쿷ǯǯܥ֥³Ƥޤꤤޤ
New Year ˤʤǡyear ȴϢʤ⤷ʤ˸θ츻ˤĤơɸ of yore ϡΤΡΤϡפ̣Ǥ롥Τ褦˷ƻŪ뤤ŪѤ롥
This was once a Roman road in days of yore.
The great composers of yore performed for kings and queens.
But Satan now is wiser than of yore.
yore ϡűѸ gēar (year) ʣ°ʷ gēara ͳ褹Ȥ롥°ʤŪǽ̤ΤǡֲǯΡפȤ̣ΤȲᤵƤ롥yore ñȤǤȤƤˡϸűѸ줫餢ꡤ1613ǯǸѤȤʤä̾ȤƤ ?c1350 ˽Ф餿°ʤˡȿǤΤ褦 of yore 礬ޤ졤ߤޤ³Ƥʸڤ a1375 ˡ
θ츻ϲŪˤ褦ˤߤ롥űѸʣ°ʷ *geāra ǤФθβѲˤĤʤ뤬ºݤˤ gēara ǤϤʤäSkeat (Principles 55fn) ϡ"The A.S. ge-, as occurring here before á, represents the sound of mod. E. y; at any rate, it did so in late A.S." ȲᤷƤꡤȤȤβ2첻 (falling diphthong) 徺2첻 (rising diphthong) ѲȤߤƤ롥ƱͤˡKlein gēara geāra µơξȤʸűѸǤȤߤʤƤ롥ˡBarnhart geāra "variant" ȤߤʤƤ롥Partridge ⤳θ츻äǧƤʤ
OED yore, adv. (and adj.) Ǥϡ츻ˤĤ "Old English geára, also geáre, geáro, adverbial formations of obscure origin." ȤƤꡤ"year" ȤδϢˤĤƤϸڤƤ롥Oxford Ϥθ츻ŵϡƱͤ "of obscure origin" źƤ롥OED ˵Ƥ̤θ츻ˤȡgefyrn (< ge- + fyrn (long ago)) ޤͤ ge- + ār (ere) Ȥ¤줵줿ΤǤϤʤȤ⤵롥
嵭λǡʣ°ϤޤʤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿θ츻ؼԤѤƤͭϤǤ뤳Ȥˤϰ㤤ʤ⤷θ츻⤬ȤС of yore ϡűѸ̾첽ʣ°ʤˡǽȷ֤ˤơ¤ʤŪʷǤϤ뤬ƸߤˤޤäͭȤȤˤʤ롥
Skeat, Walter W. Principles of English Etymology. 1st ser. 2nd Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1879--82. 2nd ed. 1883.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. New ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1882.
Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development, Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. 2 vols. Amsterdam/London/New York: Elsevier, 1966--67. Unabridged, one-volume ed. 1971.
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.
ε#1707. Woe worth the day! ([2013-12-29-1]) ǡ캬 *wer- (to turn, bend) ͳ褹ư worth ˤĤƼ夲θ캬ͳ褹ñϿ¿äγؽΩĤȻפΤǡرѸ츻ŵ (1643) ˽äƸ캬ͥåȥ
Old English: inward, stalworth, -ward, warp, weird, worm, sorry, worth, wrench, wrest, wrestle, wring, wrinkle, wrist, wry
Middle English: (wrap)
Old Norse: wrong
Other Germanic: gaiter, garrote, ribald, (wrangle), wrath, wreath, wriggle, writhe, wroth
Latin: avert, controversy, converge, converse, convert, dextrorse, diverge, divert, extrovert, introvert, inverse, obvert pervert, prose, reverberate, revert, (ridicule), subvert, transverse, universe, verge, vermeil, vermi-, vermicelli, vermicular, vermin, versatile, verse, version, versus, vertebra
Greek: rhabd(o)-, rhabdomancy, rhapsody, (rhomb, rhombus)
Slavic: verst
Sanskrit: bat (speech)
츫ȷŪˤϴñ˷ӤĤʤ⤢뤬̣Ūˤϡֶʤ꤯ͤäפǤĤʤΤ¿ͤư (worm) ΥȷӤĤΤ¿褦˻פ롥
ǡä weird ԻĤʡ̣ΰˤ夲褦θθ츻űѸޤ̤ȡ(ge)wyrd ʱ̿ˤˤɤĤűѸʸؤˤƤȤ櫓פñǤ공ǰǤ롥"to happen" ̣ weorþan ̾Ǥꡤ"what is to happen" ʵ٤ȡˤ̣ɸѸǤϡֱ̿פθϸåȥʤɤǤϤθƤ롥
ơθϸűѸ衤̾ȤѤƤ1400ǯ餤ֱ̿ʤפ̣ƻȤƤˡȯãƻˡȤƤϡShakespeare Macbeth ˤ weird sisters ̿3ˤѤȤ˱ƶͿShelley, Keats ʤɤΥޥɻͤ⤽ˤʤäShelley ϰֱ̣̿ʤפԲĻĤʡĶŪʡפؤȳ礷ˡִ̯ʡѤʡפθȯŸޥɻͤʤǤϤΰ̣ȯŸΤȤ褦θϡűѸȸѸʸؤħ륭ɤȤäƤ褤ΤǤϤʤ
ߤθ weird ϡѸ wērd, weird ͳ褹Ȥ롥Shakespeare 1st Folio Ǥϡthe weyward sisters Ȥֻ졤츻Ū˶̤٤ wayward ʶʡޤʡˤȤκƱ롥
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
ε#1688. Tok Pisin ([2013-12-10-1]) ơʿϰΥԥȥ쥪ꡥϢʬۿޤGramley (220) Ͽޤͤ˼Ƥߤ

˵Ƥԥ䥯쥪Ū˴ϢŪˤᤤѸظ (superstrate language) ڤӸö (lexifier) Ȥ뺮ǡºݤˤä8ϱѸ١Ǥ롥Mühlhäusler Ȥ Gramley (220) ɽˤȡ̥Ĥ Bislama ʡ#1536. ǤʤعǤλѤػߤƤ Bislama ([2013-07-11-1]) ȡ, ѥץ˥塼˥ Tok Pisin, Solomon Pijin 3ԥǤߤȡʬۤϰʲ̤Ǥ롥
| English | Indigenous | Others | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bislama | 90% | 5 | 3 (French) |
| Tok Pisin | 77 | 16 | 7 (German etc.) |
| Solomon Pijin | 89 | 6 | 5 |
Ѹäθ̤γˤĤơޤ¿εdzƼפƤ
[2012-09-03-1]: #1225. եѸʬۤð
[2012-08-11-1]: #1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2)
[2012-01-07-1]: #985. Ѹθäεȳ
[2011-09-18-1]: #874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬۡ
[2011-08-20-1]: #845. Ѹθäεȳ
[2010-12-31-1]: #613. Academic Word List ˴ޤޤγ
[2010-06-30-1]: #429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ
[2010-05-16-1]: #384. ÿȥޥΨǸűѸȸѸθäӤ
[2010-03-02-1]: #309. Ѹδܸ100εȳ
[2009-11-15-1]: #202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ
[2009-11-14-1]: #201. ѸμѸεȳ (2)
[2009-08-19-1]: #114. ѸμѸεȳ
[2009-08-15-1]: #110. ѸμѸεȳ
#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1]) Ǹ褦ˡѸܸθäӤˤɤäƤƤꡤ̤ȤƸζŪʸùˤⶦ롥ϡѸȤӤΤˡܸθ̤γߤ褦ŪˤμθפΤܸɴŵ (420--21) ˵ʤ3Ĵ̤γѤ
(1) 龼¤ˤƤ3ι켭ŵظ١22ǯ1889ǯˡ켭ŵ١ʾ31ǯ1956ǯˡ켭ŵ١ʾ44ǯ1969ǯˤμϿ̤˿椬롥ϡظ39,103켭ŵ40,393س켭ŵ60,218 Ǥ롥ʲ˳ɽȿޤ
| ¸ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ظ | 55.8% | 34.7 | 1.4 | 8.1 |
| 켭ŵ | 36.6 | 53.6 | 3.5 | 6.2 |
| س켭ŵ | 37.1 | 52.9 | 7.8 | 2.2 |
| ¸ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ۤʤ | 36.7% | 47.5 | 9.8 | 6.0 |
| ٸ | 53.9 | 41.3 | 2.9 | 1.9 |
| ¸ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ۤʤ | 46.9% | 40.0 | 10.1 | 3.0 |
| ٸ | 71.8 | 23.6 | 3.2 | 1.4 |
#1640. Ѹ name ȥꥷ onoma (2) ([2013-10-23-1]) ˤƬ (laryngeal theory) ˤĤơ⤦⤹롥
ԤϡFerdinand de Saussure (1857--1913) Ǥ롥Saussure ϡ1879ǯΰĸư첻ؤ˴ؤ븦 (Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes. Leipzig: 1879) ǡŪƷμˡˤꡤĸ (IE) Ĺ첻ϡ첻 e/o ȤIJ ("coéfficients sonantiques") ȤηˤäΤǤȲꤷIJϥǥޡΥޥؼ H. Mó ˤꡤ ə ɽ빢Ƭ (laryngeal) Ӥ줿βϤФ餯δ֤ܤʤä20Ƭ Hittite ȯȲɤˤȤʤʡ#101. ӸؤΥޥ --- Tocharian Anatolian ([2009-08-06-1]) ȡˡ˸ ḫ ιƬǤϤʤȵ褦ˤʤä
ƬˤСIE Ĺ첻 ē, ā, ō ϡschwa indogermanicum ȾΤ뤳 ə ³û첻ȷӤĤȤˤäΤȤιƬϡHittite ޤྯ Anatolia ɤθ˺פΤߤ¾ΰǤϼ줿ˤ첻βѲ (coloring) ǤȤƤꡤθ¤ˤƴŪ˴ѻ뤳ȤǤȤ롥
ƬDzꤵƤ빢ƬοȲˤĤƤ͡ʵ뤬ͭϤˤȡh1 (neutral, e-coloring), h2 (a-coloring), h3 (o-coloring) 3बꤵƤ롥줾βϡ̵ĺ̵ƬͭƬǤȤ⤬ (Fortson 58)
Ƭϰ첻β˹ƤHittite θ椬ʤˤĤ졤Τ٤ƤŷǤϤʤȡ ḫ ҲŪ (schwa consonanticum) ĤȤʬäƤơƬ뤹äƤߤ˻ޤǡƱϰӸؤˤǽפ1ĤȤʤäƤ롥
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.
ε#1639. Ѹ name ȥꥷ onoma (1) ([2013-10-22-1]) ˰³ꥷ onoma θƬ첻 o- 롥
ͻˤ뤬name κƷ줿ĸ *nomn-, *nomen- ʤɤȤƵƤ뤳Ȥ¿ӸؤΤŪΩ줫ϡᤤʳη֤Ȥơ̤βƬ¸ߤϤȼĥƤ롥εǤ⻲Ȥ Watkins ΰ캬ꡤսǤ褦

ȤʤΤϡ1ܤΤäˤ "Oldest form" Ǥ롥n ˡə1 Ȥ椬롥εϻͽˤäƤ H1 h1 Ȥ롥ϡӸؤĹ餯ƤιƬ (laryngeals) ǡŪˤɤΤ褦ĴäƤΤˤĤƤϵ뤬¿η֤ΤŪˤҤȤꤷʤФʤʤȹͤƤ벻Ǥ롥
1879ǯ Saussure ĸˤ뤳ιƬ¸ߤͽȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ΡֹƬ (laryngeal theory) ܤޤǤˤϡ1915ǯ Hittite ʸβɤȼб빢Ƭμºߤ餫ˤΤԤʤФʤʤäSaussure 衤Meillet, Kuryłovicz, Benveniste, Szemerényi ʤɤٳؤƬʬۤĩǤޤ˲ˤϻäƤʤƱ뤹Ω⤢ꡤΤ褦ʳŪΩΰ㤤ˤꡤĸΰۤʤäƷʤ֤ȤʤäƤʡرѸ츻ŵ, p. 1655ˡ
ƬˤСƬǻҲ֤ιƬϡGreek, Armenian, Phrygian Ǥ첻¾¿θǤ첻˾ü (Fortson 57) äơκƷ줿Ƭ ə1 ϡѸޤ¿θǤϾüפĤƤʤꥷʤɾθǤ첻ƻĤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥㤨СLaconian Greek ǤϿ̾ȤƤ énuma ĤäƤꡤͽۤȤꡤƬ e 롥Greek ónoma ϸƬ e ǤϤʤ o ϸ³θ첻˱ƶơ e 岽Τȹͤ (Pokorny 321) Fortson (111) βѤ褦

Τ褦ˡѸ name Ф륮ꥷ ónoma θƬ첻ˤϡƬȤ֤Фɬפ롥ƬΤΤޤ˵ƤΤǤꡤ嵭Ȥơޤ1ĤβǽȤƤȤ館Ƥ٤⤷ʤ
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Watkins, Calvert, ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. 2nd Rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.
Pokorny, Julius. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 2 vols. Tübingen and Basel: A. Francke Verlag, 2005.
105դǡѤʵפ˴줿ꡥ
Online Etymology DictionarynameĴ٤ޤȡ"PIE *nomn-"ȤꡤۤȤɤθˤ"n"ǻϤޤäƤޤGreekʤɰ"n"첻ΤԻĤ˻פޤΤȻפޤȤ줷Ǥ
Ѹ name ϴøȤơ¿ΰƱ² (cognate) ߤ롥ʲϡOED Ʊ²Ǥ롥
Cognate with Old Frisian nama, noma (West Frisian namme), Middle Dutch name, naem (Dutch naam), Old Saxon namo (Middle Low German nāme, nām), Old High German namo, nammo (Middle High German name, nam, German Name), Old Icelandic nafn, namn, Norn (Shetland) namn, Old Swedish nampn, namn (Swedish namn), Danish navn, Gothic namo, and further with Sanskrit nāman, Avestan nāman-, ancient Greek ὄνομα, classical Latin nōmen, Early Irish ainm (Irish ainm), Old Welsh anu (Welsh enw, henw), Old Church Slavonic imw (genitive imene), Russian imja (genitive imeni), Old Prussian emmens, etc.
ޥ졤ƥϤȤ¿θǸƬ n ʳˤ Tocharian A ñom, Tocharian B ñem, Hittite lāman Ԥ nāman θƬҲΰ۲ˤˤʤɤ⡤Ƭ n ֤ȤߤƤ褤ꥷ ὄνομα ɮƬˡ嵭ѤθȾ˵äƤǤ n 첻Ƥ롥첻ϲʤΤ
ͻäơname θ캬ͥåȥDZѸäƤ (ʲWatkins 59 ˡޤϡޥĸ namōn- űѸ nama ФơѸδø name 롥ˡƥ nōmen (name, reputation) 顤nominal, nominate, noun; agnomen, binomial, cognomen, denominate, ignominy, misnomer, nomenclator, nuncupative, praenomen, pronoun, renown ʤ¿θ줬Ѹ˼ѤƤ롥ơꥷ onoma, onuma ϡonomastic, -onym, -onymy; allonym, anonymous, antonomasia, eponym, eponymous, euonymus, heteronymous, homonymous, matronymic, metonymy, onomatopoeia, paronomasia, paronymous, patronymic, pseudonym, synonymous äƤ롥Ǹˡťɸ ainm moniker (name (humorously)) Ѹ˼ޤ줿
嵭Τ褦˱ñˤ⥮ꥷϤ onoma ¿ȿǤƤΤǡκǽ o ǤΤϳΤ˵ˤʤȤǤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤϡGk ónoma o- ϸƬźò (prosthesis) ǤϤʤȤƤ뤬ӸؤǤϤޤ̤εŸƤ롥ˤĤƤϡεǡ
Watkins, Calvert, ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. 2nd Rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
912ˡѤʵץʡǼΤ褦ʼ#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1]) ơƱ [r] [l] θؤ˴ؤǤ롥
uca 2013-09-12 02:50:55
ΥȥԥåstellaȱstarδطˤĤƿƤޤ˵˴ȤޤϡʩtitreȱtitleδطǤˤϤɤаޤäΤǤ礦ƥǤtitulusʤΤǡѲϤޤǥեǤѲʤΤǤ礦йǤ
Ѹ title ФƥեϳΤ titre Ǥ롥츻ҤȤȡĸ *tel- (ground, floor, board) ̤롥θ캬βýŷ (reduplication) Ȥ˰ĸ *titel- ƷƤꡤ줬ʸڤƥ titulus (inscription, label) ȯŸȤ롥ʿ̤Ĥ˹ΡפۤɤθáʸˡʸɽפʤɤθǤ˥ƥȯãƤΥƥϡťե title ȤȯŸ줬ѸؼѤ줿Ф14νẢǤ롥űѸƱƥѤ titul ѤƤȤ顤Ѹ tītle ϡθűѸȯãΤȲ᤹ OED Τ褦Ω⤢롥ˤ衤ѸǤϰӤƸ츻Ū [l] ѤƤȤϳΤǤ롥
ȡե titre [r] ϡեˤʤФʤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹեθ츻ŵʤɤˤĤäƤߤ¿ñ [l] > [r] ȵҤΤߤǡʾϤʤäͣ Klein ϡ"OF. title (in French dissimilated into titre)" ۲ (dissimilation) κѤη̤Ǥ뤳ȤŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ
Klein ʤ餺Ȥ⡤[r] [l] θؤȤСפĤϰ۲Ǥ롥#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1]) ǤȤꡤ۲ϡ̾ƱǶܤƤΤǤꡤΥ۲Ȥˤ롥㤨СեǤŵŪʰ۲ϡcouroir > couloir ϭ murtrir > multrir ʽĤˤΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥ƱζܤȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ĴŪưŤϡˤϤ롥[t] [l] ǤĴ֤ʷԡˤǤۤܰפƤΤǡĴ֤η֤äȤͤ뤫⤷ʤ[r] ȤơեȰۤʤĴ֤ [t] [l] ȤۤɰۤʤʤäϤǤꡤϤĴŪʰŪϤĤˤ۲ΤΤԵ§ñȯβtitle > titre ϡΤʤǤȤ櫓Ե§ñȯΥäȹͤʤ롥
㤬롥ƥ -tulus/-tulum θĸǡ[l] [r] ظؤ⤦1Ĥˡcapitulum > chapitle > chapitre 롥ŪˤϡեˤϱѸ -tle ϻ¾ʤΤǡƯƤΤŪ -tle ͽۤȤˡ-tre бƤȤȤ⤷ʤդ̻ŪʲӶŪʬۤϥեʻˡˤǤꡤǰʤ餳ʾˤɵǤʤ
ȤդäСѸ title 뤤ϥե titre ˤ [l] [r] ʬۤߤƤߤȤ⤷եǤϡ titulaire, titulariser Ǥϡƥ줫Ū [l] ݤäƤ롥Ѹ titular [l] Ǥ롥ѸαѸ titrate ũ, titration, titrable, titrant ϡե̾ titre äư titrer μѤǤꡤ[r] ɽ路Ƥ롥ޤѸ title Ʊ tittle ʾˤˤĤƤƤ22ŸǤꡤ־첻Ĺûκۤˤʤڥʸ ñ ȷε tilde ȸƤФ뤬ϥƥ titulus 2Ҳ3Ҳž (metathesis) ڥȤˤʤäƤ롥äơtitle, tittle, tilde ϡŪˤ̣Ūˤˤ䤫˷ӤĤ3ŸȤäƤ褤⤷ʤ
Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development, Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. 2 vols. Amsterdam/London/New York: Elsevier, 1966--67. Unabridged, one-volume ed. 1971.
ɤθˤ츻Ծܡ̤ܤθ¿뤬Ȥ櫓ʸŪ˽פʸξˤϡȯʵоݤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿Ѹʻˡˤˤ Viking ʥˤϡ츻̤Ǥǽ1ĤǤ롥
ѸǤνФ1807ǯȰճ٤ˤȡθ Old Norse, Old Icelandic vīking-r μѤǤꡤθθ vīk (creek, inlet, bay) + -ingr (one belonging to) ʬϤǤ롥ʤ깾˽ԡ깾˽ꤹԡפۤɤΰ̣Ȥʤ롥1ĤϡViking ̲쵯ȤȤˤʤȡ̲ͤʬΤȤ깾ο͡פȼΤƤȤˤʤꤽϤʤ餬깾˽ꤷƤȤϻ¤줬ΤȤʤۤɤζǥƥƥȷӤĤƤΤ±٤Ư͡ؤ¾ΤȤƤǤǤˤפξˤ̲쵯ǤΤʤʬʤʤ롥
OED κѤƤ Anglo-Frisian ˸츻Ƥ롥ϤݤˡŪ˥פĥ뽬äűѸˤϡפΰ̣Ǥ wīc ʸڤ뤷wīcingsceaða ʳ±١ˤ sǣ-wīcingas ʳ±ˤ⤹Ǥ˸Ƥ롥Old Norse, Old Icelandic Ǥ10Ⱦˤʤʤθ줬ʤΤǡʸŪˤиűѸʤ̤ä Anglo-Frisianˤ˵롥츻˺ݤʸˤϵĤʤФʤʤAnglo-Frisian ǤϡΥ륦ϤȤ̲깾 vīk ΤĤ̾۾¿¤⤦ޤǤʤξ硤Anglo-Frisian ȯθ줬̲˼Ѥ줿ȤڽꤷʤФʤʤμѲϤɤΤ褦ΤȤ̤꤬롥
ʾ塤Ȥƹ (100--03) ˵ä Viking θ츻ʤܸǿο֥ХפȸƤǤ뤬Ǥ롥ѸǤϡsmorgasbord (Ω̲) Ȥäꡤñ buffet Ȥ⤤
͡إˤѤΡ١ҡӡ1968ǯ.
#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1]) star νˤƱ star Ȱ캬Ʊñ췲
ޥϤϡ star ĤäƤˤʤĸĤ *stēr-lā- ͳ褹ƥ stella ϡstellar, stellate, constellation ʤɤäȤϴҤΤȤǤ롥¾ˤ⡤stellion ˤĥȥˡstellify ʡοäʤɤǿͤѤˤʤɤ롥ĸδ *əster- ͳ褹륮ꥷ astēr 䤽 astron ϡaster, asteriated, asterisk, asterism, asteroid, astral, astro- (ex. astrology, astronomer, astronomy); astraphobia, disaster ʤɤѸäڥ륷 sitareh (star) ϡͭ̾ Esther Ѥ줿
disaster طƤΤ˶̣Ф뤫⤷ʤѤǤϡαԤͤα̿˷ŪʱƶڤܤΤȹͤƤ⤿餹ˤʤȤĤޤ dis- (away from) + aster (star) ΤȤͤϺΤȿ줿ΤǤ롥
ܥ֥Ǥ¾Ρָ캬ͥåȥץȤƤϡ#695. 캬 fer ([2011-03-23-1]), #1043. mind θ캬ͥåȥ ([2012-03-05-1]), #1124. Ϥ礦ͤ⸬ʿʹ֡ ([2012-05-25-1])#1557. mickle, much θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-08-01-1]) ȡ
Watkins, Calvert, ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. 2nd Rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ饤֡1992ǯ
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
820դǡѤʵץʡˤƼΤ褦ʼΤǡͤƤߤ
piano 2013-08-20 09:25:05
Online Etymology DictionarystarĴ٤ޤȡƥ"stella" ȺǸλҲ"l"ˤʤäƤޤ"r""l"ȤҲѲϤФе뤳ȤʤΤǤ礦Ȥ줷Ǥ
[r] [l] ñǤθؤˤĤƤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1]) ǸȤꡤĤλ㤬ǧ롥۲ (dissimilation) ȸƤФ벻ŵǤ롥αѸ star ȥƥ stella Ȥбϡ[r] [l] ΰ۲Ȥ̵ط#90. taper paper ([2009-07-26-1]) #259. phonaesthesia ۲ ([2010-01-11-1]) Ǥ줿۲ [r] [l] ñǷ֤˵䤹Ĥޤꡤ۲ϸġñˤñȯΤǤȤϤưǤʤ櫓ǤϤʤstar 䤽ΰƱθߤƤߤȡäήη֤ϳǧʤΤǡޤޤθ˺Ѥ۲ȤߤʤΤˤ̵롥Ǥϡstar stella λҲбϡۤˤɤΤ褦Τ
ޤ츻Ʊη֤äȤߤƤߤ褦ĸǤ *ster- (star) ƷƤ롥Ťʳ *əster- ȯŸȤ졤ˤ Akkadian Ištal Venus ˤμѸȤޥĸȤƤ *sternōn Ʒ졤ޥǤ OE steorra, Du. ster, OHG sterno/sterro, G Stern, ON stjarna, Goth. staírnō ʤɤʸڤ롥λҲ r Ǥ롥ʤn Ĥ֤ϡѸǤ ON stjarna ˱ƶ stern Ȥ֤ȤǤޤʤǧ롥ޥϤǤ⡤Gk astḗr, Welsh seren, Skt stár, Hitt. haster-, Toch. A śreǹ (nom.pl.) ȸ¤ r 롥
ȤޥϤǤ Latin stella ޤᡤλҲ l бƤ뤫뤤æǤ롥Υƥϡ¯ƥ *stēla ͳơF étoile, It. stella, Rum. stea ʤɤؤȯã̯ͣϡr l ξޤ Sp. estrella ǡ Gk āstron Ѥ L astrum ȤκƤ롥
ɤΤȤѸ star 䤽¾ۤȤɤƱˤߤ r ŪʻҲʤΤǤäơƥ stella ˴ޤޤ l 㳰ŪȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥϡƥ㳰ŪʻҲ l ϤˤΤOED star, n.1 θ츻ˤСL stella ʸڤʤ *ster-la ȯŸΤǤϤʤȤβꤵ -la ˤĤ OED ͿƤʤSkeat θ츻ŵŦ̤ꡤؾ (diminutive) ȹͤƤ褤cf. ե soleil ۡˤ캬ܻؾθǤ뤳Ȥӡˡ la ľΰ֤ˤơ캬 r l Ʊʰ۲ǤϤʤˤ졤ll 褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤPartridge θ츻ŵǤϡIE *ster- ΰ۷Ȥ *stel- ƷƤ뤳ȤȤդäƤ
ƥ stella ˴ŤѸؤμѸˤϡͭ̾ Stella Τۤconstellation, stellar, stellate ʤɤ롥ѹαˤäˤʤäӡ Stella Artois ȤƳʤ
Skeat, Walter William, ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1879--82. 2nd ed. 1883.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. New ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1882.
Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.
#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) εǡѸˤͭ̾ calf vs veal, deer vs venison, fowl vs poultry, sheep vs mutton, swine (pig) vs pork, bacon, ox vs beef θޤˤ줤ʡֱѸ vs եѸפȤʤäƤꡤʤۤɤεǰˤκ뤳Ȥϡ#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1]) ǤߤȤܤä줿եäȤŪʸճؤιޤȤƤβͤѤʤʱѸäع¤εȡˡ
[2010-03-24-1]εǤ줿Ȥꡤưʪθͭ̾ˤΤ Sir Walter Scott (1771--1832) Ǥ롥Scott ϡ1819ǯ˾ Ivanhoe Τʤоʪ˼Τ褦˸餻Ƥ롥
"The swine turned Normans to my comfort!" quoth Gurth; "expound that to me, Wamba, for my brain is too dull, and my mind too vexed, to read riddles."
"Why, how call you those grunting brutes running about on their four legs?" demanded Wamba.
"Swine, fool, swine," said the herd, "every fool knows that."
"And swine is good Saxon," said the Jester; "but how call you the sow when she is flayed, and drawn, and quartered, and hung up by the heels, like a traitor?"
"Pork," answered the swine-herd.
"I am very glad every fool knows that too," said Wamba, "and pork, I think, is good Norman-French; and so when the brute lives, and is in the charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes a Norman, and is called pork, when she is carried to the Castle-hall to feast among the nobles what dost thou think of this, friend Gurth, ha?"
"It is but too true doctrine, friend Wamba, however it got into thy fool's pate."
"Nay, I can tell you more," said Wamba, in the same tone; "there is old Alderman Ox continues to hold his Saxon epithet, while he is under the charge of serfs and bondsmen such as thou, but becomes Beef, a fiery French gallant, when he arrives before the worshipful jaws that are destined to consume him. Mynheer Calf, too, becomes Monsieur de Veau in the like manner; he is Saxon when he requires tendance, and takes a Norman name when he becomes matter of enjoyment."
ʩóؤϡѸʻˡˤ˴ؿΤ¿ο͡˥ԡ뤹뤬䤬˴ؿƤΤϡȤ櫓ҲŪ diglossia ȸŪ register δؤ礤εˤƤǤ롥#1489. Ferguson diglossia ʸɤ triglossia ([2013-05-25-1]) ڤӡ#1491. diglossia borrowing δط ([2013-05-27-1]) 褦ˡѸ diglossia ˴ŤҲŪʾ岼طκפŪ register ξ岼طȤüԤθ (lexicon) ΤʤȿǤƤ̣ҲŪʡʤ쳰ŪΩɤΤ褦ˤηŪʡʤŪΩžΤϡ#1380. micro-sociolinguistics macro-sociolinguistics ([2013-02-05-1]) Ǽ夲ޥҲ (macro-sociolinguistics or sociology of language) ȥߥҲ (micro-sociolinguistics) Ȥˤ̤롥Ҳ¤ȸηϤϤɤΤ褦Ϣ³ƤΤ뤤ϤɤΤ褦䤷ƤΤ
Scott λŦ swine vs pork Ω켫ΤϡŪʺۤȤϰ̣ŪʡʻؼоݤΡ˺ۤŪʾ嵭˴Ū˴ؤäƤ롥

Υޥ (the Norman Conquest) ϡեαʩ̤Υޥǥ (Normandy) ˽夤Υޥ (the Normans) μ William ˤ륤ǤʾϿȡˡ1066ǯ˵äνϱѹ˾λȤäƤ褤衼åѻˤȤƤϡ8³ƤΥ衼åѹӤΰǤ롥Υޥ̲ͤпȤΥΰɤǤ뤳ȤϡNorman θ츻狼롥
Norman Ȥϡ嵭Τ褦˥˽̲ؼ̱²̾ǡ1200ǯκȤ Laȝamon's Brut ˽Ф롥 OF Normant (F NormandˤκǽҲæ֤μѤǤꡤOF Normant Τ ON Norðmaðr (northman) μѤǤ롥ǽҲæϡOF ʣ Normans, Normanz ñ (back-formation) 줿̤Ǥ뤫⤷ʤҲ ð ξüϡDu. Noorman, G Normanne ʤɥޥη֤ˤȿǤƤ롥
Ѹ줫ѸˤƤϡOF AN Normand ˴Ť d ķ֤ѤƤߤޤɸŪѤƤΤ d ʤ Norman Ǥ롥̾Ȥղä Normandy ǤϡOF ǸƤ d ݻƤ롥MED Normandī(e (n. & adj.) ˤ14ФOED Ǥ11 Normandig Ȥ㤬Ȥ̾Τ̱ۤ²̾ʸڤᤫäȤȤˤʤ롥
Ϣơ她ǥʥͤ䤽θɽ魯 Norse Ȥϡ16ФǤ롥ϡDu. noorsch (noord + -sch) μѤǤꡤȤƤ north + -ish Τ褦ʹ¤ȤȤˤʤ롥ͤޤǤˡѸ -ish ȤɤƤʤȤ French, Welsh ʤɤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1157. Welsh ˤߤ벻Ѳ˭٤ ([2012-06-27-1]) #133. ƻĤ -ish γηϩ ([2009-09-07-1]) εȡ
#564. Many a little makes a mickle ([2010-11-12-1]) ȡ#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1]) εǡߤǤϸȤ¿̡פ̣ mickle ȤˤĤƽҤ٤Ѹ much ϢʤűѸ myċel ƱǤꡤ2Ҳѷ뤤ϸťΥɸ mikill μѤФơѸμȤˤ /k/ Ĥ褦ˤʤä֤Ǥ롥Ѹʹߤϡ̤ä much ͥˤʤꡤmickle ɤФĤɸäʤҤθűѸ myċel ȸťΥɸ mikill ϡդΥޥĸ *mik-ila- ̤롥
ޥĸ⤵˱츻̤ȡΡ礭¿פɽ魯ϡĸ *meg- ˤɤ夯θ캬ϤӤ¿͡ʷϩ̤ƱѸäƤƤ롥
դΰĸ *mag-no ȯŸƥ magnus (great) ˴ŤǡѸäΤȤƤϡmagnate, magnitude, magnum; magnanimous, magnific, magnificent, magnifico, magnify, magniloquent ʤɤ롥
ӵĤĸ *mag-yos- ʥƥ māiorˤϡmajor, major-domo, majority, majuscule, mayor ꡤ̾첽֤Ȥ maestoso, majesty, maestro, magisterial, magistral, magistrate, master, mister, mistral, mistress Ѥ줿ޤǾĤĸ *mag-samo- ʥƥ maximus) ϡmaxim, maximum äƤ롥
Ĥĸ *mag-ya- ϡƥν Maia ޤƤꡤѸȤƤ may ʡԸšվ̼ˤƱǤ롥
̤Ĥĸ *meg-ə-(l-) ϡꥷͳơacromegaly, omega ʤɤΤߤʤ餺mega-, megalo- ƬȤƤ¿θ줬ѸäꥷκǾ megistos ȤˤȤƤϡalmagest, Hermes Trismegistus äƤ롥
åȸƱ mahā-, mahat- ϡMahabharata, maharajah, maharani, maharishi, mahatma, Mahayana, mahout ѸäƤ롥
mickle, much ƱˤĤƤϡڡ륯θ츻ŵ⻲ȡ¾θ캬ΥͥåȥäȤƤϡ#695. 캬 fer ([2011-03-23-1]), #1043. mind θ캬ͥåȥ ([2012-03-05-1]), #1124. Ϥ礦ͤ⸬ʿʹ֡ ([2012-05-25-1]) ȡ
Watkins, Calvert, ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. 2nd Rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.

ϥɤ50ݥɻμ̤Ǥ롥麸ˤơ"I PROMISE TO PAY THE BEARER ON DEMAND THE SUM OF FIFTY POUNDS For the Gov:r and Comp:a of the BANK of ENGLAND" Ȥʸɤ롥"Gov:r" governor"Comp:a" company άΤ褦άϰ̤ˤϤܤˤʤä company co ȾάΤ̤Ǥꡤcompa ºݤˡOED (compa | Compa, n.) ȤȡߤǤϻʾˤɽȤƤλѤۤͣλǤȤ
1940 G. Crowther Outl. Money i. 25 Every Bank of England note..bears the legend, 'I Promise to pay the Bearer on Demand the sum of One Pound' ..signed, 'For the Govr'. and Compa. of the Bank of England' by the Chief Cashier.
Company (< ME compaignie < AF compainie = OF compa(i)gnie) άǤȲ᤹뤳Ȥ˰ϤʤŪˤϥɤ˶ԶȤ⤿餷ꥢȤδϢǡꥢƱ compagnia αƶǧƤ褤⤷ʤPraz (35) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Banking, as is well known, was first introduced into England by Italians; first by Sienese, then, after the middle of the thirteenth century, by Florentine merchants; Venice appeared on the scene at the beginning of the fourteenth century. Italian merchants were protected by Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell; they began to lose ground only during the age of Elizabeth. . . . The abbreviation Comp:a on the Bank of England notes is nothing else but a faint echo of the vanished glory of many an Italian Compagnia or firm.
#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1]) κǸ˿줿̤ꡤޥ줫μѤ¿ϡեͳʤɤƥե첽֤DZѸäƤ뤳Ȥ¿äμѲϼȤƷ֤ȤʤõΤ˸ؤФ츻ؤ︦ˤƤϷְʳιܤˤդʧȡƶƼ¤˭Ǥ롥
Praz, Mario. "The Italian Element in English." Essays and Studies 15 (1929): 20--66.
ḽѸǤ̵ʪλؼоݤȤư뤬Ȥ˵Ͳ (personification) 졤뤤ϽȤư礬롥 (gender of animation) ȤḽѸεȽѸ˵ǽƤʸˡ (grammatical gender) ȤϡͿǧΤʤǤϤʤξԤܼŪ˶̤٤ΤǤ롥ˤͿΤꤹװˤϡʲ3ǧʡؿѸؼŵ pp. 469--70ˡ
(1) á⡦ŵʤɤαƶmoon Phoebe, Luna, Diana ȤƱ뤫Ȥ롥Ʊͤ love Eros, Cupid ꡤwar Mars Ȥ롥ʤűѸ mōna ̾졤lufu Ͻ̾äΤǡ츻ŪʴͿꤵ롥
(2) 츻ŪƶRome ϥƥν̾ Roma ꡤvirtue ϸʩν̾ vertu ꡤdarkness ϸűѸν̾ -nes ꡤ줾쵼ͿƤȤ롥Τ褦˸츻ŪƶꤹǤ⡤ŪϢ³Τ뤤ϸ츻ؤλȤη̤ʤΤ뤤ξԤ̤뤳ȤϤǤʤΤȤϡġˤĤƹθɬפä˹̾ˤĤƤϡ#1028. ʤ̾ȤߤʤƤΤ ([2012-02-19-1]) ȡ
(3) ŪƶоݤФŪ˴Ťͺ硦ʤΤͥʤΡ¿ʤΤȤʤɤ㤬롥Ȥ wind, ocean, summer, anger, death ʤɤȤ nature, spring, art, night, wisdom ʤɤ롥ޤʪʤʤɡžԤͭԤɽ魯ΤФͿŪ (psychological gender) ȸƤӡŵŪ˸ˤνͭԤоʪ she ȸڤ㤬¿ͭԤξˤ he ȸڤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꤦ롥Ϣơ#852. ̾̾ she (1) ([2011-08-27-1]) ڤӡ#853. ̾̾ she (2) ([2011-08-28-1]) ȡ
Ūƶˤ뵼ϼŪǤդǤ뤿ᡤ̣DZϰϤϹϥꥱƬǾ˸ΩƤѸηˤĤƤϡ#890. ƬǾ acronym Ͻ̾¿ ([2011-10-04-1]) ȡ
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
harbinger , messenger ʻȼԡ, passenger ʾҡ, porringer ʻ滮, scavenger ٤ưʪ, wharfinger Ȼ߾ˤΤ褦ʸˤϡ2n ߤ롥message, passage, porridge ʤɤθӤФ狼̤ꡤ n 츻ŪǤ롥g ֤ n epenthesis 治ź[2011-05-06-1]ε#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragogeפȡˤȹͤ롥
OED ˤȡmessenger ˤĤƤϡAnglo-Norman Picard ˤ n 줿֤ߤȤ顤ɬѸˤΩѲǤϤʤΥեֻαƶˤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʲϡ6ˤĤ n Τʤ֤νлȡn 줿褽λOED 츻ŵȤƤޤȤΤǤ롥
| Word | First without n | First with n |
|---|---|---|
| harbinger | ?lateOE | ME |
| messenger | ?a1200 | lateME |
| passenger | 1337 | C15 |
| porringer | 1467 | 1601 |
| scavenger | ME | 1530 |
| wharfinger | 1552--53 | 1642 |
'INTRUSIVE' [n] and [ŋ]
§438. The 'intrusive' [n] in messenger, papenjay, &c. and [ŋ] in nightingale and paringale 'equal' (<paregal) is a species of consonantal glide easing the passage between the preceding vowel and the following [ʤ] or [g], and is found chiefly in adopted words; it is perhaps, as has been suggested, associated with a desire to make weightier the middle syllable so as to avoid syncope . . . . It appears to develop at various dates from the thirteenth century (nightingale) onwards. In words in which it is an established feature of StE, e.g. nightingale and messenger, it is regularly shown by the orthoepists.
<g> б벻ۤʤ뤬nightingale ˤƤ g ֤ n Ƥ¤ؤθڤ̣#797. nightingale ([2011-07-03-1]) ε㤬ޤ긫ʤȽҤ٤messenger passenger Ʊͤ˰äƤ٤ȤȤ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
ؤڤ̣ñ scale θ츻ˤĤơOED 츻ŵˤȡOF escaleʳ̡ (cf. F écale) ѤΤǡƬü (aphetic) Ф1300ǯ ME scale ȤƽФMED scāle (n.(1)) ȡˡθʩΤ⡤Frankish *skala (cf. OHG skala) ʤɤμѤȤ졤̤ Gmc *skalō IE *(s)kel- (to cut) ؤɤ夯̣γȤȤƤϡҢ̢ڤȤ褦ʶƻOE scealu (shell) sc(i)ell (shell) ˵ PDE shale Ǵ䡤ťĴˤ shell ʳ̡ˤŪˤƱǤ롥
ƬҲˤĤƤΤ߹ͤСGmc *sk եʤɤեФ [sk] ȤƱѸäΤ scale ǤꡤűѸθФ [ʃ] ȯŸΤ shell ǤȤȤˤʤ롥
ơMED OED Ǥϡscale νФ1300ǯκȤ The Auchinleck Manuscript Guy of Warwick ȤʤäƤ롥Ȥǯ夬1ۤΩ Layamon's Brut ɤǤơᤤǤϤʤȵ˽вä
10642: Nu he stant on hulle & Auene bi-haldeð Hu ligeð i þan stræme stelene fisces mid sweorde bi-georede .. heore scalen wleoteð, swulc gold-faȝe sceldes.
ϻǰʤ鸫νä褦αʸƥȤˤƬϵ§ǤϤʤǤդǤΤΡ scalen ϸ sceldes [ʃ] ƬƧǤȤߤʤΤĤޤꡤ scalen scale ǤϤʤshell θƬҲƤȤȤˤʤ롥MED Ǥ⡤shāle (n.) (b) Brut 㤬Ƥ
Ѹ sc- ֤Ҳ [sk] ʤΤ [ʃ] ʤΤʬˤϡѲμѸ줫ݤʤɤθ츻ŪμȻƱꡤƬιθƥȤˤֻȯδط (Potestatic Substitution Set; [2011-02-20-1]ε#664. littera, figura, potestasפ) ʤɤɬפǤ롥ѸΤߤʤ餺űѸˤ⤢٤ƤϤޤ뤷 sc- ˸¤ääǤϤʤΤ
̲ñ̡֥ɥפθ츻ˤĤơBohemia Joachimst(h)al ȤĮ롥Į1519ǯ˽¤줿ʾϡɥĸĤ Joachimst(ha)aler ȸƤФ졤䤬ƤǤ clipping ѤڤΤƤ졤T(h)aler ̾Τ褦ˤʤäʱѸǡëפɽ魯dale ƱˡΥɥĸ̾ϥɥĸ줢뤤 daler, daller ȤƼѤ졤16ˤϱѸؤäƤαñϡ16--19ѤƤɥĶߤɽ路ڥʾ peso Ū̾ (=Spanish dollar) ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäƹΩ1782ǯThomas Jefferson ƹ̲ߤȤƱѹ̲ߤκѤǤ˹ѤƤ Spanish dollar ƹ̲ߤȤƺѤ뤳ȤҤ١dollar ϸߤΰ̣βƤιŪʷкѳưʪ츻Ȥ1785ǯˤΦĤˤꡤƹ̲̾ȤƺѤ줿ºݤή̤Τ¤꤬줿1792ǯǤ롥
1785 Resol. Continent. Congress U.S. 6 July, Resolved, that the money unit of the United States of America be one dollar.
ߤֻ dollar 17ǡ¾ˤ daleir, daler, dal(l)or, dalder, doler, dolor, daller, doller, dollor ʤֻ͡ѤƤ
ʤɥ뵭 $ ͳϡˤСڥ̲ peso 8 reals 뤳Ȥ8פ夨ǤϤʤȤ뤤ϡpeso p s ŤͤްƤȤ⡤ζ solidus Ƭʸ s ΤȤ⤤롥
ܤϡ߷ˤ֥֡ɥפϤȤȥܥإߥΤä!? ? dollar θ츻ȡ
#1458. cockney ([2013-04-24-1]) ȡ#1459. Cockney rhyming slang ([2013-04-25-1]) cockney ꤬³cockney ܾȤХɥ East EndȤ櫓 Cheapside դǤ롥 Cheapside Ȥ̾ȴϢơ1 cheap θ츻ҤȤ
ŪͳʬäƤʤƥ caupō (small tradesman, innkeeper) 饲ޥؼѤ줿ȤΤǤϤʤȤƤ롥ޥĸǤ *kaupaz ƷƤꡤ줬űѸ ċēap ȯŸ¾θޥǤϡ koopɥĸ Kauf ʤɤη֤ǧ롥ޥǤθ "bargaining, barter, exchange of commodities" ۤɤǤꡤűѸǤ⤳ΰ̣̾ȤѤ롥̾ȤƤ϶ˤѤȤʤ뤬̾˺פȤɤƤ롥㤨Сɥ濴˲ڤ̤ Cheapside ˤϿԾä cheap θ褯ĤƤ롥ʤǥޡμ Copenhagen Υǥޡ̾ København Ǥꡤ1Ǥ cheap ƱǤꡤΤȤ "market haven" ۤɤ̣롥
ޥǤϤ̾줫ưűѸǤ cēapian (barter, buy and sell) ȤƸ롥ưˡˤѤȤʤ롥
ƻְ¤פȤƤ cheap ȯϰճ٤Ф16Ǥ롥̾ˡ˴Ť at god chep(e) ʤ褤㤤ʪǡˤȤɽեǡְ¤פɽ魯 à bon marché Τʤ (loan translation) Ȥ13ʸڤ뤬ξάƻˡΰϢѲˡѲȤƤȤ館٤Фа̣ѲȤƸڤƤ롥cheap ʰ¤ˤϡdear ʹʡˤΰŪе礤ƤѸθηϤˡʤ夷Ȼפ롥
ʤۤ˸츻Ū˴طΤȤƤϡchaffer ڤˡchapman ʹԾ͡ˤ롥
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
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