#3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡѸǤϡƻӵˤƸǤĹ촴첻û륱äܤˤϡűѸ줪Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ʤ벻Ѳ礫ʤ
"Pre-Cluster Shortening" ȤϡλҲǡĹ첻û첻ؤûǤ롥ŪˤϡֽŤפʤꤹΤ뤿ΰŪάȲᤵ롥ȤƤϡfeed, keep, meet, sleep ʤɤĹ촴첻ư˻ޤʬܼä fed, kept, met, slept û첻ΤƱǤ롥餿ƷƻˤĤƤС촴Ĺ첻ĸФơҲǻϤޤűѸӵ -ra ѸǤ -er ȯŸˤդӵη֤û첻褦ˤʤäΤȤˤƤ롥Lass (102) ˤС
Originally long-stemmed adjectives with gemination in the comparative and superlative showing Pre-Cluster Shortening: great 'great'/gretter, similarly reed 'red', whit 'white', hoot 'hot', late. (The old short-vowel comparative of late has been lexicalised as a separate form, later, with new analogical later/latest.)
Ĺ첻˻Ҳ³û첻 "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ϡդ줿Ѳ1ȹͤ졤ºݤ˱Ѹ첻ˤǤϰۤʤ˰ۤʤĶƤ롥Lass (71) ˤСűѸΤϰʲ̤gospel ˤĤƤϡ#2173. gospel d æ ([2015-04-09-1]) ȡˡ
About the seventh century . . . long vowels shortened before /CC/ if another consonant followed, either in the coda or the onset of the next syllable, as in bræ̆mblas 'branbles' < */bræːmblɑs/, gŏdspel 'gospel' < */goːdspel/. This removes one class of superheavy syllables.
θűѸβѲ3ҲϢ³֤ΤѸСǤ2ҲϢ³֤Ƥ롥夲Ƥƻ촴Ĺûθؤ˴ͿΤϡνѸΤΤǤ (Lass 72--73)
Long vowels shortened before sequences of only two consonants . . . , and --- variably--- certain ones like /st/ that were typically ambisyllabic . . . . So shortening in kĕpte 'kept' < cēpte (inf. cēpan), mĕtte met < mētte'' (inf. mētan), brēst 'breast' < breŏst 'breast' < brēost. Shortening failed in the same environment in priest < prēost; in words like this it may well be the reflex of an inflected form like prēostas (nom./acc.pl.) that has survived, i.e. one where the /st/ could be interpreted as onset of the second syllable; the same holds for beast, feast from French. This shortening accounts for the 'dissociation' between present and past vowels in a large class of weak verbs, like those mentioned earlier and dream/dreamt, leave/left, lose/lost, etc. (The modern forms are even more different from each other due to later changes in both long and short vowels that added qualitative dissociation to that in length: ME /keːpən/ ? /keptə/, now /kiːp/ ? /kɛpt/, etc.)
latter ʤ last) ϡνѸβѲˤϤ֤ȤޤĤäȤõ٤ΤǤ롥
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.
ѸޤǤϡƻθ촴첻û -er դפӵˡäȤ great ӵ餬 gretter Ȥʤäꡤwhite whitter Ȥʤäꤹ褦촴첻Ĺݤ֤ʻ¸ƤΤǡ¿ηƻˤƤϡ䤬Ƥ餬ͥȤʤꡤ촴첻ûפӵ֤¸ߴƤä
ȤǤӤΤlate θ촴첻ûפӵǤ latter ȺǾ last Ūˤ late ӵ顦ǾȤϤߤʤƤ餺̤θùܤȼƤ뤬Ūˤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ롥ʤ첻Ĺݤä֤ϳơ later, latest ȤʤꡤߤɸŪ late ӵ顦ǾȤʤäƤ롥
Ʊͤˡout θ촴첻ûפӵ֤ߤ utter ϢʤäƤ롥ξ⡤utter out ȴϢƤȤŪʴФϤʤʤäƤꡤΩ̤θȤʤäƤ롥餳utterly Τ褦ˡʤդ뤳ȤǤ롥Ĺ첻ݤäפ outer ȤʤäϤǤϤ out ӵ֤ȤƤϰռ줺̤ηƻȤƼƤΤ⤷
latter later뤤 utter outer Τ褦ˡƱǽ̤Ѱ۷ˤʤäΤߤʬΩؤȯŸƤȤϾʤʤӤˤĤơ#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1])#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1]) ȡ
ʾ塤Lass (156) ȤƼɮ
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
ε ([2019-02-15-1]) ǡɸ˴ؤ Ellenberger ɾҲ𤷤Ѹγ (= "mots savants") Υ˴ؤŪʸϡ˥եǤϤʤȤǤ롥ǤϡEllenberger ȤϡˤĤƤɤΤ褦ʻΤդ路ȹͤƤΤʸνˡ4վǤƤ (149--50)
1. Words are borrowed not once and for all but many times and from many sources.
2. A Latin word borrowed into either of Anglo-French or English would be given an ending prescribed by Anglo-Norman scribal tradition.
3. Words could be borrowed from Latin or French depending on what spheres of society the borrowers moved in. Clerics would be more likely to borrow from Latin than would laics.
4. As the medieval libraries of England contained mainly Latin books and school curricula concentrated on Latin texts, learned words borrowed into French from written Latin sources would be more likely also to have entered English from those same sources than through French.
ѸˤǤϡѸμѸȤХե줬äƤ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸΥƥ줫μѤϡ̤˻פƤ⤺ä˭٤äȤդϢơ#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1])#1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])#2961. ͥǤϤʤƥ줫֤λ塩 ([2017-06-05-1])#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) ȡ
Ellenberger, Bengt. "On Middle English Mots Savants." Studia Neophilologica 46.1 (1974): 142--50.
#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])#848. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1]) Ƥ褦ˡȤ櫓Ѹ˥ƥ졦ե줫äƤѸϡθȤΤȽȤʤ¿ƥʤΤƥ첽եʤΤեʤΤե첽ƥʤΤ
OED 濴Ȥ롤ФŪнˡȤơ֥եʸڤХեѸȤǤʤ˸¤äƥƥȤߤʤפȤŪä⤦äƤޤСȽȤʤˤϡեȤߤʤΤǥեȤȤ褦ȤEllenberger (142) ϡΩҲ𤷤ʤ顤ФȽŪʸƤ롥
. . . the 'learned words' . . . could have been taken either from French or directly from Latin. The difficulty of determining the exact source has been recognized with varying hesitation. Foremost in Francophilia stands the Oxford English Dictionary, which regards as borrowed from Latin only those words that have not been recorded in French; in addition, French forms are often postulated. To the author's knowledge, no scholar before Marchand has openly criticized this procedure.
Ellenberger Ʊո֤Ȥư礤˽ФƤ H. Marchand ϡThe Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation (2nd ed. München, 1969) p. 238 ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (Ellenberger 142fn)
It would . . . be an erroneous standpoint to be always looking for the Latin original or the French pattern of a word (which the OED often does). The existence of an actual pattern is irrelevant so long as, potentially, the coinage is Latin. . . . the principle of assuming an actual original is wrong.
Ѹη֤ʸڤ뤫եǤȤǤʤƥǤȤΤ褦ʵϤ餯ΩʤȤȤEllenberger (148) ȤθդǤСΤ褦ʵȤʤ롥
The clerks knew about adaptation and suffixation; they were used to latinizing English names, and sometimes words, and we may trust them to have been able to anglicize a Latin word in the same way as they or the French would have Frenchified it. To request a French intermediary for each and every word is to deny the knowledge of Latin in England. To regard an English word as a loan from French because a corresponding French loan is recorded a few years earlier in an ever so obscure source is to fall a victim to the perilous argument of post hoc, ergo propter hoc; as far as we know, no annual lists of new French words circulated among English clerks. Whether a learned word occurs first in French or English is simply a matter of chance, need, and literary activity.
Ѹγ (= "mots savants") ΥեʤΤƥʤΤȤ뤳ȤʤȤϡष줬̤ΥեѸȤϰۤʤ٥°뤳Ȥǧ뤳ȤEllenberger (150) ʸκǸǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ̤Ǥ롥
A far more useful distinction than that between learned words that might have and those that could not have been mediated by French is that between Romance popular and learned words. Middle English mots savants are latinisms and should be treated as such.
ʤEllenberger ǤϡOED 嵭Τ褦̤˵Ƥ뤬ԻʤǤOED3 ԼԤ1ͤǤ Durkin ϡ˽٤Ƥ뤳ȤդäƤ#848. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1]) ȡ
Ellenberger, Bengt. "On Middle English Mots Savants." Studia Neophilologica 46.1 (1974): 142--50.
ѸˤѸ츻ؤѸؽ˹ǤΤΤϡ츻ѤñΰŵǤ롥ƥϤƬʤɡ츻ŪμѤƱѸä䤹ˡΤߤƤ롥ǶǤرñθ츻աܤƤ褦
γؽѤθ̤ϻ⵿ʤǤ˥ƥåפܻؤΤǤСұѸ˳ν줿ʤȤΩĤΤܤۤԤΡإɱѸ츻ŵ٤ϿǤ롥óؽ˥ޥ줿ʰŪʱѸˤγȤơ˾롥pp. 611--41 Ȥ40ǤۤɤΡƤγˤϡ˥ѥȤʲ褯ƤꡤɤǤΤȤʤΤȤǤϥȥ饤㤦ȻפʲˡθФƸʷϵĤǤ餪äδΩäѸƺ٤ʤ
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2.1 åȤȯȰĸ
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2.2 ĸȰ²
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3.2 Ѹˤλʬ
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ʤɮԤ̤δָóؽΤαѸˡפߤȤʡ#3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1]) ȡˡ
ͺ ͺ¼ סԡˡإɱѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ1989ǯ
tip ʿդˤθ츻ԾܤǤ롥åץ (628) ϡΤ褦˵ҤƤ롥
tip [típ] ǡüå
θˤϰ̣Ĥꡤθ츻ۣ¿ַǡפȤ̣Ǥ tap ʷڤˡüפȤ̣Ǥ top ĺˤ˴طΤȻפ롥
ɤӥФƻʧ뤪Ρ֥åספϡ¾θǤϤŪǤꡤ㤨Хե pourboire ʥåסˤϰʪФΤǤ롥Ѹ tip ϡɥΥҡϥǤ18νǤȤ⤬롥ŹˤȢ֤ƤäơޤǤͤϤդˡ˾۹ŲߤȤ褦ˤʤäƤꡤȢˤ to Insure Promptness ʿ®ݤ뤿ˡˤȤ٥뤬ŽƤΥ˥ä T.I.P. ȤʤäȤ
桼 (140) ⡤ҡϥ˰äƱݤθ츻Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥
֥åספȤդȤν⡤ҡϥǻϤޤäȤ롥ҡϥˤϡȢ֤졤Τ˥褦ˤʤäƤȢˤϡֿ®«뤿 To Insure PromptnessפȽƤơƬʸȤTIPפȤ줬ǤȤ롥
θ츻ϲ褦ǡOED ϤȤҤפʸ츻ҤǤϡϿƤ餤ʤ츻⡤ȸȰ̸ΥեǤϡ⤽äƤʤȤꡤ츻ؤ롥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
ꥢ H. 桼 ʸ ALL ABOUT COFFEE ҡΤ٤ơ١KADOKAWA2017ǯ
Ѹη̾θ츻ˤĤơ#2910. ̾ͳ ([2017-04-15-1])뤤Ϥܤ#3229. 2Februaryǡ ([2018-02-28-1]) ȤΥǼ夲Ƥ̾ˤĤƤϡ#2595. Ѹ̾ˤߤ̾Ρּѡפλ ([2016-06-04-1]) #1261. Wednesday ȯֻ츻 ([2012-10-09-1]) Ǽ夲ƤϻȤʤ褦˥åץθ츻ŵ (674) Ǥ
Sunday ---the day of the sun ۤ
Monday ʷ ---the day of the moon ʷ
Tuesday ʲ ---the day of Tiw ʥƥˡTiw ϥޥͤοǤꡤޤ Martis dies ʥޥ륹ˤȤƻȤ褦ˤʤäʤߤ˥եǤ mardi Ǥ롥Tiw ϥƥ deus ʿˤ䥮ꥷ Zeus Ʊ²Ǥ롥
Wednesday ʿ ---Woden's day ʥǥˡWoden ̲οβǤ롥
Thursday ---Thor's day ʥȡˡThor (thunderer) Ǥ롥ĤƤƱȤ Thunderday ä
Friday ʶ ---the day of Friya or Frigga ʥե⤷ϥեåˡե̲ΰνǤꡤեåϥǥκʤǤ롥
Saturday ---the day of Saturn ʥˡϥޤȤοǤ롥
week ΤϸűѸ wicu, wucu ʽˤ̤ꡤ wīce š̳ˤƤ롥̤Сޥĸ *wikōn "turning, succession" ͳ褹롥֤ʤ7ˤοΡš̳θؽפȤȤ餷OED ˤȡ
It has been argued that the Germanic base underlying the attested words had an earlier sense referring to changes of duty, which was then applied to the sequence of deities governing the weekly cycle, and finally transferred to the week itself. Such an earlier sense may be reflected by Old Icelandic vika unit of distance travelled at sea (perhaps with reference to the periodical change of rowing teams, although this cannot be independently substantiated), Gothic wiko order in which something happens (in an isolated example in Luke 1:8 with reference to the allocation of religious duties, translating ancient Greek τάξις order, arrangement . . .), and also Old English wīce office, duty, function . . . .
ֽפȤñ̤䳵ǰεϰ²ˤϤʤΤΤΤͤ𤷤ƥꥷͤ͡ꡤ饭ꥹȶŤȤȤ˥衼åѤ˹ä
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
cosmos ϡȤηϤȤƤΡֱפ̣Ǥ롥ꥷɽ魯 kósmos ͳ褷켫Τϰĸθ캬 *kes- Ťˤ̤ΤǤϤʤȤ롥ֱפθϡPythagoras ɤůؼԤΤȤߤʤƤȤˤ롥
ѸǤϰʲΤ褦12Ⱦ Ormulum ˺Ǥᤤñȯ㤬ߤ롥Orm ֻȽǤȡcosmōs Τ褦2첻Ĺ첻äȻפ롥
?c1200 Orm.(Jun 1) 17559: Werelld iss nemmnedd Cossmos, Swa summ þe Grickess kiþenn.
?c1200 Orm.(Jun 1) 17592: Tohh is þeȝȝre baþre shrud þurrh Cossmos wel bitacnedd.
Ormulum ʹߡñϤФ餯Ѥ줺17ȾФˤʤäƤ褦䤯Ƥ롥϶ѸκƼѤȤߤʤƤ褤ʪΡ֥⥹פθϡäͥ̾դ줿Τǡ1813ǯ˽ФƤ롥
ϢȤơcosmopolitan, cosmopolite ԡˤ롥ꥷ cosmo- ʱ衤+ politēs ʻ̱ˤͳ褷Ф17ȾܳŪʻѤ19ȾФǤ롥촶ˤĤƤϡ#3308. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary ȤɽˤĤơ ([2018-05-18-1]) Ǽ夲ΤǻȤ줿
ơcosmetic ʲѡơˤϢǤ롥ꥷηƻ kosmēticós äˤե cosmétique ͳ17˱ѸäΤǤ롥1605ǯ Bacon ǡƽѡפθѤ줿ֲѡפθȤƤ1650ǯΤΤǽǤ롥
cosmetic ϡߤαñȤƤϡֲѤΡƤΡפ˲ä֤٤ΡפȤͥƥʴްդѤ뤳Ȥ⤢ֵ״ĤޤȤͤβѤȤäüܻؤΤäΤѤꤹȡϤꥮꥷеǤ chaos ʺ١̵(< Gk kháos "gulf, abyss, chaos") ȤʤäƤޤΤդǤ
ε#3460. ֥ Earl Grey ([2018-10-17-1]) ǡꥹͳ褹ʤȤ˹̾ˤĤƿ줿Ʊꥹͳ褹롤⤦1ĤɽҲ𤷤褦ꥹǷٴΤȤ¯ bobby ȸƤ֤ϼԷٻ˿Ϥꡦ̳äǤ Sir Robert Peel (1788--1850) ΰΡBobby ͳ褹Ȥ롥

Peel ϡ19ȾȾˤ錄äƥꥹνäǤ롥ζӤȤƤϡMetropolitan Police Act 1828ǯ̲ᤵ1829ǯԷٻ֤Ȥ롥θ塤bobby ٴΰդ¯ȤʤäƤäĺˡΤˤϤ狼ʤOED ν1844ǯΤΤǤ롥
1844 Sessions' Paper June 341 I heard her say..'a bobby'..it was a signal to let them know a policeman was coming.
Էٻ֤Ʊ1829ǯˤϡ֥ȥå̲ˡơפΩƤꡤӿȯƤ롥Peel άǤϤʤȤפ˹ͤʤǤϡ夲 Earl Grey ƱäˡPeel ϤȤϼ絮²κ֤ǤäֹʪˡפڤȤǤ1845ǯΥɤΥ㥬ˡʪˡѻߤƧڤǤơǯѻߤ¸19פ뤲ä
ʤƱ¯ΡַٴפȤƼ¤ peeler Ȥñ⤢ΤդäƤ
̤ˤ Earl Grey ȤСι֥ɤ۵뤫⤷ʤTwinings ˤƱ̾ʤ뤬ȤȤ Jackson's Ǥ롥ΰ٥륬å (bergamot) ǹŤʤΤ̣Τ롥̾ͳϡФ 2nd Earl Grey Charles Grey (1764--1845) 鵢ǤȤ˻äΥ֥ˡˤȤ뤬οΤۤɤ꤫ǤϤʤ Earl Grey's mixture ȤƸϡGrey ˴ʤäƤǯФä1884ǯΤȤʤΤOED ˤݡ Early Grey: The results of the OED Appeal on Earl Grey tea Ǥϡι֥ɤ̾ͳˤĤͤùҤΤɬɡ

Earl Grey ϡ1830--34ǯ˼̳ۥåȤǤ롥Eton Cambridge ǶŵŪʵ²ǡ22ФΤȤ˹İȤʤꡤ㤤Ȥ⤭̾ήƤGrey George IV ޥ饤Υ蘆褦Ȳݤ˲ޤФ³Ȥ顤θⲦ˷³ꤷ⼫ͳȡĬήˤäơŪˤĹ餯뤳ȤˤʤäGeorge IV 1830ǯ˴ʤȡGrey εˬ줿¨̤ William IV Grey θŤοͧäۥåᤷȤʤä Grey Ǥ1830--34ǯˤϡäˡ¸٤ʤ1831ǯGrey ˡƤϵ²ݷ褵Ƥޤä̱˽ưȯ1832ǯƤˡƤIJˤ졤;ޤФʤ̤Ȥ̲ᤷˤ the First Reform Bill Ǥ롥ˤäǯ10ݥɰʾβȲŹޡ̳ʤɤͭԤڲȿͤˤͿ뤳ȤˤʤꡤͭԤοϥꥹΤ50ͤ81ͤˤޤä˥åȥɤǤ4500ͤ55000ͤؤȵȤ
19罰̱ΩԤȹ˭ʥߥ륯ƥȤδ֤ˡºݤΤȤɤΤ褦ʴطΤ¤ΤꤿȤǤ롥
åΥեå粦¹륢륹Athelstan; ߰ 924--40ǯˤϡåˤȤɤޤ餺¾κǽΥɲȸƤ֤٤¸ߤǤ롥937ǯΥ֥ʥ֥դ襤Ƿۤեå粦äȯŸˡŵԻڥˡߤ¤ƱʤɤζӤŤͤ (20--21) ˤС
륹ˤȤäƺθӤϡΤιɾIJIJεȤ⤤٤ؤ֤ȤǤ륹ʹߤιϡΩˡפ˿Ȥ褦ˤʤꡤΤŪͭϼԤȤβĤ褦ˤʤäʶʥޥˤ̤ΩˡԤϡΡ֥ꥢΥɥλϻǯˤ䥦åΥͲλϻ塻ǯˤˤ⸫줿륹Ϥ絬ϤʤΤȤꥹȶνפʹԻǤ륭ꥹȹºסʰˡסʻͷˡסʸˤŪ˳Ť褦ˤʤä
줬ָͲġסʥƥʥ⡼ȡˤȸƤФΤǤ롥ɳϤɽԤĤǡ٥ȥ衼ʶ¿λʶ罤ƻĹʥޥˤͭϵ²²ʥˤ餬ʤ褦ˤʤꡤŪ⡤Τ˴ؤ볰ɱꡤˤΧˡˡ˴ؤ˶ĤƤβĤ˽ޤ褦ˤʤäͭϼԤˤȤäڤȤʤäΤ貦λफ鼡ηѾޤǤδ֤꤬ʤ褦ĴȤޤ˲̷ѾϤ˴ؤǤä
ͲĤϡΥꥹȶԻȤϴؤΤʤˤ⾤줿פβĤǤϽդη˴ؤ̤ˤ˹Ԥʤ줿ޤ夬ȤȤˡʼԤʼʽˤ˷褦ˤʤäƤä
륹ָ֤ͲġפϡűѸǤ witenagemōt ȸɽ witena + gemōt 2줫ʤʣǤꡤ witena ϡָ͡ɾİפ̣̾ wita ʣ°ʷǤ롥̾ϡѸ̾ wit cf. űѸư witan Τסˤƻ wise ȸ츻Ū˴ϢƤ롥
gemōt ϡֲġפ̣̾켫ΤƬ ge- ̾ mōt ʬ롥ge- Ͻɽ魯ƬǡѸʹߤ˼岽üƤäyclept, yclad, alike, among, enough, either, handicraft, handiwork ʤɤ첻˺פĤmōt ϡ츻Ū meet ʲˤȴطƤꡤǤ moot Ȥǡֵ;ϤΤפ̣ƻȤѤƤ롥
äơwitenagemōt ΰ̣Ϥޤˡָͤ礹ġפǤ롥ʤѸǤѸȤƤȯ /ˈwɪtnəgəˌmoʊt/ Ȥʤ롥
ΥޥʹߤεIJ (parliament) ˤĤƤϡ#2334. ѸȵIJȯŸ ([2015-09-17-1]) ȡ#2335. parliament ([2015-09-18-1]) ȡޤīηϿޤǯɽˤĤơ#2620. īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1]) ȡ#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) ɤ
ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ
98ڡˤ15:00?18:15ˡī㡼ɶˤƹֱֺѸΥåϤȤ虜˳ؤ١֤ޤΤͤΤ롤Ȥ虜ϱѸɽ̣̣臘ΤˤäƤĤǺʤΤǤʲμݤǤäͽǤ
ɤʸˤƤ⡤Ȥ虜ϿεߤɽΤȤơŤ͡˸ʤ蘆ƤޤѸʸˤƤ㳰ǤϤʤűѸꤳȤ虜ºФ졤Ȥ虜ԤޤƤޤѸΤȤ虜ؤ֤ȤˤꡤѸʸݤƤηạ̈廊ФǤϤʤѸ줽ΤΤοã뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥϡޤ굤ŤƤޤȤ虜αѸˤϡŤ¸³ƤѸͭαΧꡤűѸѸ˵ıѸ餷ʸˡˡ©ŤƤޤ
㤨СֿФѤлȤʤפб Many a little makes a mickle. ϡűѸŵŪƬȤˡȶ岻η֤ȤΧĴ¤Ūˤͥ줿Ȥ虜ǤϹκ⼡פ Money makes a mare to go. Ǥϡ make ˤ⤫餺 to 줬ѤƤꡤʸˡϰæƤ褦˻פޤˤⱤΧθ̤ǧ뤳ȤǤޤ
ֺܹ¤ȾǤϡǯʾˤ錄ѸΤȤ虜ˤȤȤˤҤȤȾǤϸޤǼѤƤѸΤȤ虜ѤƤ͡ʸŪʵˡɤ߲Ȥˤꡤ˻ĤΤȤ虜ޤǰʾ˳ڤळȤܻؤޤ
ѸˤγפϤΤäƤ뤱ɤ⡤μιȤߤ˶ŪդƤȤСűѸѸθʸɤǤȤޤȤϤΤΡ¿αѸؽԤˤȤäơθʸɤ߲ʤɤȤȤϡޤߵ郎⤤ȻפΤǤϤʤǤ礦Ǥ褤ȤʤΤȤ虜ǤȤ虜ˤϡФиŤոĤäƤޤΤ褦ʤȤ虜ˡŤ֡졤ạ́ˡʤɤĤޤ߿ĤġѸˤؤܤȤݤǤѸθʸˡˤΩޤѸˤȤϤ߽ФơѸءƸذ̤ؤƳˤʤޤ
Ȥ虜ƼΤ⤪̣臘ͽǤɤڤߤˡ
ܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ȥ虜ˤĤƼ夲ƤΤǡʲε
#564. Many a little makes a mickle ([2010-11-12-1])
#780. ٥ꥢ meat ([2011-06-16-1])
#910. ʤ (1) ([2011-10-24-1])
#948. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (1) ([2011-12-01-1])
#955. ʸϤ碌2।ǥ ([2011-12-08-1])
#970. Money makes the mare to go ([2011-12-23-1])
#978. Money makes the mare to go (2) ([2011-12-31-1])
#2248. ;̾ȤƤ you ([2015-06-23-1])
#2395. ե줫ζμѡ ([2015-11-17-1])
#2691. ѸθμƤˡ ([2016-09-08-1])
#3319. Handsome is as handsome does ([2018-05-29-1])
#3320. Ѹθʬ ([2018-05-30-1])
#3321. Ѹθεա ([2018-05-31-1])
#3322. Many a mickle makes a muckle ([2018-06-01-1])
#3336. ܸθѤƤ ([2018-06-15-1])
ε#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) Ǽ夲 Durkin ʸǤϡѸûˤμ¾ŪĴϡOED HTOED Ȥ2ġȤäƤǤ礭ʺȼȤơˡ꤬Ƥ롥 (405--06) ˡ꤬Τ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǰѤ롥
One of the most striking and well-known features of lexical data is its extreme variability: as the familiar dictum has it 'chaque mot a son histoire', and accounting for the varied histories of individual words demands classificatory frameworks that are flexible, nonetheless consistent in their approach to similar items. Awareness is perhaps less widespread that the data about word histories presented in historical dictionaries and other resources are rarely 'set in stone': sometimes certain details of a word's history, for instance the details of a coinage, may leave little or no room for doubt, but more typically what is reported in historical dictionaries is based on analysis of the evidence available at time of publication of the dictionary entry, and may well be subject to review if and when further evidence comes to light. First dates of attestation are particularly subject to change, as new evidence becomes available, and as the dating of existing evidence is reconsidered. In particular, the increased availability of electronic text databases in recent years has swollen the flow of new data to a torrent. The increased availability of data should also not blind us to the fact that the earliest attestation locatable in the surviving written texts may well be significantly later than the actual date of first use, and (especially for periods, varieties, or registers for which written evidence is more scarce) may actually lag behind the date at which a word or meaning had already become well established within particular communities of speakers. Additionally, considering the complexities of dating material from the Middle English period . . . highlights the extent to which there may often be genuine uncertainty about the best date to assign to the evidence that we do have, which dictionaries endeavour to convey to their readers by the citation styles adopted. Issues of this sort are grist to the mill of anyone specializing in the history of the lexicon: they mean that the task of drawing broad conclusions about lexical history involves wrestling with a great deal of messy data, but the messiness of the data in itself tells us important things both about the nature of the lexicon and about our limited ability to reconstruct earlier stages of lexical history.
츻ϾήưŪǤ뤳ȡǯϾ˹ˤ餵Ƥ뤳ȡǯϸʤɤˤ뿿νǯ٤Ƥǽ뤳ȡŵȤʤäƤʸΩǯѤ뤳˻ŦƤڵ (evidence) ˡνϡѸûˤʤ餺Ȥ̤ʸؤθԤʤݤ˾˰ռƤ٤ΤФǤ롥OED3 ԼԤ1ͤǤ Durkin ϡOED Ǥ顪˸ǽʥġǤϤʤ⤤Ƥ뤳Ȥΰյ礭
Durkin, Philip. "The OED and HTOED as Tools in Practical Research: A Test Case Examining the Impact of Loanwords in Areas of the Core Lexicon." The Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Merja Kytö and Päivi Pahta. Cambridge: CUP, 2016. 390--407.
721ڡˤˡī㡼ɶιֺˤؤֱñθ츻ޤǮˤä꤬Ȥޤֺ¤Ѥ饤ɻ֤Ƥޤ
ϰʲ3Ǥ
ѸˤɤʤѸäȯŸ⤷
ñˤọֻ̇ѲΰŪʥѥˤĤƽҤ
츻ŵѸ켭ŵθ츻ɤ߲ˡޤ
츻Ȱ˸äƤ⡤ɤäϤ٤¤ޤ̤ȤơѸûˤȤŪƤȤϤʤޤޤŪˤʤʤ褦ñζ䤵ʤ褦˹ޤ
ʲ饤ɤΥڡȤ˥ĥäƤޤƥ饤ɤϡ֥ؤΥˤʤäƤޤ
1. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻
2. Q. αñȵθȤȤ߹碌Ƥ
3. ѸäεϤȼ˭٤
4. ֺܹ¤Τͤ餤
5. ܼ
6. 1.1 ȥ츻ʳءˤȤϡ
7. Every word has its own history.
8. 츻ؤŤ
9. ̱֡¯˸츻
10. ޤȤ (1.1)
11. 1.2 Ѹûˤγά
12. ² (The Indo-European Family)
13. Ѹûˤγά (##37,126,45)
14. αѸäˤߤˤΰ仺
15. ο
16. Ѹû (#1526)
17. 츻 (#756)
18. ޤȤ (1.2)
19. 1.3 ѲΰŪʥѥȯ
20. ѲΰŪʥѥֻ
21. ѲΰŪʥѥ̣ (##473,1953,2252)
22. Q. ʲϰ̣ѲФ椨˰̣ȤʤäƤʸǤñΤȤΰ̣Ǥޤ (#1954)
23. ޤȤ (1.3)
24. 2.1 츻ŵǸɤ߲
25. 2.2 츻ŵȯֻѲɤ߲
26. 2.3 츻ŵǰ̣ȯŸɤ߲
27. ޤȤ
28. ʸ
721ڡˤ13:30?16:45ˡī㡼ɶˤñȯιֺˤؤֱñθ츻֤ޤƾҲʲ˺ƷǤޤ
ѸǤܸǤ⡤ñθ츻Ȥ¿οͤ椭ĤޤĤҤȤĤñȼεꡤǤϸԤˤꡤߤޤ³ƤǤޤѸˤĤƤС츻ˤñθä䤹Ȥؽˡ⤢ꡤμνҤ¿ǤƤޤ
ֺܹ¤Ǥϡޤǰʾ˱ñθ츻ڤिȤɬפȤʤѸˤ˴ؤμˡ줫ΤߤʤαѸؽ˿ʻƳޤŪˤϡ(1) ѸˤɤʤѸäȯŸ⤷ (ñ㡧cheese, school, take, people, drama, shampooˡ(2) ñˤọֻ̇ѲΰŪʥѥˤĤƽҤ١ñ㡧make, knight, nice, ladyˡ(3) 츻ŵѸ켭ŵθ츻ɤ߲ˡޤñ㡧one, oat, father, theyˡˤꡤ츻ѤñϤǽȤʤФǤϤʤΤαñο¦̤˵Ťñڤߤʤ̣臘ȤǤ褦ˤʤȳοޤ
ñθ츻ȰˤäƤ˹ϰϤޤΤǤֺܹ¤ǤϡѸθûˤ䲻̣ѲΥѥԤȡѸ츻ɤ߲ƥܥӥΩƤԤȤХ褯ۤơñ̥ϤФͽǤ"chaque mot a son histoire" (= "every word has its own history") ο̣äƤ (cf. #1273. Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze chaque mot a son histoire ([2012-10-21-1]))
ܥ֥Ǥֺܹ¤ȴϢ뵭¿ƤޤȤ櫓ʲΤΤͤޤǤ˵Ƥޤ
#361. Ѹ츻̤CGIʰǡˡ ([2010-04-23-1])
#485. 츻Τ뤿Υ饤 ([2010-08-25-1])
#600. Ѹ츻ν ([2010-12-18-1])
#1765. ܤǽ¤ƤѸ츻ؤ Klein αѸ츻ŵ ([2014-02-25-1])
#2615. Ѹä ([2016-06-24-1])
#2966. Ѹä (2) ([2017-06-10-1])
#466. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ ([2010-08-06-1])
#727. 츻ؤμΧ ([2011-04-24-1])
#1791. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ (2) ([2014-03-23-1])
#598. Ѹ츻ؤά (1) ([2010-12-16-1])
#599. Ѹ츻ؤά (2) ([2010-12-17-1])
ڲ (84--87) ܸθѤƤäִס¸סֺ졿פ˶ʬƤ롥
| ¸ | 졿 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ۤˤ夦 | ݡƤҤ礦ϡʲʪӤϡ | ϡߡĤ͡ޡꡤ롤̤סǭͤߡӡڡसʡ | |
| Ļ | 㤯 | Ҥ롤ࡤ⡤餹ߤߤᡤɤꡤĤߡĤФᡤĤ롤ȤӡϤȡҤФꡤۤȤȤᤸĻ褿路 | |
| ࡦξ | 롤Ȥؤӡޤष | ||
| | ꡤӡ路ʤӡĤˡޤ줤顤餲Сᡤޡߡˤɤ礦ʤޤʤޤϤϤޤꡤϤ⡤ҤᡤդդʡޤޤĤᤦʤ | ||
| ֡ꡤष⡤顤ߡߡĤꡤʤΤߡϤϤۤ롤ߤΤषफ | |||
| ưʪ | 夦 | ˡäѡ̤ | |
| ʪ | 𡤤礦֡礦ܤ | ߡᡤФ顤Τ䡤䤭ݡǡȤɤꡤơޤӡޤ⡤⤮ | |
| ƻ | ϡġġۡСỌ̃̄구ᡤݡҡ礦ŴˤΤȭȽӤ礦֡ʩšդȤ䤫褦äѡ | ꡤ塤顤ᡤʤŤ⡤⡤ޤɡ桤ߤꡤʡ͡ꡤţסޡ롤ʤ롤ϡꤳšˡê餤롤ĤܡƤСĤŤ顤ʤʤΤߡϤߡȤϤˡǤСҤ⡤ޡɮؤ顤ޤʤ𡤤䤹 | ȢȭФڡȢ |
| ٤ޤ夦 | ӡоơ桤ɿȡ顤Ĥʪɤ礦ʤޤѤᡤӡܤӡ | 㡤ĤСĻҡҤŴˤƦ | |
| ʡ | 礦ˤ㤯֡Ȥ礦礦桤㡤Ʀ塤ǼƦߤ | Ĥ֤ơݡޤ | Ʀ |
| ڡʪ | ܤޡ纬ˤҤ礦Ӥ椺 | 㡤Ʀ͡⡤ɡߡơᤸСΤĹ⡤ʤʤͤϤؤޡޤĤ⡤ | ܤ |
| ˹ҡ̡̡ꡤϤƤ | ӡޡӤ顤ߤ⡤µᡤޡµߤΡĤʤġˡ餸 | դɤयⲼ̡ޤ֤ȡФ |
ƻʤɤϡʤߤǤϡۤȤɸʤʤäƤޤäΤ¿ޤ褬ˤʤäȾ̡ܤŪƻ˻䤿Τޤ꤫ѤäƤޤơ⤷Ȥˡ줿ƻϡޤˤȤ虜ΤʤˤϸĤޤ衤ƥӤ饸ʤɤȤäȤФȤäȤ虜Ǥ뤫⤷ޤ͡
ưʪˤƤ⡤ʪˤƤ⡤ˤƤ⡤̾Ȥ虜˸뤳ȤǤޤβफϡ⤦錄ΤޤǤϸ뤳ȤǤޤ˲ʤǡ¤ʤʤꡤⳤѤѤĤĤޤ䤿ˤ٤ʸ夲뤿ˤϡʤ¦̤⤢ΤǤΤȤ虜ʹӤˡӤˤʤޤ͡
ƸθȤΤϡ̤ǥåȤʤꤽ
ڲ ůؤȤ虜ˤϤʤ١ꥹۡ1997ǯ
ʬ (present participle) Ȳʬ (past participle) ϡѸư줬֤Τ2Ϳ줿̾Ǥ롥ʬ participle Ȥ͡ߥϲʤΤʬפƤȤΤ part ȤΤϡʸˡѸäƤߤ
θľܤˤϥե줫μѸǤꡤѸǤ a1398 Trevisa ˤơƥ participii ʼñ participiumˤбե첽 participles ȤƽФƤ롥ǽ餫ʸˡѸȤѤƤ롥
Ǥϡƥ participium ȤϤɤΤ褦ʸ츻ʤΤñ pars "part" + capere "to take" Ȥ2Ĥθ캬鹽ƤꡤʬפǤ롥ư participate ƱǤꡤֻäפΰ̣ϡʬסʬ礦ס֤νĤ˲ääƤפȤȯۤȯŸpartake take part ⡤participate ΤʤǤ롥ˤСƥ participium Τ⡤ƱΥꥷ metokhḗ ΤʤäΤǤ롥
ơʸˡѸˤơʬסʬ礦סֻäפȤϲΤȤؤΤȤСưȷƻεǽʬ礦פȤȤ餷1ĤñǤʤ顤ưˡƻͤùǤ뤳Ȥ participle ʬפɽ櫓ʤߤǤѵparticiple ˤϡİʾΰۤʤä碌Ŀ͡ưʪΡϡפȤ⤢ä2ĤʻƱ˻ä2Ĥ碌ĸ졤줬ʬפäΤǤ롥
ʤ嵭ϡűѸǥƥʸˡ路 Ælfric ˤǤ˸Ƥ롥OED participle, n. and adj. ˺ܤƤѤƷǤ褦ʤƥξˤ̾ȷƻƱʤΤǡÆlfric βǤϡ碌ĤΤư̾ȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥա
OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 9 [sic]PARTICIPIVM ys dæl nimend. He nymð anne dæl of naman and oðerne of worde. Of naman he nymð CASVS, þæt is, declinunge, and of worde he nymð tide and getacnunge. Of him bam he nymð getel and hiw. Amans lufiende cymð of ðam worde amo ic lufige.
¾ʸˡѸˤĤƤϡ#1258. ʤ¾ưפ "transitive verb" ʤΤ ([2012-10-06-1])#1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
4ϿεȤȤǡꡥwassail /ˈwɒseɪl, ˈwɑːsl/ Ȥϡ̾Ȥơ֡ʼ˥ꥹޥΡ˽ˤμפưȤơּ롨ǽˤפ̣롥ˤϡϤʤ be ư̿ŪޤƤCrystal 21 ȡˡ
űѸǤδդΰϡ꤬ñξˤ wes hal "(you (sg.)) be in good health"꤬ʣξˤ wesað hale "(you (pl.)) be in good health" ȸäwes wesað ϡߤǤϻȤƤʤ be ưΰ wesan 2;̿ʤ줾ñʣˤǤcf. #2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])ˡhal(e) ϡѸǡַʡʡפɽ魯 whole hale θűѸǤꡤСפȤƤӤб hail ȤƱǤcf. #1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1])ˡűѸΥȥʡǤϡLuke 1.28 ŷȤޥꥢФ Hal wes ðu Ȱս꤬롥
ѸǤ wesan be ư̿ϾüƤäδդɽ wassail ȤƸ경֤Ĥäʤwassail Ф֤ΰϡdrinkhail Ǥ롥
ťΥɸˤƱɽ ves heill ꡤѸɽθ츻ȤƤϤषθťΥɸαƶ礭Ȥ뤬ߤ wassail ϤˤŪʥꥹδդλȤΤƤ롥
Crystal, David. The Story of Be. Oxford: OUP, 2017.
ˤʤäƤޤä̾Ȥơ2פϤ롥
Ѹ February εˤθ츻Ծܤƥǡκפפؤ februa (pl.) ͳ褹Ȥ롥κפεϥꥢȾ륢ڥ˥̮θ̱ӥ˿ͤˤȤ졤פ215˹Ԥʤ줿Ȥ februa ղä februārius (mēnsis) ȷ̾ꡤ줬¯ƥ *fabrāriu(m) ͳơޥؤäťեǤ feverier ʸե févrierˤȤʤꡤ줬Ѹ fever(y)er, feverel ʤɤηäƤѸǤν1200ǯȤ롥
fever(y)er ˤ2Ҳ b ǤϤʤեˤʤä v ߤ뤬15ޤѤ줿ʤfeverel θ l ϰ۲ (dissimilation) ˤΤǤcf. laurel, marble, purple; #72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1]) ⻲ȡ ߤΥƥŪ b ķϡѸǤ februarie ʤɤֻ14鸫졤ˤ v ֻ֤ƤäƥΤη februārius ϡ¤ϸűѸ˼ޤƤȤոƤ
February ȯˤĤƤϡɤΤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥Ūˤ /ˈfɛbruəri/ ȯ뤬, ǽ r ä /ˈfɛbjuəri/ 褯ʹ롥LDP3 Preference Poll ˤȡ㤤ΥꥫѸǤϸԤȯǤ64%ãƤ롥ꥹѸǤбͤ39%褷㤯ʤ⤤ǤϱƤǤŪ㤤ͤȤʤäƤꡤޤˤñˤȯѲ塹ȿʹԤƤΤȤߤƤ褤
űѸǤ solmōnaþ "mud-month" ֤̤ߤηפɽƤޤܸDZ2ΰ۾Ρǡʤ餮ˡפϡΤǹ˾Ȥ⡤ڤιפηΰդȤ⤤
ơǷ̾Τǡʲ˥γƵؤΥĥäƤ
#2910. ̾ͳ ([2017-04-15-1])
#3187. 1Januaryӷ ([2018-01-17-1])
#3229. 2Februaryǡ ([2018-02-28-1])
#2890. 3March ([2017-03-26-1])
#2896. 4April ([2017-04-01-1])
#2939. 5May ([2017-05-14-1])
#2983. 6June̵ ([2017-06-27-1])
#3000. 7Julyʸ ([2017-07-14-1])
#3046. 8Augustշ ([2017-08-29-1])
#3073. 9SeptemberĹ ([2017-09-25-1])
#3103. 10October̵ ([2017-10-25-1])
#3167. 11November ([2017-12-28-1])
#3168. 12December ([2017-12-29-1])
̾Ȥơ1 = January = ӷ˴ؤѸ January ϡޤμ Jānus ʥ̥ˤͳ褹롥̥ˤ2Ĥδ餬ꡤ1Ĥ1ĤϸƤ֤ǤйԤǯǯξ˸̤֤äȤˤʤ롥Janus Τ janua ˤͳ褷ֿͤɽ魯Ѹ janitor ϢǤ롥ϵŪˤϰ캬 *ei- ʹԤˤγ *ya- ̤롥Jānus Diānus žΤȤ⤵졤ξˤ Diāna Ȥط
ƥ Jānuārius (mensis) űѸꡤJanuarius ȤѤ줿㤬뤬̾űѸˤ se æfterra ġēola (the later Yule) ȸƤФ줿12ɽ路 se ǣrra ġeōla (the earlier Yule) Ȥӡˡۤ wulfmōnaþ (wolf-month) ȤΤ줿϶ʢϵͤȤ⤢ʷäȤͳ褹ȹͤ롥ƥñѸ1300ǯ˥ե jenvier ͳ Jenever ʤɤηDzƳ줿14˸θؤȺƷ줿ʺƷθŤȤƺʤĤäƤˡ
ܸDZɽ魯ӷפϡ͡褷ƤʤĤޤ뤳ȤȤ⡤μ¤˿ּ·פžȤ⤵롥
̾Ȥơ#2910. ̾ͳ ([2017-04-15-1])#2890. 3March ([2017-03-26-1])#2896. 4April ([2017-04-01-1])#2939. 5May ([2017-05-14-1])#2983. 6June̵ ([2017-06-27-1])#3000. 7Julyʸ ([2017-07-14-1])#3046. 8Augustշ ([2017-08-29-1])#3073. 9SeptemberĹ ([2017-09-25-1])#3103. 10October̵ ([2017-10-25-1])#3167. 11November ([2017-12-28-1])#3168. 12December ([2017-12-29-1]) ⻲ȡ
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