1ۤ62ˡī6ۿƤ Voicy ֱͥѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǡץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ߤޤ§Ȥ轵ȶͼ6ۿƤޤ800ߤͭȤʤäƤޤ1δ֤ˡǮʥꥹʡˤäƤꡤȤΤȤʤɤȯ˹ԤʤƤޤμפϤʤѸ˳ưhelˤθ˽ƤƤͽǤ
ͥ볫ߤμݤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#5145. 62ʶˡVoicy ץߥꥹʡۿοֱͥѸˤءפϤޤ ([2023-05-29-1]) ǾܽҤޤޤheldio ̾ۿȤ#727. 62ʶˡVoicy ץߥꥹʡۿοֱͥѸˤءפϤޤǤäƤޤΤǡҤİ
ơ630ʶˤۿֱѸˤءפκǿ֡ڱѸˤ #9۸츻äƲǤʤܳŪǤ
β5ץʤ36ʬۤɤۿǤ4ץΰʸ¿ԽäΤʲ˸ޤץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤءפʷϵȻפäǤǤϡɤ
heldio ̾742#742. tip ֿդפθ츻ȤäǤ͡ˤȤޤҲʹƤФȻפǤɤ⡤ֿդפ̣ tip Ǥ͡ۥƥ쥹ȥǤΤΥåפΤȤʤǤɤ⡤βǡϤǤ͡¯Ҳ𤷤ơڤΤƤäƤȤʤǤ͡¯ȤΤϡtip ȤΤϡȤȡTo Insure Promptness ֿ®«뤿ˡפƬʸä TIP tip ɤޤȤΤȹΤƤǤ͡OED ϤȤơŪʸ츻ŵʤɤǤϡϺ˳ȤȤơ餯Ǥä夲Ȥ褦ʸ¿ޤ
⤦1Ļ褦ޤȡsirloin Ǥ͡ɼɽʤǤsir + loin ȽȤˤʤäƤǤŪˤ16˸Ťե *surloigne ȤñѤΤʤǤ͡sur ȤΤ~ξפȤ̣ǤѸǸ on ˤޤֻ졤뤤ƬǤ͡ơloigne ʬȤȤʤǡξפˤ֤ƤΤ̤Ǥ͡ͳ褹ȤȤʤǤ˥ե뤯ʤѸüԤsur ȤʬΤȤʬʤäΤạ̇̄뤢ޤꡤͤ sir ξιͿȤʪǤä夲ơñ櫓Ǥηֻ̡ sir ˤʤꡤ sirloin ȤȤʤǤϴʤǤä夲Ǥꡤ¯ȤȤˤʤǤ͡tip ⤽Ǥ sirloin ⤽ʤǤɤ⡤ο¤θ츻ȤΤȡ¯ȸƤǤФǤä夲դθ츻Ȥ2ब櫓Ǥֳ͡ؼԸ츻פȡָ̱츻סԤ folk etymology ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤ
¯⡤ؼԸ츻ָ̱츻Ȥ褦ΩǰѸȤȯۤˤͤ⤤ޤ¯פȤդؼԤ並ԤѤ뤳Ȥ꤬ΤǤϤʤȤǤޤ¯ȤɽϤޤ깥ǤϤޤؼԸ츻ָ̱츻ȤޤȻפޤ
¯ָ̱츻ȤɽϡХꥨƥ֤ǤäƤޤ͡tip To Insure Promptness Ȥդθ츻ȤΤϡޤϥޤäƤȸޤsirloin ä⤪⤷Ǥͤ͡ sir ξιͿȤäϼޤꥨƥ֤ǤޤޤƤޤäơ¤Ū츻 creative etymology ȤäɽǽǤ
ޤ츻θ츻ؼԸ츻ȸƤФƤΤ⡤ºݤˤϥꥨƥ֤˻Ϥޤäǽ⤢ޤ¯ָ̱츻 creative etymology ȤƸƤʬ뤳ȤϹԤ⤷ޤΩΤ non-creative etymology Ȥ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ顥
ǤϡŬڤʸƤϲǤ礦ϤʤǡؼԸ츻俿θ츻ʤɤ㤨 true etymology Ȥ real etymology Τ褦ɽǸƤ֤Ȥͤޤetymon ϡָΡפ̣դǤꡤ̯ѸǤϤޤؼԤǤ⡤ˤθ츻ΤʤȤȤˤʤȡtrue Ǥ real Ǥʤ櫓ǡϤꤳѸ⤦ޤʤȻפޤ
ָ̱츻¯ȤäΤ褷ϼˤĤϤޤष⤷Ȼפޤꥨƥ֤ȹͤƤޤtip sirloin ξ硤ΥǤ⡤Ťʳ̤ä츻Τǡθɬפޤ
2Ĥμθ츻ΤʬƹͤɬפȻϹͤƤޤǤϡ2ĤΩˤɤΤ褦̾Ĥ뤫ȤǡС¯פȤΤ⤢ޤ깥ޤޤֳؼԸ츻Сָ̱츻פȤΤ⤢ޤŬڤǤϤޤ
folk etymology ȤѸϤʤ夷ƤޤäƤꡤ˴ؤ븦ʤɤ¸ߤƤޤ1ƤȤϡõ츻פȡֲ츻פȤɽϤɤǤ礦ʹѤɤ餫ФäƤ櫓ǤϤʤŪΩŪɽĤǤ̤θȡޤϳؼŪʸ츻ϡ츻õоݤǤȤȤǤ츻õǤ͡äơõ츻ȤɽѤȡơ⤦1ĤΡ¯ָ̱츻ȸƤФƤΤˤĤƤϡ츻ȤªˡǤϸ츻ؤоݤȤʤΤǤϤɤפʸ츻ؤβȹͤƤޤ
θƤɤϤ狼ޤ塤ɤɽ줿ꡤפĤꤹ뤫⤷ޤΤ˴ؤͤǤޤtip sirloin ξǤ⡤2Ĥθ츻ȤͤǤõ츻Ȳ츻2Ĥ¸ߤȤȤǤɤ餬ͥƤȤäǤϤʤۤʤȤȤǤ
õ츻ܤΤϡǽʸ¤ŤƸȤפǤ츻ܤΤϡʹ֤θդФ륯ꥨƥ֤ʴФ䥻˥ݥȤȻפޤդΥ桼⥢ڤȤ¦̤Ǥξ¦̤츻ؤɵ᤹٤оݤȻϹͤƤޤ
ֱѸˤءפΰˤޤʷϵϤǤ礦ؿ⤿줿ϡ7ʬΥץߥꥹʡˤʤäƤФȻפޤ6ʬХåʥСȤƥƤޤˡ7ΡֱѸˤءפνۿϡ74ʲСˤͼ6ͽꤷƤޤ
ʤ夲ˤĤƤϡhellog Ϣ#3539. tip ʿդˤθ츻 ([2019-01-04-1])#4942. sirloin ָ̱츻 --- sir ξιͿ줿 ([2022-11-07-1]) ⤴Ȥ
GW ǽǤϢ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ̴͡ŸƤޤ; GW 1֤ۤ³ͽǤΤǡɤդ礤
ī heldio ǤϡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤΥС2ͤȤȤ˷ڤΥDZñθ츻 (etymology) ᤰͷӤϪƤޤ#706. С츻Хȥ with ޤˤƣǤ30ʬĶȤʤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤɤ
İˤʤʬ̤ꡤΡָ츻ХȥפϡऽΤΤ»ܤȤϡΥ롼ꤷȤΤΤʤȤǤñθ츻ȤϤäñθ츻ƤפȤϡɲФ褤ΤΥ롼ǰƬ˹ͤƤߤȡ꤬Ū˵äƤΤɤȤǤˤ⤤Ĥ夬ޤ
ʳμѤФƤñˤĤơľμѸ٤ʳμѸ٤뤤ϵˤĸʤФаĸˤ٤
ѸˤĤơƥ줫餫ե줫餫Ȥ䤤ϤФв褬Ǥ롥֥ƥϡפʤɤȤȤƨ뤳Ȥϡɤޤ(cf. εå)
taking Τ褦ʸˤĤƤϡ촴 take ȶ -ing θ츻줾ɬפΤ
ʣξ硤ƷǤˤĤƸ츻餫ˤɬפΤ
UK Τ褦ʾάθ츻ȤϡŸ United Kingdom ȤʤΤ뤤ϡUnite, -ed, King, -dom γơθ츻ɬפΤ
¾פĤޤޤƤߤȡ롼꤬ʤʤʻŻǤ뤳ȤʬäƤޤ
Ȥ¿ʤꤽȤϲ
츻⤬ɤƤñʼºݤˤʤ¿ȻפˤβϲˤʤΤ
ͭ̾θ츻Ȥϲ
츻ȸϲɤۤʤΤ
ָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ȳؼԸ츻϶̤ɬפΤ
ϷɤΤȤñθ츻ȤϲפȤ䤤ȯƤ뤳Ȥˤۤʤޤ䤤äơޤ#3847. etymon ([2019-11-08-1]) ȤƤФȻפޤ
ʲָ츻Хȥפ˽б餷2ͤ HP ؤΥĥäƤޤ
֤ޤˤפȿĿФ¢رء: https://note.com/masanyan_frisian/n/n01938cbedec6
ƣ蘆ʷر: https://sites.google.com/view/drevneanglijskij-jazyk/home
ǯٻϤǤΤǡѸˤγؤӤ岡뵭Ȥ¿ʤäƤޤǯβƤˡ#4873. ѸˤؤӻϤ褦ȻפäƤء ([2022-08-30-1]) εϤȽŤʤȤ¿ΤǤ2023ǯǤȤȤǡѸˤγؤӤΩ hellog~Ѹ˥֥ε Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ؤΥޤȤƤߤޤ
Ρ⤽ܥ֥μɮԡδˤϲԡ
heldio #408. ʾҲ𡧱Ѹ˸ԤδǤ (2022/07/13)
note Υץե⤴
Ρhellog heldio ⤭
hellog #5097. hellog ɤ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-11-1])
hellog #5093. heldio İ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-07-1])
ΡޤϱѸˤγؤӤΥ١åפ顡
heldio #444. Ѹˤؤ֤ȤʤɤȤ롪 (2022/08/18)
heldio #650. Ѹˤηä AI 餱ʤ3Ĥͳ (2023/03/12)
heldio #112. ѸˤäƲΤᡩ (2021/09/21)
hellog #4728. 2022ǯ١ֱѸˡֵν --- ʸʸ칶ɬܡֱѸˡפϤޤޤ ([2022-04-07-1])
hellog #5096. رѸ˿ʹ5椬ȯԤޤ ([2023-04-10-1])
hellog #4556. Ѹˤˤ褦 ([2021-10-17-1])
heldio #139. Ѹˤˤ褦 (2021/10/17)
hellog #24. ʤѸˤؤ֤ ([2009-05-22-1])
heldio #112. ѸˤäƲΤᡩ (2021/09/21)
hellog #4361. ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡס ([2021-04-05-1])
hellog #1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2) ([2012-08-08-1])
hellog #1200. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (3) ([2012-08-09-1])
hellog #1367. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (4) ([2013-01-23-1])
hellog #2984. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (5) ([2017-06-28-1])
hellog #4021. ʤѸˤؤ֤ --- Ū ([2020-04-30-1])
hellog #3641. ѸˤΤ (1) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-16-1])
hellog #3642. ѸˤΤ (2) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-17-1])
hellog #4073. ϹαѸˤۥƥαѸˤء ([2020-06-21-1])
ΡѸʸ⡡
heldio #140. ̡Ѹˤ (2021/10/18)
hellog #5094. Ѹ˳ν2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-08-1])
hellog #4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1])
hellog #4731. رѸ˿ʹٿǯٹ泰 --- Ѹǽ줿Ѹ˳3Ҳ ([2022-04-10-1])
heldio #313. ྰȤ̡˼äߤαѸ˳3 (2022/04/09)
hellog #3636. ǯٽرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ҳ ([2019-04-11-1])
heldio #315. ǦȤ̡Baugh and Cable αѸ˳ (2022/04/10)
hellog #4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1])
ΡĤƱѸˤ礷ڡפΥȡ
heldio #607. 1ǯ֤ΡֱѸˡפιֵơ (2023/01/28)
hellog #5020. 2022ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2023-01-24-1])
hellog #4661. 2021ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2022-01-30-1])
hellog #3922. 2019ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2020-01-22-1])
hellog #3566. 2018ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2019-01-31-1])
hellog #2470. 2015ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2016-01-31-1])
ΡȤ櫓츻˴ؿء
hellog #3546. Ѹˤ츻ñؤӤʤ顤줬μ ([2019-01-11-1])
hellog #3698. 츻ؽˡΤ ([2019-06-12-1])
hellog #4360. ñθ츻Ĵ٤ؤӤȤˤϡ ([2021-04-04-1])
hellog #3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])
hellog #600. Ѹ츻ν ([2010-12-18-1])
ΡȤ櫓Ѹ춵˴ؿء
heldio #310. ܻȤ̡Ѹ춵ܻؤؤαѸˤΤ (2022/04/06)
hellog #4329. ֱѸˤθ褫Ѹ춵פˤĤƻʸĤ ([2021-03-04-1])
hellog #4619. ֱѸ˶פȤϡ ([2021-12-19-1])
ΡȤ櫓եؽ˴ؿء
heldio #327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ (2022/04/23)
heldio #329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ (2022/04/25)
heldio #368. ѸȥեǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ (2022/06/03)
hellog #4787. Ѹȥեδ֤ˤϻƤñ줬ޤ ([2022-06-05-1])
heldio #370. ѸäΤʤΥեѸγϡ --- ꥹʡμ (2022/06/05)
heldio #26. Ѹä1/3ϥե졪 (2021/06/27)
heldio #486. Ѹ¾μפʥ衼åѸȤδطʩȸ (2022/09/29)
ε#5089. eponym ([2023-04-03-1]) ǡetymon ̾ (personal_name) Ǥ褦ʸˤĤƹͻetymon ȤѸˤĤƤϡ#3847. etymon ([2019-11-08-1]) ȡˡȤǡ̾ȤȤ˸ͭ̾ (onomastics) νפʹͻоݤȤʤΤ̾ (place-name, toponym) Ǥ롥ȤСͽۤΤϡetymon ̾Ǥ褦ʸ¸ߤǤ롥ºݡ̾Ȥ٥ǹͤǤ japan ʼˡchina ʼˡturkey ʼĻˤʤɤ˻פ⤫֡cf. heldio #626. ƫ china ȼ japan --- Ϥʤɽ魯ñ줿#625. Turkey --- ȥ륳ȼĻδطˡ
Τ褦̾˴Ťƺ줿¿櫓ȸƤ֤٤eponym Ϥޤǿ̾١¤Ϳ줿̾Ǥ롥toponym place-name бѸǤꡤϤ̾פ˸ꤷѤƤۤ𤬾ʤCrystal (165) ϡΤ褦˾ʻơ"eponymous places" ȸƤ֤ȤˤƤ褦ʤǤ⾯ʬ꤯ȤϤ뤳ȤǧᤶʤˡCrystal Ƥ "eponymous places" ƷǤ褦
alsatian: Alsace, France.
balaclava: Balaclava, Crimea.
bikini: Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands.
bourbon: Bourbon County, Kentucky.
Brussels sprouts: Brussels, Belgium.
champagne: Champagne, France.
conga: Congo, Africa.
copper: Cyprus.
currant: Corinth, Greece.
denim: Nîmes, France (originally, serge de Nîm).
dollar: St Joachimsthal, Bohemia (which minted silver coins called joachimstalers, shortened to thalers, hence dollars).
duffle coat: Duffel, Antwerp.
gauze: Gaza, Israel.
gypsy: Egypt.
hamburger: Hamburg, Germany.
jeans: Genoa, Italy.
jersey: Jersey, Channel Islands.
kaolin: Kao-ling, China.
labrador: Labrador, Canada.
lesbian: Lesbos, Aegean island.
marathon: Marathon, Greece.
mayonnaise: Mahó, Minorca.
mazurka: Mazowia, Poland.
muslin: Mosul, Iraq.
pheasant: Phasis, Georgia.
pistol: Pistoia, Italy.
rugby: Rugby (School), UK.
sardine: Sardinia.
sherry: Jerez, Spain.
suede: Sweden.
tangerine: Tangier.
turquoise: Turkey.
tuxedo: Tuxedo Park Country Club, New York.
Venetian blind: Venice, Italy.
ǤꥹȤĹƤΤȤưʤʤɤΥ뤬¿ݤǤ롥
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
eponym ȤϿ̾˴Ť¤줿ΤȤǤ롥ѸζˤĤƤϡ#2842. ͭ̾줫ޤ줿 ([2017-02-06-1])#2849. macadamia nut ([2017-02-13-1])#3460. ֥ Earl Grey ([2018-10-17-1])#3461. ٴ bobby ([2018-10-18-1]) ǵƤޤeponym ϡ#5079. ɸ (trademark) θŪʰ ([2023-03-24-1]) ȤطοǤ롥McArthur αѸѸ켭ŵˤС̤ꡥ
EPONYM [19c: from Greek epṓonumos named on]. (1) A personal name from which a word has been derived: John B. Stetson, the 19c US hatter after whom the stetson hat was named. (2) The person whose name is so used: The Roman emperor Constantine, who gave his name to Constantinople. (3) The word so derived: stetson, Constantinople. The process of eponymy results in many forms: (1) Such simple eponyms as atlas, which became popular after the 16c Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator put the figure of the titan Atlas on the cover of a book of maps. (2) Compounds and attributive constructions such as loganberry after the 19c US lawyer James H. Logan, and Turing machine after the 20c British mathematician Alan Turing. (3) Possessives such as Parkinson's Law after the 20c British economist C. Northcote Parkinson, and the Islets of Langerhans after the 19c German pathologist Paul Langerhans. (4) Derivatives such as Bowdlerize and gardenia, after the 18c English expurgator of Shakespeare, Thomas Bowdler, and the 19c Scottish-American physician Alexander Garden. (5) Clippings, such as dunce from the middle name and the first element of the last name of the learned 13c Scottish friar and theologian John Duns Scotus, whose rivals called him a fool. (6) Blends such as gerrymander, after the US politician Elbridge Gerry (b. 1744), whose redrawn map of the voting districts of Massachusetts in 1812 was said to look like a salamander, and was then declared a gerrymander. The word became a verb soon after. Works on eponymy include: Rosie Boycott's Batty, Bloomers and Boycott: A Little Etymology of Eponymous Words (Hutchinson, 1982) and Cyril L. Beeching's A Dictionary of Eponyms (Oxford University Press, 1988).
eponym ϸ츻ŪˡʰǤ˿̾˴ŤƤ졤etymon ̾Ǥ褦ʸȤơޤǸ츻ŪʴƤ뤳ȤդĤޤˤ̤θФꡤ̣ѲФꤷޤޤ졤ȤʤäƤϷ֤̣ˤƥꥸʥο̾͡ˤǤʤۤɱΥƤޤäƤ륱⤢ȤȤ츻ŪŤƤȤüСeponym Ϥ¾ΰ̤θȤۤѤʤƤȤΤǤϤʤ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ε#5076. ꥹȶڤȴܤܤ --- ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ ([2023-03-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤髙ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ꡤ publish ʸˤϤ롥
publish ϥƥηƻ pūblicus (public) ư pūblicāre ͳ褷եˤѷФ14˱ѸäƤ̣ϸ츻˽äơָˤפǤꡤ줬ֽʪȤƸˤפФơŪʡֽǤפؤȯŸ
䤿ϡpublish ʹȤޤʪפ⤫٤ñϼºݤˤϰѤȯˤѤƤȤȤϡष˽ФʸϤɤ߾夲ϯʸȷӤĤƤ髙 (75--76) Ѥ롥
Υ衼åѼҲˤäƤϡͤȤˤ뿷ϯɤϡֽǡפȤǰȷӤĤƤǤˤѸư publish Ǥ뤬ϤȤȰոʪ (public) ˤȤ̣ǤꡤѤѤƱʤ¿ǰ٤˽Ǥ¸ߤԤƤϯɤˤѥȥž̤εĺפ뤳ȤνǷ֤äȤäƤ褤㤨СΥɲإ˻Ť˲Ȥλʺץɥ֥ʥ륺ΥɡˤϡҤ˿ԤθȤˡȬȬǯˡإϻ١ڼҡϻˤޤʤϡ٤β꤬лϤեɤǡ֤䤷ƥƥ츶Ƥɤ³¸ܤˤϡʸϯˡפȤʸȡ֥إŲؤΤפȤνʸդƤ롥
Ĥޤꡤpublish ϡֽǤפȤ֤Ϫܤפ˶ᤫäȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϼƥĤ͡Τ publish Ǥ褦ˤʤäƤ뤬ñΤȤȤθ츻طʤƤ̣襤
髙 ԡνʪˤؤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2023ǯ
ͳɽ魯Ƴ because ϱѸؽᤤʳdzؤ֡Ūǹ٤θǤ롥ȶ̤᤹ʴͯƤʤɽˤ⤷ˤƤ뤳Ȥʤʤ
because ʬ by + cause Ȥʤ롥ԤϸűѸ줫³ŤֻǤꡤԤϥե줫μѸǤ롥ȤȤ2줫ʤֻä줬ŪˤⵡǽŪˤ줷ΤñǤ롥δ餹ȡ1κ (blend) ȤߤƤ褤
ʲ OED Ȥơbecause Ҳ𤷤褦θαѸǤνФ14ΤȤǤ롥Bi cause whi (= "because why") Τ褦ѤƤΤ⤷
c1305 Deo Gratias 37 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 125 Þou hast herd al my deuyse, Bi cause whi, hit is clerkes wise.
ۤ because that Τ褦 that ³ޡȤ;ŪѤ⡤Ѹ줫Ѹˤƿ¿ߤʡ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1])ˡ⤽ cause ̾ˤʤΤǡƳˤƱʤ that λ٤ɬפʤΤǤ롥because that 3ĵ褦
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 253 By cause that he was hir neghebour.
1611 Bible (King James) John vii. 39 The Holy Ghost was not yet giuen; because that Iesus was not yet glorified.
1822 Ld. Byron Heaven & Earth i. iii, in Liberal 1 190 I abhor death, because that thou must die.
³ȤƤ because ³ˤĤ because of ȤƶƳˡ14ȾФʸڤ롥 Wyclif Ǥ롥
1356 J. Wyclif Last Age Ch. (1840) 31 Þe synnes bi cause of whiche suche persecucioun schal be in Goddis Chirche.
⤦1Ķ̣Τϡbecause θ to 줬³¤Ǥ롥ǤϻĤäƤʤ¤162㤬Ƥ롥̣ͳפǤϤʤŪפäȤΤ⤪⤷
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxxix. 346 Bycause to gyue ensample to his subgettes..he caused the..erle of Auser to be putte in prison.
1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke i. xv. 28 a Arithmetike was imagyned by the Phenicians, because to vtter theyr Merchaundyse.
because ϤŪ˿ꤷƤñǤ롥ޤǤʲεǤñ˿ƤΤǡȤ
#1542. ³ȤƤ for ([2013-07-17-1])
#1744. 2013ǯαѸήԸޡ ([2014-02-04-1])
#2314. °³Ū that ([2015-08-28-1])
#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])
#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ ([2021-10-30-1])
̾鶵ƤΤǤ轵215īʹī31̤ζ֡ʳαطиʤڤäʹǵҤΥӥ塼ǺܤƤޤʹꡤ蘆ˡ˥塼衼ॺٶɤεԤαѸؽˡҲ𤵤ƤΤǤΤʤǸ츻ؽѤǤȤܥ֥hellog~Ѹ˥֥פ˸ڤƤƤޤ̤Ǥ꤬Ȥޤ *
ϻŻٶΤΤˤʤäƤޤäƤޤֻ֤˷ıδ춵ΡرѸ˥֥ (http://user.keio.ac.jp/~rhotta/hellog/index.html) Ǹ츻ؤˤĤƤ褯ɤǤޤñθ츻ؤ֤ȡܥ֥䤹ΤΩĤǤ
Ѹؽˤƥܥӥ˸츻ѤǤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤꡤΤ褦ʳؽ¿ǤƤޤƤѸؽԤϤۤ¿Ϥʤ褦˻פޤ
ޤϱѸ켭θ츻į뤳Ȥ齬ŤƤȤᤷޤξǡܥ֥ɤǤȤ褤Ȼפޤ츻äƤ櫓ǤϤޤޤ˿Ƹ츻˸ڤƤޤϢʤɤ̤Ƹ츻꤬ȶʤΤˤʤäƤOKǤȤʤ뵭ȤơʲƤޤ
#3546. Ѹˤ츻ñؤӤʤ顤줬μ ([2019-01-11-1])
#3696. ܥӥΤΡֺǤΩ25θΥѡġס ([2019-06-10-1])
#3698. 츻ؽˡΤ ([2019-06-12-1])
#4360. ñθ츻Ĵ٤ؤӤȤˤϡ ([2021-04-04-1])
#3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])
#600. Ѹ츻ν ([2010-12-18-1])
ܥ֥λǡǤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)⡤̤̾ǤΤǡǤ츻ؤ֤ȡ̤ΤñγؽưפˤʤǤʤΤñΤ줶¦̤餫ˤʤꡤȥФ⤷ƤޤؽˤϤ⤷Ȥ١ҤȤɬפǤ͡ޤ heldio βƥİˤʤꡤ⤷ʤΤͳİƤߤƤäȥϥޤޤ衪
֥ Voicy ƤޤΤǡ츻ռܥӥνΩĤȻפޤ
¾ָ츻ءפΤΤˤʤ붽̣ϡԤȤưʲεɤ
#466. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ ([2010-08-06-1])
#1791. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ (2) ([2014-03-23-1])
#727. 츻ؤμΧ ([2011-04-24-1])
#598. Ѹ츻ؤά (1) ([2010-12-16-1])
#599. Ѹ츻ؤά (2) ([2010-12-17-1])
#636. 츻ؤγԤȤƤ OED ([2011-01-23-1])
#1765. ܤǽ¤ƤѸ츻ؤ Klein αѸ츻ŵ ([2014-02-25-1])
goblin mode: a type of behaviour which is unapologetically self-indulgent, lazy, slovenly, or greedy, typically in a way that rejects social norms or expectations.
ǯ Oxford Word of the Year ˵Τ goblin mode ʤʣ̾ˤäThe Guardian ®ϰɼդƤä褦ǡ34ͤĶѸüԤɼ礭ͤƤΰäȤΤȡʼ Metaverse, #IStandWithˡ
2022ǯĹʲҤˤ뵬Ͻ̤Ƥ͡SNSʤɤۤμʬλѤåפΤ˰ष餷ʤμʬ餱Ф졤Ƥˤϥ饤ƤȤƤ뤫⤷ʤ"goblin mode" äʿ͡λѤ͵夬Ȥϡ
θ2009ǯ˥ĥå˽ФƤǯ2˰쵤˥ХɤȤʤäOxford University Press ϡθήԤطʤˤĤƼΤ褦˥ȤƤ궽̣ǤȤ櫓
Seemingly, it captured the prevailing mood of individuals who rejected the idea of returning to 'normal life', or rebelled against the increasingly unattainable aesthetic standards and unsustainable lifestyles exhibited on social media.
goblin Ͽʹ֤ˤƯͤΤȤǤ롥ήԸϡ־ʪǤ뼫ѡפ goblin ˽Ť碌ȤǤ褤˥֥ˤʤäƤޤ櫓ǤϤʤ֥Υ⡼ɤ˰ŪäƤȤޤߤꡤ˾ʤʤ
goblin Τθ츻ˤϽ⤢褦OED θ츻ɤǤߤ褦
Apparently < Old French gobelin (late 12th cent. in an isolated attestation; subsequently in Middle French (a1506 as gobellin); French gobelin), apparently ultimately < ancient Greek ʏ¦˦Ϗ rogue, knave, ʏ¦˦Ϧ (plural) mischievous sprites invoked by rogues, probably via an unattested post-classical Latin form; the suffix is probably either Old French -in or its etymon classical Latin -nus -INE suffix1. Compare later (apparently < Greek) post-classical Latin cobalus, covalus, kind of demon (16th cent.).
Compare (apparently < French) post-classical Latin gobelinus (first half of the 12th cent. in a British source).
餯ŪˤϥꥷΡ֤Ĥפ̣̤ꡤʥƥФơ˥ե줫ѸäƤΤȤѸǤνФ1350ǯ
رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡȤȤˤ⤷⤬ͿƤ롥
1100ǯեĮ Evreux ˽פȤϡƥ gobelnus ̾դ줿 (O)F gobelin ˤ¤Ȥͤ롥ۤˡ̾ Gobel (cobalt Ʊˤ˻ؾ -et ΤĤΤȤ䡤MHG kobolt (G Kobold) 'kobold' OF ̤ƼѤ줿Ȥʤɤ롥
ޤΥ֥⸽οʹֳǥХɤˤʤȤϻפäƤʤäʤ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
īīʹŷž (metathesis) ȤƤܸ줫㤬ĤƤΤǵƤߤ褦
ʻ֡ˢ
饿饷
餬ʤ餷ʤ
ĥťߡݡˢťĥ
ζǷͧͤΡ֥եȥס֥ޥפȤžȯˤĤȤäˤƤ
Ѹⲻžˤϻ礫ʤ#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1]) #2809. Ѹβžľ٤礦2˸¤ ([2017-01-04-1]) ޤ metathesis ¿εǻҲ𤷤ƤΤȤ /r/ 첻ž㤬Ū¿ΤħŪǤ롥
Ϥޤ /r/ 첻δؤ벻žȤƼ夲Ƥʤäɤ⡤٤ι⤤פʸȤ bright 뤤ˤҲ𤷤褦캬 *bherəg- "to shine; bright, white" ̤ꡤޥĸǤ *berχtaz ηƷƤ롥űѸǤ beorht ηǡޤǤϰӤơ첻 + /r/פνǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ǥ˸űѸǤⲻžФ breoht ʤɤηʸڤ졤Ѹʹߤϡ/r/ + 첻̲Ƥ
žФƤʤꥸʥΡ첻 + /r/פϡĤο̾˲Ū˻ĤäƤ롥Albert (nobly bright), Bertha (the bright one), Bertrand (bright raven), Herbert (army-bright) ʤɡ
ϡѸؤ˥եؤˤϤߤ꤫Ȼפޤե histoire ϡˡפȡʪפξΰ̣ޤѸǤ history ˡ, story ʪפ2ĤΰۤʤñʬƤʬôϤä̤Ƥޤ
ưפǤȻפޤhistory story θ츻ƱǤե histoire, estoire ͳ褷켫Ȥϥƥ hitoria˥ꥷ hístoríā ̤ޤ캬ȤƤ *weid- "to see" ˤޤ̤ޤ
ޤѸ story ϡ13˥ե estoire ڤꤿΤǤȤȤϡʪספʤɤΰ̣Ѥ졤16鸽Ūʡʪפΰ̣ޤѸǤϡŪ "story" "history" ΰ̣ζ̤ΤǤϤʤä褦Ǥ
츻Ʊ history ȤϡϤե줫14Ⱦ˱ѸäƤޤʤƥűѸǤʸڤƤΤǡ̤β;Ϥ⤢ޤˡΰ̣ϡʪפǤꡤ15ˤʤäƤˡפθʬƤޤ
ޤȤСˤơŪˤϥꥷ hístoríā ̤Ū˾ۤʤ2Ĥñ줬եͳDZѸäƤơˡסʪפξѤƤȤѸˤợȷ֤ʬѸ history story ȤۤʤñỌ̇̄夷ȤȤǤ
ˤϻ¤˴Ťʪ1ǧǤޤ٤Ƥʪ줬ˤȤϸ¤ޤϸǤϾQŪȯۤǤŤˤʪζܤä褦ǤŪˤѤǤΤե histoire ȤȤˤʤꤽǤ
ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#524. deal part ΥϡʬͿƶͭסäޤ˸츻Ǥܥӥ̣Ǥɤİ
Τʤǥƥ pars "part" ͳ褹ñĤޤ֤ partner ˤĤƤ褦ȻפäƤȤǤǤϿʤäΤ hellog ˤޤ
ǶǤܸǤ֥ѡȥʡפȤ줬褯Ѥޤء͡ƱԡӥͥʤɡͭƤ͡餫λȤ˶Ʊǻ褷ƤͤؤդǤñ partner Ʊ褦˹ѤޤϤϤֲͭƤ͡פǤ
OED θ츻εҤˤȡpartner ľ part ȴطȤϡϢ̤ñ parcener ѷǤϤʤȤΤȤǤ
Etymology: Probably an alteration of PARCENER n. (although this is only attested slightly later), under the influence of PART n.1 Perhaps compare Old French partenier (1266), Dutch regional (West Flanders) partenier.
It is much less likely that the word arose from scribal error (with the letters c and t being confused).
Ѹ parcener ϡֶƱ³͡פ̣ˡΧѸǤθϡֲͭƤ͡פȤեñѤΤǡŪˤϥƥ partītiō(n-) ̤ꡤƥ pars ֤ȤϤޤθ줬Ѹ¦ѷƤǤΤpartner ʤΤǤϤʤȤ츻ǤϩϤäȤ䤳Ǥpart δϢǤ뤳ȤϳΤʤ褦Ǥ
ָΤΡפ̣ mouth /maʊθ/ μդ줳ȡ
츻ϸűѸ mūþ ʸˤǤ롥̤а캬 *men- (to project) ̤ꡤΤȤͤФΤ̤ȤȤ館Ȥͳ褹롥캬ˤߤ *n ϡűѸˤæ˻ĤäƤʤбɥĸ Mund ʸˤˤϻĤäƤ롥Ʊ캬ϥեͳ mount Фˡmountain/Mt. ֻפʤɤƤ롥
mouth ˤưȤơ֤⤰⤰Ǹפΰ̣⤢롥14̾줫ʻž (conversion) ƤǤΤǡϡ֤٤פۤɤθä
ʤưȤƤȯϸͭ /maʊð/ Ȥʤ뤳Ȥաmouth ʳˤ⡤th ̾Ǥ̵ưǤͭȤʤϾʤʤ (ex. bath -- bathe, breath -- breathe, cloth -- clothe, sooth -- soothe, tooth -- teethe) ¤Ϥθݤ th ˸¤餺 f s ʤ¾ˤ⸫롥#2223. ФˤҲ̵ͭ ([2015-05-29-1]) ȡ
mouth th ͭΤưˡξǤϤʤ̾ȤʣȤʤˤ mouths /maʊðz/ Τ褦ͭΤդǤʤ̵ȯ /maʊθs/ ޤäʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡƱͤ baths, oaths, paths, truths, youths ʤɤǤ /-ðz/ ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ܤϡ#702. -ths ȯ ([2011-03-30-1]) ȡ
mouth ˤĤܤͳΥǥȤ out of the mouths of babes (and sucklings) 롥"Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained strength because of thine enemies, that thou mightest still the enemy and the avenger" (The Book of Psalms 8:2) ͳ褹ɽߤǤϻҶפȯԤդ桼饹˻ؤɽȤʤäƤ롥
Ѹ mouth ܸΡָפ⡤Τ̤ɽȶñȤξǰ̣ĥͻҤ褯Ƥ롥㤨СܸΡֲϸסʮиסƶθפȤäָפΥեϡѸǤ the mouth of a river/volcano/cave Ȥ褦ˤΤޤб롥ָסָĤפ a foul mouth, shut one's mouth ˤΤޤбȥ˥ߡǤ롥
ʩ "false friends" (= "faux amis") ŵ1Ĥ˱Ѹ magazine ʻˤʩ magasin Źˤ롥餫˴طƤ褦˸Τ˰̣ޤǰ㤦ΤǡξؽƤ̿äƤޤȤʤեˤֻפ̣ magazine ȤñϤˡ
OED ˤ츻ɤäƤߤ褦ñϤȤɤȥӥǡҸˡפ̣ mákhzan ˹Ԥ夯ʣ makhāˊzin ޤࡼͤΥ٥ꥢȾ翯η̡ڥݥȥäҸˡפ̣륹ڥ almacénݥȥ armazém ϡƬ˥ӥ괧 al-, ar- դǼѤ줿ΤǤ롥ڥǤνФ1225ǯᤤ
ñ줬̾롼ȤФơ괧ʬ줿ǡ1348ǯ˥ꥢ magazzino Ȥơ1409ǯ˥ե magasin ȤƼޤ줿1389ǯ maguesin ⤢ˡơѸϥեͳ16ȾˡҸˡפ̣뤳ñäФ1583ǯǡ˽ФƤꥹͤμΤʤ Magosine ȤֻǸƤ롥
1583 J. Newbery Let. in Purchas Pilgrims (1625) II. 1643 That the Bashaw, neither any other Officer shall meddle with the goods, but that it may be kept in a Magosine.
Ѹäᤤʳ顤ΡҸˡפǤϤʤҸˡˡפʤɤηỤ̄ȯãƤꡤҸˤ˳Ǽ¢ʪפΤΤ̣褦ˤʤä
ΰ̣Ѳ⤸˵ä1639ǯ˷طΥȥȤơĤޤפۤɤΰ̣ "Animadversions of Warre; or, a Militarie Magazine of the trvest rvles..for the Managing of Warre." Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥ַμҸˡפۤɤΤĤʤΤ
ơ1塤Ĥ˻䤿Τֻפΰ̣Ф롥1731ǯ˻ΥȥȤ "The Gentleman's magazine; or, Trader's monthly intelligencer." ǧ롥ֻפΰ̣ȯãϱѸȼΤΤǤꡤ줬ե1650ǯ magasin Ȥơ1776ǯ magazine ȤƼޤ줿ʤߤˡեǤΡŹפΰ̣ϥեǤȼȯãΤ褦
ʩδ֤Ԥä褿ꤷơ˳Ƹȼΰ̣Ѳ뤲ʤɤơǤϤ䤳ˤʤäƤ롥ֻפˤŹפˤ衤ǻʽȤüȯȤϡĴ٤ƤߤޤǤޤäΤʤääǤ롥
hellog Ϥ13ǯȾۤɤФޤϤ2009ǯˤϥ֥ȤϤǤ˿ƩƤޤblog ȤñνиϤ餵10ǯ̤ä1999ǯΤȤǤOED εҤˤаޤɤäƤߤޤ礦
blog Ȥ weblog ǤƬڤ (clipping) ˤꡤṳ̂줿 blog ޤweblog 1997ǯ˼Τ褦 URL ʸΰȤƽФޤ (sv weblog, n.)
1997 J. Barger Lively New Webpage in alt.culture.www (Usenet newsgroup) 23 Dec. I decided to start my own webpage logging the best stuff I find as I surf, on a daily basis:..www.mcs.net/~jorn/html/weblog.html.
2ǯ1999ǯ blog Фޤ
1999 P. Merholz peterme.com 28 May (blog, Internet Archive Wayback Machine 25 Dec. 1999) For those keeping score on blog commentary from outside the blog community.
Ʊǯˡʻž (conversion) ̤ư첽ΤФƤޤ֥֥ɤˡפΰ̣Ǥ
1999 TBTF for 1999-08-30: Aibo Rampant in cistron.lists (Usenet newsgroup) 30 Aug. Blog..to run a Web log.
ưȤƤ blog 顤ϤƱǯΤ blogging, blogger ޤƤޤ
θ塤blog 2004ǯ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary ˤ "word of the year" Ȥ졤ȤñȤʤޤcf. #262. 2009ǯαѸήԸޡ ([2010-01-14-1])ˡblog ΤʬǤȤ뿷Ȥʤꡤmoblog, audioblog, photoblog, videoblog (vlog), linklog, sketchblog, microblogging, blogstorm, blog swarm, blogoise, blogerati, bleg, blogorrhea ʤɤο줬߽Фޤ (Crystal, p. 457) 줾ɤʰ̣ʬǤ礦㤨кǸñϡĹ¡פۤɤǤ
伫Ȥ blogger ǤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Υ֥ⱿĤƤΤ audioblogger Ǥ⤢ΤȻפޤȤȤ I (audio)blog therefore I am. ȽҤ٤ƤȻפޤ³ꤤޤ
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
hellog~Ѹ˥֥ǤϡŪɼԤγ˱ѸˤγؤӤ夷ƤޤβƤδ֤˱ѸʳءˤγؤӤᡤѸˤˤؿͯϤȤ⤤뤫ȻפޤΤǡΥߥDzƱѸˤγؤӤᤷȻפޤʤߤܥ֥μɮԡδˤԤˤĤƤΥץե
ޤ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ξǥ濴ˡֱѸˤΤפ˴ؤ륳ƥĤѤƤޤʲ˥ƥ̤˥ƤޤƥƥǤϡ褽פʽ˥ƥĤ¤٤ƤޤΤǡ夫İ衦ƤȸŪȻפޤ
ΡޤϱѸˤγؤӤΥ١åפ顪
heldio #444. Ѹˤؤ֤ȤʤɤȤ롪 (2022/08/18)
hellog #4728. 2022ǯ١ֱѸˡֵν --- ʸʸ칶ɬܡֱѸˡפϤޤޤ ([2022-04-07-1])
hellog #4729. ұѸ˳ؽΤ hellog γѤ2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-08-1])
hellog #4556. Ѹˤˤ褦 ([2021-10-17-1])
heldio #139. Ѹˤˤ褦 (2021/10/17)
hellog #24. ʤѸˤؤ֤ ([2009-05-22-1])
heldio #112. ѸˤäƲΤᡩ (2021/09/21)
hellog #4361. ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡס ([2021-04-05-1])
hellog #1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2) ([2012-08-08-1])
hellog #1200. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (3) ([2012-08-09-1])
hellog #1367. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (4) ([2013-01-23-1])
hellog #2984. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (5) ([2017-06-28-1])
hellog #4021. ʤѸˤؤ֤ --- Ū ([2020-04-30-1])
hellog #3641. ѸˤΤ (1) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-16-1])
hellog #3642. ѸˤΤ (2) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-17-1])
hellog #4073. ϹαѸˤۥƥαѸˤء ([2020-06-21-1])
ΡѸʸ⡡
hellog #4727. Ѹ˳ν2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-06-1])
hellog #4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1])
heldio #140. ̡Ѹˤ (2021/10/18)
hellog #4731. رѸ˿ʹٿǯٹ泰 --- Ѹǽ줿Ѹ˳3Ҳ ([2022-04-10-1])
heldio #313. ྰȤ̡˼äߤαѸ˳3 (2022/04/09)
hellog #3636. ǯٽرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ҳ ([2019-04-11-1])
heldio #315. ǦȤ̡Baugh and Cable αѸ˳ (2022/04/10)
hellog #4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1])
ΡĤƱѸˤ礷ڡפΥȡ
hellog #2470. 2015ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2016-01-31-1])
hellog #3566. 2018ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2019-01-31-1])
hellog #3922. 2019ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2020-01-22-1])
hellog #4661. 2021ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2022-01-30-1])
ΡȤ櫓츻˴ؿء
hellog #3546. Ѹˤ츻ñؤӤʤ顤줬μ ([2019-01-11-1])
hellog #3698. 츻ؽˡΤ ([2019-06-12-1])
hellog #4360. ñθ츻Ĵ٤ؤӤȤˤϡ ([2021-04-04-1])
hellog #3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])
hellog #600. Ѹ츻ν ([2010-12-18-1])
ΡȤ櫓Ѹ춵˴ؿء
heldio #310. ܻȤ̡Ѹ춵ܻؤؤαѸˤΤ (2022/04/06)
hellog #4619. ֱѸ˶פȤϡ ([2021-12-19-1])
hellog #4329. ֱѸˤθ褫Ѹ춵פˤĤƻʸĤ ([2021-03-04-1])
ΡȤ櫓եؽ˴ؿء
heldio #327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ (2022/04/23)
heldio #329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ (2022/04/25)
heldio #368. ѸȥեǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ (2022/06/03)
hellog #4787. Ѹȥեδ֤ˤϻƤñ줬ޤ ([2022-06-05-1])
heldio #370. ѸäΤʤΥեѸγϡ --- ꥹʡμ (2022/06/05)
heldio #26. Ѹä1/3ϥե졪 (2021/06/27)
ε#4825. ƻάǯɽ --- رѸζܡ٤ ([2022-07-13-1]) ǾҲ𤷤δˡرѸζܡ١ʥ٥ǡ2021ǯˤȤ褯ݤܤ⤦1Ҳ𤷤
Ʊ2021ǯ˽Ǥ줿ľʡƻ㥵ˡصǤɤѸɽŵ١ʴǡˤǤ롥Ѹ˴ؤʸ˾γƥɤ1ڡǴʷ˲⤷ƤŵȤ櫓ñθ츻Ȥ˾ƤƤ뤬ʸŪطʤˤĤƤȾڡۤɳ䤫Ƥ롥ʲ˾ΩƤ
Iˡʸ٤˴ؤѸε
1 ˡƻˤˤޤĤѸ
2 ʸؤˤޤĤѸ
3 ҡʬ٤ˤޤĤѸ
4 ٤ˤޤĤѸ
II衦˴ؤѸε
1 ˤޤĤѸ
2 ˤޤĤѸ
3 ˡΧˤޤĤѸ
IIIкѡȡȤ˴ؤѸε
1 кѳưˤޤĤѸ
2 ˤޤĤѸ
3 ξءԡؤˤޤĤѸ
4 ǰפˤޤĤѸ
5 ȡȡȤˤޤĤѸ
IVΡƻ˴ؤѸε
1 ϫƯưڤˤޤĤѸ
2 ΡʪˤޤĤѸ
3 ƻʪưʪˤޤĤѸ
Vݡ˴ؤѸε
1 ΦϷˤޤĤѸ
2 ݡᡦ߱ȤˤޤĤѸ
3 ŷΡ֤ˤޤĤѸ
VIͳ褹Ѹε
1 ƥͳαѸ
2 եͳαѸ
3 ¾γͳαѸ
286ñ졦ɽФ˵⤵Ƥ뤬ѥѥäįƤ˰ʤ㤨СǸVIΡֳͳ褹ѸεפñƤߤȡƥͳȤ A.D., Alma Mater, Bona fide, Candle, Confidence, De facto, e.g., etc./et cetera, i.e., Mile, per, per cent/percent, v.v/vice versa, Verse եͳȤ Attaché, Connoisseur, Gourmet, Novice, Vogue ¾Ȥ Chocolate, Kindergarten, Magazine, Pyjamas/Pajamas, Tea Ƥ롥
ʡƻ 㥵صǤɤѸɽŵ١ǡ2021ǯ
ᴩ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯξҲȴϢơФ餯δ֡ɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤƵ뵡¿ʤäƤƤ롥⤽ standard θ츻ϲʤΤޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤȤʤäΤǡܤƤߤ
OED standard, n., adj., and int. Ƥߤȡ츻ӸŪ¡ƸҤ˻ޤǾܺ٤ʾͿƤ뤳Ȥ˰ݤ롥ɤ߲ǤϫѸȤȳƮƤ OED ԼԤΡθؤλפζҤҤäƤ롥ˤȤä standard ͡ʰ̣ǡֽŤñʤΤ *
standard ϸʩ줫ᤤѸǡѸǤνФ12ȾФΤȤǤ롥ѸκǽʸȤ The Peterborough Chronicle (pchron) The Final Continuation ꡤ1138ǯεҤΤʤǡַפΰ̣ǽФ롥
?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1138 Him [sc. the king of Scotland] com togænes Willelm eorl of Albamar..& to [read te] other æuez men mid fæu men & fuhten wid heom & flemden þe king æt te Standard.
ʩ졿Υޥ estandart, standarde ѤΤȤȤΥեñ켫Τθ츻˽⤢ꡤʣʤ褦Ǥ롥OED θ츻Ѥ롥
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French standarde, estandart.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman standarde, Anglo-Norman and Old French estandart, Old French estendart (Middle French estandart, estendart, French étendard) military flag or banner, also as a (fortified) rallying point in battle (c1100), (figuratively) person worth following (c1170), upright post (a1240), large candle (a1339, only in Anglo-Norman), of uncertain origin, probably either (a) < a West Germanic compound with the literal sense 'something that stands firm' < the Germanic base of STAND v. + the Germanic base of HARD adv., or (b) < classical Latin extendere to stretch out (see EXTEND v.), or (c) < a Romance reflex of classical Latin stant-, stāns, present participle of stāre to stand (see STAND v.) + Old French -ard -ARD suffix.
3Ĥθ츻⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ뤬(a) ȤСޥ stand + hard եꡤ줬˲ƱѸäȤȤˤʤ롥ޤδ餤СľΩƤΡפֿӤƤΡפȤ2Ĥθ츻⤬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ε#4781. open warn -(e)n ư ([2022-05-30-1]) ǡűѸư -(e)nian 夲űѸˤϤۤ -(e)sian Ȥư⤢äϤѲư2ब롥
ƱͤˡLass Hogg and Fulk Ѥǡ-(e)sian ˤĤƤβñ
(i) -s-ian. Many class II weak verbs have an /-s-/ formative: e.g. clǣn-s-ian 'cleanse' (clǣne 'clean', rīc-s-ian 'rule' (rīce 'kingdom'), milt-s-ian 'take pity on' (mild 'mild'). The source of the /-s-/ is not entirely clear, but it may well reflect the IE */-s-/ formative that appears in the s-aorist (L dic-ō 'I say', dīxī 'I said' = /di:k-s-i:/). Alternants with /-s-/ in a non-aspectual function do however appear in the ancient dialects (Skr bhā-s-ati 'it shines' ~ bhā-ti), and even within the same paradigm in the same category (GR aléks-ō 'I protect', infinitive all-alk-ein). (Lass 203)
(iii) verbs in -(e)sian, including blētsian 'bless', blīðsian, blissian 'rejoice', ġītsian 'covet', grimsian 'rage', behrēowsian 'reprent', WS mǣrsian 'glorify', miltsian 'pity', rīcsian, rīxian 'rule', unrōtsian 'worry', untrēowsian 'disbelieve', yrsian 'rage'. (Hogg and Fulk 289)
űѸȤƤϤ褯ư줬¿Τǰʤ -(e)nian ƱͤˡߤޤǻĤäƤưϵǤ롥1줬 cleanse Ǥ롥ƻ clean /kliːn/ бư cleanse /klɛnz/ 첻ûʤäȤˤĤƤϡ#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) ȡ
ε#4780. weaken Ф strengthen, shorten Ф lengthen ([2022-05-29-1]) ǡư -en ˿줿 (suffix) ˤĤƤϡ#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])#3987. ťΥɸαƶ (2) ([2020-03-27-1]) εʤɤǤ夲Ƥ
ϸűѸ -(e)nian ͳ褷˥ޥˤ⤵ΤܤŤưǤǤ롥űѸǤϡ̾줢뤤Ϸƻ줫ưΤäѤ졤ưϼѲư2°롥űѸ줫 Lass (203) ȤȤ˰Ѥ롥
(iii) -n-. An /-n-/ formative, reflecting an extended suffix */-in-o:n/, appears in a number of class II weak verbs, especially denominal and deadjectival: fæst-n-ian 'fasten' (fæst), for-set-n-ian 'beset' (for-settan 'hedge in, obstruct'), lāc-n-ian 'heal, cure' (lǣce 'physician'). The type is widespread in Germanic: cf. Go lēki-n-ōn, OHG lāhhi-n-ōn, OS lāk-n-ōn.
Ʊ Hogg and Fulk (289) Ƥ
(ii) verbs in -(e)nian, including ġedafenian 'befit' (cf. ġedēfe 'fitting'), fæġ(e)-nian 'rejoice' (cf. fæġe 'popular'), fæstnian 'fasten' (cf. fæst 'firm'), hafenian 'hold' (cf. habban 'have'), lācnian 'heal' (cf. lǣċe 'doctor'), op(e)nian 'open' (cf. upp 'up'), war(e)nian 'warn' (cf. warian 'beware'), wilnian 'desire' (cf. willa 'desire'), wītnian 'punish' (cf. wīte 'punishment') . . . .
ߤޤ¸³Ƥư¿ʤ㤨 open, warn -(e)n ˤκפǧ뤳ȤǤ롥ߤ¿ -en ưϡűѸˤΤܤ櫓ǤϤʤѸʹߤοǤ롥
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
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