ηв𤬤äűѸ줫ѸˤŵŪʰ̣ (semantic_borrowing) Ȥ bread ȡν loaf ȤδطˤĤƸˤܤĴ̡Jespersen ξΰ̣ٻڵϤʤȤ׷ŪʷƳ줿ʤνˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#2149. ̣ ([2015-03-16-1])#23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1])#340. ťΥɸ줬ѸͿƶ Jespersen ɾ ([2010-04-02-1]) ǿƤˡ
Gersum Project ϡθťΥɸαѸФƶϲɾƤ餤ʤ餯ϥǥޡͤΰʱѸؼ Jespersen ΰŪʱѸ˴Ѥ椨ˡɾɬפȤΩäƤ褦ʴϢơ#1183. ťΥɸαƶɾܻؤơ ([2012-07-23-1]) 򻲾ȡˡץȤHPˤȡʢؤƤ꤬ȤޤˡץȤ "The Gersum project aims to understand this Scandinavian influence on English vocabulary by examining the origins of up to 1,600 words in a corpus of Middle English poems from the North of England, including renowned works of literature like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and the Alliterative Morte Arthure." Ȥ礿̤ϡ3Ԥۤ뤳ΥƥȤˤťΥɸͳñΥǡ١Ȥơ뤳Ȥˤʤ褦
ťΥɸμѸȤŪطʤ˴ؤμˤϡƱHP Norse Terms in English: A (basic!) Introduction ͭѡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-07-24 Sun

#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ [loan_word][borrowing][dutch][flemish][wycliffe][etymology][onomatopoeia]

#148. եޥȥ ([2009-09-22-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸˤˤƥϤȤӤνˡصŪ˴ϢѼ Low Dutch ȤޤȤƻؼ뤳ȤˤθüѤϡѸ줫Ѹޤڤ뤳Ȥʤ³ƤǤ12--13ˤϡ󥰥ɤȥեɥȤηкѴطӤιȤȼ濴˱ɤƤꡤХ (75) θ褦ˡ֥Ȥȥ֥塼Ȥϡ󥰥ɤȤӤ2Ĥ˼äס
ˤ⡤ͽ۰ʾᤤ饤󥰥ɤȥեɥ̾ϹԤʤƤǤ9ˡեå粦ϥեɥϤϻϼԥܡɥ2̼եꥹȷ뺧Ƥꥢϥܡɥ5̼ΥޥƥǤȷ뺧Ƥ롥ԤؤϡΥꥢ2ȥإ꡼1ޤ©Ҥޤ졤˥إ꡼1פѤ̤쥢ǥȤ̼ޤƤΤ褦˥󥰥ɤӤϡ׼Ԥδ֤ǤⲦ²δ֤Ǥ⡤Ť̩ܤʴطݤäƤΤǤ롥
ѸˤӤν줫¿μѸ줬ήñΤʤˤϡѸȤƤܸȤƤ߿ΤʤʤʲΥѸ򤤤Ĥ󤷤Ƥߤ13ˡֿƬפΰդäƤ poll ϡ17ȯãĴפΰ̣Ǻ̤ѤƤ롥clock ϡɥ1ξեɥλ׿ͤˤꡤ14˥󥰥ɤˤ⤿餵줿Ҥʤμ顤pickle ⤿餵졤ӡ˷礫ʤ hop ѸäطǤϡ13 buoy , 14 rover, skipper Ѥ졤15 deck, freight, hose ⤿餵줿ȴطǤϡgroat, sled 14ˡguilder, mart 15äƤ롥¾13 snatch, tackle 14 lollard 15 loiter, luck, groove, snap 줾ѸäΰȤʤä
ä󤲤פñ lollard ˤĤƿƤθϡ1300ǯ¿ͤϤ͡ä򤷤ƤΤؤƤ줬Τ򤳤ƥդҤˤŬѤ褦ˤʤä餬Ӥ䵧äƾƤΤ򵼲ˤ̾ˤΤȤ⤵Ƥ롥ѸǤνϥɤˤ񤬽Фľ1395ǯǤ롥

ݡ롦Х ס رѸθá١ҡʸ˥ӡ1976ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-07-17 Sun

#2638. Ƭ dis- [affixation][prefix][word_formation][derivation][etymology][semantics][polysemy]

Ƭ dis- ˤĤơμݤμ䤬󤻤줿ưղä줿 disable ƻղä줿 dishonest ʤɤˤߤ褦ˡdis- ȿẓ̌뤳Ȥ¿solve ФƬղä줿 dissolve ˤϤΤ褦ʴްդʤΤϤʤʤΤΤˡΤθϸ츻ҤȤФ켫Τϲ򤹤פäΤǤꡤdis- ղäΰ̣ˤȿžδްդϤʤ
ޤܼΰ̣ˤĤȤ٤Ȥϡ̾ñƱͤ¿ΤΤ¿ (polysemy) ͭƤȤȤơƤ¿1Ĥθ̣Ÿ̤Ǥ롥Ƭ dis- ˤĤƤСΤ˼פʰ̣ϡȿžספۤɤȻפ뤬ǤƥʤӥꥷˤǤƱƬθϡ2ĤءפۤɤǤ롥츻Ūˤϥƥ duo (two) ȴϢθŤ *dvis äꤵ롥Ĥޤꡤ2ĤؤΡʬΥפǤ롥discern, disrupt, dissent, divide ʤɤˤΰ̣򸫤Ƽ뤳ȤǤƬλҲϡΤȤ³ˤüѷꤹ뤳Ȥˡס̡פΰ̣ȯŸdijudicate, dinumerate ʤɤʬΥפåסַǡפΤϼǤꡤˤסȿСפΰ̣ȯŸȤ⡤礭ǤϤʤ disjoin, displease, dissociate, dissuade ʤɤ줿
˹ͤ٤ϡҤƬΰ̣ϡΤΰ̣Ȥδطˤޤ뤳ȤȤȤȤȴΤˡʬΥספʤɤΰ̣ޤޤƤˤϡƬϻ¾夽ΡֶĴפɽ魯ΤȤƵǽ롥dissolve ϤǤꡤϾʤ disannul, disembowel ʤɤ⤢롥Τΰ̣Ĵ¤СƬΰֶ̣ĴפȤʤΤϡdis- ˸¤ʤ
ǸˡƬηֻ֤ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤѸäˤ dis- ϡĶ˱ƻҲä di- ȤʤäƸ뤳Ȥ⤢Сƥ̤Ƭ de- ȹή de- Ǹ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ޤե󥹸ͳΤ des- ȤʤäƤΤ⤢ (cf. #2071. <dispatch> vs <despatch> ([2014-12-28-1])) Ϣơ츻Ūˤ̤Ƭƥ䥮ꥷγؽŪʷϵ򤫤⤹ dys- ʤȤ dis- ֤ˡϡµסɡסְ۾פްդȤ dysfunction, dysphemism ʤɤ󤲤롥
ʲˡWeb3 Ƭ dis- εҤ󤲤Ƥ

1dis- prefix [ME dis-, des-, fr. OF & L; OF des-, dis-, fr. L dis-, lit., apart, to pieces; akin to OE te- apart, to pieces, OHG zi-, ze-, Goth dis- apart, Gk dia through, Alb tsh- apart, L duo two] 1 a : do the opposite of : reverse <a specified action) <disjoin> <disestablish> <disown> <disqualify> b : deprive of (a specified character, quality, or rank) <disable> <disprince> : deprive of (a specified object) <disfrock> c : exclude or expel from <disbar> <discastle> 2 : opposite of : contrary of : absence of <disunion> <disaffection> 3 : not <dishonest> <disloyal> 4 : completely <disannul> 5 [by folk etymology]: DYS- <disfunction> <distrophy>

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-07-16 Sat

#2637. hereby here, therewith there [etymology][reanalysis][analogy][compounding]

#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc. ([2012-10-24-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡhere/there/where + ֻפȤʣϡޤä쥸ǡֻ + this/that/it/which פȥѥե졼ۤɤΰ̣ɽ魯ʣ2Ǥ֤ŤѸŪ (synthesis) ȴطƤ롤ȤȤϸȤƤ⡤ʤ̾Ѥ *thisby, *thatwith, *whichfore ʤɤȤʤ餺Ѥ hereby, therewith, wherefore ȤʤΤ
ŪˤСhere, there, where ʤɤȤƤǤϤʤ "this/that/which place" ۤɤž̾ȤƵǽƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥̻ŪˤϤɤΤ褦ΤOED Ĵ٤ȡȤ߹碌ֻˤäƤǯϰۤʤ뤬ᤤΤϸűѸ줫鸽Ƥ롥here, adv. and n. θФʣ˴ؤ츻ŪˡΤ褦ˤä

here- in combination with adverbs and prepositions.

871--89 Charter of Ælfred in Old Eng. Texts 452 þas gewriotu þe herbeufan awreotene stondað.
1646 Youths Behaviour (1663) 32 As hath been said here above.

[These originated, as in the other Germanic languages, in the juxtaposition of here and another adverb qualifying the same verb. Thus, in 805--31 at HEREBEFORE adv. 1 hær beforan = here (in this document), before (i.e. at an earlier place). Compare herein before, herein after at HEREIN adv. 4, in which herein is similarly used. But as many adverbs were identical in form with prepositions, and there was little or no practical difference between 'here, at an earlier place' and 'before or at an earlier place than this', the adverb came to be felt as a preposition governing here (= this place); and, on the analogy of this, new combinations were freely formed of here (there, where) with prepositions which had never been adverbs, as herefor, hereto, hereon, herewith.]


פˡʣȤʤˤϡhere (= in this document) before (at an earlier place) ʤɤΩȤƤޤ֤ƤˤʤäȤhere "this place (in the document)" Ȳᤵ졤before ֻȤƲᤵȡԤϸԤŪǤʬϤ졤"before this place (in the document)" ۤɤ᤿Ǥǧ˻äΤȤĤޤꡤhere ΰ̣Ѳ before ʻžʸ̮Ϣư̤κʬ (reanalysis) ˤۤʤʤθϡä󤳤θΥѥ󤬤Ǥȡ¾졦ֻˤ⼫ͳ˰ܿƤä
͡ʣνǯįƤߤȡűѸ줫ѸФƸѸ˻ޤ³Ū˥ѥѥȸƤꡤä˿郎쵤äȤݤϤʤѸǤϤǤ¿μबѤƤȤ狼롥
ʤOED there, adv. (adj. and n.) ˤСμʣθŤᤫˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤˡΧդθոȤưʳǤϡǤˡԸšդΥ졼٥뤬ŽƵפȤ

'the compounds of there meaning that, and of here meaning this, have been for some time passing out of use, and are no longer found in elegant writings, or in any other than formulary pieces' (Todd's Johnson 1818, at Therewithall).

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-06-22 Wed

#2613. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť (4) [phonaesthesia][sound_symbolism][word_formation][semantic_change][etymology][blend]

ɸ4 (cf. [2012-10-17-1], [2015-05-28-1])[2016-06-14-1]) Samuels ϡphonaesthesia Ȥݤ켫ȡѲ1ȤƽפǤǤϤʤ̼θѲβˤͿȹͤƤ롥ʲΤ褦ˡ֤̣ؤδͿƿˤ׸ȽҤ٤Ƥ (Samuels 48)

   (a) a word changes in form because its existing meaning suggests the inclusion of a phonaestheme, or the substitution of a different one;
   (b) a word changes in meaning because its existing form fits the new meaning better, i.e. its form thereby gains in motivation;
   (c) a new word arises from a combination of both (a) and (b).


(a) ζȤ Samuels ε󤲤ƤΤdrag, fag, flag, lag, nag, sag Τ褦 phonaestheme -ag /-ag/ ĸ췲Ǥ롥Τʤ flag, lag, sag ˤĤƤϡΤƤ츻Ϥ /g/ ǤϤʤ /k/ äƤ롥˾Τ줫ʳ /k/ /g/ ִ줿Ȥ򼨺뤬ϲѲη̤ǤϤʤ phonaestheme -ag αƶˤΤ̣Ǥ (analogy) ȤäƤ褤פǤ礭Ǥ꾮 phonaestheme Ȥñ̤εˤðۤǤ롥ۤˡդɽ魯Τ˻ҲŤͤ "expressive gemination" ⡤(a) Υפ˶ᤤ
(b) ȤƤϡcl- br- ĤĤθΰ̣ phonaestheme ΤĴްաʤ줾 "clinging, coagulation" "vehemence" ۤɡˤ˶ŤĤѲƤäҲ𤵤Ƥ (Samuels 55--56)

 earlier meaninglater meaning
CLOGfasten wood to (1398)encumber by adhesion (1526)
CLASPfasten (1386), enfold (1447)grip by hand, clasp (1583)
BRAZENof brass (OE)impudent (1573)
BRISTLEstand up stiff (1480)become indignant (1549)
BROILburn (1375)get angry (1561)


(c) ȤƤϡflurry θ츻ιͻ (Samuels 62) ñϡ餯 hurry Ȥ줬ΤȤʤäƤꡤƬҲ h phonaestheme fl- ˤ֤줿Τȿ仡Ƥ롥ȤȡϹ̣Ǻ (blend) ΰȹͤ졤smog, brunch, trudge ʤɤˤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
嵭ΤʤˤϡФи츻ԾܤȤΤޤޤƤ뤬phonaesthesia ̣ѲθȤǧ뤳Ȥˤꡤ츻꤬褵륱ʤʤΤǤϤʤ
Ǥ礭Ǥ꾮ñ̤ȤƤ phonaestheme ȤͤˤϴؿäƤ롥ǯ9˸Ƭȯɽ "From Paragogic Segments to a Stylistic Morpheme: A Functional Shift of Final /st/ in Function Words Such As Betwixt and Amongst (cf. #2325. ICOME9 ˻äƵŤسĬήʤɡ ([2015-09-08-1])) 䡤"Betwixt and Between: The Ebb and Flow of Their Historical Variants" ꤹĴ betwixt amongst /-st/ ޤ phonaestheme ǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥

Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
Hotta, Ryuichi. "Betwixt and Between: The Ebb and Flow of Their Historical Variants." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 114 (2014): 17--36.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-06-09 Thu

#2600. űѸ be ưζ [suppletion][be][verb][conjugation][inflection][oe][paradigm][indo-european][etymology]

ѸǺǤʣʶޤ򼨤ưȤСbe ưǤ롥ޤ˿षƤ븽ѸˤäơޤʣݤäƤͣưޤ٤⤹ơԵ§ʤΥѥबĤäƤޤäΤ
űѸˤƤ⡤ζޤοθȤƤ⡤be ưζޤϤϤʣäʲˡűѸ bēon ȸѸ be ζɽǤ褦 (Hogg and Fulk 309)

OE

餫˰ۤʤ캬ͳ褹η֤ޤäơɽƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Сbe ưζɽ佼ˡ (suppletion) κǤǤ롥be ϡӸŪˤ "athematic verb" ȸƤФư1ĤǤꡤΤʤǤǤʣˤ򤿤ɤäƤHogg and Fulk (309--10) ˤСűѸ bēon ν֤Ϥ餯4Ĥθ캬̤롥
1ܤϡPIE *Hes- ͳ褹ΤǡűѸ첻뤤 s ǻϤޤ֤ȿǤƤs ǻϤޤΤϡ *Hs- ͳ褹롨 cf. ƥ sumˡ
2ܤϡPIE *bhew(H)- ͳ褷űѸǤ b ǻϤޤ֤ȿǤcf. ƥ fuī 'I have been'ˡűѸǤϡηϽŪ뤤̤δްդȼȤ¿ä
3ܤϡPIE *wes- ̤ꡤűѸʤƸѸ˻ޤǡˤǤϤäѤη֤ȤѤ롥϶Ѳ5ưǤꡤ߷äƤűѸޤǤ˲˸ꤵ줿
4ܤϡűѸľˡ2;ñ eart ٤Ȥ PIE *er- ꤵƤcf. ƥ orior 'I rise' Ʊ캬ˡ
be ưΥѥϡűѸ褢٤ϴάƤΤΡʤĹˤΤʤݤ줿ʣϷߤǤ롥

Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-06-08 Wed

#2599. ̾ Rose 鯤ʤϡ [onomastics][personal_name][etymology][metathesis]

RoseRosa Ȥ̾鯤̣ΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤThe Wordsworth Dictionary of Firms Names (200) ˤȸ horse ȷӤĤƤǽ⤤褦

Rose (f)
From the name of the flower. Common long before flower names came into popular use in the 19th century. Probably from Germanic names, based on words meaning 'horse', an important feature of the life of Germanic tribes. However, the English flower name is a more attractive association for most people.
Variant form: Rosa


ḽζŪʴФȤƤϡ̾ϴְ㤤ʤ֤ rose ȷӤĤƤ뤬θ츻ϥޥϤϤɽ魯ñ졤űѸǤȤ hros ˤȤ#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡűѸ hros ϸ˲ž (metathesis) ˤ hors(e) ȷѤޥ̱²ˤȤäƽפưʪ̾μ򶡵뤷ȤȤϡˤꤽǤ롥θ¤ Rose ϡˤθ츻˺졤֤ rose Ȥǧ褦ˤʤä֤ rose Τϡ˸츻õΤ񤷤褦Ǥ˥ƥ rosa ȤѤƤꡤ줬űѸ rōse ޤᡤޥؤѤ줿
鯤ȤϢۤϡŪʸˤ뤳ȤϸޤǤʤΰѤˤ⤢Ȥꡤ19˲֤̤̾˿̾ȤѤ褦ˤʤäаޤȤδϢⵤαƤ¾Ȥ19 Daisy) ˤС19ˤϰ̤̾̾ȤѤĬäˤĤƤϡ#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1]) ⻲ȡ

Macleod, Isabail and Terry Freedman. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Firms Names. Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 1995.

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow