ε#4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ ([2022-05-18-1]) ǡѸˤˤǯФ뿷ñ˾Ҳ𤷤Laing and Lass ʸηսѤȡΤ褦ˤʤ (231)
(a) For the history of she, we posit an approximant epenthesis of a type already found in OE, spreading to further items in ME, and occurring in all periods of Scots as well as PDE. This turns the word-onset into a consonant cluster with its own history, independent of that of the nuclear vowel (though it seems primarily to occur before certain nuclear types).
(b) The nuclear vowel derives in the normal way from OE [eo], with no need for 'resyllabification' or the creation of 'rising diphthongs'.
(c) This account allows an etymology with no interim generation of trimoric nuclei, or the problem of maintaining vowel length when the first element of the nucleus is the first vowel of the diphthong that constitutes it. It therefore allows for the unproblematic derivation of both [ʃe:] (required for PDE [ʃi:]) and [ʃo:] (required for some regional types such as [ʃu:]).
(d) We claim that the so-called 'she problem' has been a problem mainly because of a misconception of the kind of etymology it is. The literature (and this is true even of Britton's account, which is clearly the best) founders (sic) on the failure to separate the development of the word-onset and the development of the nuclear vowel.
The mistake has been the attempt to combine a vocalic story and a consonantal story and at the same time make phonological sense. We suggest that in this case it cannot be done, and that by separating the two stories we arrive at a clean and linguistically justifiable narrative.
ǵξܺ٤Ω뤳ȤϤʤοФ伫ȤɾҤ٤ʤСޤƤƤ¾ϤȤߤƤ롥
ޤLAEME ȤǿΥġѤĤġŪʼ̤λ˰͵ƤפǤ롥礭ʻ餳˼ȤǤȤ褯ʬȤ餯뿮괶ȤФ褤ιȿ˶ò롥
嵭ȴϢ뤬LAEME ϢȤƤ CoNE (= A Corpus of Narrative Etymologies from Proto-Old English to Early Middle English) CC (= the Corpus of Changes) ԻȤʸץȤΰĤȤơshe 夲ƤŦƤCoNE ϡѸʸڤñΤ۷֤ˤĤơѲֻѲδԤȤŪʴǤʡֽѸȤӸءפȸƤӤۤɤˡshe ˤĤƤСγƳʷޤ٤Ƥΰ۷֤Ϳ褦ȤƤꡤ[ʃ] ޤ֤ΰ⤢ޤǤΰˤʤΤǤ롥scha, þoe, þie, yo Τ褦㳰Ūʰ۷֤ˤĤƤ⡤̣ͿƤ롥
ơ"Yod Epenthesis" Ƥ켫Τڥ˥Ūžäshe θ츻ˤǤ [j] ˼ƳФ뤫ײ1ĤȤʤäƤ [j] ƳФ뤳Ȥ̣Ƿ餯ᡤ֤ [j] äƤޤäפȼĥΤǤ롥ˤ [j] ɬԼפȤ櫓ǤʤȯŪǤϤ졤㤬뤳ȤʸΤ˼Ƥ뤫
Ū¿ĤҤȤĤεˤĤƤԤ䤤Ƥߤ⤢ΤΤȤϤꡤĻɷŪʹɾ
Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "On Middle English she, sho: A Refurbished Narrative," Folia Linguistica Historica 35 (2014): 201-40.
Lass, Roger, Margaret Laing, Rhona Alcorn, and Keith Williamson. A Corpus of Narrative Etymologies from Proto-Old English to Early Middle English and accompanying Corpus of Changes, Version 1.1. Edinburgh: U of Edinburgh, 2013--. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/CoNE/CoNE.html.
3;ñ̾ she θ츻ä100ǯʾ褬³ƤˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ⼡εǼ夲Ƥ
#792. she --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθ ([2011-06-28-1])
#793. she --- 奤ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1])
#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])
#829. she θ츻ν ([2011-08-04-1])
θŤ LAEME ȤǿΥġѤĩΤ2014ǯ Laing and Lass ʸǤLAEME ˤĤƤϡ#4086. Ѹ츦ˤ LAEME ([2020-07-04-1])#4396. ѸϿޤȥդѥƤ LAEME ([2021-05-10-1]) Ϥ laeme γƵȡˡ
she ϡüŪˤСѸǧ۷֡ʸɸ she Ϣʤ֤ޤˤ˸ (1) Ҳ [ʃ](2) [eː] [oː]ɤΤ褦ΤȤ2˽롥Ȥ櫓θȤʤܤƤ۷ [hjoː] ʤɤ˴ޤޤ [j] ɤΤ褦ƳФ뤫פȤʤ롥
Ǥϡ [j] ϴ¸βϢ³ΤʤŪƳФ뤳ȤȤƤLaing and Lass οϡ[j] ŪƳФ줿ΤǤϤʤŪ줿ˤʤȤȤñˤС [j] äƤޤäΤȤȤо嵭 (1), (2) Τ̵ʤǤ뤷LAEME ۷֤ʬۤδ̷ʤȤ
֤ [j] äƤޤäϡƱʸǤ "Yod Epenthesis" (= YE) ̾դƤ롥űѸ [heo] YE ͳ [hjeo] Ȥʤꡤθ "eo-Monophthongisation/Merger" (= EOM) ̤ [hjeː] 뤤 [hjoː] ƳФȤϩʼºݤˤϡκǸβطʤŪ [hjøː] ꤵƤ餷ˡˡƬ [hj] "Fusional Assimilation" (= FA) Ф [ç] ȤʤꡤǸ "Palatal Fronting" (= PF) η̡[ʃ] Ϥ롤Ȥƻڤ
űѸ줫ήмΤ褦ˤʤ (Laing and Lass 217)
*heo ((YE)) > *hjeo ((EOM)) >
1 *hjo: ((FA)) > [ço:] ((PF)) > [ʃo:]
2 *hje: ((FA)) > [çe:] ((PF)) > [ʃe:]
Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "On Middle English she, sho: A Refurbished Narrative," Folia Linguistica Historica 35 (2014): 201-40.
#4349. ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ ([2021-03-24-1]) ȤѤʵȴϢơ⤽ξԤͳ褬礭ۤʤˤĤơLass βѤ褦ޤʬˤĤơȤ櫓Ѳưͳ˾Ƥ (Lass 161)
. . . its [= past participle] descent is not always very neat. To begin with, it is historically not really 'part of' the verb paradigm: it is originally an independent thematic adjective (IE o-stem, Gmc a-stem) formed off the verbal root. The basic development would be:
IE PGmc *ROOT - o - nó- > *ROOT - α -nα-
Ѳư˴ؤ¤ꡤʬư캬ˤϤʤȤưѥȤ߹ޤƤʤäȤȤŪˤϡư줫Ωưζΰ㤤ˤ¸
ʬˤϡŪưζΰ㤤˰¸ʤȤ𤬤ä (Lass 163) ˤĤƤϤǤˡ#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1]) ǰѤȤǤ롥
֤ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤפȤ˸礦äơ⤽ʬȸʬͳ褬礭ۤʤäƤפȤʤ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Ӹ (comparative_linguistics) Ǥϡطˤ뤫⤷ʤȵ2ĤθԥååפбȤܤɤβӤ롥κݤˡξβ餫ǡֻƤפȤܤΤľŪǤϤ뤬ӸؤΡӡפ (similarity) ǤϤʤб (correspondence) Ǥ롥ϰճ⤷ʤȤƤޤäƤĤʤɤƱ츻̤⤢Сդ˸ɤϤäɤŪ̵ط⤢뤫
줾Ȥơ#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1])#1151. ¿ ([2012-06-21-1])#1136. ۤʤδ֤줬 ([2012-06-06-1])#4683. ۤʤδ֤ǡֶ줬 ([2022-02-21-1])#4072. Ѹ have ȥƥ habere, ե avoir ̸츻 ([2020-06-20-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
ӸؤˤĤơCampbell (266--67) ϼΤ褦ͺۤ˻ŦƤ롥
. . . it is important to keep in mind that it is correspondences which are crucial, not mere similarities, and that such correspondences do not necessarily involve very similar sounds. It is surprising how the matched sounds in proposals of remote relationship are typically so similar, often identical, while among the daughter languages of well-established, non-controversial, older language families such identities are not as frequent. While some sounds may stay relatively unchanged, many undergo changes which leave phonetically non-identical correspondences. One wonders why correspondences that are not so similar are not more common in such proposals. The sound changes that lead to such non-identical correspondences often change cognate words so much that their cognancy is not apparent. These true but non-obvious cognates are missed by methods such as multilateral comparison which seek inspectional resemblances.
ϻȤȤͽۤ⤺äȷ㤷Ѥ롥줬ӸؤζǤ롥Ϣơ#411. Ʒ---Ʊ줫Ѹ줫 ([2010-06-12-1]) ⻲ȡ
Campbell, Lyle. "How to Show Languages are Related: Methods for Distant Genetic Relationship." Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Oxford: Blackwell, 262--82.
ѸˤθŵŪȤäƤ褤 Algeo and Pyles ɤǤơΰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ȴϢ clang association ȤѸΤäȤȤϿؤѸΤ褦ϢۡϢˡϢפ졤㤨 cling ring Τ褦˲ʤȯƤɤ˺Ѥ̣ŪϢۤΤȤ褦ĤαѸѸ켭ŵƤܤäƤʤäΤǡ夲Ƥ Algeo and Pyles (233--34) Ѥۤʤ
Sound Associations
Similarity or identity of sound may likewise influence meaning. Fay, from the Old French fae 'fairy' has influenced fey, from Old English fǣge 'fated, doomed to die' to such an extent that fey is practically always used nowadays in the sense 'spritely, fairylike.' The two words are pronounced alike, and there is an association of meaning at one small point: fairies are mysterious; so is being fated to die, even though we all are so fated. There are many other instances of such confusion through clang association (that is, association by sound rather than meaning). For example, in conservative use fulsome means 'offensively insincere' as in "fulsome praise," but it is often used in the sense 'extensive' because of the clang with full. Similarly, fruition is from Latin frui 'to enjoy' by way of Old French, and the term originally meant 'enjoyment' but now usually means 'state of bearing fruit, completion'; and fortuitous earlier meant 'occurring by chance' but now is generally used as a synonym for fortunate because of its similarity to that word.
ȯᤤñɤ̣Ǥƶ礦ȤΤϡŪˤϤäȤʤȤ뤷Ƥ꿼ͤ뤳Ȥʤä֤ϢȤȤΤϡ٤˵뤳ȤΤǤҥȤʤǤϷǤ롥䡤ΩӤ륪䥸㥰뤳Ȥʤ졥Ωɤ clang association ʤΤ顥
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
ǯٽƬ45530ޤdzŤƤֱѸƳ2021ϤǤ˽λƤޤƱμݤ̿˽°γꡤҥƥĤȤФޤƤϡ˿ȶ¿ɼԤ˥ԡ뤹Ȼפ֥ƥ˥Ѹθ츻ˤĤƤιƥĤǤǡ١ɲäޤΤǡҤ
ꥹ¿ΥݡĤȯϤǤΤᡤ͡ʥݡĤδϢѸϤȤꡤƼ凉ݡĤ˴ŤѶʤɤŪʱѸɽȤưޤƤޤ㤨СThe ball is in your court. ȤСּ˹ư٤ϡʻǤϤʤˤʤפ̣봷ѶǤϥƥ˥Υץ쥤ͳ褹ΤǤ
ޤHis idea is (way) out in left field. ȤСΰոϰѤäƤפ̣ޤκʥեȡˤΰ֤濴鳰Ƥ뤳Ȥ˴ŤǥǤʤʥꥫѸǤꥹǤѤʤ褦ǤˡݡĤͳ褹Ѹθ䴷ɽϡפΤۤޤ
Τ褦˴ؿäϡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ2019ǯ٤ΥХåʥС2019ǯ4椫2020ǯ312ˤ錄ꡤؤ¿ľΤäƤݡĤαѸפꤷơ嵭μݤˤ褦̣ϢܤƤޤۤʤ륹ݡļܤܤƤޤƥ˥Ϣ2019ǯ6Ǽ夲Ƥޤͤޤǡ
γǰѸΤäƤбѸθôطˤĤƤäȸŪǤȻפΤ˺ǶвäGörlach (110) consociation dissociation ȤôطˤĤƾҲ𤷤ƤʤȤȤ Leisi ˤΤȤΤȡ
Words can be said to be consociated if linked by transparent morphology; they are dissociated if morphologically isolated. Consociation is common in languages in which compounds and derivations are frequent (OE, Ge, Lat). Dissociation occurs when foreign words are borrowed, or when derivations become opaque . . . .
㤨Сheart hearty heartiness ϷŪƩƤꡤŵŪ consociation δطˤȤ롥foul filth filthy filthiness ˤĤƤ⡤ǽ foul filth Ʃ٤ϼ㴳뤬ʤűѸǤϲֵ§ˤꡤ٤Ʃ٤äȤˡΤȤƤ consociation δطȤconsociation ȤäƤ٤κΤꤦôطǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
Ѹä3ع¤ʤɤϡŵŪ dissociation δط#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) 餤ĤСask -- question -- interrogate, fair -- beautiful -- attractive, help -- aid -- assistance ʤɤ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) ͭ̾cow -- beef, swine -- pork, sheep -- mutton ʤɤθôط dissociation Ȥ롥
eye -- ocular ʤɤ̾졦ƻб⡤dissociation δطȤȤˤʤ롥ܸäС¸ȴδط뤤ϴɤߤǤзɤߤȲɤߤδط⡤ŵŪ dissociation ȤäƤ褤֤͡סʴˤȡִסʴˤδطϡ嵭 eye -- ocular δط˻Ƥ롥Ϣơ#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.
Leisi, Ernst. Das heutige Englische: Wesenszüge und Probleme.'' 5th ed. Heidelberg, 1969.
ѸäƤեѸˤĤơƥѸȸʬĤʤȤ츻ؾƬˤ꤬롥ˤĤƤϰʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])
#848. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1])
#3581. ѸΥեѸ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (1) ([2019-02-15-1])
#3582. ѸΥեѸ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (2) ([2019-02-16-1])
Ǥϡե줫Ѹ줫θʬĤʤȤΤϤեȱѸ°ƤɤۤʤꡤΤ˶̤ϤʤΤǡΤ褦ϹͤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ
ΥեѸȥƥѸξȤϰۤʤ̣礤ǤϤ뤬ȽǤǤʤȤʤʤƤ뱾ȤǤϤʤ餹餫˥եñʤΤθ줬ƤƥȤѸƥȤʤΤեƥȤʤΤʬĤʤˡۤʤ꤬Ƥ롥⤷ʤѸƥȤǤФθϥե줫äƤѸǧꤵʤեƥȤǤФθϽեñǤꡤѸȤ̵طȽǤȤǤϤʤ
Ȥ¤ˤϱʩǤ礤θ줬١ȤʤäƤΤȽȤʤ "macaronic" 2ƥȤʤΤ롥С줿 code-switching Τʤ˽ФƤ롤ȤƤ餫˥ե°ñϡǤ˱Ѹ˼ѤƱѸäΰƤΤʤΤ뤤ϽեñȤѤƤˤʤΤΤʴबʤ¤ꡤȽǤŪˤʤʩΤۤƥؤäƤơ𤬤ˤ䤳ʤ⤢롥ˤĤơTrotter (1790) βʹ
Quantities of medieval documents survive in (often heavily abbreviated) medieval British Latin, into which have been inserted substantial numbers of Anglo-French or Middle English terms, usually of course substantives; analysis of this material is complicated by the abbreviation system, which may even have been designed to ensure that the language of the documents was flexible, and that words could have been read in more than one language . . ., but also by the fact that in the later period (that is, after around 1350) the distinction between Middle English and Anglo-French is increasingly hard to draw. As is apparent from even a cursory perusal of the Middle English Dictionary (MED, Kurath et al. 1952--2001) it is by no means always clear whether a given word, listed as Middle English but first attested in an Anglo-French context, actually is Middle English, or is perceived as an Anglo-French borrowing.
2ƥȤ˸ñ줬θ°Τꤹ뤳ȤϡɬñǤϤʤθäȤϲʤΤƹͤ롥Ϣưʲ⻲Ȥ줿
#2426. York Memorandum Book ˤߤʩ¿¿ͤʺ ([2015-12-18-1])
#1470. macaronic lyric ([2013-05-06-1])
#1625. Ѹνդˤ code-switching ([2013-10-08-1])
#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1])
#2271. Ѹ macaronic ʲʸ ([2015-07-16-1])
#2348. Ѹˤˤ code-switching ([2015-10-01-1])
Trotter, David. "English in Contact: Middle English Creolization." Chapter 114 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1781--93.
Top 1,000 Baby Girl Names in the U.S. 2021 ˤȡޤ줿ˤĤ̾Ȥƿ͵Υ٥3ϡɸ̤ Olivia, Emma, Ava äȤ-a Ū˽̾ȴϢŤƤǼǤΤ̾ȤƤ4ȤʤʤĹ Olivia 1̤Ȥ϶ä
٥3̾ˤĤơThe Wordsworth Dictionary of First Names 국ҤѤ롥
Olivia (f)
Originally the Italian form of Olive but long considered as a name in its own right with romantic and aristocratic associations. Olivia is one of the heroines in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night and in Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield (1766). Olivia Newton-John is an Australian actress-singer.
Familiar form: Livy.
Emma (f)
From Germanic meaning 'whole' or 'universal'. Popular throughout the ages from the 11th century, when Ethelred's Queen bore it, to today when it is often twinned with other names, as in: Emma Jane. Famous bearers include Nelson's mistress, Lady Emma Hamilton and the heroine of Jane Austen's novel Emma (1815).
Familiar forms: Em, Emmie.
Ava (f) [ay-va, ah-va]
In addition to being a familiar form of Gustava, this can be another form of Eva, reflecting the way Eva is pronounced in many European countries. Ava Gardner, film star in the 1940s, popularized the name, though her name tended to be pronounced to rhyme with Java.
츻ȤƤϡޤޤơƥꥢ졤ޥ졤إ֥饤ȥХХʤΤѸʿ̾ˤΰŪʻʪäƤ褦Ǥ⤷ߤΤΤ⡤ǤʤΤ⤢ꡤǤ¿ͤǤ롥
Ĥλˤ⡤Ҥ̾ŤˤϿƤδ˾Ƥ롥餳ɤθˤƤ̾ (personal_name)Ȥ櫓 first name Ū˴ؿ⤿ΤͤޤǤˡѸο̾ˤĤƤϰʲεʤɤƳȤʤϤǤ롥
#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1])
#2557. ѸΥ饭͡ࡤ뤤ϥ饭饹ڥ ([2016-04-27-1])
#4367. ֱѸο̾פεåȡ ([2021-04-11-1])
The Wordsworth Dictionary of First Names. Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 1995.
ֱѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿֤ǰ֡פΤïǤǥˡDz Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ʡɱ١ˤ "Magic mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one of all?" ѤƤƻ fair ΰ̣Ѳ˾ƤѸƳƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
פȤФޤ beautiful פ⤫ӤޤʤǤ fair ʤΤǤ礦ޤƥĤǤ⤵Ƥ̤ fair ˤϡֿΡפȤ⤢ޤΤǡSnow White ȤΤ褤Ȥޤˡbeautiful ƻѤƤΤòƤ봶ΤФfair ˤϡָʡʿʡפθޤƻŪʴްդޤ (cf. fair trading, fair share, fair play) ɱƤΤˤԤäȤ櫓Ǥ
fair ϸűѸѤƤѸǡŤ˭ʶޤbeautiful ϡ14˸ťե̾ beute Ѥˡ15˱Ѹ¦ -ful ղäƺäѸǤեѸΤˤϡȾץեѸˤŪˤäΩŪ̵ƩζĤȤ¿ΤǤbeautiful ˤĤƤгΤ fair ٤ƻŪŪʿߤϴޤʥƥѸ attractive ȹ碌 fair -- beautiful -- attractive 31 (triset) ȳơλѰ (register) ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
fair beautiful Τ褦ΰ̣ˡΰ㤤ˤĤƾܤΤꤿˤϡ䥳ѥʸäįᡤɤΤ褦ʸȶ (collocation) Ƥ뤫ѻ뤳Ȥᤷޤ1줫ʤ륤ꥹѸ쥳ѥ BNCweb ξζɽĴ٤ƤߤޤǤϿʪƻѤƤ붦˸¤äƾҲ𤷤ޤfair ȥåȤߤ䤹Τ hair lady Ǥbeautiful ȥåȤȤƤ woman, girl, young, hair, face, eyes, looks ʤɤäƤޤʤ fair lady ФơޤƻѤɤɽ魯Ȥò beautiful woman/girl ȤΩ¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤɱˤϤϤ fair դ路ΤǤ礦͡
fair ˸ȸηӤĤϡcandid Ȥƻˤ⸫ޤcandid ˡΨľʡפ̣ޤʤָʿʡפθޤŤϡפθ⤢ޤȤȤθ츻ϥƥ candidus ǡޤˡפ̣ޤǮƵƤפǡcandle ʥˤȤ캬ͭƤޤޤcandidate ʸԡˤϡޤǸԤȡ뽬路äȤͳ褷ޤʤߤܸǤַסֹס֥ʡ̵ˡפʤɤȸδطָޤ͡
ֱѸƳ2021Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡˤѤ̤Ƥֿϼ֡סȤǤ1874ǯܡʸˤΡֿϼ֡פѸ jinrikisha ȤƼѤޤθޤʤ1879ǯˤϡѸ첽ޤä rickshaw ȤƸƤޤϤޤ˻䤿Υֿϼ֡פΰ̣ѤƤΤǤ1900ǯˤ rickshaw ϥΥȥȥʤɤǤߤΡʤɤŪˤߤ롤ž֤ХưλإΤ褦ʤΤؤؤȿʲ뤲ƤޤOED ξ̿˭٤˴ޤɤߤ䤹ƥĤ˻ž夬äƤޤΤǡϤֿϼ֡פʤȤĥåߤȤȤˤɤ
⤽ֿϼ֡פ jinrikisha ȤƱѸääϲäΤǤ礦Barnhart θ츻˻ͤˤʤ뵭ҤäΤǡѤƤޤ
jinrikisha or jinricksha (jinrik'shô) n. small, two-wheeled carriage pulled by one or more men. 1874, borrowed from Japanese jinrikisha (jin man + riki power + sha cart, carriage).
It is possible the carriage is the invention of a Baptist missionary named Goble in 1869, who is said to have devised the vehicle for his wife who suffered from arthritis, and the first commercial operation of such vehicles was apparently sanctioned in Tokyo that same year.
ΤʵҤǤϤʤΤΡХץƥɤΰʲ Goble ˤȯʤǡμξʪǧĤ줿Τ⤽ǯä餷ȤȤǤǤϥޥ褯ʬʤǤ͡
ܤΡֿϼ֡פˤĤĴ٤Ȥإ֥˥ɴʻŵ 2010٤˾嵭ȴϢϤ뤬ۤʤ뵭ҤĤޤȯԤïʤΤǤ礦
Ҥ褻Ϥǰĥ2ؼ֡ŴˤܶĮι⻳餬ϼ֤ηƽФΡ2 (1869) ǯ˻žǯ3ˡֿ¤֡פȤƳȤдꤷޤܶΤȤ3椪ȤΤΤϼΤ4ΩƤƲʤɤĥᤰ餷4ǯ˽Τɡ餷ĤʤɤĤä1873ǯޤǤήԤ34200ξڤȵϿƤ롥ǯ֤˲ɤ졤ڤȤȤˡˤμ (硤Ρܼ) Ȥ¿͢Ф졤֥ꥭס֥ꥭפαѸƤӤޤǤǤۤڤ1900ǯ3ˤȯطԤɤɽ줿ꤷǤˤκܤǤż֡ư֤ˤƿϤꡤ䤬ƲʤüʳǤϤ줿
ˤ jinrikishaӤž rickshaw ϡ19˱ѸѤ褦ˤʤä櫓Ǥ䤬ƻؼоݤȤʤʪΤƤƤޤäȤΤ⤷Ǥ嵭ƥǡּѸϡˤƸΰ̣龯줿̣äƤޤȤʤʤȹͤ뤬ά͡rickshaw ⤽ΤҤȤĤʤΤפȽҤ٤Ƥ̤Ǥ͡ǶΡ#4386. ֲȭפ hibachi, ڡפ senpai ([2021-04-30-1])#4391. kamikaze bikini --- 略魯ΰ̣Ѳ ([2021-05-05-1]) Ǥ夲줿ǤϤǤ줽ǤƤΤȤΩäƤäҤƤμϤʤȤǡƤδԤȤʢˡȼĹƤäƤޤȤȻƤޤ
ΥƥĤϼѸΰ̣ƤȤǤƤΤϰ̣ǤϤʤޤΤ̤Ǥjinrikisha rickshaw ؤṳ̂줿Ȥ⤽Ǥּܸ֡ /ʃa/ ñΤۤǤ /ʃɑː/ 뤤 /ʃɔː/ ȯ褦ˤʤäΤ⾮ʷΥǤѸʹߡ¾ /a/ äƤݤˤϡΤ褦 /ɑː/ /ɔː/ ȤƼޤޤФξδ֤ɤ뤳Ȥ¿º jinrikisha rickshaw θˤƤξ첻֤ɤƤޤɤϢươֻΤۤˤ <sha> <shaw> ɤƤΤȹͤޤéclat /eɪˈklɑː/, spa /spɑː/, vase /vɑːz/ ʤɤǤϸߤ /ɑː/ ܤǤŤ /ɔː/ ⤢ޤ (Jespersen 428)
ʤ֥ꥯ硼פϡȤĤι켭ŵˤϺܤäƤޤǤ̤ؤΥѥåѥåäƤɮԤȤƤϡĿȤƤܸΥܥ֥Τʤˤä夷Ƥޤ
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
ֱѸƳ2021Τ˳ꥢåפ줿ƥĤMorning evening ˤϲ ing ĤΡǤŪñǡƹͤƤߤʤȰռ餷ʤ䤫⤷ޤͤФԻĤǤ͡¤ϺΥƥĤǤԤȤϤ͡⤬äƸ츻ŪˤϽ⤢Ǥܥ֥Ǥϡ#2708. morn, morning, morrow, tomorrow ([2016-09-25-1]) Ǥ˾ƤޤΤǡɤ
ܲؤΥȤǥ롼ŸǤ륰롼פϡХ -ing äƤޤ-ing ȤäƤ⡤ʬ졤ư̾졤̾ȤäưǤϤʤΤǤΤΤɤǤɤΤ褦뤫ȤΤӤθǤƱ롼פϿʹԷˤ븽ʬȤƤ -ing ˾ʤä褦Ǥ
ǤⵡǽϰۤʤɡŪˤߤз־Ʊ -ing Ǥ뤳Ȥˤϰ㤤ޤŪˤߤƤ⡤ϳơۤʤ롼ġۤʤ뵡ǽäƤޤ֤ʤΤǺƱƤȤΤ֤ʤΤǤ-ing ˤȤäƤߤСʤꤿƤʤä櫓ǤϤʤǤ礦¿ǽˤʤäƤޤä櫓Ǥ͡ȤȤǡɤΤߤ -ing Ǥ뤳ȤˤѤꤢޤ
-ing ϱѸ˾礭ʥơޤǤܥ֥ǰäƤϰ -ing ߤεҲ𤷤Ƥޤפɤߤεåɤ
#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1])
#790. Ѹˤưʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])
#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])
#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])
#1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1])
#3109. ʤ -(e)s դ -ing դֻˤưۤʤΤ ([2017-10-31-1])
#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1])
#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1])
#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1])
#4349. ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ ([2021-03-24-1])
#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])
#1610. Viking θ츻 ([2013-09-23-1])
#1673. ̾¿ȿ̾ء ([2013-11-25-1])
#3903. ޥ̾ atheling, edelweiss, Heidi, Alice ([2020-01-03-1])
#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1])
#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1])
#2512. ưŪȤ뤫ư̾뤫 (2) ([2016-03-13-1])
#2511. ưŪȤ뤫ư̾뤫 (1) ([2016-03-12-1])
#757. decline + ư̾ ([2011-05-24-1])
#4058. what with ʸ ([2020-06-06-1])
#3923. ѸΡ?ʤפʤɤΰư֤ɽ魯칽ʸ ([2020-01-23-1])
ǯٽᤫ5ޤdzֱѸƳ2021ȾäƤޤرɽ줿ƥĤ֤ȤФˤҤסǤstar astrology ѡˤ濴Ȥñθ츻泌åǡܴμݤ˥ԥåǤޤŸǡä disaster, consider, desire, influenza, disposition ˤޤǵڤǤޤäȱñθ츻˶̣勞ȤȻפޤ
λ⡤ʺ¡ˤ˴طĤƤޤΤǾҲ𤷤ޤޤ嵭ƥδؿȽŤʤ star θ츻ˤĤơ#1602. star θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-09-15-1]) ɤ
Ѹ star ȥƥ stella cf. ե etoileˤ٤ r l ΰ㤤ޤϤɤȤȵ˻פä#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])
star η֤ˤĤƤǤűѸǤ steorraѸǤ sterre ʤɤֻǸΤ̤ǡ첻 /a/ ǤϤʤ /e/ äȹͤޤʤ줬 /a/ ؤѲֻȤƤ⤽ȿǤ star Ȥ줿ΤǤ礦¤ϡѸ heart, clerk, Derby, sergeant ʤɤȯֻˤؤ뤪⤷ȥԥåǤ#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) ɤ
ѤȤвƻܤ¤̾ϢƤޤˡѸˤ̤ưޤƤó (lexical_stratification) ζѻ뤳ȤǤޤ֤¡פ the Fish ǤؽŪˡеܡפȤˤ Pisces Ȥʤޤ͡ҡ#3846. ƻܡ̾θóء ([2019-11-07-1]) ɤߤޤѸǤ̾ΰϡ#3707. 88¡ ([2019-06-21-1]) ꡥ
star ǺΤߤѤƱѸˤ뤳Ȥʬ˲ǽǤʾ夹٤ƤҤäɤߤϡεå
²Ǥϡֵפȡ2פ̩ܤʴطˤޤܸǤסʡʿġˤȤ褦ˡ2Ĥδ֤ɤưɽݤˡ2פؤäƤȤΤǤ뵤ޤǤξԤδطϤϤ뤫ǻ̩ǡäΥ٥ηŪ˸߲ƤΤǤ
ֱѸƳ2021Τر줿ֵϤĤ 2 ġϡλ¤ˤĤӸؤδܺ٤˲⤷ƥĤǤӸؤ츻˴ؿΤɼԤˤȤäơ˳ڤƤȤʤäƤޤ
嵭ƥɤСθäΤʤˡֵפȡ2פǻ̩ʴطФȤǤޤǵ䤬ͯޤʤ²ΰǤѸθäˤϡΤ褦ʴطۤȤɸʤΤǤ礦ƥĤ1ˡΤ褦ˤޤ
ɸŪʱѸˤϥޥΡ2ͳΡֵפ̣ñϻĤäƤʤEnglish Dialect Dictionary Online ˤХΥåեɥ㡼٤Υåץ㡼 tweag/tweagle ֵǡפȤñ줬ĤäƤ롥
ǸΡĤäƤפ˥ҥȤޤƥǤƤȤꡤŤϱѸˤɥĸ¾ΥޥΤ褦 "two" ˤȤŤֵפδϢ줬̤¸ߤΤǤűѸ켭ȡäȼΤ褦ʸФĤ뤳ȤǤޤ
twēo "doubt, ambiguity"
twēogende "doubting"
twēogendlic "doubtful, uncertain"
twēolic "doubtful, ambiguous, equivocal"
twēon "to doubt, hesitate"
twēonian "to doubt, be uncertain, hesitate"
twēonigend, twēoniendlic "doubtful, expressing doubt"
twēonigendlīce "perhaps"
twēonol "doubtful"
twīendlīce "doubtingly"
ΤĤϽѸޤѤƤޤθ塤٤ƻ¾ѤȤʤäƤޤͳϡ1066ǯΥΥޥ;ȤǡȵŪˤƱǤƥե줫μѸˡä֤ƤޤäǤޥŪ "two" 饤åŪ "duo" ء줤äѤñۤȤ櫓Ǥ/t/ /d/ δطˤĤƤˡ§ (grimms_law) ȡˡѸǡֵ2פƤߤȡ
doubt, doubtable, doubtful, doubting, doubtingly, dubiety, dubious, dubitate, dubitation, dubitative, indubitably
ʤɡˤ٤ /d/ ǻϤޤ륤åϼѸǤΤʤ dubious Τ褦ֻ <b> ̤ /b/ ȯ륱ȡdoubt Τ褦 <b> ȯʤʤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling)ˤߤƤΤѸŪˤϤ⤷Ǥ (cf. #3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ ([2018-06-12-1])ˡ
Τ褦˥ޥϤθűѸñ줬Ѹʹߤ˥åϤμѸ֤줿ȤΤϡѸ˾Ϥդ줿ݤǤΥ⤷ΤϡñȯǤ֤ǤϤʤϢ줬ä֤줿ȤǤŪˤϤؤ̣ݤȹͤƤޤ (cf. #648. űѸθäѸ ([2011-02-04-1])ˡ
ƸѸǤ "two" ǡֵ2פɽ魯ϤۤȤɸʤʤäΤǤǸ1ĤοѤɽȤ be in/of two minds about sb/sth (= to be unable to decide what you think about sb/sth, or whether to do sth or not) Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礦ʸȤ I was in two minds about the book. (= I didn't know if I liked it or not) ʤɡ
ѥʤɤŻüˤĤˤʤ꤬ʥƥʹ֤ȵȤդ礤Ƥʹֹ (ergonomics) 䤬˹ޤäƤ롥ɴʻŵ2ǡ٤ˤСʹֹؤȤϡֿʹ֤οŪṲ̄ߤơʤɤʹ֤³Ŭ礹롤ʤĤ褦˲Ϥ뤿βʳؤסѸ ergonomics ȤƤϡOALD8 "the study of working conditions, especially the design of equipment and furniture, in order to help people work more efficiently" ʬ䤹ꥫʼﻺȤ衼åѤϫƯʳؤʸ̮ȯãؽʬǡOED ˤ1950ǯʬ̾ȤƽФƤ롥
1950 Lancet 1 Apr. 645/2 In July, 1949, a group of people decided to form a new society for which the name the 'Ergonomics Research Society' has now been adopted.
츻ϡֻŻפ̣Ϣ ergo- ˡַкѡפ̣ economics 3ʹߤݤ碌Τǡ1κ (blend) Ǥ롥Ϣ ergo- ϥꥷ̾ érgon ʻŻˤͳ褷¾ˤƥ𤷤 energy -ergy ʤɤ뤷Ƥ롥ʹֹؤ⥨ͥ륮⡤ΤˡֻŻפ˴ؤ뤳Ȥ
ꥷ érgon ̤Ȱĸ *werg- to do) Ȥ캬ˤɤĤơϱѸ work θ츻Ǥ⤢ΤĸűѸʳǤϡθ캬ư濴Ụ̄ϡֻŻ롤ƯפȤֺ롤Ԥʤפ˶ᤤΤä̤θСΤ뤳ȡԤʤȤʤŻäΤ
űѸ wyrchen (to work) βʬϤ줾 worhte, ġeworht ä15ˤ구§ worked ߤ˻롥Ť֤DzžФĤ wrought ȤƸѸ˻ĤäƤ롥a highly wrought decoration ʤ˺줿ʡˤΤ褦ѤֺפθŤ¸ƤΤʬ롥ޤ#2117. playwright ([2015-02-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡֺפ̣ټ̾ wright ⡤űѸƱ캬̾ͳ褹롥
ֱѸƳ2021Τ˺رˤɽ줿ƥĤָűѸƯ --- wyrcan ¿ ---Ǥ롥ɤǡƯȤȤˤĤƺٹͤƤߤ
ǯؤDZѸ˥ߤôƤǯ٤Τ褦´ʸȤƿ͵Υơޤ롥Ѹ֤ο̸˴ؤ륮åפǤ롥ֿפȤȶʴؿѸʸκۤ뤳ȤΤǤơޤȤơŪʼפ롥Ը˭٤ʤˡꥸʥʸʤȤϷ褷ưפʤΤǤĤפ䤿ʤ
ɽ줿ֱѸƳ2021ΤΥƥĤϡο͵ΥơޤäΡȥֿС٤ˤʤäȤϤǤ롥¿ɼԤϤ˥ԥȤܸΡĿפϱѸǤ the green light бȤǤ롥浡Ƴˤ䡤դƤ (proverb) Ǥ The grass is always greener (on the other side of the fence). ٤μǤĤפˡġСbluegreen δطˤĤʬ䤹ƳƤƤ롥
γΥƥĤϻΥԥ졼θʤΤ嵭ƥǤƤθܤ뤳Ȥˤθζϡ¾ͤΤΤϼʬΤΤ褯ΤǤפȤȤܸǤϡۤˡ٤β֤֤פȤ٤̣פȤ⤢뤽ܸ٤μǤĤפϡѸ The grass is always greener (on the other side of the fence). ۤľƼ줿ΤǤꡤܸθǤϤʤ
ǤϡαѸΥ롼ĤϤɤˤ뤫ȤСOED ˤȰճȿ褦ǡФϥꥫѸ1897ǯ Grass is always greener ǤȤʸϤȡȤƥƥ fertilior seges est aliēnīs semper in agrīs ("the harvest is always more fruitful in another man's fields") ȤΤ뤽̤˸ȤΤŪʶǤ뤫顤ѸǤΥƥǤΤɤʬʤष grass green äƤդꡤʤȤˤϡѸ쥪ꥸʥȤäƤ褵
grass green ΰäȤΤϡƬ (alliteration) ǰƬˤƽҤ٤ΤǤ롥ޤThe grass is always greener. ϡ줤ʡּ嶯嶯嶯פ iambic ȤʤäƤ뤳ȤŦƤ䡤ƬƧǤȤΤ⤢̣Ǥ̯ʸǡ⤽ grass green ĸǡְġ (to grow) ̣ *ghrē- ̤Τ顤ƬҲƱȤäƶäȤǤϤʤThe grass grows green. Ȥʸϡäơ츻Ū˲᤹СְΤ褦˰ġפΤ褦ʥȡȥʸʤΤǤ롥
̸ϡ̸ؤǤ⽸Ū˰ƤץơޤǤ롥̸ܿ (Basic Color Terms) ˤĤƤϡ"bct" ΥΤĤȤ줿
ޤˡ浡ˤˤĤŪˡ21ɤɴʡΤΤϤޤۡ (p. 80) ѤƤؤäΤ
ǤϤƤο浡1868ǯɥˤǤο浡äܤǤϡ1919ǯϩ˼ưϤƤǤŵȤä浡ϡ1918ǯ˥˥塼衼ˤǤܤǤ1930ǯë˥ꥫ͢줿ΤȤ줿
ϢơפʻʸȤƾͺܸˡĿϤʤʤΤ٤Ƥޤ礦
21ɤɴʡΤΤϤޤۡ١شۡ2008ǯ
ͺܸˡĿϤʤʤΤ١ֽ2001ǯ
ꥢåפ줿ֱѸƳ202120ܤΥƥĤϡgoodbye θ츻ägoodbye ΰ̣Ǥ
God be with ye ʿʤȤȤˤޤ褦ˡˤȤ³ˡ (subjunctive) Ѥ (optative) ɽͳ褹Ȥޤ̤ݤˤ褯Ѥ밧Ȥʤꡤûʤä goodbye ȤʤäȤǤ̣Ǥϡ֤ˤϤǤפ֤פˤʤ褦ʤΤǤ
ޤǤΤȤǤ⡤ȵ䤬ͯƤޤ͡㤨С
ʤ God good ˤʤäƤޤäΤ
ʤ be bye ˤʤäƤޤäΤ
ʤ with ye ʬæƤޤäΤ
⤽ you ǤϤʤ ye ȤΤϲʤΤ
ʤʡäơ֤褦ʤפ̤ΰˤʤΤ
ѸŪˤϤ⤷ơޤȤʤޤ嵭ƥǤϡΤ褦ʵΤ٤ƤƤ櫓ǤϤޤGod be with ye goodbye ؤѲƻڤˤĤƶ̣⤬ܤƤޤΤǡɤ
Ȥ櫓⤷Τϡ̤ΰȤܸ֤褦ʤʤСˤƼˡפ˴֤ߤʤޤǸʡʸȡѸ goodbye (< God be with ye) ˤߤֽʡʸκۤŦƤȤǤ
Τ˱ѸǤ (I wish you) good morning/afternoon/evening/night bless you ޤǡʡɽ¾θȤʤäƤ㤬¿褦˻פޤ٤ɽȤƷ־ν䤹ȤϤΤΡظˤȯۡפξ֤ǰۤʤäƤǤ
ؤǤϡѸˤƳȤΤۤ˸űѸ (Old English) ƳȤⳫ֤Ƥ롥ǯٽ4ˤϡĤ䤿©ɬʹƤ롥ޤǤäѤ鸽ѸܤƤˤȤäơűѸȤϤޤ˰ۼ˱Ǥꡤ¾忷ʳؤӻϤΤƱȤʬäƤޤ
֤äƾĴƤȡΤˤʤۤʤ뤱ɤƱѸȤФʤȤռƤ褦ä˸äΥ٥ǡűѸν鸫θȸѸδΤθ줬ӤĤȤиĤޤ츻Τ̥Ϥ٤̣臘ȡűѸ줬ȶ˴ƤΤȻפ
θűѸܥ֥ǤäƳƤߤ֥Х٥פΤθűѸʲ˼
Wæs þā ān gereord on eorþan, and heora ealre ān sprǣc. Hī fērdon fram ēastdēle oð þæt hī cōmon tō ānum felde on þām lande Sennar, and þēr wunedon. Ðā cwǣdon hī him betwȳnan, “Vton wyrcean ūs tigelan and ǣlan hī on fȳre.” Witodlīce hī hæfdon tigelan for stān and tyrwan for weall-līm. And cwǣdon, “Cumað and utan wircan ūs āne burh and ǣnne stȳpel swā hēahne ðæt his rōf ātille þā heofonan, and uton mǣrsian ūrne namon, ǣr þan wē bēon tōdǣlede tō eallum landum.” God þā nyþer āstāh, þæt hē gesēga þā burh and þone stȳpel þe Adames sunus getimbroden. God cwæð þā, “Efne þis his ān folc and gereord him ealum, and hī ongunnon þis tō wircenne; ne hī ne geswīcað heora geþōhta, ǣr þan þe hī mid weorce hī gefyllan. Cumað nū eornostlīce and uton niþer āstīgan and heora gereord þēr tōwendon, þæt heora nān ne tōcnāwe his nēxtan stemne.” And God þā hī tōdǣlde swā of þǣre stōwe tō eallum landum, and hī geswicon tō wyrcenne þā buruh. And for þī wæs sēo burh gehāten Babel, for þan þe ðǣr wæs tōdǣled þæt gereord ealre eorþan. God þā hī sende þanon ofer brādnesse ealra eorðan.
ǤϥץץȻפΤǡ#2929. 11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ7ɤ١ ([2017-05-04-1]) Ƥۤʾ嵭űѸǤ⤳ε (1) ƷǤΡˡϱѸˤΰۤʤʳDz٤ѸƤΤǡ̻ŪӤǽʤΤǤ롥ѸǤǫӤСűѸǤȤбطä⤫Ӿ夬äƤϤ
űѸǤȸѸǤθå٥ǤбˤĤơֱѸƳ2021Τ˱ֿȶʸűѸ5ȤƥĤƤ줿֤Ǽ fērdon, wyrcean/wircan/wyrcenne, burh, getimbroden, tōdǣlede/tōdǣlde 5θ夲Ѹʤɥĸˤ˰Ĥʤ⤷ƤƤ롥űѸƳȤɤ
ɸϡޤᡤƬ𤷤Ƥñ췲ǤֻϤ䤳Ƥ뤷γˤȯƱäۤʤäƤꤹ롥̣Ƥ褦ʡǤʤ褦ʡñϳؽǼ¤˺ޤΤ䤳ϸ츻̤äƤ⤿ƲäʤΤǤǯ٤αѸƳڡȤȤ⤢ꡤŪˤߤƤߤȻפޤcf. #4357. ǯ٤αѸƳڡϤޤ ([2021-04-01-1])ˡ
ޤϡäȤ꤬ʤǡΤʤƤ褤٥ñǤ dissert v. /dɪˈsəːt/ Ԥޤ礦פ̣ưǡǤϡԸդȤΥ졼٥뤬ŽƤޤñΤ褦ֻ <s> ʣˤϡ§Ȥ̵ /s/ Ȥʤޤʤʲ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ㳰ޤˡư줫̾ dissertation ֳؽʸäʸˡפΤäƤƤ褤ñǤ͡
츻ȤƤϡƥǡפ̣ư dissertāre ̤ޤդƬ dis- ˡ촴 serere ʸդĤʤʸˤȿĤʤΤǡ֤äդĤʤ碌פۤɤǤcf. Ʊ촴 series ˡ
ˡ֥ǥȡפ̣ dessert /dɪˈzəːt/߿̾Ȼפޤ<ss> ֻǤ嵭®㳰ǡͭ /z/ ȯޤñϡեư desservir ʶդˤβʬͳ褷ޤĤޤ줿˽ФΡޤˡֿΥǥȡפʤ櫓ǤեνƬ des- servir ʱѸˤ serve ȤֿФפΰաˤȤʤΤǡǼǤ
˼˿ʤߤޤ֥ǥȡפ dessert ȤޤäƱȯʤ⡤<s> 1Ĥ desert ʤñ줬ޤʣʻ뤿ˡʲǤϡΰۤʤ desert 1 desert 2 2̤Ƥޤǽ desert 1 äޤ礦desert 1 ϡּΤƤ롤פ̣ưǤʸȤơShe was deserted by her husband. פ˼ΤƤ줿ˤƤޤưθ츻ϥե déserter ǡ̤ȥƥ dēserere ȿ˹Ԥ夭ޤ캬 serere ʤΤǡҤ dissert Ȥⶦ̤ǤñˤĤƤƬ dis- ǤϤʤ de- ǤĤʤ (serere) Ȥߤ (de) ȤȯۤǡּΤƤ롤ΤƤפȤ櫓Ǥ
ơư desert 1 Τޤޤη֤Ƿƻ첽̾첽ΤּΤƤ줿ϡˡפȤƤΡֺפǤѸǤ̾ư (diatone) ηˤꡤֺפȤƤ desert ȯϡ1˰ܤä /ˈdɛzət/ ȤʤΤդǤ
desert 2 /dɪˈzəːt/ ˰ܤޤ礦̾ǡ٤ȳפ̣ޤ嵭ΤޤǤθȤϤޤäۤʤʷϵǤ̸츻 deserve /dɪˈzəːv/ ?ͤˤȤưβʬͳ褹̾ǤΤȤͤ٤ʪ줬ȳȤȤǤθ deserve ʤưϥե deservir μѤǡ켫Ȥϥƥ dēservīre ̤ޤƬ dē- ϶ա촴 servīre ϡֻŤפΰ̣ǡԤϸ serve ȤƱѸ˼ޤޤ?˻Ť뤳ȤǤۤɤע?ͤפȤạ̈ȯŸȹͤޤ
ơ𤷤䤹ñ췲θ츻̤뤳Ȥǡäƺ𤷤⤷ޤʰ餺ˡʤǸ˼夲ư deserve ϡʤʤȤưǤ⤢ޤThe report deserves careful consideration., He deserves to be locked up for ever for what he did., Several other points deserve mentioning. ʤɼʸΥꥨ˭٤Ǥ̣ŪʴõäƤ⤪⤷ưȻפޤ̣Ūʴ顤ֱѸƳ2021ˤرˤ륳ƥ"You deserve it." ȡּȼסɽޤ⤴ɤ
41Ϣ#4357. ǯ٤αѸƳڡϤޤ ([2021-04-01-1]) ȤơѸˤγؤӤ礹륭ڡĥäƤޤ
¿οͤˤȤäơѸˤؤϱñθ츻ǤϤʤǤ礦ñˤޤäƤˤޤؤˤ "Every word has its own history." ȤȤꡤñĤҤȤĤˡֿפΤǤñΤʤˤϡ߽Ф줿طʤŪʻ郎ͿƤΤ⤢СߤޤǤ˰̣礭ѲƤΤ⤢ޤޤȤʤäΤ¿ޤäñˤϡָפȤƤФޤͤҤȤƱ褦ḁ̈ϤäƤޤ
Ȥ櫓ǡܥ֥Ǥ츻˴ؤ¿夲Ƥޤetymology ǸȡɤɤФ褤ΤܰܤꤹϤǤǡȤ櫓ñθ츻˴ؿΤɼԤγ˸ơhellog ξȻפޤ
(1) ޤƻΩƤȤƸ츻ɬפǤ͡饤ǺǤڤ˥ǤѸ츻 Online Etymology Dictionary Ǥκä#952. Etymology Search ([2011-12-05-1]) ⤴Ѥ
(2) 碌 American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.) θ츻ΡȤ⸡Ǥ롤Ρ#1819. AHD Word History Note Search ([2014-04-20-1]) ⤴Ѥ
(3) ¾#485. 츻Τ뤿Υ饤 ([2010-08-25-1]) ΥŬȤȤ褤Ȼפޤ
(4) ܳŪʸ츻ʤСޤޤΤθ츻̼ܤǤ#600. Ѹ츻ν ([2010-12-18-1]) ǰƼMĤƤФȻפޤʤμˤŻҲ饤ƤΤϤޤˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤ OED ϴδܤȤʸŵǤ
(5) 2018ǯ721ī㡼ɶǡˤؤֱñθ츻פȤֺ¤ޤΤȤλ#3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1]) ˤƸƤޤΤǡͳˤɤ
(6) Ȥʤޤܲī㡼ɶǡ12ιֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פƤޤ9ޤǽäƤꡤ10529ڡˤ15:30?18:45ͽꤵƤޤֱѸˤȸ츻10ҳȳǰѡפǤؿΤϡɤ9ޤǤΥХåʥСˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ夲Ƥޤεå
(7) 츻ˤñؽˡ˴ؿϡ#3546. Ѹˤ츻ñؤӤʤ顤줬μ ([2019-01-11-1])#3698. 츻ؽˡΤ ([2019-06-12-1]) #3696. ܥӥΤΡֺǤΩ25θΥѡġס ([2019-06-10-1]) ʤɤεɤ
(8) ָ츻ءפΤΤ˴ؿäϡԤȤʤޤ##466,1791,727,598,599,636,1765εåȤ
ʤѸˤȤʬϡñäˤȤ¦̤ˤ礤˴ؿƤޤ˸ꤵ櫓ǤϤޤѸȯʸˡˤⰷޤá¾ȤδؤʤɤޤࡤҲŪʬפʴؿǤ
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