45ϤޤäƤֱѸƳ2021ΥƥľҲϡǺǽȤʤޤoffice, john, House of Lords --- ȥθƤǤȥơޤǤ͡ȥαѸʸˤ뤤ϱѸʸȤ٤ƤǡHistorical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) ѤƤʤˤ⤷ĴǤΤȶƤ륳ƥĤǤƥοޤɤäƤǡȥͪפιڤळȤǤޤ
֡ (taboo)նɽ (euphemism) (synonym) Ȥä (lexicology) ϡѸˤ´ʸʤɤǤ͵ΥơޤǤѸ˸˴ؿä顤Υդ hellog εɤǤߤƤޤʲ˺ΥƥĤȴˤϢҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
#470. toilet ˭٤նɽ ([2010-08-10-1])
#471. toilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords Ǥߤ ([2010-08-11-1])
#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])
#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])
#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1])
#3392. Ʊ ([2018-08-10-1])
#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1])
#4395. ѸˤĤĴ٤Ȼפä ([2021-05-09-1])
#3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1])
#847. Oxford Learner's Thesaurus ([2011-08-22-1])
#4334. նʸˡ (euphemism) ˤĤƤν ([2021-03-09-1])
#1270. ͥåȥβĻ벽ġ켭 ([2012-10-18-1])
#1432. ⤦1ĤͥåȥinstaGrokפϢ۸ġ ([2013-03-29-1])
#4092. shit, ordure, excrement --- ä3ع¤κǶ ([2020-07-10-1])
#4041. ָˤ륿֡פεåȡ ([2020-05-20-1])
ֱѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿֤ǰ֡פΤïǤǥˡDz Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ʡɱ١ˤ "Magic mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one of all?" ѤƤƻ fair ΰ̣Ѳ˾ƤѸƳƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
פȤФޤ beautiful פ⤫ӤޤʤǤ fair ʤΤǤ礦ޤƥĤǤ⤵Ƥ̤ fair ˤϡֿΡפȤ⤢ޤΤǡSnow White ȤΤ褤Ȥޤˡbeautiful ƻѤƤΤòƤ봶ΤФfair ˤϡָʡʿʡפθޤƻŪʴްդޤ (cf. fair trading, fair share, fair play) ɱƤΤˤԤäȤ櫓Ǥ
fair ϸűѸѤƤѸǡŤ˭ʶޤbeautiful ϡ14˸ťե̾ beute Ѥˡ15˱Ѹ¦ -ful ղäƺäѸǤեѸΤˤϡȾץեѸˤŪˤäΩŪ̵ƩζĤȤ¿ΤǤbeautiful ˤĤƤгΤ fair ٤ƻŪŪʿߤϴޤʥƥѸ attractive ȹ碌 fair -- beautiful -- attractive 31 (triset) ȳơλѰ (register) ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
fair beautiful Τ褦ΰ̣ˡΰ㤤ˤĤƾܤΤꤿˤϡ䥳ѥʸäįᡤɤΤ褦ʸȶ (collocation) Ƥ뤫ѻ뤳Ȥᤷޤ1줫ʤ륤ꥹѸ쥳ѥ BNCweb ξζɽĴ٤ƤߤޤǤϿʪƻѤƤ붦˸¤äƾҲ𤷤ޤfair ȥåȤߤ䤹Τ hair lady Ǥbeautiful ȥåȤȤƤ woman, girl, young, hair, face, eyes, looks ʤɤäƤޤʤ fair lady ФơޤƻѤɤɽ魯Ȥò beautiful woman/girl ȤΩ¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤɱˤϤϤ fair դ路ΤǤ礦͡
fair ˸ȸηӤĤϡcandid Ȥƻˤ⸫ޤcandid ˡΨľʡפ̣ޤʤָʿʡפθޤŤϡפθ⤢ޤȤȤθ츻ϥƥ candidus ǡޤˡפ̣ޤǮƵƤפǡcandle ʥˤȤ캬ͭƤޤޤcandidate ʸԡˤϡޤǸԤȡ뽬路äȤͳ褷ޤʤߤܸǤַסֹס֥ʡ̵ˡפʤɤȸδطָޤ͡
Ѹؤ־ǡ (synonym) ȤΤǤȤƤƱʤΤˡºݤˤϥ˥奢ΰ㤤ȤΤ֤ޤ̤˸ˤƴƱϤʤȤޤ̣̯˰ۤʤȤΤϡפäƤʾ¿¸ߤޤ
ܸǹͤƤߤС¿ˤϤ˵ŤǤ礦פƤߤޤ礦֤Ӥס֤Фס֤ؤФס֤ؤФס֥åס֥ХƤסϫסֺहס֤ؤȤؤȤˤʤס֤դդˤʤסڤפʤɡ줾äΥΥơޤ͡
Ѹǡ줿פȤС tired פ⤫Ӥޤ¾ exhausted, drained, weary, worn out, shattered, pooped, fatigued ʤɤ⤢ޤؽˤǤơȼΥΥơäƤ¸߰յ褦ǤֱѸƳ2021ΤΥƥĤϡˤ֡줿פäɽ¿ʤǤ⤴
Τ褦˴ؿä顤ޤ٤ϳؽѤαѱѼŵǤ㤨 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (= LDOCE) ʤɤǤϡƤפʸФ㤨 tiredˤΤȤˡTHESAURUS Ȥ쥳ʡߤƤꡤλȤʬʷ˵Ƥޤ
thesaurus ȤΤϡФ켭ŵΤȡȤС켭ŵΤΤΤᤤȤᤤǤ͡㤨СOxford Learner's Thesaurus ˤСΥ˥奢㡤٤⤵ƤޤʲΤ褦ˡɤɤҤ³Ƥޤ椤Ȥ˼꤬ϤŵǤ͡

˾ܤĴ٤ΤǤС줬ѤƤָפλ¿ʬϤ뤳ȤɬפˤʤޤʤȥѥѤͭѤǤޤϡꥹѸȥꥫѸγơˤĤơBNCweb COCA ȤѥäƤߤΤǤ
ֱѸƳ2021γȤȤǡʤ٤ʸġʤŪ켭ŵʤξҲ𤷤Ƥޤ礦Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) Ǥܺ٤ϡ#3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1]) ɤ
SDGs (= sustainable development goals) DZѸٶ褦Ȼפޤ䡤Ѹ SDGs ٶ褦Ȼפޤδְ㤤ǤޤѸΥޥ顥

ʲΤ褦ˤޤȤƤߤޤΥ (PDF) ˤĤƤϡѸ뤤ܸɤ
| Goal 1 | No Poverty | Τ֤Ϻ餻 |
| Goal 2 | Zero Hunger | 餻ݾڤӱܲ¸³ǽȤ¥ʤ |
| Goal 3 | Good Health and Well-Being | ǯΤ٤Ƥο͡ηŪݤʡ¥ʤ |
| Goal 4 | Quality Education | ٤Ƥο͡ؤΡŪĸʼι⤤ؽε¥ʤ |
| Goal 5 | Gender Equality | ʿã٤Ƥνڤӽǽ϶Ԥ |
| Goal 6 | Clean Water and Sanitation | ٤Ƥο͡οȱѲǽȻ³ǽʴݤ |
| Goal 7 | Affordable and Clean Energy | ٤Ƥο͡Ρ²ĿǤ³ǽʶŪͥ륮ؤΥݤ |
| Goal 8 | Decent Work and Economic Growth | ŪϳǽʷкĹڤӤ٤Ƥο͡δŪʸѤƯΤʹ֤餷(ǥȡ)¥ʤ |
| Goal 9 | Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure | סʥ쥸ꥨȡˤʥե鹽ۡŪϳǽʻȲ¥ʵڤӥΥ١οʤޤ |
| Goal 10 | Reduced Inequalities | ƹڤӳƹ֤ʿ |
| Goal 11 | Sustainable Cities and Communities | ŪǰĶסʥ쥸ꥨȡˤǻ³ǽԻԵڤӿʹֵサ¸ |
| Goal 12 | Responsible Consumption and Production | ³ǽ֤ݤ |
| Goal 13 | Climate Action | ưڤӤαƶڸ뤿ζ۵к֤ |
| Goal 14 | Life Below Water | ³ǽʳȯΤ˳Ρλ³ǽʷѤ |
| Goal 15 | Life on Land | ΦַϤݸ³ǽѤοʡ³ǽʿӤηбġؤн衤ʤӤϤ˻ߡڤʪ¿»˻ߤ |
| Goal 16 | Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions | ³ǽʳȯΤʿ¤ŪʼҲ¥ʤ٤Ƥο͡˻ˡؤΥ٥ˤƸŪǤΤŪ٤ۤ |
| Goal 17 | Partnerships | ³ǽʳȯΤμ»ܼʤХ롦ѡȥʡåפ |
ε#4094. 2Ÿʬ ([2020-07-13-1]) Ǽ夲2Ÿ (doublet) ξԤ3Ÿ졤4Ÿ졤5ŸʤɤΡ¿ŸפؿѸؼŵ (344) ꤤĤܥ֥δϢ뵭ؤΥĥäƤ
(a) 3Ÿ (triplet)
hale (< ME hal, hale, hail < OE hāl), whole (< ME hol, hool, hole < OE hāl), hail ( ON heill) (cf. #3817. hale θ캬ͥåȥ ([2019-10-09-1]))
place ( OF place < L platēa), plaza ( Sp. plaza < L platēa), piazza ( It. piazza < L platēa)
hotel ( F hôtel < OF hostel < ML hospitāle), hostel ( OF hostel < ML hospitāle), hospital ( ML hospitāle) (cf. #171. guest host (2) ([2009-10-15-1]))
a, an, one (cf. #86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1]))
(b) 4Ÿ (quadruplet)
corpse ( MF corps < OF cors < L corpus), corps ( MF corps < OF cors < L corpus), corpus ( L corpus), corse ( OF cors < L corpus)
(c) 5Ÿ (quintuplet)
palaver ( Port palavra < L parabola), parable ( OF parabole < L parabola), parabola ( L parabola), parley ( OF parlée < L parabola), parole ( F parole < L parabola)
discus, disk, dish, desk, dais (cf. #569. discus --- 6Ÿ߽Фðۤθ캬 ([2010-11-17-1]))
senior, sire, sir, seigneur, signor
ʤܸ줫4ŸȤơɡ륿ơ㡼ȤƤ (cf. #1027. åפȥåס ([2012-02-18-1]))
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Ʊ츻ˤΤܤ뤬餫ͳǷ֤Ọ̇̄ۤʤ˻ä1Ȥθ2Ÿ (doublet) ȸƤ֡ܥ֥Ǥ͡ʼ2ŸƤä˾ܺ٤ʰϡ#1723. åץˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-14-1]) ȡ#1724. Skeat ˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-15-1]) ȡˡ2ŸˤϤĤΥפ뤬ؿѸؼŵ (343--44) ˽äơ˸ŪʴʬषƼ
(1) ѷϩΰۤʤΡ
sure ( OF sur < L sēcūrus), secure ( L sēcūrus)
poorʢ OF povre, poure < L pauper), pauper ( L pauper)
filibuster ( Sp. filibustero Du. vrijbuiter), freebooter ( Du. vrijbuiter)
caste ( Port. casta < L castus), chaste ( OF chaste < L castus)
madam(e) ( OF ma dame < L mea domina), Madonna ( It. ma donna < L mea domina)
(2) ȳˤΡ
shirt (< OE scyrte < *skurtjōn-), skirt ( ON skyrta < *skurtjōn-)
naked (< OE nacod, næcad), nude ( L nūdus)
brother (< OE brōðor), friar ( OF frere < L frāter)
name (< OE nama), noun ( AN noun < L nōmen)
kin (< OE cynn), genus ( L genus)
(3) Ʊ줫ۤʤ˰ۤʤ֤뤤ϰ̣ǼѤ줿Ρ
cipher ( OF cyfre Arab. ṣifr), zero ( F zéro It. zero Arab. ṣifr)
count ( OF conter < L computāre), compute ( MF compoter < L computāre)
annoy ( OF anuier, anoier < L in odio), ennui ( F ennui < OF enui < L in odio)
(4) ƱΰۤʤμѤˤΡ(cf. #76. Norman French vs Central French ([2009-07-13-1])#95. ޤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2009-07-31-1])#388. äȤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2010-05-20-1]))
catch ( ONF cachier), chase ( OF chacier)
wage ( ONF wagier), gage ( OF guage)
warden ( ONF wardein), guardian ( OF guardien)
warrant ( ONF warantir), guarantee ( OF guarantie)
treason ( AN treyson < OF traison < L traditionis), traditiion ( OF tradicion < L traditionis) (cf. #944. ration reason ([2011-11-27-1]))
(5) ѸˤƱ줬ƼηѲˤʬ (split) ĤΰۤʤˤʤäΤ롥ˤѸˤǧ롥
outermost, uttermost
thresh, thrash
of, off
than, then (cf. #1038. then than ([2012-02-29-1]))
through, thorough (cf. #55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1]))
wight, whit
worked, wrought (cf. #2117. playwright ([2015-02-12-1]))
later, latter (cf. #3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1])#3622. latter η֤űѸ졦Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ([2019-03-28-1]))
to, too
mead, meadow
shade, shadow (cf. #194. shadow shade ([2009-11-07-1]))
twain, two (cf. #1916. ˡȽˡǰۤʤ֤ķƻ ([2014-07-26-1]))
fox, vixen
acute, cute
example, sample (cf. #548. example, ensample, sample 3Ÿ ([2010-10-27-1]))
history, story
mode, mood (cf. #3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1]))
parson, person (cf. #179. person parson ([2009-10-23-1]))
fancy, fantasy
van, caravan
varsity, university
flour, flower (cf. #183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1]))
travail, travel
嵭2ŸΤĤˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤǼ夲ΤꡤĥäƤ¾2ŸˤĤƤξХҥåȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Ǥ礦ǤѸ3ع¤ͭͺۤʪǶ1ĤǤϤʤȻפäƤޤܸθ촶ȤƤϡ֥סʵǢסʪפۤɤǤ礦
Ѹä3ع¤ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1]) 䤽ĥäεޤ (lexical_stratification) ʤɤǡ֤ƤޤŪ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ǵƤޤ
äȵƤߤȸƤʤʤŵŪ ask, question, interrogate help, aid, assistance ʤɤƺѤޤƤޤΤǤ褷ϤƤ餺äȸ碌̥ŪõᤤޤǡĤɸ˽Ф路ΤǤWalker swearing ˴ؤ뵭ҤɤǤȤǤ (32)
A few taboo words describing body parts started out as the 'normal' forms in Old English; one of the markers of the status difference between Anglo-Norman and Old English is the way the 'English' version became unacceptable, while the 'French' version became the polite or scientific term. The Old English 'scitte' gave way to the Anglo-Norman 'ordure' and later the Latin-via-French 'excrement'.
˽вäȤϡɡĤޤǡˤϤä©ݤߡܤƤޤޤ
shit ϸűѸ scitte ˤΤܤǤűѸǤΰ̣ϡ֡ʲܤΡ˲ΡפǤ ưȤƤƬĤ bescītan ʱˤΤ褦Ĺ첻Ƥޤ̾줫αƶ⤢äûѸ s(c)hite(n) ʵˤƤޤ̾ΡʵפθȤƤϰճȿѸνФǤ
ordure ϡťե ordure ѸäΤǡֱʪסФʸաסʵפ̣ޤ캬 horrid ʶˤȤⶦ̤ޤ
excrement ϽѸ˥ƥ excrēmentum ʤ뤤бե excrémentˤѤޤ
ߤǤ shit ¯졦֡ŪʡפնɽȤƤϡפ¤줿ե ordure Ѥޤƥ excrement ϡ˷ĥäؽŪʶޤۤȤɡפޤ
ʾ塤餷ޤ
Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.
1213ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ1ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ10Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΤפȤäƤޤ

Ѹˤϡ־夬פ̣ưȤ risemountascend ʤɤ줬ޤֳȯʡפɽ魯ƻˤ lively, vivacious, animated ʤɤޤֿ̾͡פˤĤƤ folk, people, population ʤɤޤϡֱѸä3ع¤פŵǤꡤѸ줬ɤäƤܿˤΰ仺Ȥ٤ΤǤϢܵǤϡѸäħŪ˭¸ߤ1066ǯΥΥޥ16ΥͥΤޤΤǤꡤ˶äȤˡܸˤ礦ɻ褦Ū𤬤뤳ȤŦƤޤ
ֱѸä3ع¤פˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤϢ¿夲Ƥޤʲ
#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])
#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1])
#387. trisociation triset ([2010-05-19-1])
#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1])
#3374. ּáס ([2018-07-23-1])
#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])
#3357. ܸäλع¤ (2) ([2018-07-06-1])
#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])
#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])
δ졡֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ1桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ121362--63ǡ
413īʹīΡ֤ȤХץפȤȥ˥ξҲ𤬤äȥ˥Ȥϡֿȶ̤뤿ᡤƤ̾Ĥľ줿աפΤȤǡȤиŤֵפФ뿷ֽסƱפФסáפФָáס֥פФ֥ե५פʤɤäʤääȤи꼰ää櫓äڤƤȤäϡָáפȸƤľ뤳ȤˤʤäפǤ⡤֥ǥספ줿Ȥλפϡ֥ʥספȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤäȥ˥ (retronym) Ȥ retro- + synonym ȤĤ¤켫ΤʤʤޤƾΤݤ˻ĤѸ
Ѹˤȥ˥Ϥߤ롥㤨Сe-mail 줿Ȥˤäơؤ snail mail ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤäacoustic guitar, manual typewriter, silent movie, landline phone ʤɤ⡤Ʊͤ˵ѳˤäޤ줿ȥ˥Ȥ롥ۤ whole milk, snow skiing ʤɤ⡥
ԥ塼طǤϡѤȯŸդǥȥ˥बȤ櫓¿ޤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥plaintext, natural language, impact printer, eyeball search, biological virus ʤɡ
ŪȤƤϡ#734. panda Britain ([2011-05-01-1])#772. Magna Carta ([2011-06-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡlesser panda, Great Britain, Magna Carta ʤɤƤǤС֥ȥ˥פä櫓ѸȤΤʤΤǤ롥
ε ([2018-03-29-1]) ³ԡ Bauer ư̾ΥꥹȤǤϡ-ment -ure ¸ߤΩäƤ17̾ˤɤΤ褦ʼΤΤꡤ줾줬Ĥ̾äƤΤˤĤƤ⡤Bauer (185) OED ˴ŤפȤäƤ롥̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ
| Suffix | Number |
| -y | 2 |
| -ery | 8 |
| -ancy | 10 |
| -ency | 10 |
| -ence | 18 |
| -ion | 20 |
| -ance | 49 |
| -al | 56 |
| -ure | 96 |
| -ation | 190 |
| -ment | 258 |
. . . there is a constant application of unproductive morphology in order to solve problems provided by productive morphology, so that the language is continually having new words added to it which are not the forms which would be the predicted ones, as well as a number of predicted forms. That is, the processes of history add irregularities (which are available to turn into regularities if enough of them are coined). History, rather than simplifying matters (or rather than merely simplifying matters), reflects a process of building in extra complications.
ѼԤοؤϡɬŪͿƤʤȤη̤Ǥʤۤɤʣ̯ʤΤǡŪμʤѤơԵ§ФȤ⤢Τ⤷ʤ˸ؼԤϡѼԤΡΤ褦ʣ̯¤쿴ˤɤޤΤǤϤ뤬ƥʥơޤǤ롥
Bauer, Laurie. "Competition in English Word Formation." Chapter 8 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 177--98.
ѹͥ17ˤϡƥ䥮ꥷ濴Ȥ줫̤θäѤ줿ηаޤˤĤƤϡޤǡ#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ʤɤε͡ʳ٤夲ƤλˤϡФСƱפۤʤäȼäȤݤ줿㤨СǤ1586ǯ discovery Ѹä˲äƤȤˡ17ˤʤäƱ discoverance discoverment ⸽졤û֤ȤϤ硦¸ΤǤʴϢơ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ʲϡBauer (186) OED 17˽Фư̾ȤǤ롥
| abutment | abuttal | |
| bequeathal | bequeathment | |
| bewitchery | bewitchment | |
| commitment | committal | committance |
| composal | compositure | |
| comprisal | comprisement | comprisure |
| concumbence | concumbency | |
| condolement | condolence | |
| conducence | conducency | |
| contrival | contrivance | |
| depositation | depositure | |
| deprival | deprivement | |
| desistance | desistency | |
| discoverance | discoverment | |
| disfiguration | disfigurement | |
| disproval | disprovement | |
| disquietal | disquietment | |
| dissentation | dissentment | |
| disseveration | disseverment | |
| encompassment | encompassure | |
| engraftment | engrafture | |
| exhaustment | exhausture | |
| exposal | exposement | exposure |
| expugnance | expugnancy | |
| expulsation | expulsure | |
| extendment | extendure | |
| impartment | imparture | |
| imposal | imposement | imposure |
| insistence | insisture | |
| interposal | interposure | |
| pretendence | pretendment | |
| promotement | promoval | |
| proposal | proposure | |
| redamancy | redamation | |
| renewal | renewance | |
| reposance | reposure | |
| reserval | reservancy | |
| resistal | resistment | |
| retrieval | retrievement | |
| returnal | returnment | |
| securance | securement | |
| subdual | subduement | |
| supportment | supporture | |
| surchargement | surchargure |
Individual ad hoc decisions on relevant forms may or may not be picked up widely in the community. . . . [I]t is clear from the history which the OED presents that the need of the individual for a particular word is not always matched by the need of the community for the same word, with the result that multiple coinages are possible.
ˤ衤Ū𤬡Ѹư̾η֤˾ʤȺ⤿餷³Ƥ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥塤Ƥ椯ȤƤ⡤餯ˤϿȤĹ֤뤳Ȥ
Bauer, Laurie. "Competition in English Word Formation." Chapter 8 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 177--98.
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1]) εǡͥΥƥ줫֤βɽñ1ĤȤ splendidious θϸߤǤѤȤʤäƤ뤬ΰ̣ϸǤ̤Ѥ splendid ƱֲʡڤʡפǤ롥Ԥϥͥڤ䤫ʤꤷ15ѤƤꡤԤñȤƤ17ȾˤϽФƤʤˤäƽǯ夬ۤʤˡ15--17ˤϡ캬̣Ʊ splendid Ϥñ줬Ĥ⸽ƤϾäƤäΤǤ롥HTOED splendid ιƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
02.04.05.03 (adj.) Splendid
þurhbeorht OE geatolic OE torht OE torhtlic OE wrætlic OE orgulous/orgillous a1400 splendidious 1432/50--1653 splendiferous c1460--1546 splendent 1509-- splendant 1590-- splendorous 1591-- splendidous 1605--1640 transplendent 1622; 1854 florid 1642--1725 splendious 1654 splendid 1815-- splendescent 1848-- nifty 1868-- ducky 1897-- (colloq.) many-splendoured a1907--
Ū splendidious, splendiferous, splendent, splendant, splendorous, splendidous, splendious, splendid, splendescent, splendoured 10줬ߤŪܤ˸졤糵ϸ˾äƤʤα¼Ǥϡsplendiferous, splendent, splendorous ϸФΩƤƤˡ
Ρʥƥ줢뤤ϥեͳˤ̣Ʊ (synonym) Τ褦ʣäȤǡϤʤ¿θ줬礷ǤƤäΤ
Kay and Allan (15) ⡤θ췲˸ڤĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Sometimes there was a degree of experimentation over the form of a new word. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the OED records the following forms meaning 'splendid': splendant, splendicant, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious and splendorous. Splendid itself is first recorded in 1624. Unsurprisingly, most of these forms were short-lived; no language needs quite so many similar words for the same concept.
б̾ˤĤƤ HTOED ȴФȡ"splendency a1591--1607 splendancy 1591 splendence 1604 splendour 1774-- splendiferousness 1934--" ȤϤ˭٤Ǥ롥
Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.
űѸʣ (compounding) ˤդʸäϡ#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1]) ǤǧѤߤʣϤȤ櫓ʸˤƺ¤˳Ѥ줿º Beowulf ɽűѻˤƤϡֲסͦΡס襤סֳפʤɤѽФ복ǰФơ͡ (synonym) Ѥ줿ϡñĴ뤿Ǥ⤢äε#2676. űѻƬ ([2016-08-24-1]) Ǽ夲Ƭε§˱褦˼ɽɬפäǤ⤢ä
ʲBaker (137) ꡤBeowulf ʵڤӤ¾λˤ˸ֲ緯פɽ魯褦ʣ줬¿ñǤθޤޤƤˡ
bēagġyfa, masc. ring-giver.
bealdor, masc. lord.
brego, masc. lord.
folcāgend, masc. possessor of the people.
folccyning, masc. king of the people.
folctoga, masc. leader of the people.
frēa, masc. lord.
frēadrihten, masc. lord-lord.
frumgār, masc. first spear.
godlgġyfa, masc. gold-giver.
goldwine, masc. gold-friend.
gūðcyning, masc. war-king.
herewīsa, masc. leader of an army.
hildfruma, masc. battle-first.
hlēo, masc. cover, shelter.
lēodfruma, masc. first of a people.
lēodġebyrġea, masc. protector of a people.
mondryhten, masc. lord of men.
rǣswa, masc. counsellor.
siġedryhten, masc. lord of victory.
sincġifa, masc. treasure giver.
sinfrēa, masc. great lord.
þenġel, masc. prince.
þēodcyning, masc. people-king.
þēoden, masc. chief, lord.
wilġeofa, masc. joy-giver.
wine, masc. friend.
winedryhten, masc. friend-lord.
wīsa, masc. guide.
woroldcyning, masc. worldly king.
ˤϻˤʤʣ¿ޤޤƤꡤŪʣ (poetic compound) ȸƤФƤ롥1Ǥ2Ǥ folccyning (people-king) Τ褦⤢СξǤۤƱǾĹ frēadrihten (lord-lord) Τ褦⤢롥ˡȥ˥ߡѤ椫ͷ bēagġyfa (ring-giver) ⤢롥Ǹ˵तŪʣ kenning ȸƤФ졤űѻˤ礭ħȤʤäƤʡ#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1]) ȡˡ
Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
ε#2194. ե쵬ϼѸŨ롤̱Ūե ([2015-04-30-1]) ǡե1994ǯꤵ줿 Toubon ˡ (Loi Toubon) ˿줿Toubon ˡȤ¯Τϡʸեեˡ (Le ministre de la culture et de la francophonie) Jacques Toubon ˡƳȤˤʤࡥŪʾǤΥեλѤˡʤȤ櫓Ѹռơ˳λѤ¤ˡȤäƤ褤եθڤӸؤλθˡȸ뤳ȤǤ롥
Toubon ˡϡŪϼʤɤμҲŪʴΤ˶̣ǤϤ뤬ŪʴȤ뤳ȤϾʤʸΤʤ˸Ū˹θ٤1Ĥ롥Article 5 ˼Τ褦ˤ롥
Quels qu'en soient l'objet et les formes, les contrats auxquels une personne morale de droit public ou une personne privée exécutant une mission de service public sont parties sont rédigés en langue française. Ils ne peuvent contenir ni expression ni terme étrangers lorsqu'il existe une expression ou un terme français de même sens approuvés dans les conditions prévues par les dispositions réglementaires relatives à l'enrichissement de la langue française.
ŪʷǤϡƱ̣ ("même sens") Υեɽ礬ˡб볰ѤƤϤʤȤʸǤ롥ǤƱ̣פȤɽϡ̣ŪޤǤ롥#1498. taboo ŪȤʤͳ (3) ([2013-06-03-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ褯ΤƤȤꡤ˸̩ʰ̣ǤƱ¸ߤˤθȰ츫ƱȤܤ¾θ礬Ѥ¸ȤƤ⡤ξԤ̯˵ǽ㤨Τ̤Ǥ롥ǡֵǽפȸƤΤϡdenotation connotation ޤƤΡְ̣פƱΤǤ롥ʸ "sens" denotation ΤߤؤƤ褦 "sens" ζλüԤȤѸȤˤϡdenotation Τߤʤ餺 connotation θƤΤǤꡤξԤϸߤ˴ƱǤϤʤ
1Ĥ signifié б signifiant 2ĤꡤʸϤǤդ˸ؤȤΤϡΤˤ˸ǽǡŪʸˤդ路ʤ1Ĥ signifié б signifiant 2ĤפȤϡҤΤ褦˵Ǥ롥ǤϤ뤬ˤϤȤΤȤǤηǰƤΤǤС֤˸ȤΤʤ褦ˡפʤɤȤʸʸ˴ޤФ褤ΤˡƺԤδؿϡľܤΤ褦ʴˤȤϡ¤ "l'enrichissement de la langue française" ˤ褦Ǥ롥
ξʸϡ"même sens" ȤѸѤƼݤ褦ȤƤ뤬ǸˤϸŪȤϸŪȤ٤ "l'enrichissement de la langue française" ǽƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥դˤ롥
Ѹäع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1]) ʤɡ¿εǸڤƤ#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡäλع¤椨˱Ѹ̱ŪʸǤȤ뤳Ȥ뤬ѸäΤħϸˤäƤȤȤʤतΤΤǤ롥
Jespersen (121--39) Ƥ롥ޤĹ꤫顥
(1) ʩͳ褹줬¿Ȥˤꡤ̣ "subtle shades" ɽ褦ˤʤä
(2) ʸŪŪɽǽˤʤä
(3) ѸˤĹñ줬¿ΤǡȤüԤϹθΤλ֤ݤ뤳ȤǤ롥
(4) ƥѸˤôݤ롥
ޤ (1) (2) ϴϢƤꡤɽϤ礭ȤϳΤȤ٤ܤܸäλع¤ӤСɽԤˤȤäƤΥåȤϼ´褦ʹؽԤˤȤäƤħȤ⤤ϤޤŪʤΤǤȤȤ˺ƤϤʤʤ(3) Ϥ⤷ŦǤ롥üԤȤƱѸäݤˤϡߥñ̡ʡˤΤϤʻֲԤǤΩĤȤ롥ĹñǻֲԤȤΤϡˤ뤬άȤƤϳΤˤΤǤϤʤ(4) ϥƥѸǤϤʤꥷѸˤĤƤϢơ#512. ̾ ([2010-09-21-1]) #1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ˡJespersen Ƥû롥
(5) ɬסŬڤʥƥѸλѤˤꡤ̣ξܤ䤱뤳Ȥ롥
(6) ȯֻʤɤˤĤƵô롥㤨С#859. gaseous ȯ ([2011-09-03-1]) γƼΥꥨ#573. ̾ȷƻбطʣǤ3Ĥλ ([2010-11-21-1]) Ǥߤ labyrinth ƻʤɤǤ롥
(7) ʳؤﲽˤꡤϢäˤϹǤˤʬ䤹褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥㤨 insomnia sleeplessness Τۤʬ䤹ͭѤǤȤ롥
(8) ͳǤƳˤꡤ֤ζ֤꤬ (ex. Cánada vs Canádian)
(9) ƥʣ (ex. phenomena, nuclei) Ѹؤ⤽ΤޤۤʤɤŪ줿
(10) ä̱Ūˤʤä
ȤϥɽδطˤꡤŪȽǤϲˤȤ狼ɤΤȤѸθù¤켫ΤȤϡѼԤ˻ȤȤʤΤѸθù¤ϡƻθܿʤɤ߽ФƤ͡ʸûŪʪˤ켫ΤɤⰭʤäơ̱Ū뤤̱ŪȤ褦ɾäȤȤϡɾԤѸä뼫Ω֤ɽƤȤȤǤ롥Jespersen (139) ϼɾƤ롥
While the composite character of the language gives variety and to some extent precision to the style of the greatest masters, on the other hand it encourages an inflated turgidity of style. . . . [W]e shall probably be near the truth if we recognize in the latest influence from the classical languages 'something between a hindrance and a help'.
ܸˤ̤줿ʥץ˴20ˤ⤿餵줿ʸˤ⡤褦ɾä뤳ȤǤʡ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) Ȥĥäȡˡ
ѸȤ̱̱ȤˤĤƤϡ#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1])#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1])#1845. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (2) ([2014-05-16-1]) Ǽ夲Τǡ⻲Ȥ줿ޤѸäΥޥ (romancisation) ˴ؤɾˤĤƤϡ#153. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset ([2009-09-27-1]) #395. ѸΥޥ첽ˤĤƤɾ ([2010-05-27-1]) ȡ
Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.
#485. 츻Τ뤿Υ饤 ([2010-08-25-1]) ǿ줿American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. (AHD) Ȥ¾μ˴Ť The Free Dictionary Ȥ饤롥AHD ϡꥫμ餷ɴʻŵŪʾл˭٤ǡ褯ȤμǤ緿ɤ༭ȤƤǤ롥ʤʤThe Free Dictionary Encyclopedia Article of the Day Ȥեɤ⤪ꡥ
äܤΤNotes ȸƤФ륳Ūʵ¤Ƥ뤳ȤUsage Notes, Synonym Notes, Word Histories, Our Living Language, Regional Notes Ȥä5 Notes 1,700ʾ塤ˤФƤ롥ʲǤϡꤳܤ⤢Ȥϻפ뤬¿ؤΥФĹꥹȤʤΤǡפΤܼƤ
Usage Notes
Synonym Notes
Word Histories
Our Living Language
Regional Notes
ۤˤ⡤ Notes ʬΤߤȴФ Notes ΤΤ֥饦DZǤ褦˺äƤߤ1.6MBȽŤʤΤǡɬפ˱Ƥɤ
[ Usage Notes ]
!Kung, -ee, -ess, -wise, .gov, a, A.M., aberrant, able, about, absolute, absolutely, accessory, acquiesce, act, acumen, ad hominem, admission, adopt, advance, advise, affect, affinity, agenda, aggravate, ain't, alibi, all, all right, alleged, allude, alongside, also, alternative, although, altogether, alumnus, Amerasian, Amerindian, and, and/or, Anglo, anticipate, antidote, anxious, any, anyone, apparent, archetype, as, as far as, Asian, Asiatic, assure, author, awhile, backward, bad, bait, baleful, banal, barbarism, barbiturate, be, bear, because, behalf, berdache, besides, best, between, bi-, black, Black English, blatant, boast, both, bring, but, callous, can, cannot, capital, careen, celebrant, celibate, center, certain, challenged, Chicano, child-directed speech, claustrophobic, cohort, collective noun, color, colored, compact disk, compare, complected, complement, complete, comprise, conflicted, contact, contemporary, continuance, contrast, controller, convince, council, couple, craft, credential, credible, crescendo, criterion, critique, culture, czar, dare, data, deaf, debut, deceptively, decimate, definite, demagogue, denote, depend, deprecate, dialogue, different, dilemma, disabled, discomfit, disingenuous, disinterested, disinvent, distinct, dive, domestic partner, double negative, doubt, dour, drunk, due to, each, each other, either, elder, else, empower, enervate, enormity, enthuse, envelope, epicenter, epithet, equal, err, escape, Eskimo, Eurasian, every, everyplace, except, exceptionable, fact, factoid, farther, February, few, finalize, First Nation, firstly, flammable, flaunt, flotsam, follow, foot, foregone, former, formidable, forte, fortuitous, founder, fulsome, fun, gambit, gay, gender, General American, get, glamour, good, gourmet, government, graduate, graffito, grieve, group, grow, handicapped, hang, harass, hardly, harebrained, have, he, headquarter, headquarters, healthy, hegemony, height, help, herb, hero, Hispanic, historic, hoi polloi, holocaust, homosexual, hopefully, host, however, hyphenated, I, identical, identify, if, impact, impeach, important, impracticable, include, Indian, individual, infer, infinite, infrastructure, input, insignia, intense, interface, intrigue, intuit, Inuit, ironic, irregardless, its, Jew, Jewess, kabbalah, Kanaka, kilometer, knot, kudos, lack, lady, late, Latina, lay, leave, legend, liable, lifestyle, light, like, likely, literally, literate, loan, look, majority, man, master, masterful, materialize, mean, medium, men, methodology, mid-, migrate, minimal, mistress, momentarily, month, moot, Ms., mute, mutual, myriad, myself, native, Native American, nauseous, need, neither, Net, none, nonstandard, nonwhite, nor, not, nothing, nuclear, number, oblivious, octoroon, of, off, officiate, often, old, on, one, only, or, oriental, ought, over-, pair, paradigm, parameter, participle, party, pass, people, percent, percentage, perfect, periodic, permit, person, peruse, phenomenon, pill bug, plead, plus, politics, poor, possessed, practicable, practically, precipitate, premiere, preposition, presently, principal, prioritize, process, protagonist, prove, quarter, queer, quick, quote, race, rarely, rather, redundancy, regard, replete, repulse, responsible, restive, sacrilegious, safe sex, said, salutation, same, saving, scarcely, schism, Scottish, seasonal, series, service, set, shall, she, short-lived, should, slow, sneak, so, so-called, someday, sometime, sonorous, soon, split infinitive, Standard English, status, staunch, stomp, stratum, strength, such, suffer, than, that, themed, there, they, this, Three Age system, thusly, tight, till, together, too, tortuous, toward, transpire, try, un-, unaware, unexceptionable, unique, utilize, various, verbal, very, victual, virtual, wake, want, way, we, wean, web, website, well, what, whatever, when, whence, where, which, who, whose, why, wish, with, wreak, Xmas, ye, yet, zoology
[ Synonym Notes ]
ability, abolish, abstinence, abuse, accidental, accompany, acknowledge, active, adapt, admonish, adulterate, advance, adventurous, advice, advise, affair, affect, affectation, afflict, afraid, ageless, agitate, agree, aim, airy, allocate, alone, amateur, ambiguous, ambush, amenity, amiss, amuse, analyze, ancestor, anger, angry, announce, annoy, answer, anxiety, apology, apparent, appear, appendage, applaud, appoint, appreciate, apprehend, appropriate, approve, arbitrary, argue, argument, argumentative, arrange, art, artificial, ask, assent, assistant, attack, attribute, authentic, authorize, average, aware, band, banish, banter, bargain, barrage, base, baseless, batter, bear, beat, beautiful, beg, begin, beginning, behavior, belief, belligerent, bend, beneficial, benefit, benevolent, besiege, bet, bias, binge, bite, bitter, blackball, blackout, blame, blameworthy, blast, blemish, blink, block, bloom, blunder, boast, bodily, boil, book, boor, border, boring, botch, branch, brave, brawl, breach, break, breeze, bright, broach, broad-minded, brood, brush, bulge, bulwark, burden, burdensome, burn, business, busy, cadge, calculate, call, calm, campaign, care, careful, careless, caress, caricature, catch, cause, celebrity, center, certain, certainty, chafe, chance, charge, charm, chief, choice, chronic, circumference, citizen, claim, clean, clear, clever, cliché, clothe, coagulate, cold, collision, comfort, comfortable, comment, commit, common, complete, complex, conceit, condemn, conduct, confidence, confirm, conflict, confuse, consider, contain, contaminate, contemporary, continual, convert, convey, cool, correct, corrupt, count, crisis, criticize, crowd, crude, cruel, crush, cry, cure, curious, dark, daze, dead, decay, deceive, decide, decision, decisive, decrease, decry, defeat, defend, defer, defy, degrade, delicate, delicious, demand, demote, deny, dependent, deplete, depressed, describe, desire, despise, despondent, development, deviation, devote, dexterous, dialect, dictate, dictatorial, differ, difference, difficulty, dip, dirty, disadvantage, disappear, discord, discourage, discover, discuss, disguise, disgust, dishonest, dismay, dismiss, display, disposition, dissuade, distinct, distort, distribute, doctrine, dominant, dry, dull, earn, easy, eat, echo, effect, effective, eject, elaborate, element, elevation, eliminate, embarrass, emphasis, empty, enclose, encourage, endanger, enemy, engagement, enmity, enormous, enrapture, envy, equipment, erase, escape, estimate, estrange, evoke, exaggerate, example, excel, excessive, existence, expect, explain, explicit, expressive, extemporaneous, extricate, fair, faithful, faithless, fantastic, fashion, fashionable, fast, fasten, fat, fatal, favorable, fawn, fear, feat, feeling, female, fertile, fidelity, field, figure, flagrant, flash, flexible, flirt, flock, flourish, flow, follow, foolish, forbid, force, foreign, foretell, forgive, form, forte, found, fragile, fragrance, frank, freedom, frighten, frown, function, furnish, futile, gather, gaudy, gaze, general, gesture, ghastly, giddy, glad, glib, gossip, gracious, grand, graphic, grieve, gruff, guide, habit, hamper, handle, happen, happy, harass, hard, harden, haste, hateful, healthy, heap, heavy, help, heritage, hesitate, hide, hinder, honor, humane, idea, ideal, imagination, imitate, immaterial, impetuous, importance, impression, improper, improve, inactive, incalculable, incisive, incline, include, increase, indicate, indispensable, infinite, inflexible, injustice, innate, inquiry, insanity, instinctive, insubordinate, intelligent, intense, intention, interfere, intimidate, introduce, irrelevant, isolate, item, jealous, jerk, join, joke, judge, justify, keep, kind, knowledge, lack, large, last, latent, lazy, lean, learned, lethargy, letter, level, liberal, lie, lift, likeness, limit, limp, living, logical, loose, loud, love, lure, luxury, makeshift, male, malign, malleable, manipulate, mark, mature, living, logical, mercy, method, meticulous, mind, miscellaneous, mix, mixture, moderate, moment, monopolize, mood, moral, morale, moving, multitude, muscular, mysterious, naive, native, nautical, neat, negligent, new, news, noise, noted, noticeable, nuance, nurture, object, oblige, observe, obstacle, obstinate, occurrence, offend, offensive, offer, old, opinion, opportunity, oppose, opposite, orderly, origin, outline, overthrow, pacify, pain, palliate, pamper, partner, passion, pathetic, patience, pause, pedantic, penitence, pensive, perceptible, perfect, perform, period, periodic, permission, persuade, phase, pity, plain, plan, plausible, please, plentiful, poisonous, polite, poor, possible, posture, practice, praise, predicament, predict, predilection, preliminary, presume, prevailing, prevent, produce, proficient, profuse, promise, proportion, propose, proud, provoke, prudence, pull, punish, pure, push, puzzle, quality, qualm, quibble, range, reach, real, reap, reason, recede, reciprocate, reckless, recover, refer, refrain, refuse, regard, regret, relevant, reliable, relieve, religious, relinquish, rely, remember, reparation, repeat, replace, represent, resort, responsible, restrain, revere, reverse, revive, rich, ridicule, right, rise, rival, room, rough, rude, ruin, rural, sad, sarcastic, satisfy, save, saying, scatter, scold, secret, see, seem, send, sensuous, sentimental, separate, series, serious, severe, shade, shake, shameless, shapeless, sharp, shelter, shorten, shout, show, showy, shrewd, shy, sign, silent, sinister, slant, sleek, slide, sloppy, slow, small, smell, social, solitude, solve, sour, spacious, sparing, speak, speed, spend, spontaneous, stain, standard, state, stay, steal, steep, stem, stench, stiff, still, stoop, stop, strange, streak, strength, subject, substance, sufficient, suggest, summit, superfluous, supervise, support, supposed, sure, surprise, surrender, surround, swerve, swing, tact, tardy, task, taste, teach, tear, teem, temporary, tend, tendency, theoretical, think, think, tight, tire, tireless, tool, touch, treat, trial, trivial, trouble, trust, truth, turn, ugly, uncertainty, unctuous, unfortunate, unruly, unspeakable, urgent, use, usual, vain, valid, vent, versatile, vertical, victory, vigor, vociferous, voluntary, voracious, wander, waste, way, weak, weird, wet, whole, wile, wit, wonder, wordy, work, yield, young, zest
[ Word Histories ]
abacus, abracadabra, accolade, acorn, adder, adolescent, agnostic, alcohol, Allegheny River, alligator, amateur, Amazon, an, anesthesia, appendicitis, arena, arrowroot, artery, artichoke, Aryan, asparagus, assassin, automatic, avocado, baby-sit, badger, ballyhoo, banquet, barnacle, bayonet, beef, belfry, berserk, Betelgeuse, bigot, bless, Bolshevik, book, boomerang, boycott, Brazil, brickbat, broker, buccaneer, buffalo, bumpkin, bury, butterfly, bylaw, Canada, canter, cappuccino, caricature, carouse, casino, caterpillar, caviar, chagrin, chameleon, chaperon, check, Chicago, china, chivalry, chortle, churl, ciao, circus, cleric, cockroach, codex, cologne, comet, comrade, coroner, cot, coupon, coward, crayfish, croissant, crucial, cuckold, cushy, cute, cynic, dandelion, debunk, deer, delta, dervish, desert, diabetes, diatribe, digitalis, dinner, dirge, ditto, do-gooding, Don River, drench, dress, dungeon, dynamite, easel, economy, edit, eleven, empty, encyclopedia, English, ennui, enthusiasm, erudite, ethnic, eunuch, exorcise, fascism, fear, fee, fellow, fey, fiction, film, fire, fizzle, flunky, fool, fornication, fraction, freeze, friend, fuck, funky, garage, gauntlet, geezer, gerrymander, giddy, glitch, goatee, goodbye, gorilla, Gothic, grass widow, Greenland, gremlin, gringo, guillotine, hall, hamburger, harlot, hassle, haywire, hectic, helicopter, hell, helpmate, hex, high muckamuck, hobnob, holocaust, hooker, Hoosier, hubbub, husband, iconoclast, ilk, impeach, industry, inkling, interloper, internecine, island, item, janitor, Japan, jaunty, junk, kangaroo, ketchup, kidnap, kiosk, kith and kin, laconic, landscape, larva, lava, lemon, leprechaun, lieutenant, limbo, lingo, lion, loaf, lobster, long-lived, lucre, macabre, maharajah, malaprop, mannequin, mantis, marshal, mascot, mattress, mealy-mouthed, Melba toast, menu, mesmerism, metal, midwife, milquetoast, Minnesota, misericord, Mississippi, modern, mortgage, mosquito, Muse, mutt, namby-pamby, nap, naughty, neighbor, nerd, nest, New Jersey, noise, nonchalant, numb, OK, ombudsman, one, opossum, orange, orgy, oscillate, otorhinolaryngology, Ouse River, outlaw, oyez, Pakistan, pal, pant, paradise, pariah, pay, peeping Tom, penthouse, period, petard, Philistine, pickle, pilot, plane, Platonic, plumber, Plymouth, poison, pollster, Pomerania, posh, posthumous, powwow, premise, pretzel, prison, prude, Pueblo, Punjab, Quaalude, quark, queen, queue, quiz, raid, rajah, rankle, rapt, read, reindeer, resent, rhinestone, Riot Act, robot, role, rose, roster, rune, sack, salad, sanction, sanguine, Sanskrit, sarcophagus, scan, scarce, scold, scuba, séance, seersucker, senile, serendipity, shadow, shambles, sherbet, short shrift, shyster, Singapore, slave, sleuth, slivovitz, soldier, soothsayer, Sophocles, south, speak, speed, spill, spoof, spree, stampede, stove, sunbeam, superman, surly, syphilis, taboo, tangerine, tattoo, tea, telephone, temple, testis, testy, Thames, theater, they, third, ticket, tin, tithe, toady, Tokyo, tomato, tooth, trek, trivial, true, tulip, tweed, tycoon, typhoon, umpire, underling, uranium, valentine, vegetable, vixen, vogue, vulgar, Wales, wallflower, war, water, Wednesday, went, werewolf, whiskey, whore, wigwam, window, winsome, worry, write, xylophone, Yankee, Zeus, zipper, zloty
[ Our Living Language ]
a-, agreement, all, as far as, ax, bad, basket case, be, breathe, call, cent, chill, comparative, cool, dig, downsize, dude, dumb, foot, geek, go, gung ho, hisself, historical present, hornswoggle, I'm, igg, it, izzard, knockout, like, me, might, mine, Ocracoke Island, of, plural, rap, redundancy, rent, right, schlock, sleigh, Smith Island, strike, trashed, were, za, zero copula
[ Regional Notes ]
absquatulate, agin, andiron, anymore, as, bare-naked, beignet, birth, bodacious, boughten, cayuse, chaw, chesterfield, chirren, clever, critter, damned, dogie, dope, dornick, dragonfly, drudge, everwhere, fair, faubourg, favor, feist, ferninst, fix, frosting, frying pan, gallery, goober, greasy, gum band, gunnysack, gutter, hey, highfalutin, holler, hosey, intervale, johnnycake, juke, kindling, krewe, krumkake, lagniappe, light bread, lightning bug, loblolly, luminaria, milk shake, mill, mozo, mud dauber, muffuletta, need, neutral ground, Old Scratch, old-field colt, olla, parking, pocosin, poke, pone, possum, powerful, preacher, purty, quoit, ramada, redd, reeling, run, scoot, shivaree, slatch, smart, so, spa, stateside, stob, stoop, submarine, summercater, tarnation, ted, teeter-totter, thataway, tit, tonic, tule, tumbleset, ugly, ukulele, vaquero, vum, wake, wanigan, whiffletree, woodchuck, yonder, you-all, you-uns
[2013-05-19-1], [2013-06-02-1]ε˰³taboo ˤĤơϡtaboo Ʊ (synonym) δط˾ơθŪʰյͤ롥
̤˸ˤϴƱ¸ߤʤ뤤˵ǤȤ롥ƱȤ1Ĥ signifiant Ф2ġʰʾˤ singifié ӤĤƤ뵭ΤؤؽѸ䵻Ѹʤɤ˸뤳ȤϤ뤬äǤƱϽ;פôȹͤ뤫顤ۤȤ¸ߤʤȤŬäƤ롥
øؤŪˤǤˤơȵΥڥ뤤2ĤοΥڥƱؼоݤؤʤ鶦¸³Ȥ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤˤƸøؤˤʾȤΤϡ¿θȤǻ̩ʺˤΤʤɤͤ뤬⤦1ĹͤΤϡε#1497. taboo ŪȤʤͳ (2) ([2013-06-02-1]) Ǽ夲 Twana ˤߤ褦 taboo νȴطΤǤ롥
Suarez ϡ를 Santa Cruz äƤ Chon ² Tehuelche ˡ۾ʤۤ¿δƱ줬¸ߤȤ¤𤷤ƤEthnologueˤȡƱ² Mapdungun ȸŪƱƤȤθϿ *ˡ"head", "hair", "spoon", "kind of vulture", "gull", "knife", "horse", "dog" ʤɤˡ2İʾδƱ줬¸ߤȤƱǤ뤳ȤˤϡĶdenotation Ụ̄ˡconnotation ʴỤ̄ˡregister ʻѰˤʤɤܺ٤˸Ƥɬפ뤬 Suarez (193) ϤΤεŸƤꡤ餬ƱǤ뤳ȤϼƤ褵Ǥϡʤ Tehuelche ˤϡ̸Ū˵Ȥ븽ݤѻΤ
طʤˤϡ̾νȻԤ̾˴ؤ taboo ν롥Tehuelche ǤϸĿͤˤ̾Ĥ뽬ԤʤƤꡤ㤨äӡפȸƤǡǤ롥̤ͤȡ1ǯ֤ӤΤ̾ȤȤˤ̾ taboo оݤȤʤ롥̾϶Ū˰̣¤̾ϰ̤θΤˤŪɽȤ̣ͭǤ뤫顤ԤθŪѤ뤳ȤǤʤʤ뤤ΤؤǤ롥ظ줬߽Ф뤳Ȥˤʤ롥㤨Сָפ̾ˤĿͤ˴ʤȡָפθϻѶػߤȤʤꡤˡ̤ΡפʤɤɽѤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ӤäƤ⡤ɽ̤Ρפ̣Ȥư³ȤƤ椯ȤȤ⤢䤬ơ̤Ρפ̣ȤưŪѤ褦ˤʤȡϤηʬϡ̣ʬϤʤʤʤꡤľŪ˸ؼȤ夹ĤޤꡤǤϰ̣ѲȤˤʤ롥
Τ褦 taboo νưŤ줿øؤỌ̇̄Ѳ٤Ȥʤָפɽ魯ɽꤹ롥ΤʤǡĤΤΤĹĤꡤƱȤ¸Ȥ롥̾2ĤδƱ줬ȡäʤꡤ connotation 㤨ʤꤷƴƱ֤äΤʸŪװˤä꤬Ȥ櫓㤷 Tehuelche ˤäƤϡϰۤʤ褦
øء̣ѲƱηȷ³ --- θỤ̄ŪѲ¥ʸ֤ȤơTehuelche taboo ϤƸŪƤ롥
Suarez, J. A. "A Case of Absolute Synonyms." International Journal of American Linguistics 37 (1971): 192--95.
#1489. Ferguson diglossia ʸɤ triglossia ([2013-05-25-1]) ǼѡʸˤˤĤˤȤˡѸˤ illumination ? light purchase ? buy ˤߤóؤϡdiglossia ˤҲŪʾ岼ط (borrowing) Ȥʤ̤ơηϤˤ register ξ岼طⲽΤǤȻŦ
diglossia borrowing δطõ뤳ȤϼҲؤؤõȤȤˤĤʤꡤ礭ʸơޤȤʤꤦ뤬ˤĤ Hudson (56--57) ŪʸƤ롥Hudson ϡѸǤ get Τˤ[2009-10-13-1]ε#169. get give Ϥʤ /g/ äƤΤפǼ褦˸ťΥɸ쵯Ȥ٤ˤȥƥͳ褹 obtain 夲ɤα diglossia μҲŪʾ岼طѤȤ̤ơѸ register ξ岼طƤ줿ȤƤª diglossia äˤӡobtain ƥͳǤȤüԤεޤꡤĤƤ diglossia ¸ߤ岼طκפŪ̮ʤ顤register ξ岼طȤƸηϤΤʤ夷Hudson (57) οޤͤˤʤ顤Τ褦ˤޤȤƤߤ

1ʳǤϡobtain get λȤʬϡdiglossia ȤΤ˶̤2֤ˤȤʬˤۤʤʤ2ʳǤϡƥ줫Ѹ obtain Ѥ졤obtain get λȤʬϱѸǤ register ˤȤʬȤʤ롥ʳǤϡobtain ΥƥȤηӤĤ⤤ޤƤ롥3ʳǤϡdiglossia ä졤obtain ΥƥȤηӤĤ˺Ƥ롥obtain get λȤʬϡ register κȤƱѸä夷ΤǤ롥
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
#471. toilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords Ǥߤ ([2010-08-11-1]) #1270. ͥåȥβĻ벽ġ켭 ([2012-10-18-1]) ǡ饤ѤǤ奢ġҲ𤷤ä˸[2012-10-18-1]˥äƤΤǻȡˡ instaGrok ʤ륦֥ӥȯgrok Ȥ¯ "to understand sth completely using your feelings rather than considering the facts" ̣뤬instaGrok Ǥϥ奢ľŪ˸Υͥåȥİ뤳ȤǤ롥
ϤͥåȥޤϡGraph Words, Visuwords, Visual Thesaurus ʤɤȤ褽Ʊ餷ʸɤȷӤĤ륦֥ڡưؤΥϢʤɤΤŪˡ Glossary ˤϡꤷɤϢŪ (syntagmatic) Ū (paradigmatic) ˴ˤĤʤ췲ʤषϢ۸췲ȸƤ֤٤ˤñȤȤ뤬ϻꥭɤȯȤȯۻٱ¥ġȤʤ롥㤨Сɤ "tsunami" ꤹȡʲΤ褦ʲ̤ʲåȳǡˡ

ǡϥ־ΥǡΤ褦ǤɤΤ褦ʥȤäƤΤǤ롥
Glossary Ϣ۸췲ǤñȴФ⤷ʤȻפΥġä°̤켭Ūʸ췲ȤϰۤʤäϢ۸줬Ƥ⤷֥١ʤΤǡ"Japan", "Pacific ocean" ʤɤθͭ̾ʤɤȻŪϢ۸줬줿ꤹ롥100ޤǤΥꥹȤϤ롥
[2010-08-11-1]ε#471. toilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords Ǥߤפǡ饤ѤǤͥåȥβĻ벽ġ2Ҳ𤷤ƱݤΥġȤ WordNet Υǡ١˴Ť Graph Words ɲäʲˡϢġΥƤ
Graph Words: եϤץ롥
Visuwords: եϤŤäƤ롥
Visual Thesaurus: ͭȥ饤뤢ꡥϤŤäƤ롥
碌ơǤ̾켭ŵ⥪饤˭٤˥Ǥ뤬ĤƤ
Merriam-Webster Thesaurus: Ȥ˭٤췲롥
The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia: ĤƤꡤñؽˤ褤
Thesaurus.com: ꥹȤ롥
HyperDictionary.com: Ʊ
ꥹȤؤ륹ɥμեȥȤƤϡʲΤΤѤ뤳Ȥ롥
WordWebѸ켭եȥȤƿ͵롥
TheSage's English Dictionary and Thesaurusե줤
˱Ѹ켭ŵϡʲġ
HTOED (Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary)
TOE (A Thesaurus of Old English)
ͥåȥβĻ벽ġäƤ뤦ˡñ˥ɤ˴ϢäΥͥåȥΤȤƤǤʤɤθιΤȤѤ뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥȯ㤨СGraph Words ¿ "star" ΥͥåȥƤߤȡ褽̤Ȥ˻ޤΥ롼פǤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ƹñִˤ뼨ȤǤϤ뤬ӤäݤפƤȤʰʲϲåˡ

"star" Τ褦¿ˤĤƤϡĻ벽ġϸιƤ롤ΥġȤƤͭʤΤǤϤʤ
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