ǯٽᤫ5ޤdzֱѸƳ2021ȾäƤޤرɽ줿ƥĤ֤ȤФˤҤסǤstar astrology ѡˤ濴Ȥñθ츻泌åǡܴμݤ˥ԥåǤޤŸǡä disaster, consider, desire, influenza, disposition ˤޤǵڤǤޤäȱñθ츻˶̣勞ȤȻפޤ
λ⡤ʺ¡ˤ˴طĤƤޤΤǾҲ𤷤ޤޤ嵭ƥδؿȽŤʤ star θ츻ˤĤơ#1602. star θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-09-15-1]) ɤ
Ѹ star ȥƥ stella cf. ե etoileˤ٤ r l ΰ㤤ޤϤɤȤȵ˻פä#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])
star η֤ˤĤƤǤűѸǤ steorraѸǤ sterre ʤɤֻǸΤ̤ǡ첻 /a/ ǤϤʤ /e/ äȹͤޤʤ줬 /a/ ؤѲֻȤƤ⤽ȿǤ star Ȥ줿ΤǤ礦¤ϡѸ heart, clerk, Derby, sergeant ʤɤȯֻˤؤ뤪⤷ȥԥåǤ#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) ɤ
ѤȤвƻܤ¤̾ϢƤޤˡѸˤ̤ưޤƤó (lexical_stratification) ζѻ뤳ȤǤޤ֤¡פ the Fish ǤؽŪˡеܡפȤˤ Pisces Ȥʤޤ͡ҡ#3846. ƻܡ̾θóء ([2019-11-07-1]) ɤߤޤѸǤ̾ΰϡ#3707. 88¡ ([2019-06-21-1]) ꡥ
star ǺΤߤѤƱѸˤ뤳Ȥʬ˲ǽǤʾ夹٤ƤҤäɤߤϡεå
²Ǥϡֵפȡ2פ̩ܤʴطˤޤܸǤסʡʿġˤȤ褦ˡ2Ĥδ֤ɤưɽݤˡ2פؤäƤȤΤǤ뵤ޤǤξԤδطϤϤ뤫ǻ̩ǡäΥ٥ηŪ˸߲ƤΤǤ
ֱѸƳ2021Τر줿ֵϤĤ 2 ġϡλ¤ˤĤӸؤδܺ٤˲⤷ƥĤǤӸؤ츻˴ؿΤɼԤˤȤäơ˳ڤƤȤʤäƤޤ
嵭ƥɤСθäΤʤˡֵפȡ2פǻ̩ʴطФȤǤޤǵ䤬ͯޤʤ²ΰǤѸθäˤϡΤ褦ʴطۤȤɸʤΤǤ礦ƥĤ1ˡΤ褦ˤޤ
ɸŪʱѸˤϥޥΡ2ͳΡֵפ̣ñϻĤäƤʤEnglish Dialect Dictionary Online ˤХΥåեɥ㡼٤Υåץ㡼 tweag/tweagle ֵǡפȤñ줬ĤäƤ롥
ǸΡĤäƤפ˥ҥȤޤƥǤƤȤꡤŤϱѸˤɥĸ¾ΥޥΤ褦 "two" ˤȤŤֵפδϢ줬̤¸ߤΤǤűѸ켭ȡäȼΤ褦ʸФĤ뤳ȤǤޤ
twēo "doubt, ambiguity"
twēogende "doubting"
twēogendlic "doubtful, uncertain"
twēolic "doubtful, ambiguous, equivocal"
twēon "to doubt, hesitate"
twēonian "to doubt, be uncertain, hesitate"
twēonigend, twēoniendlic "doubtful, expressing doubt"
twēonigendlīce "perhaps"
twēonol "doubtful"
twīendlīce "doubtingly"
ΤĤϽѸޤѤƤޤθ塤٤ƻ¾ѤȤʤäƤޤͳϡ1066ǯΥΥޥ;ȤǡȵŪˤƱǤƥե줫μѸˡä֤ƤޤäǤޥŪ "two" 饤åŪ "duo" ء줤äѤñۤȤ櫓Ǥ/t/ /d/ δطˤĤƤˡ§ (grimms_law) ȡˡѸǡֵ2פƤߤȡ
doubt, doubtable, doubtful, doubting, doubtingly, dubiety, dubious, dubitate, dubitation, dubitative, indubitably
ʤɡˤ٤ /d/ ǻϤޤ륤åϼѸǤΤʤ dubious Τ褦ֻ <b> ̤ /b/ ȯ륱ȡdoubt Τ褦 <b> ȯʤʤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling)ˤߤƤΤѸŪˤϤ⤷Ǥ (cf. #3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ ([2018-06-12-1])ˡ
Τ褦˥ޥϤθűѸñ줬Ѹʹߤ˥åϤμѸ֤줿ȤΤϡѸ˾Ϥդ줿ݤǤΥ⤷ΤϡñȯǤ֤ǤϤʤϢ줬ä֤줿ȤǤŪˤϤؤ̣ݤȹͤƤޤ (cf. #648. űѸθäѸ ([2011-02-04-1])ˡ
ƸѸǤ "two" ǡֵ2פɽ魯ϤۤȤɸʤʤäΤǤǸ1ĤοѤɽȤ be in/of two minds about sb/sth (= to be unable to decide what you think about sb/sth, or whether to do sth or not) Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礦ʸȤ I was in two minds about the book. (= I didn't know if I liked it or not) ʤɡ
ѥʤɤŻüˤĤˤʤ꤬ʥƥʹ֤ȵȤդ礤Ƥʹֹ (ergonomics) 䤬˹ޤäƤ롥ɴʻŵ2ǡ٤ˤСʹֹؤȤϡֿʹ֤οŪṲ̄ߤơʤɤʹ֤³Ŭ礹롤ʤĤ褦˲Ϥ뤿βʳؤסѸ ergonomics ȤƤϡOALD8 "the study of working conditions, especially the design of equipment and furniture, in order to help people work more efficiently" ʬ䤹ꥫʼﻺȤ衼åѤϫƯʳؤʸ̮ȯãؽʬǡOED ˤ1950ǯʬ̾ȤƽФƤ롥
1950 Lancet 1 Apr. 645/2 In July, 1949, a group of people decided to form a new society for which the name the 'Ergonomics Research Society' has now been adopted.
츻ϡֻŻפ̣Ϣ ergo- ˡַкѡפ̣ economics 3ʹߤݤ碌Τǡ1κ (blend) Ǥ롥Ϣ ergo- ϥꥷ̾ érgon ʻŻˤͳ褷¾ˤƥ𤷤 energy -ergy ʤɤ뤷Ƥ롥ʹֹؤ⥨ͥ륮⡤ΤˡֻŻפ˴ؤ뤳Ȥ
ꥷ érgon ̤Ȱĸ *werg- to do) Ȥ캬ˤɤĤơϱѸ work θ츻Ǥ⤢ΤĸűѸʳǤϡθ캬ư濴Ụ̄ϡֻŻ롤ƯפȤֺ롤Ԥʤפ˶ᤤΤä̤θСΤ뤳ȡԤʤȤʤŻäΤ
űѸ wyrchen (to work) βʬϤ줾 worhte, ġeworht ä15ˤ구§ worked ߤ˻롥Ť֤DzžФĤ wrought ȤƸѸ˻ĤäƤ롥a highly wrought decoration ʤ˺줿ʡˤΤ褦ѤֺפθŤ¸ƤΤʬ롥ޤ#2117. playwright ([2015-02-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡֺפ̣ټ̾ wright ⡤űѸƱ캬̾ͳ褹롥
ֱѸƳ2021Τ˺رˤɽ줿ƥĤָűѸƯ --- wyrcan ¿ ---Ǥ롥ɤǡƯȤȤˤĤƺٹͤƤߤ
ǯؤDZѸ˥ߤôƤǯ٤Τ褦´ʸȤƿ͵Υơޤ롥Ѹ֤ο̸˴ؤ륮åפǤ롥ֿפȤȶʴؿѸʸκۤ뤳ȤΤǤơޤȤơŪʼפ롥Ը˭٤ʤˡꥸʥʸʤȤϷ褷ưפʤΤǤĤפ䤿ʤ
ɽ줿ֱѸƳ2021ΤΥƥĤϡο͵ΥơޤäΡȥֿС٤ˤʤäȤϤǤ롥¿ɼԤϤ˥ԥȤܸΡĿפϱѸǤ the green light бȤǤ롥浡Ƴˤ䡤դƤ (proverb) Ǥ The grass is always greener (on the other side of the fence). ٤μǤĤפˡġСbluegreen δطˤĤʬ䤹ƳƤƤ롥
γΥƥĤϻΥԥ졼θʤΤ嵭ƥǤƤθܤ뤳Ȥˤθζϡ¾ͤΤΤϼʬΤΤ褯ΤǤפȤȤܸǤϡۤˡ٤β֤֤פȤ٤̣פȤ⤢뤽ܸ٤μǤĤפϡѸ The grass is always greener (on the other side of the fence). ۤľƼ줿ΤǤꡤܸθǤϤʤ
ǤϡαѸΥ롼ĤϤɤˤ뤫ȤСOED ˤȰճȿ褦ǡФϥꥫѸ1897ǯ Grass is always greener ǤȤʸϤȡȤƥƥ fertilior seges est aliēnīs semper in agrīs ("the harvest is always more fruitful in another man's fields") ȤΤ뤽̤˸ȤΤŪʶǤ뤫顤ѸǤΥƥǤΤɤʬʤष grass green äƤդꡤʤȤˤϡѸ쥪ꥸʥȤäƤ褵
grass green ΰäȤΤϡƬ (alliteration) ǰƬˤƽҤ٤ΤǤ롥ޤThe grass is always greener. ϡ줤ʡּ嶯嶯嶯פ iambic ȤʤäƤ뤳ȤŦƤ䡤ƬƧǤȤΤ⤢̣Ǥ̯ʸǡ⤽ grass green ĸǡְġ (to grow) ̣ *ghrē- ̤Τ顤ƬҲƱȤäƶäȤǤϤʤThe grass grows green. Ȥʸϡäơ츻Ū˲᤹СְΤ褦˰ġפΤ褦ʥȡȥʸʤΤǤ롥
̸ϡ̸ؤǤ⽸Ū˰ƤץơޤǤ롥̸ܿ (Basic Color Terms) ˤĤƤϡ"bct" ΥΤĤȤ줿
ޤˡ浡ˤˤĤŪˡ21ɤɴʡΤΤϤޤۡ (p. 80) ѤƤؤäΤ
ǤϤƤο浡1868ǯɥˤǤο浡äܤǤϡ1919ǯϩ˼ưϤƤǤŵȤä浡ϡ1918ǯ˥˥塼衼ˤǤܤǤ1930ǯë˥ꥫ͢줿ΤȤ줿
ϢơפʻʸȤƾͺܸˡĿϤʤʤΤ٤Ƥޤ礦
21ɤɴʡΤΤϤޤۡ١شۡ2008ǯ
ͺܸˡĿϤʤʤΤ١ֽ2001ǯ
ꥢåפ줿ֱѸƳ202120ܤΥƥĤϡgoodbye θ츻ägoodbye ΰ̣Ǥ
God be with ye ʿʤȤȤˤޤ褦ˡˤȤ³ˡ (subjunctive) Ѥ (optative) ɽͳ褹Ȥޤ̤ݤˤ褯Ѥ밧Ȥʤꡤûʤä goodbye ȤʤäȤǤ̣Ǥϡ֤ˤϤǤפ֤פˤʤ褦ʤΤǤ
ޤǤΤȤǤ⡤ȵ䤬ͯƤޤ͡㤨С
ʤ God good ˤʤäƤޤäΤ
ʤ be bye ˤʤäƤޤäΤ
ʤ with ye ʬæƤޤäΤ
⤽ you ǤϤʤ ye ȤΤϲʤΤ
ʤʡäơ֤褦ʤפ̤ΰˤʤΤ
ѸŪˤϤ⤷ơޤȤʤޤ嵭ƥǤϡΤ褦ʵΤ٤ƤƤ櫓ǤϤޤGod be with ye goodbye ؤѲƻڤˤĤƶ̣⤬ܤƤޤΤǡɤ
Ȥ櫓⤷Τϡ̤ΰȤܸ֤褦ʤʤСˤƼˡפ˴֤ߤʤޤǸʡʸȡѸ goodbye (< God be with ye) ˤߤֽʡʸκۤŦƤȤǤ
Τ˱ѸǤ (I wish you) good morning/afternoon/evening/night bless you ޤǡʡɽ¾θȤʤäƤ㤬¿褦˻פޤ٤ɽȤƷ־ν䤹ȤϤΤΡظˤȯۡפξ֤ǰۤʤäƤǤ
ؤǤϡѸˤƳȤΤۤ˸űѸ (Old English) ƳȤⳫ֤Ƥ롥ǯٽ4ˤϡĤ䤿©ɬʹƤ롥ޤǤäѤ鸽ѸܤƤˤȤäơűѸȤϤޤ˰ۼ˱Ǥꡤ¾忷ʳؤӻϤΤƱȤʬäƤޤ
֤äƾĴƤȡΤˤʤۤʤ뤱ɤƱѸȤФʤȤռƤ褦ä˸äΥ٥ǡűѸν鸫θȸѸδΤθ줬ӤĤȤиĤޤ츻Τ̥Ϥ٤̣臘ȡűѸ줬ȶ˴ƤΤȻפ
θűѸܥ֥ǤäƳƤߤ֥Х٥פΤθűѸʲ˼
Wæs þā ān gereord on eorþan, and heora ealre ān sprǣc. Hī fērdon fram ēastdēle oð þæt hī cōmon tō ānum felde on þām lande Sennar, and þēr wunedon. Ðā cwǣdon hī him betwȳnan, “Vton wyrcean ūs tigelan and ǣlan hī on fȳre.” Witodlīce hī hæfdon tigelan for stān and tyrwan for weall-līm. And cwǣdon, “Cumað and utan wircan ūs āne burh and ǣnne stȳpel swā hēahne ðæt his rōf ātille þā heofonan, and uton mǣrsian ūrne namon, ǣr þan wē bēon tōdǣlede tō eallum landum.” God þā nyþer āstāh, þæt hē gesēga þā burh and þone stȳpel þe Adames sunus getimbroden. God cwæð þā, “Efne þis his ān folc and gereord him ealum, and hī ongunnon þis tō wircenne; ne hī ne geswīcað heora geþōhta, ǣr þan þe hī mid weorce hī gefyllan. Cumað nū eornostlīce and uton niþer āstīgan and heora gereord þēr tōwendon, þæt heora nān ne tōcnāwe his nēxtan stemne.” And God þā hī tōdǣlde swā of þǣre stōwe tō eallum landum, and hī geswicon tō wyrcenne þā buruh. And for þī wæs sēo burh gehāten Babel, for þan þe ðǣr wæs tōdǣled þæt gereord ealre eorþan. God þā hī sende þanon ofer brādnesse ealra eorðan.
ǤϥץץȻפΤǡ#2929. 11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ7ɤ١ ([2017-05-04-1]) Ƥۤʾ嵭űѸǤ⤳ε (1) ƷǤΡˡϱѸˤΰۤʤʳDz٤ѸƤΤǡ̻ŪӤǽʤΤǤ롥ѸǤǫӤСűѸǤȤбطä⤫Ӿ夬äƤϤ
űѸǤȸѸǤθå٥ǤбˤĤơֱѸƳ2021Τ˱ֿȶʸűѸ5ȤƥĤƤ줿֤Ǽ fērdon, wyrcean/wircan/wyrcenne, burh, getimbroden, tōdǣlede/tōdǣlde 5θ夲Ѹʤɥĸˤ˰Ĥʤ⤷ƤƤ롥űѸƳȤɤ
ɸϡޤᡤƬ𤷤Ƥñ췲ǤֻϤ䤳Ƥ뤷γˤȯƱäۤʤäƤꤹ롥̣Ƥ褦ʡǤʤ褦ʡñϳؽǼ¤˺ޤΤ䤳ϸ츻̤äƤ⤿ƲäʤΤǤǯ٤αѸƳڡȤȤ⤢ꡤŪˤߤƤߤȻפޤcf. #4357. ǯ٤αѸƳڡϤޤ ([2021-04-01-1])ˡ
ޤϡäȤ꤬ʤǡΤʤƤ褤٥ñǤ dissert v. /dɪˈsəːt/ Ԥޤ礦פ̣ưǡǤϡԸդȤΥ졼٥뤬ŽƤޤñΤ褦ֻ <s> ʣˤϡ§Ȥ̵ /s/ Ȥʤޤʤʲ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ㳰ޤˡư줫̾ dissertation ֳؽʸäʸˡפΤäƤƤ褤ñǤ͡
츻ȤƤϡƥǡפ̣ư dissertāre ̤ޤդƬ dis- ˡ촴 serere ʸդĤʤʸˤȿĤʤΤǡ֤äդĤʤ碌פۤɤǤcf. Ʊ촴 series ˡ
ˡ֥ǥȡפ̣ dessert /dɪˈzəːt/߿̾Ȼפޤ<ss> ֻǤ嵭®㳰ǡͭ /z/ ȯޤñϡեư desservir ʶդˤβʬͳ褷ޤĤޤ줿˽ФΡޤˡֿΥǥȡפʤ櫓ǤեνƬ des- servir ʱѸˤ serve ȤֿФפΰաˤȤʤΤǡǼǤ
˼˿ʤߤޤ֥ǥȡפ dessert ȤޤäƱȯʤ⡤<s> 1Ĥ desert ʤñ줬ޤʣʻ뤿ˡʲǤϡΰۤʤ desert 1 desert 2 2̤Ƥޤǽ desert 1 äޤ礦desert 1 ϡּΤƤ롤פ̣ưǤʸȤơShe was deserted by her husband. פ˼ΤƤ줿ˤƤޤưθ츻ϥե déserter ǡ̤ȥƥ dēserere ȿ˹Ԥ夭ޤ캬 serere ʤΤǡҤ dissert Ȥⶦ̤ǤñˤĤƤƬ dis- ǤϤʤ de- ǤĤʤ (serere) Ȥߤ (de) ȤȯۤǡּΤƤ롤ΤƤפȤ櫓Ǥ
ơư desert 1 Τޤޤη֤Ƿƻ첽̾첽ΤּΤƤ줿ϡˡפȤƤΡֺפǤѸǤ̾ư (diatone) ηˤꡤֺפȤƤ desert ȯϡ1˰ܤä /ˈdɛzət/ ȤʤΤդǤ
desert 2 /dɪˈzəːt/ ˰ܤޤ礦̾ǡ٤ȳפ̣ޤ嵭ΤޤǤθȤϤޤäۤʤʷϵǤ̸츻 deserve /dɪˈzəːv/ ?ͤˤȤưβʬͳ褹̾ǤΤȤͤ٤ʪ줬ȳȤȤǤθ deserve ʤưϥե deservir μѤǡ켫Ȥϥƥ dēservīre ̤ޤƬ dē- ϶ա촴 servīre ϡֻŤפΰ̣ǡԤϸ serve ȤƱѸ˼ޤޤ?˻Ť뤳ȤǤۤɤע?ͤפȤạ̈ȯŸȹͤޤ
ơ𤷤䤹ñ췲θ츻̤뤳Ȥǡäƺ𤷤⤷ޤʰ餺ˡʤǸ˼夲ư deserve ϡʤʤȤưǤ⤢ޤThe report deserves careful consideration., He deserves to be locked up for ever for what he did., Several other points deserve mentioning. ʤɼʸΥꥨ˭٤Ǥ̣ŪʴõäƤ⤪⤷ưȻפޤ̣Ūʴ顤ֱѸƳ2021ˤرˤ륳ƥ"You deserve it." ȡּȼסɽޤ⤴ɤ
41Ϣ#4357. ǯ٤αѸƳڡϤޤ ([2021-04-01-1]) ȤơѸˤγؤӤ礹륭ڡĥäƤޤ
¿οͤˤȤäơѸˤؤϱñθ츻ǤϤʤǤ礦ñˤޤäƤˤޤؤˤ "Every word has its own history." ȤȤꡤñĤҤȤĤˡֿפΤǤñΤʤˤϡ߽Ф줿طʤŪʻ郎ͿƤΤ⤢СߤޤǤ˰̣礭ѲƤΤ⤢ޤޤȤʤäΤ¿ޤäñˤϡָפȤƤФޤͤҤȤƱ褦ḁ̈ϤäƤޤ
Ȥ櫓ǡܥ֥Ǥ츻˴ؤ¿夲Ƥޤetymology ǸȡɤɤФ褤ΤܰܤꤹϤǤǡȤ櫓ñθ츻˴ؿΤɼԤγ˸ơhellog ξȻפޤ
(1) ޤƻΩƤȤƸ츻ɬפǤ͡饤ǺǤڤ˥ǤѸ츻 Online Etymology Dictionary Ǥκä#952. Etymology Search ([2011-12-05-1]) ⤴Ѥ
(2) 碌 American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.) θ츻ΡȤ⸡Ǥ롤Ρ#1819. AHD Word History Note Search ([2014-04-20-1]) ⤴Ѥ
(3) ¾#485. 츻Τ뤿Υ饤 ([2010-08-25-1]) ΥŬȤȤ褤Ȼפޤ
(4) ܳŪʸ츻ʤСޤޤΤθ츻̼ܤǤ#600. Ѹ츻ν ([2010-12-18-1]) ǰƼMĤƤФȻפޤʤμˤŻҲ饤ƤΤϤޤˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤ OED ϴδܤȤʸŵǤ
(5) 2018ǯ721ī㡼ɶǡˤؤֱñθ츻פȤֺ¤ޤΤȤλ#3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1]) ˤƸƤޤΤǡͳˤɤ
(6) Ȥʤޤܲī㡼ɶǡ12ιֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פƤޤ9ޤǽäƤꡤ10529ڡˤ15:30?18:45ͽꤵƤޤֱѸˤȸ츻10ҳȳǰѡפǤؿΤϡɤ9ޤǤΥХåʥСˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ夲Ƥޤεå
(7) 츻ˤñؽˡ˴ؿϡ#3546. Ѹˤ츻ñؤӤʤ顤줬μ ([2019-01-11-1])#3698. 츻ؽˡΤ ([2019-06-12-1]) #3696. ܥӥΤΡֺǤΩ25θΥѡġס ([2019-06-10-1]) ʤɤεɤ
(8) ָ츻ءפΤΤ˴ؿäϡԤȤʤޤ##466,1791,727,598,599,636,1765εåȤ
ʤѸˤȤʬϡñäˤȤ¦̤ˤ礤˴ؿƤޤ˸ꤵ櫓ǤϤޤѸȯʸˡˤⰷޤá¾ȤδؤʤɤޤࡤҲŪʬפʴؿǤ
ε#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1]) Ǹʬ夲Ǵñˤ֤äޤǸűѸȯã˿줿٤ä Lass (163) ˰͵ơĸ줫饲ޥĸФƸűѸ˻ޤǤηֲȯãҲ𤷤褦
The present participle is morphologically the same in both strong and weak verbs in OE: present stem (if different from the preterite) + -ende (ber-ende, luf-i-ende. etc.). All Gmc dialects have related forms: Go -and-s, OIc -andi, OHG -anti. The source is an IE o-stem verbal adjective, of the type seen in Gr phér-o-nt- 'bearing', with a following accented */-í/, probably an original feminine ending. This provides the environment for Verner's Law, hence the sequence */-o-nt-í/ > */-ɑ-nθ-í/ > */-ɑ-nð-í/, with accent shift and later hardening */-ɑ-nd-í/, then IU to /-æ-nd-i/, and finally /-e-nd-e/ with lowering. The /-i/ remains in the earliest OE forms, with are -ændi, -endi.
͡ʲѲ (sound_change) ФƸűѸ -ende ˤɤĤȤʬ롥ʬϡΤ褦˲ȤƤܤޤ뤷ѲƤ褦Τؤղäλ䵡ǽ˴ؤƤСषꤷƤ褦ˤߤ롥ΰȡƱ줬˹ߤ뤳ȤϢưƤ褦˻פ롥
ޤѲˤƤ⡤Τܤޤ뤷ϤΤΡʤ٤ -nd- ȤҲϢݻƤȤܤͤ롥ϤȤȶ */-í/ ³ˡŪפȤ䤹äǤϤʤˤǤ롥ޤθΤ촴β˱ƶͿ뤳ȤʤäˤդƱʬǤ⡤ʬȤϤʤ𤬰ۤʤΤ
űѸʹߤѸ˻ޤǡ -nd- λҲϢϸ§Ȥݻ줿䤬Ƹʬ -ing ִ褦ˤʤäο -ing ȤơȤȤ /ɪŋɡ/ Τ褦˻ҲϢäƤȤ϶̣/ŋɡ/ λҲϢ⡤Ѹʹߤ /ŋ/ ؤȽñ㲽ƤǤϰĸβˤߤ줿ҲϢϡϢȤ߹碌褦ǤɸŪˤݻƤʤcf. #1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])#3482. ƬλҲϢñ㲽Ƥˡ ([2018-11-08-1])ˡ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ε#4336. Richardson μĹû ([2021-03-11-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡRichardson ϤäʸѤȸ츻Ҥ Horne Tooke ʤʪäƤ롥Tooke ϡŪʸ츻Ѥˤ Richardson Τߤʤ餺 Webster ѤƳ19ȾΥꥹǤ롥
John Horne Tooke (1736--1812) ϡ1758ǯ˥֥åؤ´ȸ塤ˡΧȻ˾ǤϤäδ˾ˤ˽1773ǯȡꥫΩ˺ݤƿ̱¦ΩŪưϤΥե̿ˤƱŪΩꡤȤȤƸʤɤͫܤˤäƤ롥
Τ褦ưŸ֡ůؤؤδؿŪҤԤʤäƤ1778ǯˤ³ that ˴ؤ A Letter to John Dunning, Esq. ФƤ롥ơ2Τ Epea Pteroenta or, the Diversions of Purley (1786, 1805) Ǥ롥1000Ǥ˵ڤָůؤȸ츻˴ؤ줬ȤʤäƤϴȤäƤ٤츻ܤʤΤǤ롥
Dixon ˤ뤳δ͡βʸѤ褦 (150)
He [Tooke] maintained that originally language consisted just of nouns and verbs with everything else (adjectives, prepositions, pronouns, articles, and so on) being abbreviations of underlying noun and verb sequences. He also believed that each word had a definite meaning which had remained constant from its origin. What makes the modern reader squirm most is the way in which Horne Took applied these principles, absolutely off the top of his head. For example, conjunction through was believed to be related to noun door, and conjunction if was said to have come from the imperative form of verb give. If did have the form gif in Old English and verb give was giefan, but these are not cognate, the similarity of form being coincidental.)
Sometimes there was vague similarity of form, other times not. 'I believe that up means the same as top or head, and is originally derived from a noun of the latter signification'. 'From means merely beginning, and nothing else', so that in 'Lamp hangs from cieling (sic)'), it is the case that 'Cieling (is) the place of beginning to hang.'
There are dozens more of such mental meanderings, lacking any basis in fact. From actually goes back to preposition *per in PIE and up to PIE preposition *upo. It is true that some prepositions have developed from lexical words, but none in the way Horne Tooke imagined. Through relates to the PIE verb *tere- 'to cross over, pass through, overcome'. . . . Door is a development from *dhwer, which meant 'door, doorway' in PIE.
Horne Tooke's book was simply a raft of wild ideas. There may have been other books of this nature, but the scarcely believable fact is that The Diversions of Purley was accepted by the British public as an example of brilliant insight. Philosopher James Mill found Horne Tooke's work 'profound and satisfactory', 'to be ranked with the very highest discoveries which illustrate the names of speculative men'. The account of conjunctions 'instantly appeared to the learned so perfectly satisfactory as to entitle the author to some of the highest honours of literature'.
ؤȤ William Jones ˤӸ (comparative_linguistics) ü郎ĤĤäΤΡꥹؤܳŪƳϤʤƤ餺Tooke ¯䤹ʳŪʸ츻Ϲɾʤůؼ James Mill 仿ۤɡˡ䡤ष Tooke νˤꡤꥹؤӸؤƳ٤줿Ȥ餤뤫⤷ʤʺڡڸp. 353ˡ
1840ǯޤǤˤϡꥹ Tooke ѤȴФƤTooke νϡ"gratuitous", "incorrect", "fallacious", "frivolous" ʤɤηƻɾȤʤäƤΤǤ (Dixon 151)
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
#3155. Charles Richardson A New Dictionary of the English Language (1836--37) ([2017-12-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡRichardson (1775--1865) αѸ켭ϡJohnson, Webster, OED ȤˤήΤʤפƤꡤǤϤޤܤߤ뤳Ȥʤ19ȾФˤƤϽפ̤Ƥ
ĹȤƤϡѸ켭˾ܳŪˡˡפռäȤȤ롥ʸˤΥݡȤ Johnson ˻Ϥޤ뤬Johnson ȤŵˤʸϲŰʸΤΤǤꡤѸˤޤ̤뤳ȤϤʤäRichardson Ѹ졤ΡŪ§פʿΤǤ롥⡤ѿ Johnson ڤ˾äƤ롥̤Ȥơʸǰʤ2000ǤĶȤʤϤäꤤäƻȤŤ餤Ȥʤä (Dixon 146)
⤦1ĹŦȡμԻ찭¸μबȤƤRichardson ϥꥸʥܻؤȤǤ롥Τ륪ꥸʥμԻΤϡˤ Johnsonˤ OED пԤƤޤۤɤξɤǤꡤˤ Richardson Ƶɾʤ
ûȤƤϡεǤ줿Ȥꡤ"a word has one meaning, and one only" Ȥüʸ˸츻Ҥˤ˴٤äƤޤäȤθ Horne Tooke (1736--1812) ȤϤŪȡ츻ԤˤΤǡοʪϺǤϴȤ٤2ΤαѸ츻˴ؤ The Diversions of Purley (1786, 1805) ΤƤ롥Richardson μȽ Webster ⡤ Tooke 櫤ˤϤޤä1ͤǤꡤλ塤츻̤ Tooke αƶϤӤäƤȤʬ롥
ˤ Richardson ϡѸ켭ˤˤƼפʼԻȤΤϤޤdz19ȾФνץä
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
Vιܡڹߡפ̣ notch 괧˴ؤʬ (metanalysis) η̤η֤ǤȤɤ9 Words Formed by Mistakes: When false division gives us real words εˤȡnotch ʬϤȤ㤤ˤä1ĤȤƾҲ𤵤Ƥʤ¾Ȥ apron, ingot, nickname, umpire, orange, aught, newt, adder Ƥˡ
εǤϡ (an) ickname (a) nickname ȤƸäʬϤ졤 nickname Ȥ촴Ф줿ΤƱͤˡťե줫Ѥ줿 oche ˤĤƤ⡤(an) oche (a) noche Ф줿ΤȤƤ롥
ʤۤɤȻפ OED notch, n. dzǧƤߤεȤϾͻҤۤʤ롥Τ˸ťե䥢Υޥ oche ʤ֤Ϥä褦Ǥ14Ƭ˥Υޥˤ noche ʤ۷֤ǧƤȤΤѸǤ notch νФ1555ǯǤꡤѸˤ괧δؤʬϤȤϡΥޥˤƤǤ n Ƭźä줿֤ΤޤޱѸ˼Ѥ줿ȤۤľǤϤʤȤΤ OED Υɤ롥츻ˤϼΤ褦ˤ롥
Apparently < Anglo-Norman noche (early 14th cent.), variant of Anglo-Norman and Middle French osche notch, hole in an object (1170 in Old French), oche incised mark used to keep a record (13th cent.; French hoche nick, small notch; further etymology uncertain and disputed: see below), with attraction of n from the indefinite article in French (compare NOMBRIL n.).
ˤȡn θƬźäϳΤ괧δؤʬϤη̤ǤϤ뤬ѸǤΰʬϤǤϤʤեǤΰʬϤȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹ an/a Ȥ۷֥ڥΤΥޥˤȤʹȤʤäΤǾƬҤͤä Anglo-Norman Dictionary NOTCH1 äƤߤȡβ⤬ä
The nasal at the beginning of the word is believed to be the result of a lexicalized contraction of the n from the indefinite article: une oche became une noche. This nasalized form is not found in Continental French and, according to the OED, only appears in English from the second half of the sixteenth century (as notche).
ɤѸ an/a ȸ̩ʰ̣ʿŪʰʬϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦괧 n ĹƸ³θ촴Ƭ˻ۤ줿ɽۤŬڤ⤷ʤ⡤β⼫Τ OED ȤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤ1ĤβȤƤȤ館ƤΤ褤⤷ʤ
ͤޤǤˡOED ΰѤˤ̤ꡤnombril Ȥ n ⡤ѸǤϤʤեˤ괧δؤʬϤη̤ȤƤ롥
ܥ֥ǤϼʸˡѸͳˤĤơ#1257. ʤгʡפ "accusative case" ʤΤ ([2012-10-05-1])#1258. ʤ¾ưפ "transitive verb" ʤΤ ([2012-10-06-1])#1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1])#3307. ʸˡѸȤƤ participle ʬס ([2018-05-17-1])#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) ([2020-03-23-1])#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1])#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) ([2020-03-25-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥϡֳʡפʤ "case" ȸƤФΤˤĤơϢȡѤƤ Blake (19--20) 공פѤ롥
The term case is from Latin cāsus, which is in turn a translation of the Greek ptōsis 'fall'. The term originally referred to verbs as well as nouns and the idea seems to have been of falling away from an assumed standard form, a notion also reflected in the term 'declension' used with reference to inflectional classes. It is from dēclīnātiō, literally a 'bending down or aside'. With nouns the nominative was taken to be basic, with verbs the first person singular of the present indicative. For Aristotle the notion of ptōsis extended to adverbial derivations as well as inflections, e.g. dikaiōs 'justly' from the adjective dikaios 'just'. With the Stoics (third century BC) the term became confined to nominal inflection . . . .
The nominative was referred to as the orthē 'straight', 'upright' or eutheia onomastikē 'nominative case'. Here ptōsis takes on the meaning of case as we know it, not just of a falling away from a standard. In other words it came to cover all cases not just the non-nominative cases, which in Ancient Greek were called collectively ptōseis plagiai 'slanting' or 'oblique cases' and for the early Greek grammarians comprised genikē 'genitive', dotikē 'dative' and aitiatikē 'accusative'. The vocative which also occurred in Ancient Greek, was not recognised until Dionysius Thrax (c. 100 BC) admitted it, which is understandable in light of the fact that it does not mark the relation of a nominal dependent to a head . . . . The received case labels are the Latin translations of the Greek ones with the addition of ablative, a case found in Latin but not Greek. The naming of this case has been attributed to Julius Caesar . . . . The label accusative is a mistranslation of the Greek aitiatikē ptōsis which refers to the patient of an action caused to happen (aitia 'cause'). Varro (116 BC--27? BC) is responsible for the term and he appears to have been influenced by the other meaning of aitia, namely 'accusation' . . . .
ʸϤɤǡȹäѸؤޤؤǴŪʥȤʤäƤ case ʳʡˤˤ declension ʸѲˤˤ inflection ʶޡˤˤ衤Ϥ̾դܼޤݤ߹ƤʤäΤ褯ʬäηѲκˤϡޤǥŪ۷ꡤ줬Ū˼¸뤿ˤϡ۷餽ơפ뤤ϡֶʤä֤ؤĤɬפ롤ȤͥƥȯۤΤޤǽˡ֤ꤵƤꡤ¤ȯäΤʤǼ¸Τϡ줿Ǥ롤ȤΤŪªʤΤȻפ
ܸưˤĤƤֳѡפȤѸϡ٤ХݥƥʾʤȤ˥塼ȥˤǤ롥ưˤĤƥǥŪʸꤵƤ뤬ºݤʸ˸ΤϡפǤϤʤޤǥץ饰ޥƥåˡֳѡפǤ롤Ȥȯۤ롥
ΰ㤤ϡŪˤˤ⤷ΤεʸˡˡιͤΰƱȤ⡤⤷ȴط뤫⤷ʤͤƤǤ롥
Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
ټˤĤƤϡ#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1]) ϤȤ agentive_suffix ΤĤεǼ夲Ƥ-ar ˤĤƤϤޤܤƤʤäΤǡε#4300. åݥ LAGAR ȯ䤵ޤ ([2021-02-03-1]) ȤϢơǿƤ
Ѹιټ -ar ϡ-or (< L -ōrem, -or) Ӥ褦ˡƥιټ -ārius, -āris ˤΤܤ롥-āris ϥƥǤϷƻǤ⤢ꡤ䤳𤬤롥
ƻȤƤ -āris ϡ#3940. ƻ -al -ar ([2020-02-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΤ l ޤޤˡ۲ (dissimilation) Τ -ālis äѤ줿ΤǤ롥scholar ⤽Ȥʤ뤬ȤȤθϡ̾ sc(h)ola ʳعˤ -āris äΤǤꡤֳع°פۤɤΰդäηƻ줬ֳع°ԡפۤɤΰ̣̾첽Τscholar ȤƸޤäƤȤ櫓ͳΤʤο͡scholar ˤߤ -ar 餫ο͡Τɽ魯ȤƺƲᤷΤ
ѸǤ -er -or ټȤʻ¸ƤΤǡʤΤ -ar ⤽1ѼˤʤȤޤä褦顤¿ʤΤ beggar, burglar, liar, pedlar Τ褦˼ͳ˹ټ̾줬뤳ȤȤʤä̾ burglar ư burgle (back_formation) 줿ȤΤϱѸ˾褯Τ줿 -ar ټȤưռƤ뤫餳ǽȤʤäǤcf. #107. ܼѷ ([2009-08-12-1])ˡ
-ar ټ̾θ촴 l ޤޤƤΤ¿ȤϡҤΥƥΰ۲ʿŪǤ궽̣̣Ūˤ֤褫̹ԤʤԡפȤͥƥʴߤäƤΤ¿뤤ֻˤäƤߺѤʤ롥äȤ scholar, vicar, pillar ˤΤ褦ʴߤϤʤäȤƤˤˤʤȻפ뤬
ε#4300. åݥ LAGAR ȯ䤵ޤ ([2021-02-03-1]) ˤlagar ʤ̡lager ˤĤơ饬ʥӡˤϡ¤ˤƤǮݤ¢ǽӡؤǤϤʤֿץӡȤΤݥȤǤ롥
/ɡ/ ȯ鼨ȤꡤθαñǤϤʤɥĸ Lager(bier) μѸǤ롥OED ˤȡѸǤνФϡʣ lager beer ȤƤ1853ǯñΤ lager ȤƤ1855ǯȤʤäƤ롥
ɥĸ Lager ϡ¢פ̣롥ȸ츻Ū˴ϢΤϡѸǤ lair ʤͤ顤ˤǤ롥űѸǤ leġer ʿꡤ٥åɡˤη֤ʸڤ롥
Ǥ˵Ť⤷ʤθ캬ΰ̣ϡֿ롤ˤʤפǤ롥ѸǤ lie ʲˤ롥lie -- lay -- lain ȾƳФ¿롤μư lie Ǥ롥ʤߤˡб¾ưγѤ lay -- laid -- laid äcf. #3682. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (1) ([2019-05-27-1])#3683. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (2) ([2019-05-28-1])ˡ
Ȥ櫓ǡ츻Ūˤ lager beer Ϥޤˡ֤ͤǿƤӡפȤȤˤʤ롥
ĤǤˡư lie ˤϡֲפ¤ǡƱʤ̸츻ΡֱĤפ⤢롥ټĤȡԤ lier ʲ͡ˤǡԤ liar ʱĤˤȤʤΤlager *lagar δط˻ƤƤ⤷åݥ LAGAR ϡֱФפΥ饬ӡ롩
ѸˤϡʸȤƤϽΤȯʤۻ (silent_letter) 㤬¿ߤޤdoubt <b> receipt <p> ʤɡˤȤޤޤΤʤˤϽѸǸ˽פñäƤޤ㤨 island Ǥ<s> ʸޤȯȤƤϼ¸ޤ͡¿αѸؽԤˤȤäԻԻĤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ѹˤδߤȡ줤˲褷ޤä٤𤬤äΤǤɤ
פ̣űѸñϡȤʣ īegland ǤֿΡʾΡΦϡפۤɤΰ̣ǤѸǤϡʣ1Ǥ첻Ѳ iland ʤɤȤʤޤ
ƱѸ˸ťեǡפ̣ ile ѤƤޤcf. ե îleˡϡƥ insula 츻ȤǤťե ile Ѹ iland ϷϻƤޤޤä̸츻Ǥ뤳ȤդƤ
Τ˻ƤΤǺƱޤѸ iland ťե ile land ѤΤȤƲᤵƤޤäΤǤ
ơ16αѹͥˤʤȡμͤδ֤˥ƥֻؤƴ줬ޤե ile ߽Фƥ insula s ޤǤޤΤǡѸ iland ˤƥ̣̣뤿 s 褦ȤưäΤǤ
αѸؽԤˤȤäƤǤʤȤˡ s 褦ȤưϤơ island ȤֻȤ夷ƤޤäΤǤͥμͤ;פʤȤƤޤޤǿɴǯδ֡ѸǤ s ʤǼ¸ƤȯνΤϡѤޤǤ˻ޤǤȤȤǡȯϸűѸΥꥸʥǤ s ʤȯǡκޤǷ³ƤΤǤ͡
Τ褦ʥͥμͤˤ;פʸϡ¿αñ˳ǧޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȸƤФ븽ݤǤˤĤƤ##580,579,116,192,1187εå⤪ɤߤ
ǯǯϡƥꥹޥεŤƤԤϱѸǤ Christmastime Ȥʤ Christmastide Ѥ롥Ԥʣ2ǤȤƤߤ tide ϡ̾ϡĬδפ̣뤬 (cf. tidal wave ȡĬ)ꥹȶȴϢơֵפΰ̣ǤѤ (ex. Yuletide, Eastertide)
tide ΰ̣ϡ¡ֻפäűѸ tīd ϡֻĬפ̣̤θäޥˤƱ줬ǧ (cf. tijd, ɥĸ Zeit, ťΥɸ tíð) äȤΤܤХޥĸ *tīðiz ˡˤϰĸθ캬 *dā- (to divide, cut up) ˤɤ夯ĸüԤˤȤäơ֤ȤϡڤʬʬоݤäΤ (cf. #70. second ˤϡáפΰ̣⤢ ([2009-07-07-1]))
űѸ tīd ϡ䤬ưŪʡֻפθ time ϤĬפθ˸ꤵƤȤȤʤäʤߤ time Ȥ tide Ʊĸθ캬̤ꡤűѸǤ tīma ȤƤϤֻ֡פθѤƤĤޤꡤtide time ϤȤäΤǤ롥
ߤǤϡֻפ˶ᤤ̣ tide ϡ嵭 Christmastide, Eastertide ʤɤξɽ˲Ū˻Ĥˤʤ⤦1ĽפʲФȤơ褯Τ줿ƤTime and tide wait for no man. ʺзͤԤˤǤ롥ܸǤѸǤ⤽ (proverb) ȤΤˤϰۤʤСΤRobert Green (1560--92) A Disputation Betweene a Hee Conny-catcher and a Shee Conny-catcher (1592) ΥСȡTyde nor tyme tairieth no man. Ȥ롥wait for Ʊ tarry Ѥ뤳Ȥǡt ˤƬƤơɸǤŪǤ롥
Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries, eds. Word Histories and Mysteries from Abracadabra to Zeus. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2004.
ɸο²̾ (relationship_noun) ϡѸؤӻϤƺǽ˳ؤñɽʤǤäŵƽƤޤȡ֤ΤפȤªˤʤꡤȤ餷ޤѸؤӻϤФ̤λϰۤʤޤɸΤ褦ʥɥäȤ䤬ΤǤfather, mother, brother, sister Ȥ²̾δ4ñįȡλҲˤĤƳΤ sister ⤤Ƥޤ͡Ϥɤ櫓Ǥ礦βİ
ǯθűѸ嵭4ñ fæder, mōdor, brōþor, sweostor Ȥ֤Ǥ<þ> <th> űѸʸǤˡĤޤꡤ<th> ΤäƤΤϡ¤ brother äΤǤ5ο²̾ΤǤ daughter (OE dohtor) 碌ƹθȡ2ñ d Ѥ졤̤2ñ t Ѥ졤1ñǤΤ th Ѥ줿ȤȤˤʤޤĤޤꡤ brōþor þ (= th) ⤤ƤȤȤǽʤΤǤϡͤߤȶä٤¤Ǥ͡
ǵȤʤΤϡʤűѸ d äƤ fæder mōdor ޤǤλҲ th ѲȤȤǤѸʹߤβѲʤΤǤ첻˶ޤ줿 d ϤĤñ (fricativisation) ФޤȤ furder > further, gader > gather, hider > hither, togeder > together, weder > weather, wheder > whether, whider > whither Ƥޤ礦
ޤȤޤѸδߤȳΤ sister ⤤Ƥ褦ˤߤޤ²̾Τη֤ˤҤȤƤȡ¤ brother ⤤ƤȷŤ뤳ȤǤΤǤѸˤǤϤФнФ魯ֵžȯۡפιǤ
β٤ȤŪˤʤޤѲξܺ٤˴ؿΤϡ##698,699,480,481,703εåε⤪ɤߤ
Ѹˤ no ɮƬ not, none, nothing, no one, nobody, never, neither, nor ʤɡn- ǻϤޤΤ¿¸ߤޤ˼դνϤСno бե non ǤɥĸǤ nein Ǥ϶ǤϤޤνεǤĸˤƤ꤬ *ne ɽ蘆졤줬¹θˤѤ줿ȤȤʤΤǤʤܸΡ֤ʤפ n ǻϤޤΤϡޤäζǤˡǤϡİ
űѸǺǤ̤ϡĸȱĤ ne ȤǤƬΤ褦ˤѤ줿ᡤ¿ n(e)- 줬¸ߤޤȤȤƤߤޤ礦
ne + ought = nought, naught, not
ne + one = none, no
ne + ever = never
ne + either = neither
ne + or = nor
ΤۤƬǤ un- ʥޥϡ, in- ʥƥϡ, non- ʥƥϡ, a- ʥꥷϡˤ⡤Ϥĸ *ne ̤ޤ (ex. unhappy, unable, unimportant; inaccurate, incomplete, infinite; non-smoker, non-stop, non-rhotic; agnostic, asymmetry, amoral)
ˤĤƤϡ#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1]) ⤴Ȥ
Fertig (7) "Change vs. diachronic correspondence" ꤹߤĤ2Ĥ˸ؤˤƶ̤٤פʳǰǤ롥ζ̤ռƤʤȡפ̸˴٤뤳Ȥ롥
Linguists often use 'change' to refer to correspondences among forms that may be separated by centuries or millennia, e.g. Old English stān and Modern English stone or Middle English holp and Modern English helped. For purposes of comparative reconstruction, diachronic correspondences that relate forms separated by hundreds of years may be just what one needs, but such correspondences often mask a complex sequence of smaller developments that may have taken a very circuitous route. Linguists who are serious about understanding how change actually happens often point to the fallacies that arise from treating diachronic correspondences as if they directly reflected individual changes. Where plentiful data allows us to examine the course of a change in fine-grained detail, the picture that emerges is often very different from what we would posit if we only had evidence of the 'before' and 'after' states . . . .
ۤʤ2ĤλˤơʼȤƷˤĤơбطǧ1ȤθबȤ2Ĥθϲ餫̻ŪǷӤĤ٤Ǥ롥̻Ūθब뤲Ѳμ֤Ǥ롥֤˱äƤۤɺ٤ʾڵʤ¤ꡤľʤΤʤΤǤФɤʷζʤΤʬʤȤ¿βŤ˿¬ǤĤʤ뤳ȤǤеǤꡤ̩˼ȤʾϵΤ褦˻פ롥ݡŪ䤤Ȥơǽбطǧ2ĤθबбطΤȤߤʤƤ褤ΤȤȤʤФʤʤ⤷ʤΤǤ롥
1ĵ褦ɸѸˤϡָŤפ̣ old Ȥ줬롥űѸˤƱ eald Ȥ줬ǧ롥ǯλ֤γ֤ϤΤΡ̣ˡϤۤܰפƤꡤŪˤ⽽ʬ˶Ƥ뤿ᡤ2Ĥθδ֤̻ŪбطǧȤϸ̻ŪбطǧȤƤ⡤Ѳ̤ľŪ eald old ؤȯŸȷŤΤפǤ롥ǫ˲Ѳͻʬ뤬eald ϸűѸ쥦ȥˤ֤ǤꡤɸѸ old Ȥ֤ľܤǤϤʤषűѸ쥢ꥢ ald ̤Ȥߤ٤Ǥ롥ȤСeald old δطϡľŪǤľŪǤʤȤˤʤ롥ald old ʤľŪľŪʴطФơeald ʬǼФǤƤ롤ȤΤȤʤ롥
ľˤ˴ؤơפʬ̻ŪбطؤפʬѲؤȹͤƤФ褤
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow