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participle - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-05-16 Sun

#4402. ʹԷεȯã [verb][participle][gerund][syntax][aspect][contact][latin][french][celtic][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿ʹԷ ing äƸʬʤΡư̾ʤΡǤưοʹԷˤҤȤϸʬιʸήǤ뤬ǽư̾ιʸήǤ뤳ȤŦƥĤǤ
be + -ing ȤɽʹԷ (progressive form) εȯãˤĤƤϡѸ˾¿εʤƤޤʶȤƤꡤʤȸƤ٤Τ뤫ɤǤˤˤĤƤ Mustanoja (584--90) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäƤޤʲ˰͵򤷤ƳάҤ٤ޤ礦
űѸˤϡѸ be + -ing ΤȤ٤ʸȤ wesan/beon + -ende ޤθʬ -ende Ȥ֤äƤꡤ˹ä -ing ֤줿Ȥаޤޤcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])ˡűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϡΤ˷³ްդʸ̮Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤǤʤȤ¿ǽŪˤϸοʹԷľܤĤʤΤɤԳΤǤޤȤƤϥƥб빽ʸǤȤƤޤѸȡιʸϤषΩʤʤޤˤäƤ٤Ф꤬ߤޤѸˤ¤ĹϤᡤḽѸοʹԷϢʤήФޤŵŪ˷³ɽ魯ŪˡȯãΩΤϡ16ʹߤΤȤǤ
ʹԷεȯã򤶤äȳѤޤξܺ٤ϼ¤ʣǡѸ˸塤ε깭ƤޤűѸбʸ³ȯãǤȤ⤢СΡon + ư̾פιʸǤȤ⤢ޤ2ĤȤ߹碌3ƤƤꡤ줬ƤȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ
¾줫αƶˤȯãȤ¿ޤҤ̤ꡤűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϥƥбʸ路ΤǤȤΤͭϤǤѸǤλѤˤĤƤϡťե󥹸бʸαƶ⵿ƤޤˡȸƶޤƤƤޤcf. #3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1]
ʹԷϡΤ褦˱Ѹ˸̥ŪǤ³Ƥޤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2021-05-12 Wed

#4398. -ing αѸ [khelf_hel_intro_2021][etymology][suffix][gerund][participle][hellog_entry_set][seminar]

ֱѸƳ2021Τ˳ꥢåפ줿ƥĤMorning evening ˤϲ ing ĤΡǤŪñǡƹͤƤߤʤȰռ餷ʤ䤫⤷ޤ󤬡ͤФԻ׵ĤǤ͡¤ϺΥƥĤǤԤȤϤ͡⤬äƸ츻ŪˤϽ⤢Ǥܥ֥Ǥϡ#2708. morn, morning, morrow, tomorrow ([2016-09-25-1]) Ǥ˾ƤޤΤǡɤ
ܲؤΥ߼Ȥǥ롼׸ŸǤ륰롼פϡХ -ing 򰷤äƤޤ-ing ȤäƤ⡤ʬ졤ư̾졤̾ȤäưǤϤʤΤǤΤΤɤǤɤΤ褦뤫ȤΤӤθǤƱ롼פϿʹԷˤ븽ʬȤƤ -ing ˾ʤä褦Ǥ
ǤⵡǽϰۤʤɡŪˤߤз־Ʊ -ing Ǥ뤳Ȥˤϰ㤤ޤŪˤߤƤ⡤ϳơۤʤ롼ġۤʤ뵡ǽäƤޤ֤ʤΤǺƱƤȤΤ֤ʤΤǤ-ing ˤȤäƤߤСʤꤿƤʤä櫓ǤϤʤǤ礦¿ǽˤʤäƤޤä櫓Ǥ͡ȤȤǡɤΤߤ -ing Ǥ뤳ȤˤѤꤢޤ
-ing ϱѸ˾礭ʥơޤǤܥ֥ǰäƤϰ -ing ߤεҲ𤷤Ƥޤפɤߤεåɤ

#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1])
#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])
#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])
#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])

#1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1])
#3109. ʤ -(e)s դ -ing դֻˤưۤʤΤ ([2017-10-31-1])
#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1])
#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1])
#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1])
#4349. ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ ([2021-03-24-1])
#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])

#1610. Viking θ츻 ([2013-09-23-1])
#1673. ̾¿ȿ̾ء ([2013-11-25-1])
#3903. ޥ̾ atheling, edelweiss, Heidi, Alice ([2020-01-03-1])

#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1])
#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1])

#2512. ưŪȤ뤫ư̾뤫 (2) ([2016-03-13-1])
#2511. ưŪȤ뤫ư̾뤫 (1) ([2016-03-12-1])
#757. decline + ư̾ ([2011-05-24-1])
#4058. what with ʸ ([2020-06-06-1])
#3923. ѸΡ?ʤפʤɤΰư֤ɽ魯칽ʸ ([2020-01-23-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-24-1]

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2021-03-24 Wed

#4349. ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ [sobokunagimon][participle][verb][infinitive][gerund][verb][conjugation][suffix]

1ǯۤˡѸ˴ؤѤʵ򤿤󶡤ƤäȤ롥Τʤ1Ĥˡɸμݤε䤬äʤʤθʸϡ֤ʤʬ -ing ˤϲʬΤ褦Ե§ư줬¸ߤʤΤסˡĤǶᤳεˤĤƹͤϤƤߤΤޤääѤǤϤʤǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ť⤷ȻפܲưʡˤƵƤǤ롥
εβ⤷ȤС1ˡʵϻפĤ⤷ʤä顥ѸؽԤϳưγѤǺޤƤϤγˤϡʬư̾ƱͤˤϤʤ -ing ǰӤƤ롥ϴ򤷤¤ǤϤ뤬äȴɤƤʤΤȤϢλ׹ͲϩʤΤȻפ-ing ˤֻˤĤƤϼ㴳Ե§ϤΤ̵뤷Ƥ褤٤Ǥcf. #3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤס ([2017-09-21-1]
Τ褦餷ȯȴäĩ路Ϥ᤿ΤϤ褤¤䡥ɤˤФʤǡʤε䤬񤷤Τ᥿Ū˹ͤƤߤ2ۤɥȤ

(1) Ф줿Ѥʵ䡥֤ʤ A Ե§ʤΤ B ϵ§ŪʤΤפȤȤʤäƤ뤬褯ͤƤߤȡϡѤʡ׵䤫ȴФषʤ٤䤤ǤϤʤѸؼԤȯ褦ʵϡƤ֤ʤ B ϵ§ŪʤΤ A Ե§ʤΤפȤʤΤǤ롥ΥǤС֤ʤʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ˲ʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿ΤפȤȯΤ̤ۤǤϤʤԤεǤСʬ -ing §ŪǤ뤳ȤäפʬԵ§ʤΤ¿ͳФ褤餯ΤۤˤϤפȤʤʤȤƷ褷ưפϤʤˡ

(2) ȤȸʬȲʬ2Ԥ椷Ȥȯ뵿Ǥ롥ΤξԤȤ̾ˡʬ (participle) ޤߡоݤˤʤ䤹櫓оݤ򤳤2˸ꤻ깭 non-finite verb forms Ȥȡ⤦볦ƤΤǤϤʤŪˤСʬȲʬ˲äơư̾θƤߤΤϤɤʬư̾ϷϾ˰פƤΤǡºݾϿ˹θ˲ä٤ȤȤˤʤ롥ȤΤϸѸȤƤϸˤۤʤ餺줬Ȥ٤¸ߤʤΤǡԵ§ⲿʤʤ be ư̤ˤۤ褵ǤˡȤȡ4ढ non-finite verb forms Τʤǡ3ޤǤ§Ūǡ1ΤߡĤޤʬΤߤԵ§ȤȤˤʤ롥Ūˤߤ¤ꡤ嵭 (1) ǼȤȹ碌ơ֤ʤʬΤߤԵ§ʤΤפ䤤ľۤʤȤΤˤͭפΤ褦˹ͤ롥

ȤȤǡȯڤ̣˴äơܤޤƤȤ뤬ʤȤͻˤäƤϸۤȯȤΤ褤ȻפäƤ롥󤽤ˤƤ񤷤ǡ伫Ȥ⤢륢ǥϻäƤ뤬ޤäʤΤǡäȵĴ򿼤ƤȻפäƤ롥ܥ֥ɼԤγˤ1ĤȤȤ󶡤Ǥ
ͤޤǤˡʬ˴ؤεȤơʲ󤲤Ƥ

#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])
#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])
#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])
#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1])
#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1]

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-09-1] [2021-05-12-1]

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2021-03-20 Sat

#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã [oe][germanic][indo-european][etymology][suffix][participle][i-mutaton][grimms_law][verners_law][verb][sound_change]

ε#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1]) Ǹʬ夲Ǵñˤ򿶤֤äޤǸűѸȯã˿줿٤ä Lass (163) ˰͵򤷤ơĸ줫饲ޥĸФƸűѸ˻ޤǤηֲȯãҲ𤷤褦

The present participle is morphologically the same in both strong and weak verbs in OE: present stem (if different from the preterite) + -ende (ber-ende, luf-i-ende. etc.). All Gmc dialects have related forms: Go -and-s, OIc -andi, OHG -anti. The source is an IE o-stem verbal adjective, of the type seen in Gr phér-o-nt- 'bearing', with a following accented */-í/, probably an original feminine ending. This provides the environment for Verner's Law, hence the sequence */-o-nt-í/ > */-ɑ-nθ-í/ > */-ɑ-nð-í/, with accent shift and later hardening */-ɑ-nd-í/, then IU to /-æ-nd-i/, and finally /-e-nd-e/ with lowering. The /-i/ remains in the earliest OE forms, with are -ændi, -endi.


͡ʲѲ (sound_change) ФƸűѸ -ende ˤɤĤȤʬ롥ʬϡΤ褦˲ȤƤܤޤ뤷ѲƤ褦Τؤղäλ䵡ǽ˴ؤƤСषꤷƤ褦ˤߤ롥ΰȡƱ줬˹ߤ뤳ȤϢưƤ褦˻פ롥
ޤѲˤƤ⡤Τܤޤ뤷ϤΤΡʤ٤ -nd- ȤҲϢݻƤȤܤͤ롥ϤȤȶ */-í/ ³ˡŪפȤ䤹äǤϤʤˤǤ롥ޤθΤ촴β˱ƶͿ뤳ȤʤäˤդƱʬǤ⡤ʬȤϤʤ𤬰ۤʤΤ
űѸʹߤѸ˻ޤǡ -nd- λҲϢϸ§Ȥݻ줿䤬Ƹʬ -ing ִ褦ˤʤäο -ing ȤơȤȤ /ɪŋɡ/ Τ褦˻ҲϢäƤȤ϶̣/ŋɡ/ λҲϢ⡤Ѹʹߤ /ŋ/ ؤȽñ㲽ƤǤϰĸβˤߤ줿ҲϢϡϢȤ߹碌褦ǤɸŪˤݻƤʤcf. #1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])#3482. ƬλҲϢñ㲽Ƥˡ ([2018-11-08-1]

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2021-03-19 Fri

#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ [consonant][phonetics][suffix][apostrophe][punctuation][participle][orthography][spelling][gerund][infinitive]

γڤβλޤѸλɤǤȡʬ -ing -in' 򸫤뤳Ȥ롥Ū¯Ūȯɽݤˤ⡤Ф -in' ˽в񤦡ݥȥե (apostrophe) ѤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤľŪˤХեޥȯ -ing g æξάΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤΤȤ館2ĤǸǤ롥
1ˡȯæάⵯäƤʤǤ롥-ing ȯ /-ɪŋ/ ǡ-in' ȯ /-ɪn/ Ǥ롥ǸλҲ٤Ƥߤ餫ʤ褦ˡԤͭɡ /ŋ/ ǡԤͭɡ /n/ Ǥ롥ξԤæάδطǤϤʤ夢뤤ִδطǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Ԥɽݤ˥ݥȥեѤΤ㤤ΤȤʤ櫓ˤˡʤ𤬤롥ͭɡ /ŋ/ 1ǤʤŵŪ <ng> 2ʸ֤ͭɡ /n/ ñ <n> 1ʸ֤Τξֻ٤С-ing <g> æά -in' 褦ˤߤ롥פȯǤϸΰΡæפ䤹ȤľƯ-in' άȤƲᤵ䤹ΤɽϳΤæάäƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ȯϤΤ褦ʤȤϵäƤʤ
2ˡŪˤäƤ -in' -ing Ȥϡ餯ʬΰ۷֤Ǥ -inde θޤäΩȹͤۤǤ롥äȤ⡤դβŪϹäƤꡤñ˷ŤʤȤϵƤ
ʬ -ing ˤϼ¤ʣǤ롥űѸ줫Ѹ̤ơʬŪ -inde, -ende, -ande ʤɤη֤ȤäƤΰ۷֤ʬۤϡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) ǼȤꡤ褽ʬϢưƤѸˡ̾ư̾ؤȯãƤ -ing -inde ʤɤθʬȤӤĤ褦ˤʤäcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])ˡˡ -en ⲻƤ˻äκƱ֤ʣcf. #2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1]
ˤ衤-in' -inde ξάǤפȤŪ˵Ƥ뤫⤷ʤ-in' -ing ξάǤפȤϸˤ
Ϣơ#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

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2021-01-17 Sun

#4283. many years ago ʤɤβλɽѤ ago ȤϲǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hellog_entry_set][adjective][adverb][participle][reanalysis][be][perfect]

ɸϳιͤȤʤ䤫⤷ޤago Ȥϡ?ˡפɽ魯λɽѤȤΤ褦˥ޥƤȻפޤäʤΰ̣ФΤȿ֤Ƥ⡤ʤʤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦⤽ ago θ츻ϲʤΤǤ礦İ



ǤǤ礦ago ϡư go ˰̣Ƭ a- դΡƴññʤΤǤŪˤ "XXX is/are agone." XXXδ֤᤮äפǤbe ưܲʬ agone ηǸߴλɽ路ƤΤǤ͡䤬 agone ϸҲ򼺤 ago η֤˽̾Ƥޤθ塤ʸΰȤŪ˵ǽˡbe ưʬάޤXXX (being) ago Τ褦ʬ칽ʸȤ򤷤Ƥ⤱äǤ
ΩͤȡI began to learn English many years ago. ϡäƤߤ I began to learn English --- many years (being) gone (by now). ȤäɽλȤȤǤˤĤơ⤦ܤΤꤿϡ#3643. many years ago ago Ȥϲ ([2019-04-18-1]) εɤ

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2020-12-28 Mon

#4263. XXX Made Easy Ȥȥ (1) [syntax][adjective][construction][flat_adverb][passive][participle]

˥δ֤夬äҲ𤷤Time The Best Inventions of 2020 ˡϳĴ Chef iQ Smart Cooker Ȥʤ夲ƤȤΥڡǥե㡼Ƥ뤬ϤΥȥ "Meals Made Easy" Ǥ롥ϤɤΤ褦ʹʸǤꡤɤΤ褦ʰ̣ʤΤ
֡Τ͡˵ʤ졤Ѥ⤷äʤȤǤϤ졤ΤʤϪǵȤΤϡȤƤθ餷
Ǥϡˡä礤η̡Ф줿ո͡äִñ˺줿פȤ̣ easy ϼ¤ñ (flat_adverb) ʤΤǤʤȤ򤬽Ф줿 make μȹʸǤ easy ϤޤǷƻȤѤƤִñˤ줿פۤɤǤȤ⤢äΤȤơֳڤӡפۤɤΥ˥奢󥹤ȤȤϳ狼äƤ뤱ɤ⡤ʸˡŪǼΤ񤷤ȤäȤǵǤߤȤʤä
餤Сϻ make μȹʸǤ롥ʸˡǤ5ʸ SVOC ١ȤʤäƤ롥(This cooker) makes meals easy. ۤɤǰƬˤȤ褤Ȥˤ "Meals are made easy (by this cooker)." Ȥʤ롥ȥȤΤ̾ˤ٤meals Ȥ "Meals Made Easy" Ȥ櫓
ǤϤäỌ̇̄ʬʤȤгΤˤmake ϡ?פθǤϤʤޤǻΡ?ĤˤפθѤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫make meals ֿפʤäʬ䤹ʤ collocation ⤢ޤʤ褦ˡǤϤʤ make meals easy = cause meals to be easy ȤطĤޤֿñˤפȤȤʤΤǤ롥̤θ򤹤 meals = easy Ȥطˤʤ롥ֿסִñפȤΤϤɤȤֿѰաסִñפȤΤǤСȤƤ褯ʬ롥ϰäʤ
¤ XXX Made Easy ȤɽϡʤɤΥȥ˾Ѥ귿Ǥ롥ܸǤСء١ïǤ狼١ñ٤ȤäȤXXX ˤϡ롤̣ܡܤʤ͡ʸ礬롥BNCweb ˤ "made easy" ñ㸡Ǥ⡤̤ᤤΤԲʤΤޤǡȵ󤬤äƤ롥

Harvesting and storing made easy
MIDDLE EAST DISTRIBUTION MADE EASY
Suicide made easy
FLOOR TILING MADE EASY
COSMETICS MADE EASY
Sheep counting made easy
Financial Analysis Made Easy
Mechanics Made Easy

ºݤ˽ǤƤܤΥȥǤСܥӥΤ Word Power Made Easy ⤢СMath Made Easy ʤɤγزʤΤ֤Japanese cookbook for beginners: 100 Classic and Modern Recipes Made Easy Τ褦Τ¿AUSTRALIAN COOKBOOK: BOOK1, FOR BEGINNERS MADE EASY STEP BY STEP դϹʸ䤹ΤǤϤʤXXX Made Simple XXX Simplified õиĤ롥
XXX ϡֺ (make) оݤǤɬפϤޤäʤष餫ΰ̣ǽ٤оݤǤвǤ褤ȤȤǡ"Meals Made Easy" ֤עֳڤӡפۤɤȤʤ櫓Ǥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2020-12-29-1]

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2020-06-07 Sun

#4059. ʤʬ칽ʸȼ줢ʬ칽ʸδط [syntax][syntax][participle][participle_construction][interrogative_pronoun][preposition]

ε#4058. what with ʸ ([2020-06-06-1]) ǤϡƱʸȤδϢʬ칽ʸ (participle_construction) ˤ⾯줿ʬ칽ʸϡѸǤä˽񤭸դǤ褯졤عʸˡǤɬܤγؽܤȤʤäƤ롥ʬ˰̣μ줬ʤΤ "free adjunct", Τ "absolute" ȤƤФ롥줾ŵỤ̄ħ򼨤ʸ󤲤褦

free adjunct: Having got out of the carriage, Holmes shouted for Watson.
absolute: Moriarty having got out of the carriage, Holmes shouted for Watson.

free adjunct ιʸǤϡʬΰ̣μ줬μƱȤʤꡤԤʤabsolute ιʸǤϡʬΰ̣μ줬μȰۤʤꡤԤŪʬź롥2Ĥιʸ줤줿Ūʴطˤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Trousdale (596) 󤹤ȤˤȡѸˤ free adjunct absolute λȤʬϸۤΤǤϤʤäʬμ줬μȰۤʤʤʤѸǤʬΰ̣μ줬٤ˤǤ⤽줬źʤȤϤ褯äabsolute ⸽⤤٤ǻȤƤ䤬Ƽμͭˤϡּʤʬ칽ʸפͭʤˤϡּ줢ʬ칽ʸפФ褦ˤʤꡤߤμϰϤƤäȤȤ餷
̤ȤƩ⤯§ŪȤʤä櫓֤äƤߤФˤŪǹŪȯãΤ褦ˤߤ롥Τ褦ŪȶȤδ֤ˤϲ餫ΰ̴طΤȴϢơ#1014. ʸȯãȽ°ʸȯã ([2012-02-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Trousdale, G. "Theory and Data in Diachronic Construction Grammar: The Case of the what with Construction." Studies in Language 36 (2012): 576--602.

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2020-06-06 Sat

#4058. what with ???? [construction_grammar][syntax][participle][gerund][interrogative_pronoun][preposition]

what with ʸ˴ؤʸɤȥ "the what with construction" 顤Ƥä#806. what with A and what with B ([2011-07-12-1]) ιʸΤȤȻפǤΤɤǤߤ餽ǤϤʤä䡤ιʸȤ̵طǤϤʤΤäʸŪްդäȯãƤʸȤȤǤ롥ʬ칽ʸӾ with ιʸαĹˤ롤ŪޥʡʹʸʸϡˤĤƹʸʸˡ (construction_grammar) 乽ʸ (constructionalization) δͻƤ롥
ޤʸ󤲤Ƥߤ褦Trousdale (579--80) Ƹ롥

(8)
a. What with the gown, the limos, and all the rest, you're probably looking at about a hundred grand.
                                        (2009 Diane Mott Davidson, Fatally Flaky; COCA)
b. In retrospect I realize I should have known that was a bad sign, what with the Raven Mockers being set loose and all.
                                        (2009 Kristin Cast, Hunted; COCA)
c. But of course, to be fair to the girl, she wasn't herself at the Deanery, what with thinking of how Lord Hawtry's good eye had darkened when she refused his hand in marriage.
                                        (2009 Dorothy Cannell, She Shoots to Conquer; COCA)
d. The bed was big and lonesome what with Dimmert gone.
                                        (2009 Jan Watson, Sweetwater Run; COCA)
e. The Deloche woman was going to have one heck of a time getting rid of the place, what with the economy the way it was in Florida.
                                        (2009 Eimilie Richards, Happiness Key; COCA)


(b)--(d) ʸˤĤƤϡ what with θˡ̣μ줬äʤäꤹ뤬 ing en ᤬³Ȥǡʬ칽ʸӾ with ιʸ롥ɽŪˤСʬ칽ʸƬ with ǤϤʤ what with ȤŪɸĤ褦ʹʸ
Trousdale (580) ˤСwhat with ʸˤϼΤ褦ʰ̣ŪŪԸǻŦƤ (Trousdale 580)

- the 'causality' function of what with is not restricted to absolutes; what with also occurs in prepositional phrases (e.g. (8a) above) and gerundive clauses (e.g. (8c) above).
- what with patterns occur in a particular pragmatic context, namely "if the matrix proposition denotes some non-event or negative state, or, more generally, some proposition which has certain negative implications (at least from the view of the speaker)".
- what with patterns typically appear with coordinated lists of 'reasons', or with general extenders such as and all in (8b) above.


ιʸϥޥʡʤ⡤ʤˤȤäϸѸ˸ȤTrousdale (587) ˤ Gower Confessio Amantis 㤬󤲤Ƥ롥˿帻ܻؤС what ˡֻ for with ǤϤʤΤΡˤȤ12 Lambeth Homilies ˸Ȥfor with Ǥʤ because of, between, by, from, in case (of), of, though ʤɤȤڥȤǤ褦ǡʤȤԻ׵Ĥ what ˡǤ롥
Τ褦ˤϸŤwhat with θ̾ʳ͡ʥѥ򽾤褦ˤʤäƤΤϡѸˤʤäƤǤŪʸȸȤǤ롥

Trousdale, G. "Theory and Data in Diachronic Construction Grammar: The Case of the what with Construction." Studies in Language 36 (2012): 576--602.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-12-1] [2020-06-07-1]

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2020-05-07 Thu

#4028. -ant -ent (1) [spelling][suffix][latin][french][participle][etymological_respelling][sobokunagimon]

Ѹˤϸ -ant, -ent ĸ줬¿¸ߤޤabundant, constant, important, attendant, descendant, servant; apparent, convenient, diligent, correspondent, president, solvent ŵŪˤϹ԰١֤ʤɤɽ魯ƻȤѤޤơط͡ʪɽ魯̾ȤѤ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤƻ̾ȤѤΤϡƥθʬͳ褹뤫Ǥattendant Ȥϡ "(an/the) attending (one)" 櫓Ǥ
-ant -ent ϥƥθʬͳ褹ȽҤ٤ޤΤˤϤ줾 -ans -ens Ȥ֤ǤϥƥǼñζ޷ʤΤǤʳζ޷ǤϻҲ s t 졤ȤñгˡǤ -antem, -entem Ȥʤޤ t Ѹˤ -ant -ent t ȤȤˤʤޤ
ơ첻Ǥa e ϲ㤦ΤȤȤǤüŪˤСƥưˤϤĤγѥѥ󤬤ꡤΤȤʤäƤưγѥѥ˱Ƹʬ -ans Ȥʤ뤫 -ens Ȥʤ뤫ޤäƤޤŪˤ1ѤȤʬवƤư줬 -ans ǡ234ѤȤʬवƤΤ -ens ǤѸ˼ѤƤǤϡȤΥƥθʬͳ褹첻ѾƤȤ櫓Ǥ
ñäǤ⤢ޤ󡥤ȤΤϡƥǶ̤Ƥ2θʬϡե󥹸Ǥ -ant ؤȽ󤵤ƤޤäƤǤ⤷Υեñ줬ѸؼѤƤȤСˤΥƥθ츻˾Ȥ餻 -ent ȤʤϤΤȤ˥ե󥹸첽 -ant ȤƱѸ˼ޤ줿Ȥˤʤ뤫Ǥ㤨Хƥ crescent ϤΤޤޱѸ crescent ȤäƤޤǥե󥹸첽 croissant ȤǤäƤƤޤƥȥե󥹸κϡpersistent resistantsuperintendent attendant ˤߤޤ¤ˤ䤳ˤʤäƤޤޤ (Upward and Davidson 88--89)
ȤƤϡƥδΤưγѥѥ˱ -ant -ent ޤäƤȤޤºݤΤȤ -ant ؽ󤵤ե󥹸δĤˤꡤξδ֤˺ƱȺɬ⤭줤ǤʤʬۤȤʤäƤޤäȤȤǤ
ñȯȤƤϡˤ϶֤뤳ȤϤʤΤǡȯϤȤ /-ənt/ Ȥʤꡤ̤Ǥޤ󡥤ʤΤֻ϶̤ʤФʤʤ櫓ǤؽԵ㤫ǤκϡȯѸüԤֻؽԤˤȤäƤषǤ㤨Сͥƥ֤ relevant ˤǤϤʤ relevent ʸˤְ֤㤨뤳ȤʤӤǤcf. #3889. ͥƥ֤褯ְ㤨륹ڥ󥰡 ([2019-12-20-1])ˡ˸ĤʤɤĹʤäǡ˶֤ˤϡ첻βΤ˸ޤcf. confident /ˈkɑnfɪdənt/ confidential /ˌkɑnfɪˈdɛnʃl/ 򻲾ȡˡ

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-05-09-1] [2020-05-08-1]

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2020-01-23 Thu

#3923. ѸΡ?ʤפʤɤΰư֤ɽ魯칽ʸ [infinitive][participle][syntax][construction][me]

ѸǤϡ?ʤ롿Ԥפ̣ˤϡŵŪˡcome/go + ʬ Ѥ롥ưưθ˸ʬźơư֤򼨤ˡǤ롥ʲ BNCweb 󤲤褦

Jack came rushing down from his room on the top floor and . . . .
The question came sneaking into her mind . . . .
She had contrarily thought that if he really cared he would have come running after her.
A great mammoth of an American truck went thundering past, forcing me on to the dirt shoulder.
He gulped and went rushing on.
. . . the crowd of silver helmets went flooding in pursuit, . . . .


űѸä˱ʸ䡤³ѸλˤϡΤ褦ʾ˸ʬǤϤʤ줬ѤΤŪäȤ櫓ưưȤ come Ȥ㤬¿ߤ롥Mustanoja (536--37) 󤲤褦 to ȼʤǤ뤳ȤݥȤǤ롥

þer comen seilien . . . scipes (Lawman A 25525)
þer com a wolf gon after þan (Fox & Wolf 108)
in him com ur Lord gon (Judas 25)
He comme flie too felde (Alis. Macedoine 995)
wiþ þat came renne sire Bruyllant (Ferumbras 2333)
nece, ysee who comth here ride (Ch. TC ii 1253)
on his hunting as he cam ride (Gower CA i 350)


ŻưȤ٤ lie stand ˤ㤬ߤ뤬ưˤĤƤ to ȼʤ⤢Сto ȼߤ (Mustanoja 537) ξ硤֤ǤϤʤŪɽ魯ˡȤƲǤ⤢ꡤξŪ

feowertene niht fulle þere læe þa verde þeos wederes abiden (Lawman A 28238)
ne þurve þa cnihtes . . . careles liggen slæpen (Lawman A 18653)
hu mynecene slapan liggen (Wint. Ben. Rule 63)
the fraunchise of holi churche hii laten ligge slepe ful stille (Pol. Songs 325)
þanne he lieþ to slepen, Sal he nevre luken þe lides of hise eȝen (Best. 15)
on a bed of gold she lay to reste Til that the hote sonne gan to weste (Ch. PF 265)
faire in the soond, to bathe hire myrily, Lith Pertelote (Ch. CT B NP 4457)
--- and in my barm ther lith to wepe Thi child and myn, which sobbeth faste (Gower CA iii 302)
ennȝless stanndenn aȝȝ occ aȝȝ To lofenn Godd (Orm. 3894)
--- he stood for to biholde (Ch. TC i 310)


Ѹˤʤȡcome + פ֤ɽ魯ˡϿषƤˤĤʤcome + ʬפä褦ˤʤ롥äȤ⡤ԤιʸűѸΤƤʤ櫓ǤϤʤäȤդäƤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-12-1]

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2020-01-19 Sun

#3919. Chibanian ʥХ˥ջˤ -ian (2) [suffix][word_formation][adjective][participle][indo-european][etymology]

ε ([2020-01-18-1]) ˰³ Chibanian -ian ˤĤơαѸϡƥǷƻ -(i)ānus ˤΤܤ뤳Ȥ˰ĸޤǤΤܤ *-no- Ȥ˹Ԥ夯촴첻 *-ā- ޤޤΤ˸³ȡ*-āno- ȤʤꡤΤȤڤФ줿ȤȤ -ian, -an, -ean ơѸ˼ޤ졤ŪʸŸƤȤϡ󤲤¿Ǽ̤Ǥ롥
ơĸ *-no- ϡޥɤΥ롼Ȥ̤ơѸΰճʬ˼ѤƤѲưβʬ˸ -en Ǻɽ魯̾դƷƻ -en Ǥ롥Ԥ broken, driven, shown, taken, written ʤɤ -en ؤԤ brazen, earthen, golden, wheaten, wooden, woolen ʤɤ -en ؤ (cf. ԤˤĤơ#1471. golden ߽ФѲ ([2013-05-07-1]) ⻲ȡˡƻʳƻȤǶ̤εǽ̤Ƥ롥
ĤޤꡤChibanian -ian golden -en ϡѸ˻ޤǤηϩϳơޤäۤʤΤΡΤܤäƤߤƱȤȤˤʤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-14-1] [2020-01-20-1]

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2019-08-31 Sat

#3778. ʬǤΰ -t 촴˼Ǥޤäư [etymology][verb][participle][-ate][analogy][reanalysis][metanalysis]

Ȥ̾դˤɸʣʷֲФƷ줿ư줬롥˶󤲤С t graft hoist ΤȤ
ε#3777. set, put, cut Τۤˤ⤢ä̵ѲѤư ([2019-08-30-1]) Ȥط뤷#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1])#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1])#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã ([2019-08-16-1])#3764. ư -ate εȯã ([2019-08-17-1]) Ȥ̩ܤ˴ؤ롤θǤ롥
graft ܤڤ롤ܿˤϥե󥹸 grafe ̤ꡤȤȸ t ϤʤäѸ˼Ѥƺ줿ʬ graftset, put, cut ʤɤθ촴 -t ̵ѲưǥȤơΤޤ޸ȤƲᤵ줿Ȥ櫓ꥸʥ˶ᤤ graff ȤԸդǤϤ뤬˳ǧ롥
Ʊͤ hoist Ȥ롤夲ˤ⡤ hyssen ѤΤѸƳ줿ǡ t դȺƲᤵ줿ȹͤ롥ꥸʥ˶ᤤ hoise ⡤ߡȤ¸ߤ롥
ʾ Jespersen (38) ľܰѤƤ

graft: earlier graft (< OF grafe). The ptc. graft was mistakenly interpreted as the unchanged ptc of an inf graft. Sh has both graft and graft; the latter is now the only form in use; it is inflected regularly. || hoist: originally hoise (perhaps < Middle Dutch hyssen). From the regular ptc hoist a new inf hoist sprang into use. Sh has both forms; now only hoist as a regular vb. The old ptc occurs in the well-known Shakespearean phrase "hoist with his own petard" (Hml III. 4.207).


Ƭ̾դˤֲȽҤ٤ʬ (metanalysis) Ȥʬ (reanalysis) ΰȤƸƤФ褤

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2019-08-30 Fri

#3777. set, put, cut Τۤˤ⤢ä̵ѲѤư [verb][conjugation][inflection][-ate][analogy][conversion][adjective][participle][conversion]

set, put, cut त̵ѲѤưˤĤơ#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1]) εǼ夲ƤǤϡưο񤤤Ѹβˤ˾Ȥ餻СϤΤͿ뤳Ȥߤ
t d ñǤ롤ȤΤưζ̹ŪˤϡξƤ¤ˤơۤưƱ̵ͤѲѤ򼨤ƤȤäȤСfast, fret, lift, start, waft ʤɤǤ롥Jespersen (36) Ƹ褦

   4.42. The influence of analogy has increased the number of invariable verbs. Especially verbs ending in -t tend in this direction. The tendency perhaps culminated in early ModE, when several words now regular had unchanged forms, sometimes side by side with forms in -ed:
   fast. Sh Cymb IV. 2.347 I fast and pray'd for their intelligense. || fret. More U 75 fret prt. || lift (from ON). AV John 8.7 hee lift vp himselfe | ib 8.10 when Iesus had lift vp himselfe (in AV also regular forms) | Mi PL 1. 193 With Head up-lift above the wave | Bunyan P 19 lift ptc. || start. AV Tobit 2.4 I start [prt] vp. || waft. Sh Merch. V. 1.11 Stood Dido .. and waft her Loue To come again to Carthage | John II. 1.73 a brauer choice of dauntlesse spirits Then now the English bottomes haue waft o're.


Jespersen Τ褦ˡŪˡ뤤ϲѲˤäǤ륿פ̵ѲưȤϡޤ set ʤɴ¸Ū̵Ѳư˿ȯ줿 (analogy) η̤Ȥ̵ѲưȤߤ٤Ǥ2Ū̵ѲưȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤϸޤǤˤɸѸ줫ϾäȤϤʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤΤϡ餬ΥǥȤʤäơʤƤǽ⤢뤫Ĥޤꡤ촴 -t ǽ뤬θΤ褦ñǤʤХޥͳǤʤΤˤ顤Ʊݤĥܤ뤫ǰƬ֤ƤΤϡεǤꤢ -ate ưʤɤǤʡ#3764. ư -ate εȯã ([2019-08-17-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ʊ Jespersen (36--37) ꡤλݤ˴ؤսѤ褦

4.43. It was thus not at all unusual in earlier English for a ptc in -t to be = the inf. The analogy of these cases was extended even to a series of words of Romantic origin, namely such as go back to Latin passive participle, e. g. complete, content, select, and separate. These words were originally adopted as participles but later came to be used also as infinitives; in older English they were frequently used in both functions (as well as in the preterit), often with an alternative ptc. in -ed; . . . A contributory cause of their use as verbal stems may have been such Latin agent-nouns as corruptor and editor; as -or is identical in sound with -er in agent-nouns, the infinitives corrupt and edit may have been arrived at merely through subtraction of the ending -or . . . . Finally, the fact that we have very often an adj = a vb, e. g. dry, empty, etc . . ., may also have contributed to the creation of infs out of these old ptcs (adjectives).


ѤθȾǡΥǥ뤬ۤˤ2Ĥ˿ƤΤפǤ롥corruptor, editor פε (back_formation) dry, empty פư졦ƻѤñ¸ߤǤ롥#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-31-1]

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2019-08-19 Mon

#3766. ʤ send -- sent -- sent ʤΤ [verb][conjugation][inflection][consonant][tense][preterite][participle][sobokunagimon][degemination]

ɸ bend -- bent -- bent, lend -- lent -- lent, rend -- rent -- rent, wend -- went -- went ʤɤȤȤ˸ -nd -- -nt -- -nt Ȥʤ륿פԵ§ưʤʬˤ̵ -t ΤϡŪˤɬ餫ˤƤʤfeel -- felt -- felt, keep -- kept -- kept ʤɡʬȤ -t 򼨤¾ư줫 (analogy) ˤΤ⤫뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ۤϤ櫓Ǥʤ
Ūˤϡsend βʬ sent ȤʤͳϤʤűѸˤơsendan βŵŪ sende Ǥ sent(en) ˤȯŸʤƱͤˡʬ (ge)send(ed) ǤꡤϤ sent ˤϤʤʤΤäơ -t ϲη̤Ȥߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ겿ʤηֲˤäƤ⤿餵줿ȤȤˤʤ롥
º -t 򼨤ʬΤϡ13ˤʤäƤΤȤǤ롥űѸǤ3ñ sendeþ (contraction) 򵯤 sent Ȥʤ륱ˤˤäϤޤ3ñǤꡤǤʬǤʤJespersen (33--34) ϰʲΤ褦ˡѤ줿3ñη֤ʬˤžѤ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ˾öŪͿƤ롥줷ȸ虜ʤ褦˻פ롥ΤȤȤۤʤ

In the send--sent group OE suppressed the d of the stem before the ending: sendan, sende, gesend(ed). I have often thought that the ME innovation sent(e) may originally have stood for sendd with a long, emphatic d to distinguish it from the prs form. This explanation, however, does not account for felt, meant, left, etc.
   There is a remarkably full treatment of Origin and Extension of the Voiceless Preterit and the Past Participle Inflections of the English Irregular Weak Verb Conjugation by Albert H. Marckwardt in Essays and Studies in English and Comparative Literature by Members of the English Department of the Univ. of Michigan (Ann Arbor 1935). He traces the beginning of these t-forms back to the eleventh century and then follows their chronological and geographical spreading from century to century up to the year 1400, thus just the period where the subject-matter of my own work begins. There is accordingly no occasion here to deal with details in Marckwardt's exposition, but only to mention that according to him the first germ of these 't'-forms lay in stems in -nd, -ld and -rd. The third person sg of the present of such a verb as OE sendan was often shortened into sent from sendeþ. On the analogy of such very frequently occurring syncopated presents the t was transferred to the prt and ptc. It must be admitted that this assumption is more convincing than the analogy adduced by previous scholars, but it is rather difficult to explain why the t-forms spread, e.g., to such verbs as leave : left. From the point of view of Modern English Grammar, however, we must be content to leave this question open: we must take forms as we find them in the period with which we are concerned.

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2019-08-17 Sat

#3764. ư -ate εȯã [suffix][-ate][adjective][participle][verb][word_formation][loan_word][latin][french][conversion][morphology][analogy]

ε#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã ([2019-08-16-1]) ˰³ -ate ꡥư -ate ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) Ǽ夲ϤεȯãˤĤơOED -ate, suffix1 򻲾Ȥʤ顤⤦ܺ٤˹ͤƤߤ褦
Ҥ٤褦ˡ-ate ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤뤫顤ưθȤϡʲʬ˷ƻθȤ٤ΤǤ롥ư -ate εȤƤΤϡ-ate ˴ؤƷƻ줫ưؤʻž (conversion) äȤȤǤ롥ƻ줫ưؤʻž¿θǧ졤ºݤ˸űѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤˤȤޤʤȤСűѸǤ hwít hwítian, wearm wearmian, bysig bysgian, drýge drýgan 졤줾Ԥư϶Ѹˤƶ޸򼺤ԤȷŪͻ礷Ȥаޤ롥
ƥǤƱͤˡƻ줫ưؤʻžӤäȤСsiccus siccāre, clārus clārāre, līber līberāre, sacer sacrāre ʤɤ줿˥ե󥹸Ǥǡsec sècher, clair clairer, content contenter, confus confuser ʤɤ줿Ѹϥƥե󥹸줫餳θѤηƻưϤ޸οˤ15ޤǤͻ礷
ήΤʤǡ16ˤϥƥβʬƻ򤽤ΤޤưȤѤ륿פʻžŪˤߤ褦ˤʤädirect, separate, aggravate ʤɤ㤬롥ѸǤΤ褦㤬Ƥȡƥ -ātus ŪˤϲʬбƤϤŪˤϤФбѸưθˤҤŤ褦ˤʤäĤޤꡤʬƻŪʵǽβߤʤˡ-ate ľܤưθȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
ηդޤȡƥʤե󥹸ˤư촴ڤƤơ -ate ĤСѸ¦ǿưñƳǤȤ1θˡȯã16ˤ fascinate, concatenate, asseverate, venerate ޤɴ -ate ư줬߽Ф줿
ä󤳤ˡΩƤޤСºݤ˥ƥʤե󥹸ˤ¸ߤɤ鷺֥ƥʤե󥹸ŪǡפǤСäƤ -ate դ뤳ȤˤꡤȤ⤿䤹ưǤ褦ˤʤä櫓ˤ nobilitate, felicitate, capacitate, differentiate, substantiate, vaccinate ʤ¿ -ate ư줬ḽ߽Ф줿
ΤȤ -ate ȯãϡȤ̤ȤƤ -ate ư췲Ȥδ֤Ρ䤨֤ʤѤȵ§ĥˤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-31-1] [2019-08-30-1]

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2019-08-16 Fri

#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã [suffix][-ate][adjective][participle][word_formation][loan_word][latin][french][conversion][morphology]

ѸŵŪư1ĤȹͤƤ -ate ϡ¤ϤĤηƻˤߤ롥aspirate, desolate, moderate, prostrate, sedate, separate ưȤƤˡ⤢뤬ƻǤ⤢롥 innate, oblate, ornate, temperate ʤɤϾ˷ƻǤ롥ƻȤƤ -ate εȯã򤿤ɤäƤߤ褦
ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤롥ե󥹸Ϥˤߤܼ -us, -um, -a æѸƥݤˤæδޤƥե󥹸Τ򿿻̤ȤơѸ1400ǯ餤顤ƥ -atus ʤɤ -at ʤΤԤ첻ĹȤ򼨤 e ź -ate) ȤƼཬƤä
嵭Τ褦 -ate εưβʬǤ뤫顤ѸǤʸ̤ưβʬΤۤƻȤƤⵡǽƤȤ̵ʤǤ -ate ưθʬϤ˵ڤǡŪʲʬϡ¿˵§Ū˺줿 -ated Ȥ֤˼ä졤ʬʷƻˤȤƤ -ate ¿ѤȤʤäƤޤäƻȤƼŪ˻ĤäΤ⤢äƬ˵󤲤 -ate ƻϡΤ褦ʷаޤǡĤäפΤǤ롥
ʾή⤷սOED -ate, suffix2

Forming participial adjectives from Latin past participles in -ātus, -āta, -ātum, being only a special instance of the adoption of Latin past participles by dropping the inflectional endings, e.g. content-us, convict-us, direct-us, remiss-us, or with phonetic final -e, e.g. complēt-us, finīt-us, revolūt-us, spars-us. The analogy for this was set by the survival of some Latin past participles in Old French, as confus:--confūsus, content:--contentus, divers:--diversus. This analogy was widely followed in later French, in introducing new words from Latin; and both classes of French words, i.e. the popular survivals and the later accessions, being adopted in English, provided English in its turn with analogies for adapting similar words directly from Latin, by dropping the termination. This began about 1400, and as in -ate suffix1 (with which this suffix is phonetically identical), Latin -ātus gave -at, subsequently -ate, e.g. desolātus, desolat, desolate, separātus, separat, separate. Many of these participial adjectives soon gave rise to causative verbs, identical with them in form (see -ate suffix3), to which, for some time, they did duty as past participles, as 'the land was desolat(e by war;' but, at length, regular past participles were formed with the native suffix -ed, upon the general use of which these earlier participial adjectives generally lost their participial force, and either became obsolete or remained as simple adjectives, as in 'the desolate land,' 'a compact mass.' (But cf. situate adj. = situated adj.) So aspirate, moderate, prostrate, separate; and (where a verb has not been formed), innate, oblate, ornate, sedate, temperate, etc. As the French representation of Latin -atus is -é, English words in -ate have also been formed directly after French words in --é, e.g. affectionné, affectionate.


Ĥޤꡤ-ate ϡߤФषƻˤդ路Ȥ٤Ǥꡤưˤդ路ؤѲΤϡѸʹߤοȤȤˤʤ롥ʤ -ate ŵŪưȤʤäΤȤäƤϡʣŪ𤬤롥ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) 򻲾ȡʤޤεǤⰷͽˡ
-ate ˤĤƤϡ֤ȯʤɤδ#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-30-1])#3686. -ate -ment ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-31-1])#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]) Ϥᡤ-ate εǼ夲ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-31-1] [2019-08-17-1]

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2019-05-28 Tue

#3683. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (2) [verb][prescriptive_grammar][conjugation][preterite][participle][lowth]

ε ([2019-05-27-1]) ˰³ư lie ¾ư lay ˤĤơɸѸˤơξԤκƱ֡ŪȤäƤۤ뤵褦ˤʤäΤϡʸˡȤ18θ塤19ʹߤΤȤ18ˤΤ褦ʼ򼬤ʸˡȤɽ꤬ Robert Lowth (1710--87) Ǥ롥
Lowth (56) ϡ#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡľܤˤ2ĤưκƱˤĤƸڤƤcf. #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])ˡΤ褦 Pope Ρָѡ򼨤Ĥġ餫ɼԤմ򤷤Ƥ롥

   This Neuter Verb is frequently confounded with the Verb Active to lay, [that is, to put or place;] which is Regular, and in the Past Time and Participle layed or laid.
         "For him, thro' hostile camps I bent my way,
         For him, thus prostrate at thy feet I lay;
         Large gifts proportion'd to thy wrath I bear." Pope, Iliad xxiv. 622.
Here lay is evidently used for the present time, instead of lie.


Lowth ξưκѤ˥ФȤϱѸ˾褯ΤƤ뤬ճȻŦƤʤȤ롥ΰѤʬ̤ꡤξưμ¾ζ̤ȻλȤʬˤĤƤմƤ뤬layed laid δ֤ηֻ֡ɤˤĤƤä뤷ƤͻҤϤʤȤ
Ϣ Lowth ϼư lie Τ˽о줵Ƥսǡ"Lie,lay,lien, or lain" ȳѤ򼨤Ƥ롥ʬɤ줬Ф꤫lien ȤɸŪˤϺ˴֤Τۤष˵󤲤ƤΤäLowth ɤդ˲𤷤ƤͻҤϤޤäʤʸˡܻؤȤͣפǤȤʤСlie Lowth εϤˤ⼫Ƶ˴٤äƤ褦ˤߤ롥
ȽǤˡʸˡ Lowth ܻؤȤϡͣפǤϤʤäȤȤ館٤18εʸˡȤϡФи褦ˤۤɥä櫓ǤϤʤʴƤ򼨤ƤΤǤ롥ʸˡȤɤΤ褦ɾƤ뤤ѤƤȤΤۤäȽפʤΤ⤷ʤ
ºݡǯ18εʸˡȤˤĤƺɾεƤƤ롥#3035. Lowth ϤޤǤиƤʤä ([2017-08-18-1])#2815. 18εϼκɾˤĤ (1) ([2017-01-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Lowth, Robert. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. 1762. New ed. 1769. ʱѸʸݹ亮꡼13Ʋ1968ǯ9--113ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-04-1]

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2019-05-27 Mon

#3682. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (1) [verb][prescriptive_grammar][conjugation][preterite][participle][taboo][complaint_tradition][lowth]

ư lie ʲˤ¾ư lay ʲˤζ̤Ĥ٤ȤʸˡդϡܤμѸ쳦Ǥͭ̾Ǥʡ#124. Ѹʸˡε ([2009-08-29-1]) 򻲾ȡˡư lie -- lay -- lain ȳѤ¾ư lay -- laid -- laid ȳѤ롥ԤΤβȸԤθƱˤʤΤǡ򾷤ΤɬǤ롥⤳ŵƤѸؽԤ1ͤѸѤˤƤμѤ뵡˷äޤ줿Ȥϡޤʤ
ѸǤξԤκƱФ˶Ȥʬʤȡ̵ܡפȤΥåƥŽۤɤʤΤǡȴʤʤȤְ㤨Ƥʸ̮λ٤ˤۤȤɸʤȻפ뤬äƤޤä饢ȤȤNGɤФƤޤäƤΤǤ롥¾ˤäȸͶڥ¿ϤΤ褦ˤơΥڥФƤ褦˻פ롥ζ̤Ѹ춦ƱΤˤƶܤ̵ͭʬȥޥȤʤäƤΤlie lay ΥڥϡʹߡΤ褦ʸΤФƤˡɽȤäƤ褤
ߤǤȥޥȤƺѤȤȤϡǤ⺮ƱԤפ䤿ʤȤȤǤ롥Ūˤ17, 18ˤ⺮ѤӤǤꡤä˳ʤȤߤʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäˤƵϼĬޤˤĤơ٤ѤȤƤȤаޤ롥
Fowler (445) ˡФ lay and lie ȤܤΩƤƤΤǡѤƤ

Verbs. In intransitive uses, coinciding with or resembling those of lie, except in certain nautical expressions, lay 'is only dialectal or an illiterate substitute for lie' (OED). Its identity of form with the past tense of lie no doubt largely accounts for the confusion. In the 17c. and 18c. the alternation of lay and lie seems not to have been regarded as a solecism. Nowadays confusion of the two is taken to be certain evidence of imperfect education or is accepted in regional speech as being a deep-rooted survival from an earlier period. . . .
   The paradigm is merciless, admitting no exceptions in standard English. Incorrect uses: She layed hands on people and everybody layed hands on each other and everybody spoke in tongues---T. Parks, 1985 (read laid); Laying back some distance from the road . . . it was built in 1770 in the Italian style---Fulham Times, 1987 (read lying); Where's the glory in . . . leaving people out with their medals all brushed up laying under the rubble, dying for the glory of the revolution?--New Musical Express, 1988 (read lying); We are going to lay under the stars by the sea---Sun, 1990 (read lie); They may have lost the last fight [sc. the final of a ruby tournament], but how narrow it was, and they can still be proud of all the battle honours that will lay for ever in their cathedral in Twickenham--(sport column in) Observer, 1991 (read lie).


ξưκƱ˥֡ŪǤ뤫ϡ"The paradigm is merciless, admitting no exceptions in standard English." Ȥ1ʸˤä䤫˼Ƥ롥˻ޤǡΡָѡפפ䤿ʤ褦
Υ֡ϻϤΤϡRobert Lowth (1710--87) ϤȤ18εϼʸˡȤȤcf. #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])ˡ餬ϻϤȤƤ⡤줬ѤƤʤСפȤϤʤʤѤǤ͡ƺѤǤ͡ΤΥ֡ݻƤΤǤ롥ε#3681. βͤŤμΤüԤǤ ([2019-05-26-1]) #3672. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥ󥰥ߥ (2) ([2019-05-17-1]) ε˽С⤽1ͤ⤷ʤʤ⤽1ͤ⤷ʤ

Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-04-1] [2019-05-28-1]

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2019-05-15 Wed

#3670.رѸ춵٤Ϣ3֤ʤԵ§ưѤΤ [notice][hel_education][elt][sobokunagimon][verb][conjugation][tense][preterite][participle][rensai][link]

رѸ춵٤6ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱܵѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ3ܤȤʤ֤ʤԵ§ưѤΤפǺܤƤޤ󤴰ɤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ6



ŪñۤԵ§ʿ񤤤򼨤ȤΤϡˤߤŪǤϱѸưβʬˤĤƤ⤤ޤ¿ưϵ§Ūʸ -ed դƲʬޤŪʾưϡbuy -- bought -- bought, cut -- cut -- cut, go -- went -- gone, sing -- sang -- sung, write -- wrote -- written ʤɤΤ褦˸̤˰ŵʤФʤʤԵ§Ѳ򼨤ޤϢܵǤϡԵ§ưѤˤ򤿤ɤޤơԵ§ư¿Ūˤϡֵ§ưǤꡤεդޤʤꡤȤä٤¤餫ˤʤޤ
ưԵ§ѲˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤϢ񤭤ƤޤΤǡʲ򤴻Ȥ

#3339. ѸδŪԵ§ư ([2018-06-18-1])
#178. ưε§Ѳά ([2009-10-22-1])
#527. Ե§Ѳưε§®٤ٻɸ2ȿ㤹? ([2010-10-06-1])
#528. ˵§ư wed !? ([2010-10-07-1])
#1287. ưζܹԤ١ ([2012-11-04-1])
#3135. -ed ε ([2017-11-26-1])
#3345. ѲưƳ෿γ̿Ǥ ([2018-06-24-1])
#3385. Ѹ˼嶯ܹԤư ([2018-08-03-1])
#492. ѸζѲưɤ ([2010-09-01-1])
#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])
#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1])
#2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ ([2015-05-06-1])
#1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1])
#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1])
#2210. think -- thought -- thought γѡ ([2015-05-16-1])
#2225. hear -- heard -- heard ([2015-05-31-1])
#3490. dreamt dreamed ء ([2018-11-16-1])
#439. come -- came -- come ʤΤ welcome -- welcomed -- welcomed ʤΤϤʤ ([2010-07-10-1])
#43. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 ([2009-06-10-1])
#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1])
#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1])

ϢܤΥХåʥСȤơ1󵭻֤ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ2󵭻֤ʤԵ§ʣΤΰ⤴

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ3󡡤ʤԵ§ưѤΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ6桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ51362--63ǡ

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