hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ڡ / page 17 (28)

etymology - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-11-15 Sun

#2393. <Crist> <Christ> [loan_translation][etymology][spelling][etymological_respelling][eebo][capitalisation][hebrew]

νפ̾εϡإ֥饤ǡפ̣ māshīaχ (> PDE Messiah) ˤ롥򥮥ꥷѤΡС֤ʤפꥷ Khrīstós (cf. khríein (v.)) Ǥ뤳ƥ Chrīstus ͳơѸ䤽¾θäŹϥɥĸǤ <crist>, <krist> Τۤ <christ> ⤢äűѸǤ <crist> ֻǸ졤ѸǤ <ch-> ֻϤۤȤɸʤꥷʸϤơ<xpist>, <xps> ʤɤɽϤꤨ
OED ˤȡ"This word and its derivatives and cognates (including CHRISM n. and its derivatives) were very rarely (and perhaps only accidentally) spelt with ch- in Middle English, but this has been the regular fashion since 1500; in French it began in the preceding century." Ȥ롥
ޤرѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡ<ch> ֻ1500ǯʹߤɸಽȤꡤƬʸѤ̤ˤʤΤ17ᤫǤȤʤűѸˤ첻 /iː/ ȯϡɷ붵դαƶˤΤȤ̣Ҥ⤢ä
15--16 <ch-> 줿Ȥȡޤե󥹸ǤϤ꾯᤯ƱֻԤƤȤȤϡѸˤĬήͤˡͥ󥹴ȤħŪʸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Τ⤦1ĤȹͤΤޤOED θڤƤ褦Ѹ "accidentally" ˤǤϤ졤<ch-> ȤΤ⤪⤷ȤΤϡͥ󥹴ȷӤĤ䤹츻Ūֻ¿㤬¤ѸʳǤ⻶ȯŪƤȤ¤뤫ˤƤ⡤<Christ> ŵŪʸ츻ŪֻȸƤ֤ȤǤ
EEBO (Early English Books Online) μƥȥǡ١ʰ׸ƤߤȤ15ȾǤ <c-> ΤߤҥåȤ<ch-> ϸʤäȤ16Ⱦˤʤȡ100ǽ <c-> 60٤ѤƤΤФơ <ch-> 234Ƥ롥16ȾˤʤȡֻϤۤѤȤʤäΤȤơ16ˡֻȯŪǿĥȤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2018-03-22-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-11-04 Wed

#2382. Ѹ̾ؤ񤷤 [onomastics][toponymy][philology][etymology]

ͭ̾ (onomastics) ΰʤ̾ (toponymy) ϡѸǤ褯椵ƤѸ̾ؤʤѸ츻ؤȤϢѸ줬˾͡ʸܿƤ¤ˤꡤѸ츻ؤʣǤΤƱͤˡѸ̾ؤǤ롥Ʊؼ̾ΤΤϤˤäưۤʤβŪħȿǤʤɤ̻ŪƱǧʸŪʺȤʤΤǤ롥ѸΤߤʤ餺طθ츻ءֻʤɡ¿γغŪμưƽƱǽȤʤ롥
αѸ̾ؤ񤷤ˤĤơCoates (338--39) ϼΤ褦ɽƤ롥

[E]xplaining many English names is a delicate exercise in philology, as the elements which make them up have to be identified in one of a number of languages. The tradition of writing in England stretches back more than 1,300 years, and phonetic and orthographic evolution have not always been in step with each other. In addition, there is a radical discontinuity in the written record. Before 1066, the record contains many place-names formulated in interpretable OE, the native language of most of those engaged in writing, though Latin was also a language of record. After 1066, a bureaucracy was installed where, irrespective of the writers' native language, Latin and French were the languages of record; the scribal practices adopted were in part those used for Latin, but otherwise those originally applied in the writing of French late in the first millennium. These did not sit easily with the phonology of English, and there was a period where the recorded names may be hard to interpret, i.e. to assign to known places. By the thirteenth century, those who applied the conventions were again producing passable renderings of the phonology of English names, and they often begin to show affinity with the forms current now. Until the fifteenth century, they are often still in French or Latin texts and influenced to some degree by that context, e.g. by being formed and spelt in a way suitable for declension in Latin (normally first-declension feminine --- Exonia for Exeter, for instance, or more mechanically the twelfth-century Stouenesbia for Stonesby (Lei)); administrative writing in English belongs only to the period since Henry V set the tone for the use of English in chancery.


Τ褦ʻǡ㤨иűѸΤ̾Ѹ礭ۤʤֻǸƤ褦ʥǡ̤ƤƱ뤷Ƥ褤ΤγǧΤʸŪʺȤɬפȤʤ롥󤲤С᤯695ǯ˵ϿƤ Gislheresuuyrth ϡߤ Isleworth (Mx) ƱؼоݤȹͤƤ뤬ƱϰȤ櫓ǤϤʤ
ޤ륢󥰥ְܴ̾ۤ㤤ʤűѸ˻ѤƤȹͤƤ褤ˤ⤫餺ʸ Domesday Book ǽƵϿ˸Ȥ⤢롥̤˸ؤν̿ǤϤ뤬̾ȤƼºߤƤʸ˸Ȥ˰ۤʤäƤȤ֤ϡȤ櫓̾ؤξˤӻ顤̾ؤȼΥץ⤿Ω1Ĥγʬ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-09-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-10-15 Thu

#2362. haplology [haplology][phonetics][spelling][etymology][terminology]

haplology ʽŲæˤϡβؤǤ롥벻䲻᤬Ϣ³Ȥˡæ븽ݤ㤨Сprobably b Ϣ³뤿ˡ¯Ǥ probly Ȥȯ뤳Ȥ롥Ʊͤˡlibry (< library), nesry (< necessary), tempry (< temporary), pa (< papa) 褯ʹ롥Ūˤ⡤humbly ϸŤ humblely haplology Фޤ줿#1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1]) ȡ#2250. English θƬ첻ʻˡ ([2015-06-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦 England Englaland la 1æΤǤ롥morphophonemic morphonemic Ѥ뤳Ȥ⽽ʬǧƤ롥
haplology ȤѸϡ1893ǯ˽Ф롥ꥷ haplo- + -logy ʤꡤԤ haplo- ϡñΡĤΡפ̣ ha- ȡ?šפ̣ -pl(o) ʤ롥#352. ƥ /s/ ȥꥷ /h/ б ([2010-04-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡꥷ h ϥƥ s бΤǡhaplo- simple ƱǤ롥
haplology ϲæ褦æֻˤߤ졤 haplography ʽŻæˤȸƤФ롥<philology> <philogy> Ƚ񤤤ꡤ<repetition> <repetion><Mississippi> <Missippi> Ƚ񤯤褦तǤ롥ʤդ˻ʣ dittography ʽʣ̡ˤȤݤ⤢롥<literature> <literatature> Ȥ褦ǯϡ񤭤⥿ԥ󥰤ε¿ʤꡤhaplography dittography λϤषƤΤǤϤʤ
ǤֻǤʣʬæϡϤ餷ʤѤȤȤ館뤳Ȥ¿֤ȤȤѤȤƺѤ褦ˤʤäΤ⤢롥Τ褦ʥǤϡhaplology haplography ̻ŪʲȤȤ館ɬפ롥ʲˡ˾ؿѸؼŵ (529) 餤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

OE eahtatiene > ME eightetene > eighteen
OE eah(ta)tiġ > eighty
ME honestetee > honesty
OE sunnandæġ > Sunday
OE Mōn(an)dæġ > Monday
OE fēowertēneniht > fortnight
Missis > Miss
Gloucester > [ˈglɔstə]
Leicester > [ˈlestə]
OE berern > ME beren > barn
OF cirurgien ME surgien > surgeon
Poleland > Poland


ϢơMerriam-Webster μ haplology ⻲ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-09-18 Fri

#2335. parliament [parliament][etymology][etymological_respelling][history][med][spelling]

ѹϡIJιǤ롥󥰥ˤϡ񲦤ȵIJ褤ˤȤǽǤꡤparliament ȤñΤİյ礭ѸˤˤƤ⥤󥰥ɵIJˤϽפǤꡤΤȤϺε#2334. ѸȵIJȯŸ ([2015-09-17-1]) ǿ줿̤Ǥ롥ޤ#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡparliament ϡꥫѸФƥꥹѸħŤ륭ɤ1ĤȤʤäƤ롥
parliament ȤϡAnglo-Norman parlement, parliment, parliament Old French, Middle French parlement 13˱ѸؼѤ줿ΤǤꡤϡä礤ġפǤ (cf. ModF parler (to speak); PDE parley) θȤʤƥǤ parlamentum ȤѤ줿ꥹʸΥƥˤƤϡФ parliamentum ֻԤƤѸǤϼ -e- ʤɤֻŪǤꡤ-ia- ֻѤ褦ˤʤΤ15Ǥ롥MED parlement(e (n.) ˤꡤ¿ֻͤǧ줿
-ia- ȯŸˤĤƤϡΤʤȤϤ狼äƤʤƥư -iare 䡤бե󥹸 -ier αƶäȤ⤵ (cf. post-classical L maniamentum (manyment), merciamentum (merciament)) ѸǤϡ-ia- ȯ /ə/ б뤳Ȥա
parliament ȤȤλؼоݤŪôϤ᤿ΤϡHenry III (߰ 1216--72) μˤƤǤ롥OALD8 parliament ιʸ˰ʲεҤä1ˡ˱ѹˤΥå󥹤ͤޤäƤ뤳Ȥ

The word 'parliament' was first used in the 13th century, when Henry III held meetings with his noblemen to raise money from them for government and wars. Several kings found that they did not have enough money, and so they called together representatives from counties and towns in England to ask them to approve taxes. Over time, the noblemen became the House of Lords and the representatives became the House of Commons. The rise of political parties in the 18th century led to less control and involvement of the sovereign, leaving government in the hands of the cabinet led by the prime minister. Although the UK is still officially governed by Her Majesty's Government, the Queen does not have any real control over what happens in Parliament. Both the House of Lords and the House of Commons meet in the Palace of Westminster, also called the Houses of Parliament, in chambers with several rows of seats facing each other where members of the government sit on one side and members of the Opposition sit on the other. Each period of government, also called a parliament, lasts a maximum of five years and is divided into one-year periods called sessions.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-19-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-09-16 Wed

#2333. a lot of [semantic_change][grammaticalisation][etymology][agreement][determiner][reanalysis][syntax]

914դǡa lot of ɤơ¿Ρפ̣褦ˤʤäΤȤ򤤤ϡѸˤ˸ؤδϡ̣ѲʸˡȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ʲˤȤʤ̾ lot θŪ񤤤̻ŪѲάҤ褦
OED 츻ŵˤȡѸ lot Ρ֤פθϡűѸ hlot (allotment, choice, share) ˤΤܤ롥켫Τϥޥĸ *χlutam ˤΤܤꡤŪˤϰĸθ촴 *kleu- (hook) ˵ġ¾ΥޥˤƱ줬ߤ졤ޥ󥹽ؤѤƤ롥֡ʤΤΡ˾ޡפ̣ȹͤ졤ƥ clāvis (key), clāvus (nail) ȤδϢŦƤ롥
ơűѸΡ֤פθ˻ϤޤꡤˤäƷʤ⻺ΡʬۡסơֳơפθѸ parking lot ־ˤϡϤγƤȤȤǤ롥Ǥ뤫ֱ̿פθѸΤΤǤ롥
Ѹä16ȾФˤϡΡַʡפθȯãʤˤθѤȤʤˡʤȤСߡƥåڡѡ1ǯʬܥɥȾǯʬʤɡʤΰ컳뤳Ȥ¬Ǥ褦ˡƱΤΡְ컳ȡפȤ17ȾФߤǤ⡤˽Фʪؤ Lot 46: six chairs ʤɤɽѤ롥ƱʪͤΡֽġ췲 (group, set) ۤɤθȯŸ The first lot of visitors has/have arrived. / I have several lots of essays to mark this weekend. / What do you lot want? (informal) ʤɤ㤬ǧ롥
Ťֳơפθˤ衤ֽġ췲פθˤ衤a lot of [noun] ηѤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤϼǤ롥ޤlot ˡä˷Τΰ̣򤳤᤿͡ʷƻ줬ź졤an interesting lot of people a lazy lot (of people) Τ褦ɽƤ1800ǯˤϡa great lot of a large lot of ʤɿ̤礭ɽ魯ƻ줬Ĥ졤餯줬Ȥʤäơ19ˤϷƻʤ a lot oflots of ñΤǡ¿Ρ¿̤Ρפɽ魯ˡȯãߡ¿Ρפΰ̣Ƕˤܶ a lot of ϡ̤ꡤʤ꿷ɽǤ롥
a lot of [noun] lots of [noun] μϡ衤Ūˤ lot(s) ΤϤˤΰפȽǤˡ᤯ [noun] ȤȤ館Ƥ褦ߤǤϡa lot of lots of many much Ʊͤ˸ (determiner) 뤤Ͽ̻ (quantifier) ȲᤵƤ (Quirk et al. 264) ΤȤϡȤ alot of ֤줿ꡤa ά lot of ʤɤɽ뤳ȤǧǤ롥
Ʊ褦ˡʬɽ魯 of ޤ礬ȤƺʬϤ졤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ƤȤơa number of a majority of ʤɤ롥a [noun_1] of [noun_2] η򼨤ɽˤơ [noun_1] [noun_2] ؤȰܹԤѲ̤ƤƤ뤳Ȥ狼 (Denison 121)
lot ΰ̣ѲˤĤƤϡRoom (169) ⻲Ȥ줿

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Denison, David. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Ed. Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-08-11 Tue

#2297. Ѹ flow ȥƥ fluere [latin][etymology][indo-european][cognate][comparative_linguistics][grimms_law]

ε#2296. flute θ츻ˤĤơ ([2015-08-10-1]) ǥƥư fluere (to flow) ΰ캬 *bhleu- (to swell, well up, overflow) ˿줿ưθ캬Ȥ˥ƥ͡ʸä¿˱ѸؼѤ줿󤲤Сaffluent, confluent, effluent, effluvium, efflux, fluctuate, fluent, fluid, flume, fluor, fluorescent, fluoride, fluoro-, flush, fluvial, flux, influence, influenza, influx, mellifluous, reflux, superfluous
Ʊ캬 *bhleu- ͳ褹Ѹ¸ߤʤޥϤȤƤϸťΥɸͳ bloat (to swell) ѸäƤ롥θθƬҲ b- ʬȤꡤ캬 *bh ϥޥǤϥˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤ b ȤƸ롥Ʊ *bh ϡƥǤϾ˵󤲤¿㤬褦 f ѲƤ롥̤ȤƤߤбѸ b ȥƥ f Ūб뤳ȤˤʤꡤΤȤϡ̤θ캬ˤʤ뤬 bear vs fertile, bloom vs flower, break vs fragile, brother vs fraternal ʤɿ¿󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥
ơ˱Ѹ flow ˤĤƹͤ褦嵭Υƥ fluere Ọ֤̇̄ƤΤǡĤƱȴ㤤Ƥޤ츻Ūˤ̵Ǥ롥Ѹ f ϡˡ§ջСĸ *p ȤƸϤǤꡤԤϥƥؤΤޤ p ȤƼѤ롥ĤޤꡤŪˤϱѸ f ȥƥ p б뤳Ȥˤʤ (e.g. father vs paternal, foot vs pedal, fish vs Pisces) ºݡflow ΰ캬ȤƺƷƤΤ *pleu- (to flow) Ǥ롥
*pleu- 򵯸ȤѸȤƤϡfledge, flee, fleet, fley, flight, float, flood, flow, flutter, fly, fowl ʤɤ󤲤롥ťΥɸͳDZѸäƤΤȤƤϡflit, flotilla 롥¾(flèche, fletcher), flotsam, (flue [flew]), fugleman ʤɤ⥲ޥͳƤñǤ롥
ƥǤϡ캬 *pleu- Ȥˡ㤨 pluere (to rain) ˴Ϣ뤤Ĥθ줬Ѹä (e.g.pluvial, pulmonary) ꥷǤ캬λҲݤäPluto, plut(o)-, plutocracy, pneumonia, pyel(o)- ѸäƤ롥ȸ줫פɽ魯 linn ƱǤ롥
嵭Τ褦ˡѸ flow ȥƥ fluere ϡ줾캬 *pleu- (to flow) *bhleu- (to swell, well up, overflow) ̤ꡤ츻Ūˤ̵Ǥ롥Ūˤξñϰ̣֤Ƥꡤߤ˴طƤϤȻפΤ̵̤ȤǤ롥㤨СȤˡήפ̣ inflow influx 츻Ū̵طȤжäȿиϤ줾 outflow efflux ǤˡűѸǤ⡤ƥ fluere ФȤƤäѤ flōwan (> PDE flow) ƤƤȤ¤ꡤŪξԤӤĤ褦Ȥռä褦˻פ롥
Ӹؤ˴ŤƸ츻ɤäƤȡflow fluere Τ褦ˡߤ˻̣ȷ֤äƤΥڥ¤ϸ츻Ū̵ǤȤ狼äƶä񤬻ޤ롥ŵŪʤΤѸ have ȥƥ habēre ʵڤӥƥбե󥹸 avoirˤǤ롥֤Ƥ뤷ֻäƤפȤ礿ⶦ̤Ǥ뤫ƱȻפ䡤츻Ūˤ̵طǤ롥¾ˤرѸ츻ŵ(pp. 1666--67) Ρֿθ츻ȸθ츻פ򻲾Ȥ줿

߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-20-1] [2018-04-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-08-10 Mon

#2296. flute θ츻ˤĤ [etymology][blend][indo-european][cognate]

728դǷǼĤ˼򤤤 flute θ츻ˤĤơĴ٤ƤߤȤ𤷤
͡ʸ츻٤ȤǽŪˤϤ褽츻ԾܤȤ̤˹Ԥ夤̤ԾܤȤƤΤϸҲ /t/ ʬǤꡤƬҲ /fl/ ˴ؤƤϡƥư flāre (to breathe; to blow) 뤤 flagrāre (to flame) θƬҲȸ츻Ū˰פƤꡤ캬 *bhel- (to shine, flash, burn) ̤ȹͤƤ褵ĤޤꡤƬʬ˴ؤ¤ꡤƥ䤽̼줫μѸ flagrant, flame, flamboyant, flamenco, flamingo ʤɤȸ캬ƱȤ롥ѸǤСblow ƱǤ롥ե롼Ȥϡֿ᤯פΤȤȤ
դΤϡΰ캬 *bhel- ϡaffluent, fluent, fluid, influence ʤɤΥƥ캬 fluere (to flow) Ȥľܤˤϴطʤ褦ȤȤǤ롥ϡۤʤ캬 *bhleu- (to swell, well up, overflow) ̤롥2Ĥΰ캬 *bhel- *bhleu- ΤľŪʴطϤʤȤϤäƤ⡤̵طʤΤɤϡӸؤι٤ŪʬʤΤǻˤƧ߹ळȤǤʤʸ츻ˤϸԤԤ cf. դƤˡ
Ǥ flute θƬҲˤĤơäܤ˸Ҳ /t/ ˤĤƸƤߤ褦θϡ̣Ū˹ͤ flageolet ʥե饸åȡⲻνūˤȴطȤȤǧƤ褵flageolet ϡƱڴ̣ťץ󥹸η flaujol ťե󥹸η flageol, flajol ˻ؾĤΤǤ롥ϡťץ󥹸 flaujol ʤɤȯȤơˤ flute Ȥ֤뤫Ǥ롥Oxford Ϥθ츻Ϥ¿μǤϡ̤γڴ lute ʥ塼ȡʤ˻ڴˤθťץ󥹸 laüt źʣȤ *flaujollaüt 줿 (blend) ǤϤʤȤƤʤƤ롥
Ū褯ٻƤ褦ˤߤ뤳κϡBarnhart θ츻ǤŪ˰Ƥʰʲ˰ѡˡüŪˤСե롼Ȥȥ塼ȤϡȤ˳ڴǤ뤳ȰʳζϤʤ츻ŪߤꤹΤ϶ȤոȡΤ˶ʵ⤹롥

flute n. Before 1325 floute the musical instrument; earlier, implied in flouter a flutist (1225, as a surname); borrowed from Old French flaüte, fleüte, from Old Provençal flaüt, of uncertain origin; perhaps an alteration of flaujol (in Old French flajol) FLAGEOLET with some unknown form, but probably not lute as is often suggested, because in particular the lute was a stringed instrument held and played in a different manner that had no suggestion of the flute about it.


ΤȤƤޤȤСflute θҲ /t/ ͳˤĤƤϲȤ⤤ʤƬҲ /fl/ ˤĤƤϡֿ᤯פ̣ƥ flāre ƱǤȸʤήפ̣ƥ fluere ȤƱǤϤʤաˡ

Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-11-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-08-01 Sat

#2287. chicken, kitten, maiden [suffix][norman_french][etymology][i-mutation][germanic]

ɽ3ϡ -en Ȥؾ (diminutive) 򼨤λؾϡޥĸ *-īnam (neut.) ̤롥äơűѸʸڤ cicen mægden ̾Ǥ롥
chicken β֤ȯãϴˤ餫ˤƤʤޥĸ *kiukīno ̤Ȥ롥촴 *kiuk- ϡ*kuk- 첻αƶ i-mutation ФΤǡθ캬 cock űѸǤ cicen ʤɤȤʸڤ (cf. Du. kuiken, G Küken, ON kjúklingr) æ chike (> PDE chick) ϡ֤Ҥ褳Ҥʡפΰ̣ǡѸ˽Ф롥
kitten ϡťե󥹸 chitoun, cheton (cf. ե󥹸 chaton) Υ󥰥Υޥ *kitoun, *ketun Ѹ˼ѤΤȤ롥Ūˤ -o(u)n Ȥ򼨤ˤƤȤ̵طä17˷ŪˤⵡǽŪˤؾ -en Ʊ
maiden ʲˤϡűѸ mægden ʤɤȤʸڤ롥mægden ѸޤǤ˸æΤ mæide Ǥꡤ줬 maid Ϣʤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸΩĻˤ maid ؤܼźäˤ maiden ȹͤ뤬ºݤ˱Ѹ˾ʸڤϡmaiden Ǥꡤü maid ȤȤǤ롥ξϸߤ˻ޤǡ־פΰ̣äƶ¸Ƥ롥⥲ޥĸ *maȝaðiz ʾˤ̤ꡤϴϢűѸ magð ʾˤƤ롥ˡ־פɽ魯Ѹ may (< OE mǣġ (kinswoman)) Ʊȹͤ졤Ϣη֤Ọ̇̄ʣǤ롥ʤmaid ѸǤϡ̤˻ҡפɽ魯Ȥ⤢ä
-en ˤ¾ˤⵯۤˤ͡ʥפ롥#1471. golden ߽ФѲ ([2013-05-07-1])#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])#2221. vixen ν ([2015-05-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-07-30 Thu

#2285. hundred "great ten" [etymology][indo-european][grimms_law][numeral]

#2240. thousand "swelling hundred" ([2015-06-15-1]) εǡthousand ϸ츻Ūˤ "great hundred" Ȥ٤ΤǤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤¤ϡhundred Ȥ褦ʸ츻äƤꡤ "great ten" Ȥ٤ΤǤ롥
űѸ Ǥ hund ñΤǡɴפɽ路2Ǥ red Ǥդäϥޥĸ *-rað (reckoning, number) ̤롥ʤhundred ϴŪˤϡɴοפۤɤαŪʣǤ롥hund Ȥ촴˴ؤƤϡӸؤǤϤ褯ΤƤꡤĸ *kmto- ̤Ȥ롥줬ˡ§ (grimms_law) 䤽¾βѲФơűѸ hund ˻ (cf. #100. hundred ȰӸء ([2009-08-05-1])#1150. centum satem ([2012-06-20-1]
Ȥǡ*kmto- λҲʬ *km(t)- ϡֽ (ten) ɽ路*kmto- ΤȤ "ten tens" ۤɤɽ魯*km(t)- ֽפɽ魯Ȥϡƥ vīgintī (twenty), trīgintā (thirty), quadrāgintā (forty) б륮ꥷο˸Τ롥
Ǥϡĸ *km(t)- ֽפɽ魯ȤơѸ ten ƥ decem θȤ櫓ƬλϤɤΤ褦ΤθƬҲФƤϰĸ *d ƷƤꡤֽפɽ魯ĸȤơλҲޤ᤿ *(d)kmtom ꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥ƥ decem ŪưפƳȤǤ뤷Ѹ ten *k 岽ƾü֤ȯŸ뤳ȤǤ롥ޤΰ̤ο˸ -ty (< OE -tiġ) Ǥϡ٤ɡüȤˤʤ롥
ʾΤ褦ˡǤϡɴʤˤȤϡ츻Ū˸ߤ̩ܤʴطˤ롥10캬ȤơǤä뤳Ȥ102 ("great ten" or "ten tens") ꡤ103 ("great great ten" or "ten of ten tens") äΤǤ롥

߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development, Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. 2 vols. Amsterdam/London/New York: Elsevier, 1966--67. Unabridged, one-volume ed. 1971.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-07-22 Wed

#2277. ֹԤפΰ̣ repair [etymology][latin][loan_word][homonymy][doublet][indo-european][cognate]

repair ʽˤϴܸȤäƤ褤̸츻ƱƱ۵ (homonym) ȤƤ repair ʹԤˤϤޤΤƤʤǤ̤θǤȤΩƤƤ롥
ֽפ repair ϡƥ reparāre ͳ褷ťե󥹸 réparer ͳơѸ repare(n) ȤäƤƥ캬 parāre "to make ready" ۤɤ̣ĸθ캬 *perə- (to produce, procure) ̤롥εˤθ캬ϡapparatus, comprador, disparate, emperor, imperative, imperial, parachute, parade, parasol, pare, parent, -parous, parry, parturient, prepare, rampart, repertory, separate, sever, several, viper ʤɤθ줬Ƥ롥
ֹԤפ repair ϵۤʤꡤƥ repatriāre ťե󥹸 repairier ȷ֤ơѸ repaire(n) ȤäƤΤǤ롥äơѸ repatriate ܹԤˤȤ2Ÿ롥츻Ūʸ캬ϡpatria ʸιˤ pater ˤǤ뤫顤ֽפȤ餫˶̤ǤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ĸ *pəter- (father) ϡƥͳ expatriate, impetrate, padre, paternal, patri-, patrician, patrimony, patron, perpetrate ޤꥷͳ eupatrid, patriarch, patriot, sympatric ѸäƤ롥
ѸΡֹԤפ repair ϡǷŪʶǹԤ­ˤԤפۤɤ̣롥Ĥʸ󤲤褦ǸΤ褦ˡ֡ʽʤɤơ롤ʤ롤㤭Ĥפθ⤢롥

After dinner, the guests repaired to the drawing room for coffee.
(humorous) Shall we repair to the coffee shop?
He repaired in haste to Washington.
May all to Athens backe againe repaire. (Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream iv. i. 66)
Thither the world for justice shall repaire. (Sir P. Sidney tr. Psalmes David ix. v)


Ѹ줫˭٤ϡMED repairen (v) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2018-04-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-07-21 Tue

#2276. 13ʹߤ v (2) [phonetics][etymology][consonant][assimilation][v]

#1348. 13ʹߤ v ([2013-01-04-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡѸˤ¸ߤ [v] 줿줬ʤʤäˡ (156) Ŧ褦ˡ첻Ԥ [v] ƱФƼפϱѸˤǤʤĤ󤲤褦

OE hlāford > lord
OE hlǣfdiġe > lady (cf. #23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1]))
OE heafod > head
OE havoc > hawk
OE lāferce > lark
OE wīfmann > woman (cf. #223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1]))
OE hæfde > had (cf. #2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ ([2015-05-06-1]))

ۤ never > ne'er, ever > e'er, over > o'er of clock > oclock > o'clock ä뤫⤷ʤ
[v] ໤ޤäơ[w] ؤȾ첻䤹줬 [u] ؤ첻䤹Τơ첻ݤ߹ޤƾüƤ椯Ȥ뤳ȤǤ롥

סOE byrðen "burden vs. fæder "fath''er"Ѹˤ˻ȯŪ˸ [d] [ð] θؤˤĤơסظդΤ󤽤ʿءˡ˶࿦ǰʸ١ҡ2015ǯ155--66ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-21-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-06-15 Mon

#2240. thousand "swelling hundred" [etymology][indo-european][numeral][latin][loan_word]

thousand θ츻Ĥ줢äɴפǤ뤳ȤΤäѸ thousand űѸ þūsendhund(red) ƤȤ餷ʤäĴ٤Ƥߤ PGmc *þūs(h)undi- ̤Ȥʤۤ hund Ƥ롥ĸȤƤ *tūskm̥ti ƷƤꡤ1Ǥ *teu(ə)- (to swell, be strong) Ǥ롥ϥƥư tumēre (to swell) ߡ͡DZѸؤѤ졤tumour, tumult ʤɤäƤ롥ꥷͳ褹 tomb 衤͡פ⤢롥ޤޥ줫ѸؼѤ줿ȤƤ thigh, thumb ʤɤ롥ܤƻؤ⡤Ĥ줢äȸФΤȤơthousand ϡĤ줢äɴפۤɤΰդȤʤä
ƥ mille (thousand) ϡޤäۤʤꡤthousand ȤϤʤ褦Ǥ mille εϲȤȡ줬ԾܤǤ롥ĸˤϡפɽ魯ϺƷƤ餺μ¤ƱߤʤѸˤᤤʳ mile Ѥ졤millenium, millepede, milligram, million ʤɤθǤ combining form (cf. #552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1])) ȤѤʤɳƤΤ¿촴Ǥ롥
hundred ɽ魯캬ˤĤƤϡ#100. hundred ȰӸء ([2009-08-05-1])#1150. centum satem ([2012-06-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-05-27 Wed

#2221. vixen ν [suffix][gender][i-mutation][germanic][etymology]

#2219. vane, vat, vixen ([2015-05-25-1]) ȡ#2220. ѸǸƬ໤ͭʤäͳ ([2015-05-26-1]) ǡvixen ʻ󥮥ĥ͡ˤȤ˿줿ɸѸθäΤʤǡƬͭ໤ŪðۤǤȽҤ٤ƤθˤϤ⤦1Ūðۤ롥ϡŤޥν̾ͳ褹 -en ȤɤƤ
ߡ̾줫б̾礿Ȥ -ess 롥ϡꥷ -issa ƥ줬Ѥ -issa ե󥹸ͳ -esse ȤƱѸäƤΤǤꡤǤ롥ޥϤΤΤȤƤϡ#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1]) ǿ줿ޥ췲ˤߤ -estre 뤬˽ɽ魯ΤȤƸΤ spinster ΤߤǤ롥ˤƤ -en ⥲ޥɤˤߤǤꡤޥĸ *-inī, *-injō űѸ -en, -in ȯŸΤǤ롥űѸȤƤϡgod (god) Ф gyden (goddess)munuc (monk) Ф mynecen (nun), wulf (wolf) Ф wylfen (she-wolf) ʤŪ˴ޤޤƤ i ˤ i-mutation θ̤աˡ
vixen ˴ؤƤС󥮥ḥ̂ͤ̾ȤƤϡűѸˤϼгʤȤƤ fyxan 1ΤʸڤˤʤMED fixen (n.) ˤȡѸǤ fixenfixen hyd (fox hide) ȤѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤η֤ϸűѸν̾ǤϤʤƻ fyxen (of the fox) ͳ褹Ȥͤ뤫⤷ʤѸǤ̾ȤƤ ffixen Τʸڤ졤رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤС16ʹߤˤϸƬͭ໤򼨤ߤ vyxen Ϣʤ֤褦ˤʤOED ˤ15ˤˡ
ɥĸǤϽȤƤ -in ϸǤꡤFuchs vs Füchsin Τߤʤ餺Student vs Studentin, Sänger vs Sängerin ʤɰŪѤ롥ѸǤϽκפ vixen ˻ĤΤߤȤʤäƤޤäޥθ򤫤ȤơѸˤ󶡤Ƥ뵮ŤǤ롥Ƭ v ȹ碌ơѸŪ˴ǽ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-05-25 Mon

#2219. vane, vat, vixen [phonetics][phonemicisation][consonant][me_dialect][cornish][map][etymology]

ɸ3ϡŪ˵ʷϩ̤ɸѸꡤ夷Ǥ롥vane סˡvat ʾ¤Ѥʤɤβˡvixen ʻ󥮥ĥ͡ˤϡƬͭ໤ v äƤ롥Ƭ v ǤϵǤⲿǤʤΤͺ˥ĥͤɽ魯 fox Фƻ󥮥ĥ vixen ٤Ƥߤ褦ˡ3ˤƤϸ츻Ū̵໤ f ͽۤȤͭ໤ðۤʤΤǤ (cf. OE fana, fæt, fyxen) ŪˤϡѸǤΤ߸Ƭ̵໤ΧͭʬۤŪ˸¤Ƥ3ˤĤƤϤɤ櫓ɸѸؤȯŸѼ˼ޤ졤̲ΤǤ롥ȤʤäƤϤۤȤɵŤʤ3ϻҲΡ¤äȯͳ褹ΤǤ (cf. vixen ˤĤƤϡAmerican Heritage Dictionary ˤ vixen ⻲ȡˡ
Ρ¤פϡΥ󥰥ɤǤ¸³Ƥ롥ǤϸƬ [f] Τ٤Ȥ [v] Τߤʤ餺[s], [ʃ], [θ] Τ٤Ȥdzơ [z], [ʒ], [ð] Ȥä褦ˡ໤Τбߤ롥Upton and Widdowson (52) Ͽޤꡤfinger θƬˤĤʬۤ򼨤

Map of

󥰥ɤκüCornwall üǤɸŪ [f] ԤƤ뤬 Cornwall αѸήΤǤϤʤ˽Υȷϸ Cornish ֤ɸѸ˥롼ĤĤΤǤ (cf. #779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])#2025. 󥰥ɤϾ¿ä ([2014-11-12-1]
ơߤǤϸƬ [f] [v] ʬۤ˸¤Ƥ뤬Ѹˤϥ󥰥˹äƤιϰϤǡ餯Ǥ˸űѸƬ໤ͭϤޤäƤΤȻפ롥ѸǤ fader vader ʬۤ Plan and Bibliography (9) ˴Ť (101) ϿޤǤߤƤߤ褦

Map of

űѸǤϡǷѲޤǤϡˤ餺 [v] [z] ϸƬ뤳ȤϤʤäȤѸǤϡѲΤߤʤ餺̤ξƬ뤳ȤǽȤʤäLass (58--59) ϡθƬȤƤ [v], [z] ΰŪʵƤͳ1Ĥϡޤ໤ͭˤȤߤƤ (cf. #1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1]))

A third factor, perhaps the most likely, was the existence in Middle English of varieties that had in Old English times undergone voicing of initial fricatives. Many southern dialects had voiced at least initial /f s/ --- a development whose relics survive still in the rural West Country ('Zummerzet'). This parallels, and may well stem from, the same process in continental West Germanic: the <v> in G Vater 'father', now pronounced with /f/, and Du. initial <v> and <z> in vader and zon 'sun' (/f s/ in more innovating dialects, still /v z/ in conservative ones) reflect this. While the voicing in England was mainly southern, it did extend well up into the midlands in Early Middle English, and the standard still has a number of forms with voiced initials like vat, vixen, vane (OE fæt, fyxen, fana). Contact between speakers of these dialects and others without voicing may have facilitated borrowing of French /v z/, making them less 'outlandish'.


Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
Kurath, Hans, Margaret S. Ogden, Charles E. Palmer, and Richard L. McKelvery. Plan and Bibliography. U of Michigan P, 1954.
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ38ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-04-24 Fri

#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster [suffix][affixation][word_formation][oe][etymology][gender]

űѸ -estre, -istre (< Gmc *-strjōn) Ͻι԰ټ̾ (agentive suffix) ǡι԰ټ̾ -ere ΩƤޥ췲˻ȯŪ˸ǡMLG -(e)ster, (M)D and ModFrisian -ster ƱHG, OS, OFrisian ˤʸڤʤűѸ줫θȤƤ hlēapestre (female dancer), hoppestre (female dancer), lǣrestre (female teacher), lybbestre (female poisoner, witch), miltestre (harlot), sangestre (songstress), sēamstre (seamstress, sempstress), webbestre (female weaver) ʤɤ롥¤ˡˤΤäȤꡤѸˤ spinnestre (spinster) ʤɤƤ롥Ѹʹߡޤǡ16ޤǤˤǤ⡤˸¤餺Ū˹԰ټ̾Ȥȯã㤨С1300ǯǽ񤫤줿 Cursor Mundi Ǥϡdemere ǤϤʤ demestre ̤˴طʤȽ (judge) ΰ̣Ѥ줿ˤ seamster songster ñȤǤ˽ζ̤Ĥʤʤꡤ̤Ĥ٤ -ess ä seamstress songstress 줿
-ster ϡñʤư̾ -er ФơŪʴްդäƿȤ佬ɽ魯 (ex. fraudster, gamester, gangster, jokester, mobster, punster, rhymester, speedster, slickster, tapster, teamster, tipster, trickster) ηŪʶϡƥͳǤϤ뤬Ū԰ټ̾ -aster Υͥƥʴްդαƶͤ (cf. criticaster, poetaster) -ster ƻղäȤƤϡoldster, youngster 롥̾Ǥ뤫ͭ̾ȤʤäΤ⤢ꡤ嵭 Webster ΤۤBaxter (baker) ʤɤߤ롥
ۤˤ¿ -ster 줬뤬̾ȤűѸ򺣤Τϡspinster ΤߤȤʤäƤޤäθˤĤƤϡ̤δ#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1])#1968. ΰ̣ʬʬϡ ([2014-09-16-1]) ǿ줿Τǡ⻲Ȥ줿

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-04-23 Thu

#2187. ΰ̣᥿եǤ [metaphor][synaesthesia][semantic_change][semantics][etymology][rhetoric][unidirectionality][terminology]

դΤ (figure of speech) ΤʤǤ⡤ԤȤΤ (metaphor) Ǥ롥ưʪǤʤΤ˰ػҤΡ֤פȤȤǤʤΤ˿͵μؤơ֥פȤȤʤƤߤ櫓ǤϤʤΤˡִŤȤȤȤѤƤ롥ɽޤ˸ŤƾȤʤäȤˤϡȤκѤۤȤɴʤʤꡤ᥿ե (dead metaphor) ȸƤФ롥ܸˤѸˤ᥿եդƤꡤΰ̣᥿եǤȤޤǸʤۤɤ
metaphor ˤƤϡӤδȤʤ source ӤŬѤ target 2ĤɬפǤ롥ػҤΰǤСsource Ͽʹ֤ưʪεӤǤꡤtarget ϰػҤλ٤ʬǤ롥ʪΤΡȶΤΤǤǡsource target 2Ĥΰۤʤɥᥤ (domain) °Ȥ롥2Ĥϸߤ˴طΤʤΩɥᥤ֤פʤΤβˤäΤ٤ΤΡפȤ塤ǽζ̹ˤꡤξɥᥤ֤˶ͤ롥Τ褦ˡmetaphor ˤɬ餫 (similarity) 롥
#2102. Ѹˤˤ̣γȽ̾ ([2015-01-28-1]) 򤿤󶡤Ƥ줿 Williams ϡmetaphor ˭٤ͿƤƤ (184--85) ʲθäϡ츫Ȥ metaphor ȰռʤΤФθŪȯŸޤǤ롥줾ˤĤơ source Dz target ʤΤ2ĤΥɥᥤϤ줾첿ϤȤʤäƤ붦̹ϲõäƤ餤᥿ե˶ᤤΡ˺ƤȤܤΤˤĤƤϡθȤθ줾첿ˤĤƥҥȤͿƤʤä f. ȤΤϸɽ魯ˤΤǡȤʤθ줿

1. abstract (f. draw away from)
2. advert (f. turn to)
3. affirm (f. make firm)
4. analysis (f. separate into parts)
5. animal (You animal!)
6. bright (a bright idea)
7. bitter (sharp to the taste: He is a bitter person)
8. brow (the brow of a hill)
9. bewitch (a bewitching aroma)
10. bat (You old bat!)
11. bread (I have no bread to spend)
12. blast (We had a blast at the party)
13. blow up (He blew up in anger)
14. cold (She was cold to me)
15. cool (Cool it,man)
16. conceive (f. to catch)
17. conclude (f. to enclose)
18. concrete (f. to grow together)
19. connect (f. to tie together)
20. cut (She cut me dead)
21. crane (the derrick that resembles the bird)
22. compose (f. to put together)
23. comprehend (f. seize)
24. cat (She's a cat)
25. dig (I dig that idea)
26. deep (deep thoughts)
27. dark (I'm in the dark on that)
28. define (f. place limits on)
29. depend (f. hang from)
30. dog (You dog!)
31. dirty (a dirty mind)
32. dough (money)
33. drip (He's a drip)
34. drag (This class is a drag)
35. eye (the eye of a hurricane)
36. exist (f. stand out)
37. explain (f. make flat)
38. enthrall (f. to make a slave of)
39. foot (foot of a mountain)
40. fuzzy (I'm fuzzy headed)
41. finger (a finger of land)
42. fascinate (f. enchant by witchcraft)
43. flat (a flat note)
44. get (I don't get it)
45. grasp (I grasped the concept)
46. guts (He has a lot of guts)
47. groove (I'm in the groove)
48. gas (It was a gasser)
49. grab (How does the idea grab you?)
50. high (He got high on dope)
51. hang (He's always hung up)
52. heavy (I had a heavy time)
53. hot (a hot idea)
54. heart (the heart of the problem)
55. head (head of the line)
56. hands (hands of the clock)
57. home (drive the point home)
58. jazz (f. sexual activity)
59. jive (I don't dig this jive)
60. intelligent (f. bring together)
61. keen (f. intelligent)
62. load (a load off my mind)
63. long (a long lime)
64. loud (a loud color)
65. lip (lip of the glass)
66. lamb (She's a lamb)
67. mouth (mouth of a cave)
68. mouse (You're a mouse)
69. milk (He milked the job dry)
70. pagan (f. civilian, in distinction to Christians, who called themselves soldiers of Christ)
71. pig (You pig)
72. quiet (a quiet color)
73. rip-off (It was a big rip-off)
74. rough (a rough voice)
75. ribs (the ribs of a ship)
76. report (f. to carry back)
77. result (f. to spring back)
78. shallow (shallow ideas)
79. soft (a soft wind)
80. sharp (a sharp dresser)
81. smooth (a smooth operator)
82. solve (f. to break up)
83. spirit (f. breath)
84. snake (You snake!)
85. straight (He's a straight guy)
86. square (He's a square)
87. split (Let's split)
88. turn on (He turns me on)
89. trip (It was a bad (drug) trip)
90. thick (a voice thick with anger)
91. thin (a thin sound)
92. tongue (a tongue of land)
93. translate (f. carry across)
94. warm (a warm color)
95. wrestle (I wrestled with the problem)
96. wild (a wild idea)


ƥͳθ줬¿ޤޤƤ뤬̤¿ǤʤƥѸϡαѸǤϡʸŵƥˤƤ˸ȤѤ⡤ŪȯŸѤ뤳ȤΤۤ¿Τ̤ưʪɽ魯Ȥ source Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿ (synaesthesia) λ¿ޤŪʸ¯Ūʶ⾯ʤʤ
Τ褦ȤˤϤħ졤̸Ūˤ⹭ѻ뤳Ȥ顤̣ѲΰŪ뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1759. synaesthesia ([2014-02-19-1])#1955. ̣ѲΰŪ ([2014-09-03-1])#2101. Williams ΰ̣Ѳ ([2015-01-27-1]) ʤɤε򻲾ȡ

Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-04-09 Thu

#2173. gospel d æ [phonetics][consonant][etymology][loan_translation][folk_etymology][laeme]

ʡʽˤ̣ gospel θ츻Ϥ褯ΤƤ롥θϡƥ evangelium ʤ켫Τϥꥷ euaggélion "good news" ͳ褹ˤ (loan_translation) ǤꡤűѸ˼줿űѸ godspel (good news) 1Ǥ gōd (good) Ĺ첻äƤgod (God) Ȥ䤫û첻᤯ԤƤ褦ϡָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ȤäƤ褤OED Jespersen (126) ⤳ָ̱츻ٻƤ롥⤦1ĤȤơ#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡû첻3ҲûȤη̤ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (142) ϡβǤ˽űѸ줫ϤޤäƤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
첻̤ˤĤƤϾΤ褦ͿƤ뤬űѸ godspel d æˤĤƤϤɤ (405) ˤС13ˡҲθ³ d κβĤθˤƴѻȤ󤲤ȡan (and), handeselle > hanselle (handsel), wenesday (Wednesday), godspell > gospel, andswerian > answerie (answer) Ǥcf. #1261. Wednesday ȯֻ츻 ([2012-10-09-1]
d æȤ˴ؿäΤϡWordorigins.org gospel ˴ؤ뵭ˡ13 godspel d ǡȤƾäȤεҤäǤ롥ǡȤƤȤȤǤСܤͤ롥LAEME ǴñĴ٤Ƥߤ
̤ϡμΰ۷ޤ213Τ18ˤ (¿ d ˲ä t 1Ĥäˤæ줿æΨ8.45%ˡ6ƥȤ˽椷Ƥꡤ North, South-West Midland, Southwestern ȤФФŪˤ13Ⱦ1Ƥ٤13Ⱦ14ȾˤĤơĤޤ1300ǯ򶴤Ǥ롥1300ǯʹߤˤ d 򼨤Τۤ¿ɤǤϤ뤷d ˴ؤɤ򼨤ƥȤ⤢롥ΤȤơWordorigins.org ξεǽҤ٤Ƥ褦13 d æȤפϤʤäæǡȤȤ櫓Ǥʤ餯θڤˤ⤢̤ꡤ13 d κϤޤäκǡȤƵä櫓ǤϤʤ14ʹߤ˸ƽ˿ʹԤȹͤΤMED gospel (n) ⻲Ȥ줿

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-03-28-1] [2015-04-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-03-02 Mon

#2135. nowadays [genitive][plural][adverb][etymology][plural][semantic_change]

ɸϲ椷ơֺǶᡤẢפɽŪʸ֤Ọ̇̄ͭյ򤹤뤿ˤϡΩΤɬפ롥츫Ȥ now + a + days Ȥˤߤ뤬ʤ줬ֺǶᡤẢפ̣Τ
Ҥͤȡnow ͽ̤ now Ǵְ㤤ʤa 괧ǤϤʤֻ on μˡdays ʣǤϤʤñ°ʷͳ褹 (cf. #81. once twice -ce Ȥϲ ([2009-07-18-1])) ñ°ʷͳ褹 days ϡűѸ줫ߤŤɽǤꡤߤǤ nights ˡˤ椷Ѥ褦ˡñȤŪˡˡ (in the daytime) ΰդѤƤñȤŪѤΤǤֻ on (> a) λ٤ɬפʤϤ#723. be nihtes ([2011-04-20-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŪʸˡʬŪʸˡ礷 "on days" ɽΤ蘆ä "now on days" ɽǥȤˤѤ褦ˤʤȡȯֻξ nowadays ʣŪ1Ȥǧ褦ˤʤäΤȻפ롥OED ˤȡnow on days nowadays, ޤ adaysñ°ʸȼʤ nowaday ʤɤδϢ֤14ˤäƽФƤ롥MED nou-a-daies (adv.) (Also nou-daies) nou-a-day (adv.) ⻲ȡ
äơnowadays -s ϵŪˤñ°ʸȤȤˤʤ뤬ߤüԤľǤʣȤߤʤƤΤǤϤʤɽ these days αƶʤɤθȡβ᤬Τ褦˻פ롥˴ؤ OED ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Adverbial use and adverbial phrases.

For adverbial use of an original genitive singular form, which was later probably apprehended as a plural, see DAYS adv. In prepositional phrases of the noun which occur in adverbial use, it is not always clear to what extent variants with final -s simply show the plural of the noun and how far they reflect the influence of DAYS adv. (especially in early use); compare by days at Phrases 1b(b), on days at Phrases 1d(b), ADAYS adv., NOWADAYS adv.

Beside the regular dative, an endingless dative form also occurs in Old English, especially in adverbial use; compare e.g. forms of TODAY adv.


Ǥϡñ°ʷͳ褹 nowadays ʤ "these days" ΰ̣Ĥ褦ˤʤäΤ츻˽ΰ̣ "now in the daytime" ۤɤǤꡤadays ʬ now ʺߡˤꤷƶƯ򤷤ƤĤޤꡤ֤ΰȤƤΡ֤ޤ˺פɽɽäȤ֤ޤ˺פθ̩Ȥ³ʤǡֶˡ§פα¿ȤʤꡤֺޤϰϡǶᡤẢפȤˤ̣ȯŸΤȹͤ (cf. #992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) #1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1]))ߤζŪʴФȤƤ nowadays ˤ days ʬ these days ƱʣȤǧƤΤξɽ̻ŪȯŸϷŪˤ̣Ūˤۤʤ뤳Ȥդ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-02-12 Thu

#2117. playwright [etymology][metathesis][verb][suffix]

Ѹ Wright ̤ˤߤ뤬ϡֿ͡פΰ̣Ǥ롥̾ȤñΤ wright ʿ͡ˤȤѤ뤳ȤϺϤۤȤɤʤ͡ʼοͤɽΤʣΰȤѤ뤳ȤϤ롥Ū褯ߤΤ playwright ʷȡˤǤ롥ϵʤ (write) ͤǤϤʤŪ˺Ф (wright) Ǥ롥⤷ write ʽ񤯡ˤ˴طƤΤǤС԰ټԤɽ (agentive suffix) Ĥ writer ʽ񤭼ˤȤʤϤۤˤ arkwright, boatwright, cartwright, comedywright, housewright, millwright, novelwright, ploughwright, shipwright, timberwright, waggonwright, wainwright, wheelwright, woodwright ʤɤ롥
wright ϵ̤ȡư work ˴ط롥ưθűѸ wyrcan ϡֹԤ롨߽Фפʤɹ̣Ѥ졤θ촴˸ղä줿 wyrhta (< wyrcta) ֿ͡פȤƻȤ줿θ¾Υޥˤ⸫졤ƸŤΤȻפ롥wyrhta ϡ1첻 r Ȥž (metathesis) wryhta ۷Ȥޤ졤 <a> ɽ첻ʿü˵ڤǡˤĤʤ wright 췿Ǥäžϡwork θŤʬ wrought ˤ⸫롥
MED wrigt(e (n.(1)) ˤȡѸǡθ줬ʲΤ褦ʤޤֻʤƤ餯ȯˤǼ¸ƤȤ롥

wright(e (n.(1)) Also wrigt(e, wrigth(e, wrigh, wriȝt(e, wriȝth(e, wriht(e, writ(e, writh(e, writht, wreth(e, (N) wreght, (SWM) wrouhte, whrouhte & (chiefly early) wricht(e, (early) wirhte, (chiefly SW or SWM) wruhte, wruchte, wurhte, wurhta, wurhtæ, wuruhte & (in names) wrightte, wrighthe, wrig, wri(h)tte, wrihgte, wrichgte, wrich(e, wrict(e, wricth(e, wrick, wristh, wrieth, wreghte, wreȝte, wrehte, wrechte, wrecthe, wreit, wreitche, wreut(t)e, wroghte, wrozte, wrouȝte, wrughte, wrushte, wrh(i)te, wirgh, wirchte, wiche, wergh(t)e, werhte, wereste, worght(t)e, worichte, worithte, wort, worth, whrighte, whrit, whreihte, whergte, right, rith; pl. wrightes, etc. & wriȝttis, writtis, (NEM) whrightes & (early) wrihten, wirhten, (SWM) wrohtes, wurhten, (early gen.) wurhtena, (early dat.) wurhtan & (gen. in place names) wrightin(g)-, wri(c)tin-, wrichting-, wrstinc-, uritting-.


ޤѸǤ castlewright, feltwright, glasswright ʤɤ븽ˤϸʤ̾䡤battlewright ΡˡLatinwright ʥƥؼԡˤʤɤѤ⸫줿ʣο̾⡤ޤäƤΤ⤤Ĥ뤬 Basketwricte, Bordwricht, Bowwrighth, Briggwricht, Cartewrychgte, Chesewricte, Waynwryche, Wycchewrichte ʤ¸ߤ
ѸޤǤ wright ʣǤȤݤäƤ褦θϼ˿ꤨƤߤǤϿۤɤĤäƤʤοθȤơѸʹߤ˥ե󥹸ƥ줫鿷ʿȡ̾줬ήƤȡ-er -ist ޤι԰ټˤȯƤȤ뤬̤ĴǤ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-01-16 Fri

#2090. 佼ˡ餱ο;̾η [personal_pronoun][suppletion][etymology][indo-european][paradigm]

Ѹˤ;̾ηϤˤϡܤ񤱤Ƥޤ꤬ۤ˭٤Ǥ롥ϡʸ˱Ѹο;̾ν֤ʣΰ캬̤뤳ȡ;̾ηϤʣ캬δ󤻽ηϤǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤С;̾ηϤ佼ˡκǤǤ뤳ȤŦʰ°桦, pp. 44--46ˡ

PDE Personal Pronoun Paradigm as Suppletive

̤ˤäɽ˼Ȥꡤ8Ĥΰۤʤ캬ͿƤ롥ѸޤǤϡ2;̾ñ thou----thee--thyself--thy--thine ¸ߤƤꡤĸ *tu- Ȥޤۤʤ캬̤Τǡޤ9Ĥθ캬ʤ󤻽ȤȤˤʤ롥
줾ĸθ캬򼨤СI *egme ʲ *me-we *weisus ʲ *n̥s ̤ (cf. #36. rhotacism ([2009-06-03-1])) you *yu-he *ki- ̤롥it ǸƬ /h/ η礱Ƥ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#467. ;̾ it θƬ /h/ äݤ ([2010-08-07-1]) 򻲾ȡthey ϸťΥɸλؼ̾ þeir ʵŪˤϰĸλؼ *so ʤɤ̤ˤͳ褹롥she ΩƤ뤬θ츻ˤĤƤϡ#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1]) Ϥ she γƵǼ夲ƤΤǡ򻲾Ȥ줿
衤ޤȤƱ캬β򾯤ѰۤƸطѤؤΤ顤ɽ;̾ΡֶޡѲɽȸƤ֤Τϡ̩ˤʤI my ȤΤˤжޤδطˤϤʤषñ˿;̾ѲɽȸƤǤۤΤ⤷ʤ
ѥŪоȤˤϡ#180. űѸο;̾о ([2009-10-24-1])#181. Chaucer ο;̾ηϡ ([2009-10-25-1])#196. Ѹο;̾ηϡ ([2009-11-09-1]) ˻Ȥ줿

° ̭ ͡ΤäƤѸˡ١ҡ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow