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etymology - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-09-14 Sat

#5619. 928ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפΤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][lexicology][vocabulary][oe][old_norse][germanic][contact][voicy][heldio]


asacul_20240427.png



928ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼󥿡ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷʸƨۿ
ߡī㡼󥿡֥

2ָ928ڡ17:30--19:00ī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ6ȤʤֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפ򳫹֤ޤ

8245ǤϡֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פꤷơűѸʤ뤤ϤλˤˤƥθŪƶܤޤ8Ⱦ11ȾˤƤΥ󥰻˾ơťΥɸ (old_norse) ȸűѸθܿˤĤƲ⤷ޤ
󥰤ȤϾ嵭λ˳ư󥸥ʥӥпȤγ±ؤޤϥ֥ƥˤ⽱褷䤬ƥ󥰥꽻褦ˤʤޤη̡ťΥɸȤ󥰤ȸűѸä󥰥ͤȤδ֤Ǹܿޤ
ťΥɸ줫μѸϡѸ900ۤɻĤäƤޤпϤۤ礭櫓ǤϤޤ󤬡ܸ䵡ǽʤɹ٤ǻѤ줬¿ޤޤƤΤܤ٤ħǤֺ¤Ǥ϶ŪʸťΥɸ줫μѸ夲θ츻ɤ߲򤤤Ƥޤ
ťΥɸȱѸܿǻ̩ʤΤǤξ줬ޥ²°ƤꡤᤤطˤäȤ䡤ξ̱²μҲŪʸήοȿǤƤȹͤޤ󥰤γư̤ťΥɸȤܿϡѸθäˡʤƼ¤ʸˡˤ¿ʱƶͿޤѸλѤ򤹤ǡŪʸܿνϴDzǤޤ

ܥ꡼ֺ¤ϳƲΩ⤤Τǡ6󤫤滲äǤޤäʤ֤ǤޤɶǤ̻äΤۤ饤󻲲äǽǤθ1֤Ρָƨۿפ⤴ѤǤޤʳäƤäߤɤ
ʤܥ꡼ֺ¤ϡָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפꤷƤȤꡤȤ櫓رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤ˻ȤޤƱŵ򤪻ϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ



ʰʲ嵭2024/09/21(Sat)



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-08-20 Tue

#5594. ָ̱츻ʲ츻ˤΤ [inohota][etymology][folk_etymology][analogy][terminology][link]



818ˤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥκǿϡ#259. tipʥ쥹ȥʤɤǤΥåסˤθ츻 To Insure Promptnessʡ֤Τ󶡤ݾڡסˤƬʸʤɤβָ̱츻뤬...Ǥͥˤ礭ָդθ츻ڤ󤸤ƤϤʤͳפʸ礬Ƥޤʢ󥻥󥹤ˤΤǤˡ
ۿǡ᤬츻ͥϡֶޤǡ׿͵Ȥ̾򷫤Фޤ褽θ츻ֳؼԸ츻סθ츻ָ̱츻פǤ礦
ָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ϤФС¯פȤƤФ졤ܤʸ츻ؤؤǤ㤯뷹ޤ¤Ͽʹ֤θ¤ϤϤ򼨤Ƥ뵮ŤʻʤΤǤǤϸְ㤤ʤɤƱ餤θŪͤޤ
ϡ2Ω츻ͿƤθƾΡָ̱츻פȡֳؼԸ츻פˡɤޤ󡥰ҿξ岼طĤޤȤǤªۤʤޤơºФ٤츻ǤȹͤƤޤ
ǡΩˤĤƥݥƥʲ¥褦ʥ͡ߥ󥰤ͤ³ƤޤäȤ褤ƾΤ뤫⤷ޤ󤬡Ȥꤢָ̱츻ֲ츻פȡؼԸ츻õ츻פȸƤ֤ȤˤƤޤ
ռϢϡhellog ʤ heldio/helwaˤǤƤǤϤޤ󡥰ʲ򤴻Ȥ˿ͤƤФȻפޤ

hellog #2174. ָ̱츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2015-04-10-1])
helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #9۸츻äƲ2023/06/30)
hellog #5180. ֳؼԸ츻פȡָ̱츻פ餿õ츻פȡֲ츻 --- ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) κǿ ([2023-07-03-1])
#5378. Ūָ̱츻 ([2024-01-17-1])
#3539. tip ʿդˤθ츻 ([2019-01-04-1])
#4942. sirloin ָ̱츻 --- sir ξιͿ줿 ([2022-11-07-1])

ξ嵭̾˥󥹥ԥ졼ֶ츻פȡּ츻פʻȤˤϰʤʤȻפϤƤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-12-1] [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-08-17 Sat

#5591. 824ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ5ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פΤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][lexicology][vocabulary][oe][latin][voicy][heldio]


asacul_20240427.png



1ָ824ڡ17:30--19:00ī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ5ȤʤֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פ򳫹֤ޤ
7274ǤϡָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספꤷơűѸθáȸ줫ζϾʱƶܤޤǤϸűѸ줬٤ι⤤ޥϤθäݤäƤꡤ¤ǽϤ˭ǤäȤ⤷ޤ
űѸˤ줫μѸϳΤˤޤΥȼѸ¸ߤˤĤƤϤǤ˿ޤ¾ˤƥťΥɸ줫μѸ줬ơɴʰʾˤεϤǸűѸäƤƤΤǤɴۤɤοǤϸΤΤʤǤϤۤΩʤΤΤǤθ˭٤ʸüѤˤǰƬˤСűѸѸ˾פʰ֤Ťˤ뤳ȤǤǤ礦
ιֺ¤ǤϡűѸʤ뤤ϤλˤˤƥθŪƶܤޤޤƥαƶŪŪʥ٥ˤȤɤޤ餺ʸŪʼˤޤǵڤȤˤ⿨ޤ
ܥ꡼ֺ¤ϳƲΩ⤤Τǡ5󤫤滲äʤɤǤޤäʤ֤ǤޤɶǤ̻äΤۤ饤󻲲äǽǤθ1֤Ρָƨۿפ⤴ѤǤޤʳäƤä
ʤܥ꡼ֺ¤ϡָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפꤷƤȤꡤȤ櫓رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤ˻ȤޤƱŵ򤪻ϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-11-1]

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2024-08-09 Fri

#5583. -ster ϤϤȤȤϽɽ魯äȹͤ롩 --- Fransson ȿ [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][by-name][occupational_term][suffix][etymology][word_formation][agentive_suffix][gender]

ϢεɽθᤰҲ𤷤Ƥ롥Ρ#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ ([2024-08-07-1])ӺΡ#5582. -ster Ͻɽ魯ǤϤʤä --- Jespersen ([2024-08-08-1]) ˰³ϽѸ (by-name) Ĵ Fransson ˤҲ𤷤Fransson ϡ-ster ȤȽɽ魯äȤȿ Jespersen ФäƺȿƤ롥
Fransson ԤʤäΤϼ̤ꡥޤĴоݤȤʤ塦̾ -ester η̡ӤӤ͡Τ77̾242̾Ƚ⤽̾˸˽ΨƱǤϤʤ̾˸ǽ⤺ä㤯ºݤ˽12:1κ򼨤Ȥˡ⤷̾ؤνи˽ƱǤäȲꤹȡ-ester λ79%ޤǤȤʤꡤ21%ˤȤɤޤ롥Ĥޤꡤ -ester Ͻ礭ФäƤȤߤʤ롥
ϰ躹⤢褦Saxon Ǥ -ester ϤȤ櫓ФäƤ뤬Anglia Ǥ⾯ʤʤǤ⡤ΤȤƤʤ餷ƤߤС-ester ȽӤĤƤȤȤϸǤ롥Fransson ϤޤǵȤǡٻŪʷ˻롥βսѤ褦 (44)

With regard to the nature of the suffix -ester some elucidation can be obtained from the significations of the present surnames, especially of those that occur most frequently. The most common of them are the following (ranged after frequency; the figure denotes the number of persons that have been found bearing the surname): Bakestere 63, Litester 60, Webbester 47, Brewstere 33, Huckestere 10, Heustere 9, Blextere 8, Kembestere 7, Deyster 7, Sheppestere 7, Bleykestere 6, Thakestere 5, Combestere 5, Dreyster 5. All the trades denoted by these names --- with the only exception of Thakestere --- are of such a character that they can very well be supposed to have originally been carried out only (or almost only) by women. I think, therefore, that we are entitled to conclude that the words in -ester were at first used only of women, and that the old and general theory holds true. This ending, however, was also applied to men in OE, but that this happened so often as it really did, may be due to the fact that women do not appear as frequently as men in the OE sources.


θ塤Fransson (45) ϡĴ̤줿ηϷŪʤΤǤϤʤǰ򲡤Ƥ롥

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-08-08 Thu

#5582. -ster Ͻɽ魯ǤϤʤä --- Jespersen [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][by-name][occupational_term][suffix][etymology][word_formation][agentive_suffix][gender]

ε#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ ([2024-08-07-1]) ˰³-ster εˤĤơȤȤϽɽ魯äȤФJespersen ϶ۤ򾧤¤10ڡˤ錄ȿʸ񤤤ƤΤ¿ˤ錄뤬Τ2ĤѤ롥

The transition of a special feminine ending to one used of men also is, so far as I can see, totally unexampled in all languages. Words denoting both sexes may in course of time be specialized so as to be used of one sex only, but not the other way. Can we imagine for instance, a word meaning originally a woman judging being adopted as an official name for a male judge? Yet, according to N.E.D., deemster or dempster, ME dēmestre, is 'in form fem. of demere, deemer.' Family names, too, would hardly be taken from names denoting women doing certain kinds of work: yet this is assumed for family names like Baxter, Brewster, Webster; their use as personal names is only natural under the supposition that they mean exactly the same as Baker, Brewer, Weaver or Web, i.e., some one whose business or occupation it is to bake, brew or weave. (420)


There is one thing about these formations which would make them very exceptional if the ordinary explanation were true: in all languages it seems to be the rule that in feminine derivatives of this kind, the feminine ending is added to some word which in itself means a male person, thus princess from prince, waitress from waiter, not waitress from the verb wait. But in the OE words -estre is not added to a masculine agent noun; we find, not hleaperestre, but hleapestre, not bæcerestre, but bæcestre, thus direct from the nominal or verbal root or stem. This fact is in exact accordance with the hypothesis that the words are just ordinary agent nouns, that is, primarily two-sex words. (422)


⤫ Jespersen ⤫ɤ餬ʤΤƤˤϡܺ٤ĴɬפȤʤ롥μ꤬Ū񤷤Τϡʸ̮ˤθĸλؼоݤȤäơθ˽ΰ̣ޤޤƤȸڤʤˤ롥ˤϤȤξΰ̣ޤޤƤꡤʸ̮ǤϤޤ޻ؼоݤäȤǤƤޤΤ
δ餤СʸΡֽפפؤƤ褤Ĥޤꡤʸ̮ˤθĸλؼоݤȤäơθΰ̣ޤޤƤȸڤʤȤΤϡˤϤȤξΰ̣ޤޤƤꡤʸ̮Ǥޤ޻ؼоݤäȤΤȤ⤷ʤ
¿λ򽸤ᡤλѤȡλؼоݤ˽ʬۤȤشطõȤäĴɬפºݤ Jespersen Ȥ⡤Τ褦ʼݤǻ󼨤ƤΤ̤­Ƥ褦˻פ롥

Jespersen, Otto. "A Supposed Feminine Ending." Linguistica. Copenhagen, 1933. 420--29.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-09-1]

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2024-08-07 Wed

#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][by-name][occupational_term][suffix][etymology][word_formation][agentive_suffix][productivity][gender]

webster, baxter ʤɤο̾䡤spinster, youngster ʤɤο̾˸ (agentive_suffix) ˤĤơʲεǼ夲Ƥ

#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1])
#3791. ԰ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1])
#5520. -ester Ѹο̾١ ([2024-06-07-1])

Ѹο̾˸ -ster ʬۤõȡ󥰥ڤʬۤ뤬󥰥ꥢˤǹ٤ǤȤϰʬۤȤ碌ơ⤽εǤ뤫Ȥ褬ĤƵäߤͭϤˤĤƤϡ嵭βǼ夲Ƥ̤ Fransson ˤаޤɤǤߤ褦 (42)

   It is true that the surnames in -ester occur in the whole of England, but with regard to their frequency there is a distinct difference. The case is that they chiefly belong to the Anglian counties; most instances have been found in Nf (over 100 inst.), Li, Y, La, and St, but many also in Wo and Ess. In the WS counties (Sx, Ha, So) these surnames occur very seldom; thus I have only found 3 inst. in So, 5 in Ha, and 11 in Sx.
   We now come to the difficult question whether the suffix -ester is a feminine ending or not. There has been no difference of opinion about this until recently, when Jespersen propounded an entirely new theory (Linguistica 420--429). According to the general view, -ester was originally a special feminine ending, which, however, was later applied to men as well as to women. This transition from fem. to masc. is usually explained through the supposition that the work that was at first done only by women, was later performed by men, too, and that the fem. denominations were transferred on men at the same time.


ʤƤפ̾ʱѸ˸Ԥ Jespersen ˤäȽ졤⤬줿ΤȤ켫Τ1930ǯäʤΤΤ褦ϻˤȤä繥ʪǤ롥ǤϡJespersen οȤϡ

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Jespersen, Otto. "A Supposed Feminine Ending." Linguistica. Copenhagen, 1933. 420--29.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-09-1] [2024-08-08-1]

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2024-07-28 Sun

#5571. īֺ¡ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤޤȤ [asacul][notice][lexicology][vocabulary][oe][kenning][beowulf][compounding][derivation][word_formation][celtic][contact][borrowing][etymology][kdee]

ε#5560. 727ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤ ([2024-07-17-1]) ǤΤ餻̤ꡤī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספ򳫹֤ޤⶵӥ饤ˤ¿ˤä꤬Ȥޤ
űѸȸѸθä٤ĤġȤ櫓űѸΥޥŪħܤȤʤäƤޤűѸŪطʤ򤵤ä塤űѸˤϼѸŪʤषǤȤ߹碌ʣ줬˭Ǥ뤳ȤĴޤȤ櫓ʣ (compounding) kenning ʱŪʣˤȸƤФ˭ɽ¿ޤȸȤθܿ˿줿塤#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼Ϻܤ줿 Beowulf 1ʸ夲űѸñθ츻1ĤҤȤġرѸ츻ŵ٤dzǧƤޤ
ʲեեåǹֺ¤Ƥ󤷤Ƥޤ

űѸθäõ 1 űѸλ 449ǯ󥰥ͤΥ֥ƥ 597ǯꥹȶƳ 8󥰤ο 1066ǯΥޥʸűѸν 2 űѸθ 3 97%ͭá3%Ѹ ѸδܸäȾűѸ쵯 ƥ줫μѸ450--600 3 űѸθ ʣ礬˭ Ƭϼ˰̣ѲʻѲ kenning ʱŪʣ㡧ֳڡס ƬǹѤ 4 űѸؤΥȸαƶ ȸ줫ΰŪʼѸϾʤ ꥹȶ̤ưνѸ 㡧assʥСˡcrossʽ͡ˡcurseʼˡdunʰſΡ ̾ˤ礭ʱƶ㡧Cumberland, Exeter 5 Beowulf : Wyrd oft nere unfǣgne eorl, onne his ellen dah. ֱ̿ϤФлह٤̿ˤʤͦΤߤ ͦΩĻˡ wyrdʱ̿ˡĸθ캬 *wer-ʲ󤹡ʤˤ顤weird ȴط oftʤФСˡŪ often ȶ unfǣgneʻह٤̿ˤʤˡfey Ƭ un- ղ eorlߡˡϡֵ²סˡߡפò onneʡλˡ<>ʥˤѸ <th>֤ ellenͦˡѸѸȤʤ dahɤ/ˡűѸ "dugan" 顤doughty ȴϢ

5824γ֤ȤʤޤֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פꤷơűѸΥƥȤܿܤޤߤɤ¿ΤäԤƤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-10-04-1]

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2024-07-27 Sat

#5570. űѸư dugan agan γ [oe][preterite-present_verb][inflection][beowulf][voicy][heldio][etymology][hajimeteno_koeigo]

#5542. ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ Part 9 with Ͻؤ󡤤ޤˤ¼Ϻ ([2024-06-29-1]) ǤϡVoicy heldio ο͵꡼κǿȤʤ#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼ϺҲ𤷤ޤۿǤϡϤˤäƼ夲줿 Beowulf 1ʸȤʤޤ

Wyrd oft nereð/ unfǣgne eorl, þonne his ellen dēah. (ll. 572b--73)

"Fate often saves an undoomed earl, when his courage avails."

ֱ̿ϤФлह٤̿ˤʤͦΤߤͦΩĻˡ


ѤκǸθ dēah ϡ "to be good, to be strong, to avail" ̣ dugan Ȥư3ñηǤ̯ʷ֤Ǥ⤽ΤϤŪˤư (preterite-present_verb) ȸƤФüʷưǤcf. #66. ư ([2009-07-03-1]
Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (37) ꡤưγɽ򡤤⤦1ĤΤ褯֤ư āgan "to own, possess" ¤٤ƷǤޤ礦

Infin.  dugan 'avail'āgan 'own'
Pres.sing.1, 3.dēahāh
Pres.sing.2. āhst
Pres.pl. dugonāgon
Pres.subj. dyge, dugeāge
Pret.  dohteāhte
Pastpart.  āgen (only as adj.)


ư⡤θʣˤ򤿤ɤޤdugan ˤĤƤϡdoughty ͦʡͭǽʡˡdow ʡåȥ롤ޤˤϢȤƸäƤޤ

Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.

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2024-07-17 Wed

#5560. 727ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][lexicology][vocabulary][oe][voicy][heldio]


asacul_20240427.png



ǯ١ī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤Υڡdz֤Ƥޤ4563νմ򽪤7ϲƴ뤬Ϥޤޤ
4轵727ڡˤͼ 17:30--19:00 ˳֤ޤƤޤΤǡܺ٤򤴳ǧֺ·Ϥϥ֥åɷǡɶǤ̼֡뤤ϥꥢ륿ࡦ饤Ǥμ֤ǽǤޤߤ줿ϡָƨۿפȤơθ1ֺ֡¤İǤޤԹɤˡǤäʲ̤ꡤܥ꡼12ͽꤷƤޤƲ󡤳ƥΩϹ⤤ΤǡƴƤμ֤ǤäƤ⡤ޤäꤢޤ

1. Ѹ츻ŵڤ2024ǯ427
2. Ѹäˤ򳵴Ѥ2024ǯ518
3. ñȡ֥ˡ§ס2024ǯ68
4. αѸ˻ĤűѸκס2024ǯ727
5. Ѹ졤ƥȽв񤦡2024ǯ824
6. Ѹ졤󥰤θȸ2024ǯ928
7. Ѹ졤ե󥹸˿̤
8. Ѹ졤ȸή̤
9. Ѹ졤ƥ󡦥ꥷƴ̤
10. Ѹ졤ν̤ܿ
11. Ѹˤߤ븽ο̤
12. 㤤ޤ줿ñ̤

7ʹߤβƴ1󡤻ͼ 17:30--19:00 ˳֤ͽǤմ뤫³Ƥ륷꡼ǤϤޤƥ롤ƲȤΩι⤤ֺ¤ǤΤǡƴƤΤäǤäƤ⡤ޤäꤢޤ
մ3ι̣ǤΡ֥ȥפ򽪤ƴϤ褤ѸûˤζŪʵҤϤޤޤ4ϡָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספꤷơѸˤ볫ȤʤűѸ (Old English) λܤޤűѸȤϵ449--1100αѸؤޤäˤƤ⡤ȯʸʸˡˤƤ⡤ѸȤ϶äۤɰۤʤǤδߤȡ㤨иűѸθäϡ¿γ礬ޤӤˡȤʤäƤޤűѸȸѸθäϡƤ⵬Ϥ礭ۤʤΤǤ
Τ˸ä³ΤǤäη³ˤܤȤǤ4ֺ¤ɸϡűѸȸѸθäְ㤤ʤĤʤäƤȤ¤ǧ뤳ȤǤ
4ΤΤ餻ȳפϡ Voicy heldio Ǥ⤪äޤ#1140. 727ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספ֤ޤİ



꡼ǤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤ˻ȤޤƱŵ򤪻ϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ



ܥ꡼˴ؤ hellog βإ󥯤ĥäƤޤΤǡȤ

#5453. īֺ¤ο꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427Ϥޤޤ ([2024-04-01-1])
#5481. īֺ¤ο꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ1󤬽λޤ ([2024-04-29-1])
#5486. 518ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ2ֱѸäˤ򳵴ѤפΤ ([2024-05-04-1])
#5511. 68ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספΤ ([2024-05-29-1])
#5528. īֺ¤ο꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפνմ3󤬽λޤ ([2024-06-15-1])

մϡīֺ¤ΤʤǺǤ¿˼֤Ƥޤ4󤫤Ϥޤƴ⡤¿ΤäԤƤޤ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-04-1] [2024-07-28-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-07-10 Wed

#5553. ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤο --- ֤ΤۤإͥפǤҲ𤷤ޤ [notice][kdee][youtube][link][etymology][review][voicy][heldio][lexicography]


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ



Ʊνʼ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ򱿱ĤƤޤ轵塦18:00˺ǿ³ơ250ϤǤ
˥åפ줿ǿ#247. Ĥ1ǯֿ䤷ƤܸŪˤϱѸ츻ŵ٥ȡ߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˡǤ1ǯˤ錄䤷ŸƤܤθؤ٤ŵƾҲ𤷤Ȼפޤ礦Ԥ줿ФȤߥ󥰤Ǥ⤢ޤ



ưǤäƤ̤ꡤرѸ츻ŵ١뤤 KDEE (= The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Etymology) ϡҺǸγǰˤ뼭ŵǤꡤܤαѸϽǻ˾ζȤ⤤٤¸ߤǤƱҤΤϤˤꡤǯβơVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơƱŵԽ˷Ȥä˥󥿥ӥ塼Ƥޤ YouTube ưǿ줿ƤοȤʤäƤޤΤǡҹ碌ƤİС

#828. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (1)
#834. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (2)
#842. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (3)

Ϣơ2023ǯ81ָnote֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ȳǰ΢áꤹˤ뵭ƤޤΤǡ⤪ɤߤ
ƱŵˤĤƤϡhellog heldio ǴϢ륳ƥĤ¿ƤޤΥ󥯽Ȥơʲ2Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礦

#5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315ǡ ([2024-03-15-1])
#5522. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ69ǡ ([2024-06-09-1])

YouTube ưǰ夵ȯ츻ϡֶޤǡ׻ȤͥǤ͡ȤŨʥåե졼ȤʤäƤޤ͡ȤäƤȻפޤ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-07-04 Thu

#5547. father θˤĤƺƤ [phonetics][grimms_law][verners_law][analogy][etymology][relationship_noun][analogy][hybrid][contamination][sound_change][consonant][fricativisation]

father ȤñϡӸؤǤ褯礤ˤɽʤȤʤΤ餳ʤΤθ򲻱ŪȤʤȤʤ񤷤ߤθϲѲη̤ʤΤ뤤η̤ʤΤ餯ξʣ򤸤äϥ֥åɤʤΤܸۤɡ츻񤷤ΤϤʤ
Ǥ Fertig (78) contamination Ѥ褦1Ĥˤʤ

The d > ð change in English father (<OE fæder is a popular example of contamination). (The parallel case of mother is cited less often in this context, for reasons that are not entirely clear to me.) The claim is that, by regular sound change, this word should have -d- rather than -ð- both in Old English (as it apparently did) and in Modern English (as is clearly does not). The -ð- in Modern English is thus attributed to contaminating from the semantically related word brother, which has had -ð- throughout the history of English . . . .


father 2ҲȤΤϡѸ˾Ǥ񤷤1ĤȤäƤ褤ʤ father father ʤΤϤޤФƤʤʲϢ뵭򻲾ȡ

#480. father ȥͥˡ§ ([2010-08-20-1])
#481. father ˵ä໤ ([2010-08-21-1])
#698. father, mother, brother, sister, daughter λ (1) ([2011-03-26-1])
#699. father, mother, brother, sister, daughter λ (2) ([2011-03-27-1])
#703. űѸο²̾ζɽ ([2011-03-31-1])
#2204. d th θءѲ ([2015-05-10-1])
#4230. ʤ father, mother, brother Ǥ -th- Τ sister ˤϤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-25-1])

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-07-02 Tue

#5545. űѸ괧졦ζ [oe][article][determiner][interrogative_pronoun][case][instrumental][inflection][etymology][comparative_linguistics][germanic]

ε#5544. űѸζʤεǽ3 ([2024-07-01-1]) ˰³ (instrumental) ˤĤơűѸ괧ʤ뤤Ϸ (definite article or determiner) ζɽ#154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1]) Ǽˤȡþȳ, þon Ȥäȼη֤ȤʷäȤ狼롥Ʊͤ˵̾˻ (interrogative_pronoun) ˤĤƤ⡤ζɽ#51. 5W1Hפʤ̡6Hס ([2009-06-18-1]) ˼ˤ hwȳ Ȥʷ롥
Lass (144) ˤȡζʷӸŪˤ⡤ľϤǤŤ̤Τ񤷤Ȥʸ츻ͤȤˤ褦դλľ Lass ˸äƤ餪

There are remains of what is usually called an 'instrumental' in the masculine and neuter sg; this term as Campbell remarks 'is traditional, but reflects neither their origin nor their prevailing use' (1959: §708n). The two forms are þon, þȳ, neither of which is historically transparent. In use they are most frequent in comparatives, e.g. þȳ mā 'the more' (cf. ModE the more, the merrier), and as alternatives to the dative in expressions like þȳ gēare '(in) this year'. There is probably some relation to the 'instrumental' interrogative hwȳ 'why?', which in sense is a real one (= 'through/by what?'), but the /y:/ is a problem; hwȳ has an alternative form hwī, which is 'legitimate' in that it can be traced back to the interrogative base */kw-/ + deictic */ei/.


Ӹؤμ˳ݤäƤ⡤٤Ƥθ츻ɤ餫ˤ뤳ȤϻζȤΤ褦

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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2024-06-22 Sat

#5535. Ƭ en- in- ɤ Chancery English Ǥߤ [prefix][latin][french][loan_word][chancery_standard][etymology][spelling]

Ѹˤ ensure/insureencase/incase, entitle/intitle, embed/imbed, enclose/inclose, enwrap/inwrap ʤɡƬ en- in- ɤڥ롥̣ˡۤʤ⤢С־αƺ򼨤⤢뤷ñʤ۷ֻǤ⤢롥⤽ΤϤƬεϰĤʤΤƥ in- ͳ褹ե󥹸η֤ en- ʤΤǤ롥
2Ĥΰ۷֤ϡŪˤϡʾɤƤ褦ܲ䤬ܤƤ15 Chancery English Ǥϡɤ줬ߤ롥Fisher et al. (33) Ѥ롥

   Since prefixes were unaccented, they were subject to the same kinds of irregularities and inconsistencies as the inflectional endings. Adding to the confusion was the lack of standardization of often competing Latin- and French-derived prefixes such as in, im, en, and em.
   Many words with prefixes beginning in in/im in MnE were written with en/em prefixes in Chancery documents. One explanation for this is the continuing French influence; another is the drift towards e as the regular vowel in unaccented syllables, noted above. But the relative strength of each explanation is difficult to determine. In any case, en prefixes where MnE requires in are sometimes preferred in Chancery writing. There are, for example, 33 instances of entent(e) as opposed to one of intent, and that in an ecclesiastical petition (153.8) where the Latin in would be expected. Likewise we have endenture and its plurals 25 times and indenture/indentures only six times, five of them in non-Chancery items (238 and 239). Informed is found once (as a past participle, 146.9), while variants of the infinitive enforme are the clear preference, with 27 listings. Other cases where the en form is preferred include enheritaunce and endented. Prefixes beginning with im in MdE show the same kind of variation, with preferences for empechment and enprisoned.


Chancery English ϸɸֻ˨򼨤ɾ뤳Ȥ¿Τ褦ˤޤɤ礭 en-/in- ĸä˸¤äƤߤ¾ΰ̤θäˤĤƤϤ褽ƱѸˤˤֻɸಽƻΤĹäΤǤ롥夲ƬȴϢơʲε׻ȡ

#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])
#4241. ʤƬ en ĤưˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-12-06-1])
#3510. Ƭ en- ưʻž֡ ([2018-12-06-1])

Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-06-27-1] [2024-06-23-1]

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2024-06-17 Mon

#5530. -(i)tude [word_formation][etymology][latin][french][suffix][noun][adjective][morphology][kdee]



heldio #1111. latitude longitudeɤäɤä --- ȥФΥޥۿlatitude ʰ١ˤ longitude ʷ١ˤζ̤դˤȡǤܸΡְ١פȡַ١פäƶ̤ˤȤʤɤˤǤϿΰŵˡꥹʡ󤫤󤻤ƤƤΤǡ𤷤ƤɬɤǤ롥
ξ˸ܤرѸ츻ŵʻ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡҡ1997ǯˤˤȡ -tude θ츻ϼ̤ꡥ

-tude suf. ƥƻ졦ʬˤĤ֤ɽ魯̾¤롨 -i- ȼä -itude Ȥʤ롧gratittude, solitude. F -tude // L -tūdin-, -tūdō


ıñϡŪˤϥե󥹸ͳǡ뤤ϥե󥹸Ūʷ֤ȤƼޤƤ롥Ū褯ܤˤΤȤƤ altitude ʹ١ˡamplitude ʹˡaptitude Ŭˡattitude ١ˡcertitude ʳοˤʤɤ󤲤롥fortitude Զˡgratitude ʴաˡineptitude Ŭˡmagnitude 礭ˡmultitude ¿ˡservitude °ˡsolicitude ʵˡsolitude ʸȡˤʤɤ󤲤롥Ϣ첻ޤ -itude Ȥʤꡤθ2פ뤿ᡤñΤ⤤ĹʤꡤդʷϵȤˤʤ롥η줷ϡե󥹸ΤȤϥƥΤȤäƤ褤
OED -tude SUFFIX ΰ̣ˡ⸫Ƥ

Occurring in many words derived from Latin either directly, as altitude, hebetude, latitude, longitude, magnitude, or through French, as amplitude, aptitude, attitude, consuetude, fortitude, habitude, plenitude, solitude, etc., or formed (in French or English) on Latin analogies, as debilitude, decrepitude, exactitude, or occasionally irregularly, as dispiritude, torpitude.


줾ΡʤäûӤơ-(i)tude δդ촶̣臘Τ⤪⤷⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-06-15 Sat

#5528. īֺ¤ο꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפνմ3󤬽λޤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][girmms_law]

168ڡ17:30--19:00 ˡī㡼󥿡ɶΥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספ򳫹֤ޤ
4112Υ꡼ȤƳϤޤǽΥ3ʬˤ̵˺ѤȤˤʤޤνմˤϡ40̾Ķ뿽ߤ򤤤ޤʻιֺ¤ȤƤ¿ˡ̤뤤ϥ饤ǽʤƤưǻİä꤬Ȥޤ󻲲üԤ궽̣䥳Ȥ¿󤻤Ƥλֺݤû֤˲ǤϤäʤۤɤʤΤǤΤ褦ѶŪ˴ؤäƤ򤷤פޤ7βƴꤤפޤ
12Υ꡼ͽǧƤޤ

1. Ѹ츻ŵڤ2024ǯ427
2. Ѹäˤ򳵴Ѥ2024ǯ518
3. ñȡ֥ˡ§ס2024ǯ68
4. αѸ˻ĤűѸκס2024ǯ727
5. Ѹ졤ƥȽв񤦡2024ǯ824
6. Ѹ졤󥰤θȸ2024ǯ928
7. Ѹ졤ե󥹸˿̤
8. Ѹ졤ȸή̤
9. Ѹ졤ƥ󡦥ꥷƴ̤
10. Ѹ졤ν̤ܿ
11. Ѹˤߤ븽ο̤
12. 㤤ޤ줿ñ̤

ǽ3ϡ꡼ΤΤʤǤϡѸ츻ŵȱѸûˤƳεȤʤޤβƴ3456ˤϡ褤ѸΤޤ˸űѸθܿܤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤޥɤ°Ѹ줬˥ޥθäݤ³ΦΰҿǤƥƤ˥󥰤οȼǤťΥɸαƶäưαѸûˤ볫Ǥ
7ʹߤ1ͼ 17:30--19:00 ˳֤ƤͽǤǤˤߤǽˤʤäƤޤΤǡܺ٤򤴳ǧСմ뤫³Ƥ륷꡼ǤϤޤƥ롤ƲȤΩι⤤ֺ¤ǤΤǡƴƤΤäǤäƤ⡤ޤäꤢޤ


asacul_20240427.png



Υ꡼ֺ¤ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥͽ˻񤹤륳ƥĤϤƤޤ줫⤪ϤƤͽǤʤ긵˻߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵʸҡ1997ǯˤ֤Ƥȡޤޤƥ󥰤˼֤Ǥֺ¤ȤʤäƤޤ#5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315ǡ ([2024-03-15-1])ˤȡ#5522. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ69ǡ ([2024-06-09-1]) ⤴Ȥ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ


Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-07-17-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-06-09 Sun

#5522. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ69 [link][etymology][review][voicy][heldio][helwa][lexicography][kdee][notice][khelf][hellog][asacul][notice]


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ



߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵʸҡ1997ǯˤο䤷Ϥ11ۤɤФޤKDEE (= The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Etymology) άΤܼŵܤαѸ˸ȤäƤ褤⤷¸ߤǤܥ֥Ǥ kdee ΥΤĤˤ͡˼夲Ƥޤ
KDEE 䤷ˤȤäơȤƤ򤷤Τ餻ޤ褿619˿ǤԤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤǤҤΥȤΥڡβ10,000ߡʡǡˤǸǤ;夬ꤷƤޤ̤λˤΤϳʹƤޤǤ⡤μŵڤƤˡοǴԤϤ˴ޤ٤ȻפޤޤǤʤϡꤵ졤ѸˤѸäγؤӤ˺¤˳ѤƤС
ơλΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷ϡ3ۤΤȤǤcf. #5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315ǡ ([2024-03-15-1])ˡ3δ֤ˤ䤷³ƤޤΤǡ³Ȥƻ𤷤Ȼפޤ

2024ǯ315helwa Υ饤󥪥ղˤơ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤̡ɤࡿ״2󤬳Ť롥
2024ǯ427ī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡγ֤Ȥ롥1ǯ12ιֺ¤˳ͽꡥϡֱѸ츻ŵڤסܥ꡼ֺ¤Ǥ KDEE ʳαѸ츻ŵ⻲Ȥ뤬ᥤ KDEEʤ2018ǯˤرѸ츻ŵ٤ܤĤīDZѸ츻ֺ¤򳫤Ȥcf. #3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1]
2024ǯ514heldio/helwa ꥹʡ lacolaco ˤ note ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡˤơA ιܤƧˤ줿ݤ𤵤ζȡ
2024ǯ518īΥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ2ֱѸäˤ򳵴Ѥפ֤롥
2024ǯ66heldio ˤ#1101. رѸ츻ŵɤߥ꡼ with ƣ蘆ڵۿ롥
2024ǯ68īΥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספ֤롥

⡤ɤΤ褦ʷǤ졤 KDEE 䤷ˤäС

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-06-08 Sat

#5521. simpleton, singleton -ton [suffix][onomastics][personal_name][name_project][by-name][toponymy][etymology][helkatsu][analogy][link][rifaraji]

#5461. 4ΡhelפȤˤʤäƤޤ ([2024-04-09-1]) #5484. heldio/helwa ꥹʡγΡhelפ򤴾Ҳ ([2024-05-02-1]) ʤɤǤҲ𤷤ưŪhelԤ1 lacolaco 󤬡note ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡȤŸƤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯɤ褦ȤʥץȤǡܲAι򽪤Bιؤ­ƧƤޤäˤ⤷츻ñ줬ԥååפƤꡤȤƤٶˤʤޤ
lacolaco ϡץޡܶȤȤƤꡤSpotify/Apple Podcast/YouTube ˤ֥ե饸 --- ե󥰤Ȥ饸ȤȤŪۿƤޤ伫ȤϸΤ˾ץ٤Υޥ奢ץޡˤޤ󤬡֥ե󥰡פ϶̣򤽤Ǥ
ե饸ǿ64ۿ#25 GoF③ Singleton ѥˤ2ĤβͤäƤǤץΥǥѥȤƤΡSingletonפȤʤäƤޤۿ9:00դǡ⤽ singleton Ȥñϲ̣ΤȤ櫓 -ton ʬϲʤΤȤ䤤ȯƤޤ



رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤϸФΩäƤʤäΤǡ¾μŵäƤߤޤǤ OED singleton NOUN2 ιܤߤƤߤޤ礦

1. Cards. In whist or bridge: The only card of a suit in a hand. Also attributive.
   1876 If..the lead is a singleton..it may be right to put on the ace. (A. Campbell-Walker, Correct Card Gloss. p. vi)


Ф1876ǯǡȥפΡ1绥פȤʤäƤޤθ֤ҤȤΡס1ĤΤΡסñ1ĤιǤ⤿ʤˡפʤɤθƤޤ츻ˤϼΤ褦ˤޤ

single adj. + -ton (in surnames with that ending). Compare simpleton n.


θ -ton ˤĤƤϡOED ϡˤߤ -ton ȸƤ褦Ǥ simpleton 򻲾ȤȤޤΤ single simple ϵŪˤƱ캬̤ƥѸǤϢϤꤽǤsimpleton θ츻ߤƤߤޤ礦

Probably < simple adj. + -ton (in surnames with that ending), probably originally as a (humorous) surname for a generic character (compare quot. 1639 and note at sense 1).


̾դ -ton žѤȤݤΤ褦Ǥ -ton ϡűѸ tūn ʰϤ줿ϡˤͳ褷 town Ϣʤޤ (exx. Hampton, Newton, Padington, Princeton, Wellington) ʤߤˡ̾ͳ褹ϰ̤ˤߤΤǤ
simpleton ν1639ǯȤʤäƤꡤޤ̤ʿʪ򤫤餫äƸƤ֥˥å͡ȤƻȤƤޤ

1. An unintelligent, ignorant, or gullible person; a fool.
   In quot. 1639 as a humorous surname for a character who gathers medicinal herbs and is also characterized as stupid, and so with punning reference to simple n. B.II.4a.

      1639 Now Good-man Simpleton... I see you are troubled with the Simples, you had not need to goe a simpling every yeare as you doe, God knowes you have so little wit already. (J. Taylor, Divers Crabtree Lectures 10)


ʾޤȤСsimpleton Ȥ¤ñޤ̤ΡñפȤäΥǤ礦ͷӤȤ⤤٤θ simple ƱϢ single ˤŪŬѤ졤singleton Ȥ줬Ǥäޤ
̾ȴϢ town, -ton ˤĤƤϡ#1013. 󥰥ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#1395. up and down ([2013-02-20-1])#5304. ̾ Grimston ϸťΥɸȸűѸκǤϤʤ ([2023-11-04-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ʤϤhelԤǤ~ߤ󤵤⡤ե饸 singlton 츻ˤĤơ note ȿƤޤ

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2024-06-07 Fri

#5520. -ester Ѹο̾١ [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][by-name][occupational_term][suffix][etymology][word_formation][agentive_suffix][latin][productivity]

 ɸι԰ټ (agentive_suffix) ˤĤơ#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1]) #3791. ԰ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ-ster ϤȤȽι԰ټäȤ뤬¤ϤˤĤƤ⤢ꡤޤߤηǤǤ (Fransson 42--45)
 Ѹο̾١ϤĴ Fransson ⤳ηˤĤƵƤ롥γ˿ˤϡޤϵҤפǤȤơFransson ϥ󥰥ɳϤ -ester 42Ĥ򽸤᤿󤹤Ȱʲ̤ (41)

Bakestere, Blacchester, Blakestere, Bleykestere, Blextere, Bredmongestere, Brewstere, Kallemakestere, Capiestere, Cardestere, Kembestere, Combestere, Corklittster, Cuppestere, Deyster, Dreyster, Fullester, Girdelester, Heustere, Huckestere, Litester, Lokyestere, Madster, Maltestere, Mongestere, Quernestere, Ridelestere, Ropestere, Scherestere, Semester, Sewstere, Sheppestere, Sopestere, Tannestere, Thakestere, Touestre, Upholdestere, Wadester, Webbester, Whelster, Wyggester, Wollestere


֤Ϥ줫ʤΤʬۤϰˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ̾μ礬ΨۤʤäƤȤ𤬤褦ñʤ츻äˤȤɤޤ餺ȤȤҲŪʼΥȥԥåؤŸƤץץ󤷤ƤߤˤϤޤʤ褦դʤФȼȤ򤤤Ĥġ

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-07-1] [2024-06-28-1]

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2024-05-29 Wed

#5511. 68ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספΤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][lexicology][vocabulary][grimms_law][verners_law][consonant][stress][phonetics][loan_word][french][latin][voicy][heldio]

ǯ٤ꡤī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤Υڡdz֤Ƥޤ
ޤǤ1ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427ڡˤˡ2ֱѸäˤ򳵴Ѥפ58ڡˤ˳֤ޤ줾äۤ¿ˤäȤʤޤؿ򤪴󤻤ؤ򤷤פޤ
3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספ轵68ڡˤ 17:30--1900 ˳֤ޤ꡼̤ơ̡饤ˤϥ֥åɷǤγ֤Ȥʤꡤֵ1֤Ρָƨۿץӥ⤴ѲǽǤ꡼ֺ¤ǤϤޤƲϤΩƤޤפɬפʬ䤤ޤΤǡ꡼椫λäǤꤢޤ󡥤ؿΤϡꤪߤ


asacul_20240427.png



2󤫤ƤΥȥ򽪤3ϡ褤ѸûˤγäƤޤΥɤˡ§ (grimms_law) Ǥ̾ʲ§ (sound law) 򤹤뤳ȤǡѸûˤΤ̥Ū¦̤˵ŤǤ礦ˡ§αѸû˾ΰյϡפΤۤĹǿǤѸóؽΩĤȤϤ󡤰²¾θäؤδؿͯƤȻפޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯϤȤ츻ŵ䡤̤αѸ켭ŵޤᡤλȤɤμ¤ѤäƤϤǤ
ֺ¤Ǥϥˡ§δؤ¿θ츻ŵǰҤɤ߲򤭤ʤ顤ŪƱˡ§򿼤ƤͽǤɤñ줬夲뤫ͽۤĤĹֺ¤פǤޤȡޤޤڤʤϤǤرѸ츻ŵ٤򤪻ϡΡָ츻زפ 3.4.1. Grimm ˡ§ 3.4.2. Verner ˡ§ ɤͽƤȤᤷޤ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ



ͤޤǤˡܥ꡼˴ؤ hellog βؤΥ󥯤ʲĥäƤޤ3ֺ¤⡤¿γΤäԤƤޤ

#5453. īֺ¤ο꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427Ϥޤޤ ([2024-04-01-1])
#5481. īֺ¤ο꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ1󤬽λޤ ([2024-04-29-1])
#5486. 518ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ2ֱѸäˤ򳵴ѤפΤ ([2024-05-04-1])

ʰʲ嵭2024/05/30(Thu)



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-09-26-1] [2024-07-17-1]

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2024-05-22 Wed

#5504. -ive OED ɤ [etymology][suffix][french][oed][loan_word][oed][adjective][word_formation][noun][conversion][productivity]

#2032. ƻ -ive ([2014-11-19-1]) Ǽ夲ƻʤӤŪ̾ˤ (suffix) ˺ƤܤOED -ive (SUFFIX) "Meaning & use" 򤸤äɤǤߤ褦

Forming adjectives (and nouns). Formerly also -if, -ife; < French -if, feminine -ive (= Italian, Spanish -ivo):--- Latin īv-us, a suffix added to the participial stem of verbs, as in act-īvus active, pass-īvus passive, nātīv-us of inborn kind; sometimes to the present stem, as cad-īvus falling, and to nouns as tempest-īvus seasonable. Few of these words came down in Old French, e.g. naïf, naïve:--- Latin nātīv-um; but the suffix is largely used in the modern Romanic languages, and in English, to adapt Latin words in -īvus, or form words on Latin analogies, with the sense 'having a tendency to, having the nature, character, or quality of, given to (some action)'. The meaning differs from that of participial adjectives in -ing, -ant, -ent, in implying a permanent or habitual quality or tendency: cf. acting adj., active adj., attracting adj., attractive adj., coherent adj., cohesive adj., consequent adj., consecutive adj. From their derivation, the great majority of these end in -sive and -tive, and of these about one half in -ative suffix, which tends consequently to become a living suffix, as in talk-ative, etc. A few are formed immediately on the verb stem, esp. where this ends in s (c) or t, thus easily passing muster among those formed on the participial stem; such are amusive, coercive, conducive, crescive, forcive, piercive, adaptive, adoptive, denotive, humective; a few are from nouns, as massive. In costive, the -ive is not a suffix.

Already in Latin many of these adjectives were used substantively; this precedent is freely followed in the modern languages and in English: e.g. adjective, captive, derivative, expletive, explosive, fugitive, indicative, incentive, invective, locomotive, missive, native, nominative, prerogative, sedative, subjunctive.
In some words the final consonant of Old French -if, from -īvus, was lost in Middle English, leaving in modern English -y suffix1: e.g. hasty, jolly, tardy.

Adverbs from adjectives in -ive are formed in -ively; abstract nouns in -iveness and -ivity suffix.


OED βɤƤȯȤƤϡ

(1) -ive ³Τϡƥưʬ촴Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿¾θ촴¾ʻ⤢롥
(2) ƥǺ줿 -ive Ǹťե󥹸˼Ѥ줿ΤϾʤޥ󥹽Ѹˤ -ive ¿ϡĤƤ -ivus ƥñ췲ǥȤ¤Ǥǽ⤤
(3) ʬͳηƻܼȤϰۤʤꡤ-ive ϹŪŪʰ̣ɽ魯
(4) -sive, -tive η֤Ȥʤ뤳ȤŪ¿Ԥ˴Ť -ative Ϥ켫ΤܼȤƤ롥
(5) -ive ϷƻܼǤ˥ƥǤ̾ؤʻžλ㤬¿ä
(6) -ive λҲæͳηƻ -y ȹήñ⤢ä

嵭βθ塤-ive ʣ줬951󤲤Ƥ롥οǤοʤΤOED Ū˵󤲤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤɹΰѤȤߤ٤-ive 򥹥Ȥ뤿ˤϡޤϿʬʤ̤ǤϤʤ

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