
928ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷʸƨۿ
ߡī㡼֥
2ָ928ڡ17:30--19:00ī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ6ȤʤֱѸ졤θȸפ֤ޤ
8245ǤϡֱѸ졤ƥȽвפꤷơűѸʤ뤤ϤλˤˤƥθŪƶܤޤ8Ⱦ11ȾˤƤΥ˾ơťΥɸ (old_norse) ȸűѸθܿˤĤƲ⤷ޤ
ȤϾ嵭λ˳ưʥӥпȤγ±ؤޤϥ֥ƥˤ⽱褷䤬ƥ꽻褦ˤʤޤη̡ťΥɸȤȸűѸäͤȤδ֤Ǹܿޤ
ťΥɸ줫μѸϡѸ900ۤɻĤäƤޤпϤۤ礭櫓ǤϤޤܸ䵡ǽʤɹ٤ǻѤ줬¿ޤޤƤΤܤ٤ħǤֺ¤Ǥ϶ŪʸťΥɸ줫μѸ夲θ츻ɤ߲Ƥޤ
ťΥɸȱѸܿǻ̩ʤΤǤξ줬ޥ²°ƤꡤᤤطˤäȤ䡤ξ̱²μҲŪʸήοȿǤƤȹͤޤγư̤ťΥɸȤܿϡѸθäˡʤƼ¤ʸˡˤ¿ʱƶͿޤѸλѤǡŪʸܿνϴDzǤޤ
ܥֺ¤ϳƲΩ⤤Τǡ6滲äǤޤäʤ֤ǤޤɶǤ̻äΤۤ饤äǽǤθ1֤Ρָƨۿפ⤴ѤǤޤʳäƤäߤɤ
ʤܥֺ¤ϡָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפꤷƤȤꡤȤ櫓رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤ˻ȤޤƱŵϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ

ʰʲ嵭2024/09/21(Sat)
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
818ˤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥκǿϡ#259. tipʥ쥹ȥʤɤǤΥåסˤθ츻 To Insure Promptnessʡ֤ΤݾڡסˤƬʸʤɤβָ̱츻뤬...Ǥͥˤ礭ָդθ츻ڤƤϤʤͳפʸ礬ƤޤʢˤΤǤˡ
ۿǡ츻ͥϡֶޤǡ͵Ȥ̾Фޤ褽θ츻ֳؼԸ츻סθ츻ָ̱츻פǤ礦
ָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ϤФС¯פȤƤФ졤ܤʸ츻ؤؤǤ㤯뷹ޤ¤Ͽʹ֤θ¤ϤϤƤ뵮ŤʻʤΤǤǤϸְ㤤ʤɤƱ餤θŪͤޤ
ϡ2Ω츻ͿƤθƾΡָ̱츻פȡֳؼԸ츻פˡɤޤҿξ岼طĤޤȤǤªۤʤޤơºФ٤츻ǤȹͤƤޤ
ǡΩˤĤƥݥƥʲ¥褦ʥ͡ߥͤ³ƤޤäȤ褤ƾΤ뤫⤷ޤȤꤢָ̱츻ֲ츻פȡؼԸ츻õ츻פȸƤ֤ȤˤƤޤ
ռϢϡhellog ʤ heldio/helwaˤǤƤǤϤޤʲȤ˿ͤƤФȻפޤ
hellog #2174. ָ̱츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2015-04-10-1])
helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #9۸츻äƲ2023/06/30)
hellog #5180. ֳؼԸ츻פȡָ̱츻פ餿õ츻פȡֲ츻 --- ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) κǿ ([2023-07-03-1])
#5378. Ūָ̱츻 ([2024-01-17-1])
#3539. tip ʿդˤθ츻 ([2019-01-04-1])
#4942. sirloin ָ̱츻 --- sir ξιͿ줿 ([2022-11-07-1])
ξ嵭̾˥ԥ졼ֶ츻פȡּ츻פʻȤˤϰʤʤȻפϤƤޤ

1ָ824ڡ17:30--19:00ī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ5ȤʤֱѸ졤ƥȽвפ֤ޤ
7274ǤϡָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספꤷơűѸθáȸ줫ζϾʱƶܤޤǤϸűѸ줬٤ι⤤ޥϤθäݤäƤꡤ¤ǽϤ˭ǤäȤ⤷ޤ
űѸˤ줫μѸϳΤˤޤΥȼѸ¸ߤˤĤƤϤǤ˿ޤ¾ˤƥťΥɸ줫μѸ줬ơɴʰʾˤεϤǸűѸäƤƤΤǤɴۤɤοǤϸΤΤʤǤϤۤΩʤΤΤǤθ˭٤ʸüѤˤǰƬˤСűѸѸ˾פʰ֤Ťˤ뤳ȤǤǤ礦
ιֺ¤ǤϡűѸʤ뤤ϤλˤˤƥθŪƶܤޤޤƥαƶŪŪʥ٥ˤȤɤޤ餺ʸŪʼˤޤǵڤȤˤޤ
ܥֺ¤ϳƲΩ⤤Τǡ5滲äʤɤǤޤäʤ֤ǤޤɶǤ̻äΤۤ饤äǽǤθ1֤Ρָƨۿפ⤴ѤǤޤʳäƤä
ʤܥֺ¤ϡָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפꤷƤȤꡤȤ櫓رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤ˻ȤޤƱŵϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ϢεɽθᤰҲ𤷤Ƥ롥Ρ#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ ([2024-08-07-1])ӺΡ#5582. -ster Ͻɽ魯ǤϤʤä --- Jespersen ([2024-08-08-1]) ˰³ϽѸ (by-name) Ĵ Fransson ˤҲ𤷤Fransson ϡ-ster ȤȽɽ魯äȤȿ Jespersen ФäƺȿƤ롥
Fransson ԤʤäΤϼ̤ꡥޤĴоݤȤʤ塦̾ -ester η̡ӤӤ͡Τ77̾242̾Ƚ⤽̾˸˽ΨƱǤϤʤ̾˸ǽ⤺ä㤯ºݤ˽12:1κȤˡ⤷̾ؤνи˽ƱǤäȲꤹȡ-ester λ79%ޤǤȤʤꡤ21%ˤȤɤޤ롥Ĥޤꡤ -ester Ͻ礭ФäƤȤߤʤ롥
ϰ躹⤢褦Saxon Ǥ -ester ϤȤ櫓ФäƤ뤬Anglia Ǥ⾯ʤʤǤ⡤ΤȤƤʤ餷ƤߤС-ester ȽӤĤƤȤȤϸǤ롥Fransson ϤޤǵȤǡٻŪʷ˻롥βսѤ褦 (44)
With regard to the nature of the suffix -ester some elucidation can be obtained from the significations of the present surnames, especially of those that occur most frequently. The most common of them are the following (ranged after frequency; the figure denotes the number of persons that have been found bearing the surname): Bakestere 63, Litester 60, Webbester 47, Brewstere 33, Huckestere 10, Heustere 9, Blextere 8, Kembestere 7, Deyster 7, Sheppestere 7, Bleykestere 6, Thakestere 5, Combestere 5, Dreyster 5. All the trades denoted by these names --- with the only exception of Thakestere --- are of such a character that they can very well be supposed to have originally been carried out only (or almost only) by women. I think, therefore, that we are entitled to conclude that the words in -ester were at first used only of women, and that the old and general theory holds true. This ending, however, was also applied to men in OE, but that this happened so often as it really did, may be due to the fact that women do not appear as frequently as men in the OE sources.
θ塤Fransson (45) ϡĴ̤줿ηϷŪʤΤǤϤʤǰƤ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ε#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ ([2024-08-07-1]) ˰³-ster εˤĤơȤȤϽɽ魯äȤФJespersen ϶ۤ¤10ڡˤ錄ȿʸƤΤ¿ˤ錄뤬Τ2ĤѤ롥
The transition of a special feminine ending to one used of men also is, so far as I can see, totally unexampled in all languages. Words denoting both sexes may in course of time be specialized so as to be used of one sex only, but not the other way. Can we imagine for instance, a word meaning originally a woman judging being adopted as an official name for a male judge? Yet, according to N.E.D., deemster or dempster, ME dēmestre, is 'in form fem. of demere, deemer.' Family names, too, would hardly be taken from names denoting women doing certain kinds of work: yet this is assumed for family names like Baxter, Brewster, Webster; their use as personal names is only natural under the supposition that they mean exactly the same as Baker, Brewer, Weaver or Web, i.e., some one whose business or occupation it is to bake, brew or weave. (420)
There is one thing about these formations which would make them very exceptional if the ordinary explanation were true: in all languages it seems to be the rule that in feminine derivatives of this kind, the feminine ending is added to some word which in itself means a male person, thus princess from prince, waitress from waiter, not waitress from the verb wait. But in the OE words -estre is not added to a masculine agent noun; we find, not hleaperestre, but hleapestre, not bæcerestre, but bæcestre, thus direct from the nominal or verbal root or stem. This fact is in exact accordance with the hypothesis that the words are just ordinary agent nouns, that is, primarily two-sex words. (422)
⤫ Jespersen ⤫ɤ餬ʤΤƤˤϡܺ٤ĴɬפȤʤ롥μ꤬ŪΤϡʸ̮ˤθĸλؼоݤȤäơθ˽ΰ̣ޤޤƤȸڤʤˤ롥ˤϤȤξΰ̣ޤޤƤꡤʸ̮ǤϤޤؼоݤäȤǤƤޤΤ
δ餤СʸΡֽפפؤƤ褤Ĥޤꡤʸ̮ˤθĸλؼоݤȤäơθΰ̣ޤޤƤȸڤʤȤΤϡˤϤȤξΰ̣ޤޤƤꡤʸ̮ǤޤؼоݤäȤΤȤ⤷ʤ
¿λᡤλѤȡλؼоݤ˽ʬۤȤشطõȤäĴɬפºݤ Jespersen Ȥ⡤Τ褦ʼݤǻƤΤ̤Ƥ褦˻פ롥
Jespersen, Otto. "A Supposed Feminine Ending." Linguistica. Copenhagen, 1933. 420--29.
webster, baxter ʤɤο̾䡤spinster, youngster ʤɤο̾˸ (agentive_suffix) ˤĤơʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1])
#3791. ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1])
#5520. -ester Ѹο̾١ ([2024-06-07-1])
Ѹο̾˸ -ster ʬۤõȡڤʬۤ뤬ꥢˤǹ٤ǤȤϰʬۤȤ碌ơ⤽εǤ뤫Ȥ褬ĤƵäߤͭϤˤĤƤϡ嵭βǼ夲Ƥ̤ Fransson ˤаޤɤǤߤ褦 (42)
It is true that the surnames in -ester occur in the whole of England, but with regard to their frequency there is a distinct difference. The case is that they chiefly belong to the Anglian counties; most instances have been found in Nf (over 100 inst.), Li, Y, La, and St, but many also in Wo and Ess. In the WS counties (Sx, Ha, So) these surnames occur very seldom; thus I have only found 3 inst. in So, 5 in Ha, and 11 in Sx.
We now come to the difficult question whether the suffix -ester is a feminine ending or not. There has been no difference of opinion about this until recently, when Jespersen propounded an entirely new theory (Linguistica 420--429). According to the general view, -ester was originally a special feminine ending, which, however, was later applied to men as well as to women. This transition from fem. to masc. is usually explained through the supposition that the work that was at first done only by women, was later performed by men, too, and that the fem. denominations were transferred on men at the same time.
ʤƤפ̾ʱѸ˸Ԥ Jespersen ˤäȽ졤⤬줿ΤȤ켫Τ1930ǯäʤΤΤ褦ϻˤȤä繥ʪǤ롥ǤϡJespersen οȤϡ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Jespersen, Otto. "A Supposed Feminine Ending." Linguistica. Copenhagen, 1933. 420--29.
ε#5560. 727ڡˤī뿷ֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤ ([2024-07-17-1]) ǤΤ餻̤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספ֤ޤⶵӥ饤ˤ¿ˤä꤬Ȥޤ
űѸȸѸθä٤ĤġȤ櫓űѸΥޥŪħܤȤʤäƤޤűѸŪطʤä塤űѸˤϼѸŪʤषǤȤ߹碌ʣ줬˭Ǥ뤳ȤĴޤȤ櫓ʣ (compounding) kenning ʱŪʣˤȸƤФ˭ɽ¿ޤȸȤθܿ˿줿塤#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼Ϻܤ줿 Beowulf 1ʸ夲űѸñθ츻1ĤҤȤġرѸ츻ŵ٤dzǧƤޤ
ʲեեåǹֺ¤ƤƤޤ
#5542. ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ Part 9 with Ͻؤޤˤ¼Ϻ ([2024-06-29-1]) ǤϡVoicy heldio ο͵κǿȤʤ#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼ϺҲ𤷤ޤۿǤϡϤˤäƼ夲줿 Beowulf 1ʸȤʤޤ
Wyrd oft nereð/ unfǣgne eorl, þonne his ellen dēah. (ll. 572b--73)
"Fate often saves an undoomed earl, when his courage avails."
ֱ̿ϤФлह٤̿ˤʤͦΤߤͦΩĻˡ
ѤκǸθ dēah ϡ "to be good, to be strong, to avail" ̣ dugan Ȥư3ñηǤ̯ʷ֤Ǥ⤽ΤϤŪˤư (preterite-present_verb) ȸƤФüʷưǤcf. #66. ư ([2009-07-03-1])ˡ
Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (37) ꡤưγɽ⤦1ĤΤ褯֤ư āgan "to own, possess" ¤٤ƷǤޤ礦
| Infin. | dugan 'avail' | āgan 'own' | ||
| Pres. | sing. | 1, 3. | dēah | āh |
| Pres. | sing. | 2. | āhst | |
| Pres. | pl. | dugon | āgon | |
| Pres. | subj. | dyge, duge | āge | |
| Pret. | dohte | āhte | ||
| Past | part. | āgen (only as adj.) |

ǯ١ī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤Υڡdz֤Ƥޤ4563νմ7ϲƴ뤬Ϥޤޤ
4轵727ڡˤͼ 17:30--19:00 ˳֤ޤƤޤΤǡܺ٤ǧֺ·Ϥϥ֥åɷǡɶǤ̼֡뤤ϥꥢ륿ࡦ饤Ǥμ֤ǽǤޤߤ줿ϡָƨۿפȤơθ1ֺ֡¤İǤޤԹɤˡǤäʲ̤ꡤܥ12ͽꤷƤޤƲƥΩϹ⤤ΤǡƴƤμ֤ǤäƤ⡤ޤäꤢޤ
1. Ѹ츻ŵڤ2024ǯ427
2. ѸäˤѤ2024ǯ518
3. ñȡ֥ˡ§ס2024ǯ68
4. αѸ˻ĤűѸκס2024ǯ727
5. Ѹ졤ƥȽв2024ǯ824
6. Ѹ졤θȸ2024ǯ928
7. Ѹ졤ե˿̤
8. Ѹ졤ȸή̤
9. Ѹ졤ƥꥷƴ̤
10. Ѹ졤ν̤ܿ
11. Ѹˤߤ븽ο̤
12. 㤤ޤ줿ñ̤
7ʹߤβƴ1ͼ 17:30--19:00 ˳֤ͽǤմ뤫³Ƥ륷ǤϤޤƥ롤ƲȤΩι⤤ֺ¤ǤΤǡƴƤΤäǤäƤ⡤ޤäꤢޤ
մ3ι̣ǤΡ֥ȥפƴϤ褤ѸûˤζŪʵҤϤޤޤ4ϡָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספꤷơѸˤ볫ȤʤűѸ (Old English) λܤޤűѸȤϵ449--1100αѸؤޤäˤƤ⡤ȯʸʸˡˤƤ⡤ѸȤ϶äۤɰۤʤǤδߤȡ㤨иűѸθäϡ¿γ礬ޤӤˡȤʤäƤޤűѸȸѸθäϡƤϤ礭ۤʤΤǤ
Τ˸ä³ΤǤäη³ˤܤȤǤ4ֺ¤ɸϡűѸȸѸθäְ㤤ʤĤʤäƤȤ¤ǧ뤳ȤǤ
4ΤΤ餻ȳפϡ Voicy heldio Ǥ⤪äޤ#1140. 727ڡˡīΥֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספ֤ޤİ
ǤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤ˻ȤޤƱŵϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ

ܥ˴ؤ hellog βإĥäƤޤΤǡȤ
#5453. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427Ϥޤޤ ([2024-04-01-1])
#5481. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ1λޤ ([2024-04-29-1])
#5486. 518ڡˤī뿷ֺ2ֱѸäˤѤפΤ ([2024-05-04-1])
#5511. 68ڡˤī뿷ֺ3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספΤ ([2024-05-29-1])
#5528. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפνմ3λޤ ([2024-06-15-1])
մϡīֺ¤ΤʤǺǤ¿˼֤Ƥޤ4Ϥޤƴ⡤¿ΤäԤƤޤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

Ʊνʼ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥĤƤޤ轵塦18:00˺ǿ³ơ250ϤǤ
˥åפ줿ǿ#247. Ĥ1ǯֿ䤷ƤܸŪˤϱѸ츻ŵ٥ȡ߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˡǤ1ǯˤ錄䤷ŸƤܤθؤ٤ŵƾҲ𤷤Ȼפޤ礦Ԥ줿ФȤߥǤ⤢ޤ
ưǤäƤ̤ꡤرѸ츻ŵ١뤤 KDEE (= The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Etymology) ϡҺǸγǰˤ뼭ŵǤꡤܤαѸϽǻ˾ζȤ⤤٤¸ߤǤƱҤΤϤˤꡤǯβơVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơƱŵԽ˷Ȥä˥ӥ塼Ƥޤ YouTube ưǿ줿ƤοȤʤäƤޤΤǡҹ碌ƤİС
#828. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (1)
#834. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (2)
#842. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (3)
Ϣơ2023ǯ81ָnote֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ȳǰáꤹˤ뵭ƤޤΤǡ⤪ɤߤ
ƱŵˤĤƤϡhellog heldio ǴϢ륳ƥĤ¿ƤޤΥȤơʲ2Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礦
#5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315ǡ ([2024-03-15-1])
#5522. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ69ǡ ([2024-06-09-1])
YouTube ưǰ夵ȯ츻ϡֶޤǡȤͥǤ͡ȤŨʥåե졼ȤʤäƤޤ͡ȤäƤȻפޤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
father ȤñϡӸؤǤ褯礤ˤɽʤȤʤΤ餳ʤΤθŪȤʤȤʤߤθϲѲη̤ʤΤ뤤η̤ʤΤ餯ξʣäϥ֥åɤʤΤܸۤɡ츻ΤϤʤ
Ǥ Fertig (78) contamination Ѥ褦1Ĥˤʤ
The d > ð change in English father (<OE fæder is a popular example of contamination). (The parallel case of mother is cited less often in this context, for reasons that are not entirely clear to me.) The claim is that, by regular sound change, this word should have -d- rather than -ð- both in Old English (as it apparently did) and in Modern English (as is clearly does not). The -ð- in Modern English is thus attributed to contaminating from the semantically related word brother, which has had -ð- throughout the history of English . . . .
father 2ҲȤΤϡѸ˾Ǥ1ĤȤäƤ褤ʤ father father ʤΤϤޤФƤʤʲϢ뵭ȡ
#480. father ȥͥˡ§ ([2010-08-20-1])
#481. father ˵ä ([2010-08-21-1])
#698. father, mother, brother, sister, daughter λ (1) ([2011-03-26-1])
#699. father, mother, brother, sister, daughter λ (2) ([2011-03-27-1])
#703. űѸο²̾ζɽ ([2011-03-31-1])
#2204. d th θءѲ ([2015-05-10-1])
#4230. ʤ father, mother, brother Ǥ -th- Τ sister ˤϤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-25-1])
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ε#5544. űѸζʤεǽ3 ([2024-07-01-1]) ˰³ (instrumental) ˤĤơűѸ괧ʤ뤤Ϸ (definite article or determiner) ζɽ#154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1]) Ǽˤȡþȳ, þon Ȥäȼη֤ȤʷäȤ狼롥Ʊͤ˵̾˻ (interrogative_pronoun) ˤĤƤ⡤ζɽ#51. 5W1Hפʤ̡6Hס ([2009-06-18-1]) ˼ˤ hwȳ Ȥʷ롥
Lass (144) ˤȡζʷӸŪˤ⡤ľϤǤŤ̤ΤȤʸ츻ͤȤˤ褦դλľ Lass ˸äƤ餪
There are remains of what is usually called an 'instrumental' in the masculine and neuter sg; this term as Campbell remarks 'is traditional, but reflects neither their origin nor their prevailing use' (1959: §708n). The two forms are þon, þȳ, neither of which is historically transparent. In use they are most frequent in comparatives, e.g. þȳ mā 'the more' (cf. ModE the more, the merrier), and as alternatives to the dative in expressions like þȳ gēare '(in) this year'. There is probably some relation to the 'instrumental' interrogative hwȳ 'why?', which in sense is a real one (= 'through/by what?'), but the /y:/ is a problem; hwȳ has an alternative form hwī, which is 'legitimate' in that it can be traced back to the interrogative base */kw-/ + deictic */ei/.
Ӹؤμ˳ݤäƤ⡤٤Ƥθ츻ɤ餫ˤ뤳ȤϻζȤΤ褦
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Ѹˤ ensure/insureencase/incase, entitle/intitle, embed/imbed, enclose/inclose, enwrap/inwrap ʤɡƬ en- in- ɤڥ롥̣ˡۤʤ⤢С־αƺ⤢뤷ñʤ۷ֻǤ⤢롥⤽ΤϤƬεϰĤʤΤƥ in- ͳ褹եη֤ en- ʤΤǤ롥
2Ĥΰ۷֤ϡŪˤϡʾɤƤ褦ܲ䤬ܤƤ15 Chancery English Ǥϡɤ줬ߤ롥Fisher et al. (33) Ѥ롥
Since prefixes were unaccented, they were subject to the same kinds of irregularities and inconsistencies as the inflectional endings. Adding to the confusion was the lack of standardization of often competing Latin- and French-derived prefixes such as in, im, en, and em.
Many words with prefixes beginning in in/im in MnE were written with en/em prefixes in Chancery documents. One explanation for this is the continuing French influence; another is the drift towards e as the regular vowel in unaccented syllables, noted above. But the relative strength of each explanation is difficult to determine. In any case, en prefixes where MnE requires in are sometimes preferred in Chancery writing. There are, for example, 33 instances of entent(e) as opposed to one of intent, and that in an ecclesiastical petition (153.8) where the Latin in would be expected. Likewise we have endenture and its plurals 25 times and indenture/indentures only six times, five of them in non-Chancery items (238 and 239). Informed is found once (as a past participle, 146.9), while variants of the infinitive enforme are the clear preference, with 27 listings. Other cases where the en form is preferred include enheritaunce and endented. Prefixes beginning with im in MdE show the same kind of variation, with preferences for empechment and enprisoned.
Chancery English ϸɸֻ˨ɾ뤳Ȥ¿Τ褦ˤޤɤ礭 en-/in- ĸä˸¤äƤߤ¾ΰ̤θäˤĤƤϤ褽ƱѸˤˤֻɸಽƻΤĹäΤǤ롥夲ƬȴϢơʲεȡ
#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])
#4241. ʤƬ en ĤưˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-12-06-1])
#3510. Ƭ en- ưʻž֡ ([2018-12-06-1])
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
heldio #1111. latitude longitudeɤäɤä --- ȥФΥޥۿlatitude ʰ١ˤ longitude ʷ١ˤζ̤դˤȡǤܸΡְ١פȡַ١פäƶ̤ˤȤʤɤˤǤϿΰŵˡꥹʡƤƤΤǡ𤷤ƤɬɤǤ롥
ξ˸ܤرѸ츻ŵʻ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡҡ1997ǯˤˤȡ -tude θ츻ϼ̤ꡥ
-tude suf. ƥƻ졦ʬˤĤ֤ɽ魯̾¤롨 -i- ȼä -itude Ȥʤ롧gratittude, solitude. F -tude // L -tūdin-, -tūdō
ıñϡŪˤϥեͳǡ뤤ϥեŪʷ֤ȤƼޤƤ롥Ū褯ܤˤΤȤƤ altitude ʹ١ˡamplitude ʹˡaptitude Ŭˡattitude ١ˡcertitude ʳοˤʤɤ롥fortitude Զˡgratitude ʴաˡineptitude Ŭˡmagnitude 礭ˡmultitude ¿ˡservitude °ˡsolicitude ʵˡsolitude ʸȡˤʤɤ롥Ϣ첻ޤ -itude Ȥʤꡤθ2פ뤿ᡤñΤ⤤ĹʤꡤդʷϵȤˤʤ롥η줷ϡեΤȤϥƥΤȤäƤ褤
OED -tude SUFFIX ΰ̣ˡ⸫Ƥ
Occurring in many words derived from Latin either directly, as altitude, hebetude, latitude, longitude, magnitude, or through French, as amplitude, aptitude, attitude, consuetude, fortitude, habitude, plenitude, solitude, etc., or formed (in French or English) on Latin analogies, as debilitude, decrepitude, exactitude, or occasionally irregularly, as dispiritude, torpitude.
줾ΡʤäûӤơ-(i)tude δդ촶̣臘Τ⤪⤷⤷ʤ
168ڡ17:30--19:00 ˡī㡼ɶΥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספ֤ޤ
4112ΥȤƳϤޤǽΥ3ʬˤ̵˺ѤȤˤʤޤνմˤϡ40̾Ķ뿽ߤޤʻιֺ¤ȤƤ¿ˡ̤뤤ϥ饤ǽʤƤưǻİä꤬ȤޤüԤ궽̣䥳Ȥ¿Ƥλֺݤû֤˲ǤϤäʤۤɤʤΤǤΤ褦ѶŪ˴ؤäƤפޤ7βƴꤤפޤ
12ΥͽǧƤޤ
1. Ѹ츻ŵڤ2024ǯ427
2. ѸäˤѤ2024ǯ518
3. ñȡ֥ˡ§ס2024ǯ68
4. αѸ˻ĤűѸκס2024ǯ727
5. Ѹ졤ƥȽв2024ǯ824
6. Ѹ졤θȸ2024ǯ928
7. Ѹ졤ե˿̤
8. Ѹ졤ȸή̤
9. Ѹ졤ƥꥷƴ̤
10. Ѹ졤ν̤ܿ
11. Ѹˤߤ븽ο̤
12. 㤤ޤ줿ñ̤
ǽ3ϡΤΤʤǤϡѸ츻ŵȱѸûˤƳεȤʤޤβƴ3456ˤϡ褤ѸΤޤ˸űѸθܿܤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤޥɤ°Ѹ줬˥ޥθäݤ³ΦΰҿǤƥƤ˥οȼǤťΥɸαƶäưαѸûˤ볫Ǥ
7ʹߤ1ͼ 17:30--19:00 ˳֤ƤͽǤǤˤߤǽˤʤäƤޤΤǡܺ٤ǧСմ뤫³Ƥ륷ǤϤޤƥ롤ƲȤΩι⤤ֺ¤ǤΤǡƴƤΤäǤäƤ⡤ޤäꤢޤ

Υֺ¤ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥͽ˻륳ƥĤϤƤޤ줫⤪ϤƤͽǤʤ긵˻߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵʸҡ1997ǯˤ֤Ƥȡޤޤƥ˼֤Ǥֺ¤ȤʤäƤޤ#5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315ǡ ([2024-03-15-1])ˤȡ#5522. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ69ǡ ([2024-06-09-1]) ⤴Ȥ


߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵʸҡ1997ǯˤο䤷Ϥ11ۤɤФޤKDEE (= The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Etymology) άΤܼŵܤαѸ˸ȤäƤ褤⤷¸ߤǤܥ֥Ǥ kdee ΥΤĤˤ͡˼夲Ƥޤ
KDEE 䤷ˤȤäơȤƤΤ餻ޤ褿619˿ǤԤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤǤҤΥȤΥڡβ10,000ߡʡǡˤǸǤ;夬ꤷƤޤ̤λˤΤϳʹƤޤǤ⡤μŵڤƤˡοǴԤϤ˴ޤ٤ȻפޤޤǤʤϡ뤤ꤵ졤ѸˤѸäγؤӤ˺¤˳ѤƤС
ơλΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷ϡ3ۤΤȤǤcf. #5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315ǡ ([2024-03-15-1])ˡ3δ֤ˤ䤷³ƤޤΤǡ³Ȥƻ𤷤Ȼפޤ
2024ǯ315helwa Υ饤ղˤơ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤̡ɤࡿ״2Ť롥
2024ǯ427ī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡγ֤Ȥ롥1ǯ12ιֺ¤˳ͽꡥϡֱѸ츻ŵڤסܥֺ¤Ǥ KDEE ʳαѸ츻ŵ⻲Ȥ뤬ᥤ KDEEʤ2018ǯˤرѸ츻ŵ٤ܤĤīDZѸ츻ֺ¤Ȥcf. #3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])ˡ
2024ǯ514heldio/helwa ꥹʡ lacolaco ˤ note ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡˤơA ιܤƧˤ줿ݤ𤵤ζȡ
2024ǯ518īΥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ2ֱѸäˤѤפ֤롥
2024ǯ66heldio ˤ#1101. رѸ츻ŵɤߥ with ƣ蘆ڵۿ롥
2024ǯ68īΥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספ֤롥
⡤ɤΤ褦ʷǤ졤 KDEE 䤷ˤäС
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
#5461. 4ΡhelפȤˤʤäƤޤ ([2024-04-09-1]) #5484. heldio/helwa ꥹʡγΡhelפҲ ([2024-05-02-1]) ʤɤǤҲ𤷤ưŪhelԤ1 lacolaco note ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡȤŸƤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯɤ褦ȤʥץȤǡܲAιBιؤƧƤޤäˤ⤷츻ñ줬ԥååפƤꡤȤƤٶˤʤޤ
lacolaco ϡץޡܶȤȤƤꡤSpotify/Apple Podcast/YouTube ˤ֥ե饸 --- եȤ饸ȤȤŪۿƤޤ伫ȤϸΤ˾ץ٤Υޥ奢ץޡˤޤ֥եפ϶̣Ǥ
ե饸ǿ64ۿ#25 GoF③ Singleton ѥˤ2ĤβͤäƤǤץΥǥѥȤƤΡSingletonפȤʤäƤޤۿ9:00դǡ⤽ singleton Ȥñϲ̣ΤȤ櫓 -ton ʬϲʤΤȤ䤤ȯƤޤ
رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤϸФΩäƤʤäΤǡ¾μŵäƤߤޤǤ OED singleton NOUN2 ιܤߤƤߤޤ礦
1. Cards. In whist or bridge: The only card of a suit in a hand. Also attributive.
1876 If..the lead is a singleton..it may be right to put on the ace. (A. Campbell-Walker, Correct Card Gloss. p. vi)
Ф1876ǯǡȥפΡ1绥פȤʤäƤޤθ֤ҤȤΡס1ĤΤΡסñ1ĤιǤ⤿ʤˡפʤɤθƤޤ츻ˤϼΤ褦ˤޤ
single adj. + -ton (in surnames with that ending). Compare simpleton n.
θ -ton ˤĤƤϡOED ϡˤߤ -ton ȸƤ褦Ǥ simpleton ȤȤޤΤ single simple ϵŪˤƱ캬̤ƥѸǤϢϤꤽǤsimpleton θ츻ߤƤߤޤ礦
Probably < simple adj. + -ton (in surnames with that ending), probably originally as a (humorous) surname for a generic character (compare quot. 1639 and note at sense 1).
̾դ -ton žѤȤݤΤ褦Ǥ -ton ϡűѸ tūn ʰϤ줿ϡˤͳ褷 town Ϣʤޤ (exx. Hampton, Newton, Padington, Princeton, Wellington) ʤߤˡ̾ͳ褹ϰ̤ˤߤΤǤ
simpleton ν1639ǯȤʤäƤꡤޤ̤ʿʪ餫äƸƤ֥˥å͡ȤƻȤƤޤ
1. An unintelligent, ignorant, or gullible person; a fool.
In quot. 1639 as a humorous surname for a character who gathers medicinal herbs and is also characterized as stupid, and so with punning reference to simple n. B.II.4a.
1639 Now Good-man Simpleton... I see you are troubled with the Simples, you had not need to goe a simpling every yeare as you doe, God knowes you have so little wit already. (J. Taylor, Divers Crabtree Lectures 10)
ʾޤȤСsimpleton Ȥ¤ñޤ̤ΡñפȤäΥǤ礦ͷӤȤ⤤٤θ simple ƱϢ single ˤŪŬѤ졤singleton Ȥ줬Ǥäޤ
̾ȴϢ town, -ton ˤĤƤϡ#1013. ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#1395. up and down ([2013-02-20-1])#5304. ̾ Grimston ϸťΥɸȸűѸκǤϤʤ ([2023-11-04-1]) ȡ
ʤϤhelԤǤ~ߤ⡤ե饸 singlton 츻ˤĤơ note ȿƤޤ
ɸιټ (agentive_suffix) ˤĤơ#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1]) #3791. ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ-ster ϤȤȽιټäȤ뤬¤ϤˤĤƤ⤢ꡤޤߤηǤǤ (Fransson 42--45)
Ѹο̾١ϤĴ Fransson ⤳ηˤĤƵƤ롥γ˿ˤϡޤϵҤפǤȤơFransson ϥɳϤ -ester 42ĤȰʲ̤ (41)
Bakestere, Blacchester, Blakestere, Bleykestere, Blextere, Bredmongestere, Brewstere, Kallemakestere, Capiestere, Cardestere, Kembestere, Combestere, Corklittster, Cuppestere, Deyster, Dreyster, Fullester, Girdelester, Heustere, Huckestere, Litester, Lokyestere, Madster, Maltestere, Mongestere, Quernestere, Ridelestere, Ropestere, Scherestere, Semester, Sewstere, Sheppestere, Sopestere, Tannestere, Thakestere, Touestre, Upholdestere, Wadester, Webbester, Whelster, Wyggester, Wollestere
֤Ϥ줫ʤΤʬۤϰˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ̾μ礬ΨۤʤäƤȤ𤬤褦ñʤ츻äˤȤɤޤ餺ȤȤҲŪʼΥȥԥåؤŸƤץץƤߤˤϤޤʤ褦դʤФȼȤĤġ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ǯ٤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤Υڡdz֤Ƥޤ
ޤǤ1ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427ڡˤˡ2ֱѸäˤѤפ58ڡˤ˳֤ޤ줾äۤ¿ˤäȤʤޤؿؤפޤ
3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספ轵68ڡˤ 17:30--1900 ˳֤ޤ̤ơ̡饤ˤϥ֥åɷǤγ֤Ȥʤꡤֵ1֤Ρָƨۿץӥ⤴ѲǽǤֺ¤ǤϤޤƲϤΩƤޤפɬפʬ䤤ޤΤǡ椫λäǤꤢޤؿΤϡꤪߤ

2ƤΥȥ3ϡ褤ѸûˤγäƤޤΥɤˡ§ (grimms_law) Ǥ̾ʲ§ (sound law) 뤳ȤǡѸûˤΤ̥Ū¦̤˵ŤǤ礦ˡ§αѸû˾ΰյϡפΤۤĹǿǤѸóؽΩĤȤϤ²¾θäؤδؿͯƤȻפޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯϤȤ츻ŵ䡤̤αѸ켭ŵޤᡤλȤɤμ¤ѤäƤϤǤ
ֺ¤Ǥϥˡ§δؤ¿θ츻ŵǰҤɤ߲ʤ顤ŪƱˡ§ƤͽǤɤñ줬夲뤫ͽۤĤĹֺ¤פǤޤȡޤޤڤʤϤǤرѸ츻ŵ٤ϡΡָ츻زפ 3.4.1. Grimm ˡ§ 3.4.2. Verner ˡ§ ɤͽƤȤᤷޤ

ͤޤǤˡܥ˴ؤ hellog βؤΥʲĥäƤޤ3ֺ¤⡤¿γΤäԤƤޤ
#5453. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427Ϥޤޤ ([2024-04-01-1])
#5481. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ1λޤ ([2024-04-29-1])
#5486. 518ڡˤī뿷ֺ2ֱѸäˤѤפΤ ([2024-05-04-1])
ʰʲ嵭2024/05/30(Thu)
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
#2032. ƻ -ive ([2014-11-19-1]) Ǽ夲ƻʤӤŪ̾ˤ (suffix) ˺ƤܤOED -ive (SUFFIX) "Meaning & use" äɤǤߤ褦
Forming adjectives (and nouns). Formerly also -if, -ife; < French -if, feminine -ive (= Italian, Spanish -ivo):--- Latin īv-us, a suffix added to the participial stem of verbs, as in act-īvus active, pass-īvus passive, nātīv-us of inborn kind; sometimes to the present stem, as cad-īvus falling, and to nouns as tempest-īvus seasonable. Few of these words came down in Old French, e.g. naïf, naïve:--- Latin nātīv-um; but the suffix is largely used in the modern Romanic languages, and in English, to adapt Latin words in -īvus, or form words on Latin analogies, with the sense 'having a tendency to, having the nature, character, or quality of, given to (some action)'. The meaning differs from that of participial adjectives in -ing, -ant, -ent, in implying a permanent or habitual quality or tendency: cf. acting adj., active adj., attracting adj., attractive adj., coherent adj., cohesive adj., consequent adj., consecutive adj. From their derivation, the great majority of these end in -sive and -tive, and of these about one half in -ative suffix, which tends consequently to become a living suffix, as in talk-ative, etc. A few are formed immediately on the verb stem, esp. where this ends in s (c) or t, thus easily passing muster among those formed on the participial stem; such are amusive, coercive, conducive, crescive, forcive, piercive, adaptive, adoptive, denotive, humective; a few are from nouns, as massive. In costive, the -ive is not a suffix.
Already in Latin many of these adjectives were used substantively; this precedent is freely followed in the modern languages and in English: e.g. adjective, captive, derivative, expletive, explosive, fugitive, indicative, incentive, invective, locomotive, missive, native, nominative, prerogative, sedative, subjunctive.
In some words the final consonant of Old French -if, from -īvus, was lost in Middle English, leaving in modern English -y suffix1: e.g. hasty, jolly, tardy.
Adverbs from adjectives in -ive are formed in -ively; abstract nouns in -iveness and -ivity suffix.
OED βɤƤȯȤƤϡ
(1) -ive ³Τϡƥưʬ촴Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿¾θ촴¾ʻ⤢롥
(2) ƥǺ줿 -ive Ǹťե˼Ѥ줿ΤϾʤޥѸˤ -ive ¿ϡĤƤ -ivus ƥñ췲ǥȤ¤Ǥǽ⤤
(3) ʬͳηƻܼȤϰۤʤꡤ-ive ϹŪŪʰ̣ɽ魯
(4) -sive, -tive η֤Ȥʤ뤳ȤŪ¿Ԥ˴Ť -ative Ϥ켫ΤܼȤƤ롥
(5) -ive ϷƻܼǤ˥ƥǤ̾ؤʻžλ㤬¿ä
(6) -ive λҲæͳηƻ -y ȹήñ⤢ä
嵭βθ塤-ive ʣ줬951Ƥ롥οǤοʤΤOED Ū˵Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤɹΰѤȤߤ٤-ive Ȥ뤿ˤϡޤϿʬʤ̤ǤϤʤ
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow