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conjugation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2018-05-09 Wed

#3299. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (2) [sobokunagimon][plural][consonant][oe][phonetics][fricative_voicing][analogy][number][conjugation][inflection][paradigm]

ε ([2018-05-08-1]) ǡwolf (sg.) Ф wolves (pl.) ȤʤͳűѸβ§˾Ȥ餷ˤꡤϢ¾ -f (sg.)/ -ves (pl.) 㡤ʤ calf/calves, elf/elves, half/halves, leaf/leaves, life/lives, loaf/loaves, knife/knives, self/selves, sheaf/sheaves, shelf/shelves, thief/thieves, wife/wives ʤɤ⤭줤ǤȻפ⤷ʤѸˤϤۤɥȥ졼ȤΤǤϤʤȤʣʥƥबɤˤϡʤʤ⤢ΤǤ롥
㤨Сwife (sg.)/wives (pl.) λ夲褦̾ϡűѸǤ wīf ȤñʡʸФ˷äƤθϡֺʡפȤֽפäˡf ϡ¦ͭ첻챦¦ˤϲʤΤǡͭ˶ޤƤפ櫓ǤϤʤǥեȤ /f/ ȯ롥ơȤͽۤΤϡ֤Ȥʣʡʡгʡ˷Ǥ wīf -as ζ޸դϤǤꡤf ͭ˶ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫顤/v/ ͭΤפȤȤ
ϴñˤʤȤΤϡwulf ξϤޤѲȤ롼פ°ƤꡤεǷǤɽ˽ȤˤʤäƤΤwīf ѲȤ롼פ°̾ǤꡤűѸǤϰۤʤޥѥ򼨤ƤʲˡζɽǤ褦

Ѳ̾ñʣ
wīfwīf
гwīfwīf
°wīfeswīfa
Ϳwīfewīfum


ѲζޥѥϾ嵭̤ǤꡤΥפ̾Ǥʣʡʡгʡ˷ñʡʡгʡ˷ƱˤʤΤǤ롥Ѹ˻ĤñʣƱ̾ΰ (ex. sheep) ϡűѸǤΥפ̾äȤˤǤʡ#12. How many carp! ([2009-05-11-1]) 򻲾ȡˡȤȡwīf ˤơñ /f/ ʣ /v/ Ѳڹ礤ϡʤʤȤˤʤ롥/f/ /v/ Ȥˡ⤽ʣ s ʤդʤäΤ顤Ѹ wives Ȥ֤ϡ嵭θűѸΡľܤΡȯãȤ򤹤櫓ˤϤʤʤ롥¤ϡƱȤ leaf/leaves life/lives ˤƤϤޤ롥줾θűѸ lēaf līf ϡwīf Ʊ͡Ѳ̾Ǥꡤʣʡʡгʡ˷Ϥ̵ѲʣפäΤ
Ǥϡʤ̾ʣߤǤ wolves leaves, lives ȤʤäƤΤϡwīf, lēaf, līf Ȥ wulf ƱѲ̾ζޥѥˡ־괹פȤˤ롥wulf ΥѥϳΤ˸űѸˤƺǤͥʥѥǤꡤ¾¿̾ϤӤäŪޥʡʸबƶϤΤǥˤäѲѤ򡤸ؤǤ (analogy) ȸƤǤ뤬ŵǤʡ#946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1]) 򻲾ȡˡѤˤꡤŪʣʸ̩ˤʣʡгʷˤǤ wīf, lēaf, līf ϡwīfas, lēafas, līfas Υפؤȡ־괹פΤäθȯŸϡwulfas ƱǤ롥
ݥȤϡѸʣ wives, leaves, lives Ū褦Ȥ硤wolves ξۤñǤϤʤȤȤ⤦󡦥åɲäɬפʤΤǤ롥ǤϡűѸΡ໤ͭפȤ§ϡޤä̵طȤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡޤطŪȤ٥ؤԤ롥ܲ򤤤СȺεɸˤϡȤΤʤ wolf (sg.)/wolves wife (sg.)/wives (pl.) ȤȤǤϤ롥wife/wives Τۤ٤⤤ξɤͭ첻Ȥʬ䤹ʤΤǡΤζȤƤϱǤ뤫嵭ͳǡ໤ͭŵȤ̤˽ФƻȤ櫓ˤϤʤΤǤ롥Ѹ˾塤äȡֻǰʻפȤȤˤʤ롥
ȤϤwives ϡѤȤ⤦1ĤΤƶ̣Ūݤդ򴭵Ƥ줿DZѸˤα1ʿޤäϤϡϢǤʤ뿼ߤء

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2018-05-08 Tue

#3298. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (1) [sobokunagimon][plural][consonant][oe][phonetics][fricative_voicing][number][v][conjugation][inflection][paradigm]

ɸϡ#1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵໤ͭ ([2013-01-21-1]) Ǽ夲#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) #2948. Ϣ5alive ˸ءס ([2017-05-23-1]) ǤŪ󤲤Ρ⤦1ĤαǤ롥wolf ʣ wolves Ȥʤʤɡñ /-f/ ʣ /-vz/ ؤȰ츫Ե§Ѳ㤬Ĥ̾˸롥㤨Сcalf/calves, elf/elves, half/halves, leaf/leaves, life/lives, loaf/loaves, knife/knives, self/selves, sheaf/sheaves, shelf/shelves, thief/thieves, wife/wives ʤɤǤ롥Ϥɤäͳ
űѸǤϡ̵໤ /f, θ, s/ ϡξ¦ͭ˶ޤȼͭ [v, ð, z] Ȥʤ벻§ΩƤε§ϡŬѤ벻Ķξ郎Ѳ뤳Ȥ⤢СˤäƤޤޤѸʹߤǤ⤷ФФܤˤ롼Ǥ롥ɬݤäŬѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ̣DZѸˤ̤Ƹư³Ƥ§Ȥ롥໤ͭ (fricative_voicing) ʤɤȤ̾ͿƤ롥
ɸ˾Ȥ餷ʲǤ /f/ ξʤwolf ϵˤϸűѸǤ wulf Ȥ֤ä̾ѲȤ롼פ°̾ǡʤȿ˱ưʲΤ褦˶ޤ

Ѳ̾ñʣ
wulfwulfas
гwulfwulfas
°wulfeswulfa
Ϳwulfewulfum


ñʡʡгʡˤη֡븫ФǤ wulf ˤ϶޸Ĥf Ω줫ߤȡΤ˺¦ͭ l ϤΤα¦ˤϲʤΤǡͭ˶ޤƤ״ĶǤϤʤäơ f ϤΤޤޥǥեȤ /f/ ȯ롥ɽΤ¾6ޥǤϡ첻ǻϤޤ벿餫ζ޸ղäƤꡤ f ͭ˶ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥໤ͭ§ȯưf ȯ /f/ /v/ ؤѲ롥űѸǤֻ <f> <v> Ȥʬ봷ϤʤʤȤ <v> ʸ¸ߤʤˤΤǡʸ̵ǤͭǤ <f> ΤޤޤǤʸ <v> ȯãˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡζɽʣʡʡгʡˤ wulfas θĤäƸѸˤʣפȤä櫓ʣǤϡֻ wolves Ƚ񤭲줿ȯϸűѸ /f/ ʤ /v/ äĤäƤ롥
Τ褦ˡűѸβ§ǰƬˤС wolf/wolves δطϤ줤Ǥ롥ѸȤƤߤȳΤˡԵ§פȸƤӤʤطѸˤ򻲾ȤСषֵ§ŪפʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʵŤѸˤؤ̥ϤǤꡤѸˤαȤ롥
ѸˤαϤǻߤޤʤǼƽꡤǤϤʤȯŸƤäȤ⤷ԲĻ׵ĤŸƤΤѸˤǤ롥ŸˤĤƤʹߤεǡ

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2017-02-21 Tue

#2857. Ϣ2֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤ [link][notice][3sp][3pp][conjugation][verb][inflection][variety][rensai][sobokunagimon]

220ˡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ2Ȥʤ֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤҤΥȤ˥åץɤޤ3ñ -s ˴ؤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ 3sp γƵǽ񤭤ƤޤΤΤϡѤʵפȤݤǤޤȤ᤿ȤȤʤäƤޤɤ
ϢܵΤʤǤϿޤǤ3ñ -s Ūˤϡ3;ΡʣߤդĤޤʣפζޤʿŪ˹ͤɬפޤμݤ顤ܥ֥ǤϡʣפˤĤƤ 3pp Ȥƥ꡼ΤȤ͡Ƥޤ碌ƤȤ
ޤϢܵǤ⡤رѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡǤ⡤ܤ夲ޤǤ -th äƤ3ñѸˤ -s ֤줿аޤ˴ؤ꤬ޤ⡤Ѹ˾塤ɴФζ̣ǤƤߤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1])#2156. C16b--C17a 3ñ -th -s Ѳ ([2015-03-23-1]) ʤɤ

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2016-06-28 Tue

#2619. űѸѲ2ưޤ˸ -i- ѸǤξü [inflection][verb][oe][eme][conjugation][morphology][owl_and_nightingale][speed_of_change][schedule_of_language_change][3sp][3pp]

űѸμѲ2°ưǤϡɽΤĤβս "medial -i-" (#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1]) θűѸ lufian ζɽ򻲾) -i- Ѹʹߤ˼ƤüΥߥ󥰤䥹ԡɤƥȤʤɤˤäưۤʤäƤʬۤΰȤƤϡݼŪǤ -i- ٤ޤݤ졤׿ŪǤ᤯˼줿
űѸμѲ2Ǥľˡ3;ñߤζ޸ -i- Ժߤ - Ȥʤ뤬б3;ΡʣǤ -i- -iaþ Ȥʤ롥äơѸʹߤ -i- ξüʤȡ޸ˤä3;Τñʣ̤뤳ȤǤʤʤä
üʹԤƤѸβϴˤϡκ⤢äΤǤϤʤȵ롥㤨СThe Owl and the Nightingale ll. 229--32 򸫤Ƥߤ褦Cartlidge Ǥˡ

Vor eurich þing þat schuniet riȝt,
Hit luueþ þuster & hatiet liȝt;
& eurich þing þat is lof misdede,
Hit luueþ þuster to his dede.


֤ǵưϤűѸμѲ2ͳ褷3;ñμäƤ롥äơ -i- ʤϤschuniet hatiet Ǥ -i- Ƥ롥ʤ嵭 C ܤǤη֤ȿǤƤ뤬J ܤǤб֤Ϥ줾 schonyeþ, luuyeþ, hateþ, luueþ ȤʤäƤꡤ-i- ʬۤǤޤޤǤ롥
schuniet ˤĤƤϡԻ eurich þing ̣ʣȤƲᤵ줿뤤 alle þing ʤɤοʣäΤǤϤʤȤǽŦƤCartlidge (Owl 113) Ǥϡ"it seems more sensible to regard these lines as an example of the Middle English breakdown of distinctions made between different forms of Old English Class 2 weak verbs" Ȥθ򤬼Ƥ롥
Cartlidge ̤ʸǡΥƥȤˤ -i- ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤΤǡβսѤƤ

In both C and J, the infinitives of verbs descended from Old English Class 2 weak verbs in -ian always retain an -i- (either -i, -y, -ye, -ie, -ien or -yen). However, for the third person plural of the indicative, J writes -yeþ five times, as against nine cases of - or -þ; while C writes -ieþ or -iet seven times, as against seven cases of -, -ed, or -et. In the present participle, both C and J have medial -i- twice beside eleven non-conservative forms. The retention of -i in some endings also occurs in many later medieval texts, at least in the south, and its significance may be as much regional as diachronic. (Cartlidge, "Date" 238)


ˤϡ-i- ξüηˤäưۤʤäƤФǤʤɽΥåȤˤäƤ⥿ߥ󥰤䥹ԡɤۤʤäƤǽƤꡤѲΥ塼 (schedule_of_language_change) δ鶽̣

Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Cartlidge, Neil. "The Date of The Owl and the Nightingale." Medium Aevum 65 (1996): 230--47.

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2016-06-10 Fri

#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ [be][verb][subjunctive][preterite][conjugation][inflection][oe][sobokunagimon]

ʸˡΡֲˡפˤƤϡ if ΤʤưβѤΤ§Ǥ롥βȤϡŪˤľˡβƱΤΤѤФ褤1Ĥ㳰롥ɸΤ褦˼줬1;ñξ硤뤤3;ñξˤϡľˡ was ѤȤˡˡǤ were ѤʤФʤʤʸѸθˤƤ was Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ʸˡǤ were §ǤˡϤʤ
äȤñΤǤС줬űѸˤ³ˡ13;ñζ޷äǤʸΡֲˡפΤűѸǤϡ³ˡ (subjunctive) ȸƤ֡ˡ
ε#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) ǷǤűѸ bēon ζɽǡSubjunctive Preterite 򸫤ƤߤȡñǤϿ;Τˤ餺 wǣre ѤƤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸ ġif ic wǣre . . . ʤɤȸäƤ餳ѸǤ if I were . . . ʤΤǤ롥
ѸǤϡۤȤɤξ硤ˡη֤ȤơҤΤ褦ľˡη֤򤽤ΤޤѤФ褤ˡä˰ռƲˡζ޷ɽľˡȶ̤ƳФɬפʤŪˤľˡʲˤȲˡʲˤϵǽŪˤŪˤΤ˶̤٤ۤʤηϤǤꡤơư˴ؤˡ˱ۤʤ޷ȶɽѰդƤȤˤΤʤǶ޸οʿŪ䤬Ѥbe ưʳΤ٤Ƥư˴ؤ³ˡľˡƱȤʤäͣ줫ĤƤηŪʶ̤ݻӤƤΤ be äȤȤǤ롥¸μ礿ͳϡbe ޤ˹٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ
ɸΡ֤ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤפȤ䤤ϡѸζŪʴϼѤʵȤ롥Ѹˤδ䤤ΩľΤǤС֤ʤˤ be ưʳΤ٤Ƥưˤ³ˡľˡƱȤʤäΤפ٤Ǥ롥

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2016-06-09 Thu

#2600. űѸ be ưζ [suppletion][be][verb][conjugation][inflection][oe][paradigm][indo-european][etymology]

ѸǺǤʣʶޤ򼨤ưȤСbe ưǤ롥ޤ˿षƤ븽ѸˤäơޤʣݤäƤͣưޤ٤⤹ơԵ§ʤΥѥबĤäƤޤäΤ
űѸˤƤ⡤ζޤοθȤƤ⡤be ưζޤϤϤʣäʲˡűѸ bēon ȸѸ be ζɽǤ褦 (Hogg and Fulk 309)

OE

餫˰ۤʤ캬ͳ褹η֤ޤäơɽƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Сbe ưζɽ佼ˡ (suppletion) κǤǤ롥be ϡӸŪˤ "athematic verb" ȸƤФư1ĤǤꡤΤʤǤǤʣˤ򤿤ɤäƤHogg and Fulk (309--10) ˤСűѸ bēon ν֤Ϥ餯4Ĥθ캬̤롥
1ܤϡPIE *Hes- ͳ褹ΤǡűѸ첻뤤 s ǻϤޤ֤ȿǤƤs ǻϤޤΤϡ *Hs- ͳ褹롨 cf. ƥ sumˡ
2ܤϡPIE *bhew(H)- ͳ褷űѸǤ b ǻϤޤ֤ȿǤcf. ƥ fuī 'I have been'ˡűѸǤϡηϽŪ뤤̤δްդȼȤ¿ä
3ܤϡPIE *wes- ̤ꡤűѸʤƸѸ˻ޤǡˤǤϤäѤη֤ȤѤ롥϶Ѳ5ưǤꡤ߷äƤűѸޤǤ˲˸ꤵ줿
4ܤϡűѸľˡ2;ñ eart ٤Ȥ PIE *er- ꤵƤcf. ƥ orior 'I rise' Ʊ캬ˡ
be ưΥѥϡűѸ褢٤ϴάƤΤΡʤĹˤΤʤݤ줿ʣϷߤǤ롥

Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2016-05-06 Fri

#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲ [3sp][3pp][verb][paradigm][conjugation][inflection][hel_education][variation][sobokunagimon]

3ñ -s ѸءѸ˾ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ 3sp ε¿äƤˤĤƤϿǯĴ٤񤭤ƤΤ1ǯۤɤδ֤˸ƬȯɽʸȤƸɽ뵡񤬤äΤǡܥ֥ǤƤ
Ѹ˸褷ʸؤ줫αѸ춵顽Ѹ˸Ȥá١ʲջҡԡˡǤ줿Τʤǡ3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪפꤹ뾮ƤƤܽϡ2014ǯ525˳줿ܱʸز86ʱ̳ƻءˤǤΥݥ֥ХαѸ춵顽Ѹˤι׸פθ濴Ԥޤ줿Τǡ伫ȤϤȯɽԤǤϤʤäΤΡʸδ˺ƤȤǤʥݥطԤѸˡѸ춵鸦ԤΥ롼פƤˤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ʸΥȥ뤬̤ꡤѸˤȱѸ춵ռʤ鼹ɮ뤳ȤԤƤΤ֤ȱѸ˴ˤʤäƤޤäʢȿʡˡܥ֥Ǥϥ֥ȤǥŪˤʤä3ñ -s ˴ؤġ򡤺ʸȤκۤȤ뤳ȤˤäơΤȤޤȤ뤳ȤǤ褦˻פʸǤϡ#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1]) #2136. 3ñ -s ʸˡˤʬϡ ([2015-03-03-1]) ʤɤεȯŸǡȤ櫓̻ŪѲȶŪѰ (variation) Ż뤷Ÿ
Ѹ춵Ȥ顤ˤĤä˶ĴäȤϡ˼ʲμĥǤ롥

3ñ -s ȤϡʸˡŪȤɽŪȤƲ򤹤٤ΤǤϤʤषϱѸؽԤˡ(1) γؤǤоݤɸŪŪѼǤȤ¤˰ռ(2) ظ¿ɸѼޤŪ˻ѤƤȤѸ¿θ¤˵ŤμεȤ (3) ѸѼʤ줿ܸѼˤФ봲Ƥ乥ε󶡤Ƥ롤ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤƤ


ʤʸμɮԤϰʲ̤ꡥȤ櫓Ѹ춵ȪɤǤȴ򤷤Ǥ

ϤˡѸˤȱѸ춵 ջ
ѸˤȱѸ춵ͻ硡Applied English Philology λ
Ѹ춵ˤѸë
콬μѸˤζŪ ľȥ
ѸȯãѸؽȯãءˡư쥹޷ä ¹
ХʱѸáѸˤö߷
3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪ δ
ѸˤȱѸ춵ꥨ󤫤鸫Ѳ ջ


δ졡3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪסؤ줫αѸ춵顽Ѹ˸Ȥá (Can Knowing the History of English Help in the Teaching of English?). Studies in the History of English Language 5. ջҡԡˡν2016ǯ105--31ǡ

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2015-08-24 Mon

#2310. 3ñΥ [3sp][3pp][verb][paradigm][conjugation][inflection][contact][do-periphrasis][lmode]

Ѹ˾3ñ -s 3ʣ -s ˤĤơ3sp 3pp ¿εǤ줾ƤǡޤΩʤ3ñΥȤ꤬롥褯ΤƤΤϡ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1])#1889. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s (2) ([2014-06-29-1]) Ǽ夲褦 AAVE Ǥ -s æȤݤ뤷󥰥ɤǤ East Anglia ߻Υѥˤƿ;Ρˤ餺¤ߥȤȤ㤬롥
Wright (119) ˤ3ñΥ˴ؤˤγάˤСEast Anglia ˤ3ñΥε15ˤΤܤꡤŪʲˤС¾ο;θΥ3ñŪ˳ĥΤȤ뤬ܿαƶǤϤʤȤ⤢롥16ȾޤǤˤϡNorfolk β²41--77%ȤΨ -th ˥ѤƤȤ𤬤ꡤEast Midland Ϥθ3ñΥ򼨤濴ϤǤ³Ƥ롥Helsinki Corpus ĴˤСŪˤߤ3ñΥ2%Ȥ㤤Ψʤ East Anglia ˸¤餺ʬۤƤΤ¤ǤꡤŤѸʸˤƤޤ˽в񤦤ȤϤ롥
Wright κǿʸϡ19Ⱦ West Oxfordshire пȤΤ뽾ͤˤ򥳡ѥȤĴ21%Ȥͽ۰ʾι⤤Ψ3ñΥѤƤ뤳Ȥͤߤ᤿Wright ϡEast Anglia ȤŪˤΥ줿ϰǡ餯λ˸ꤷơ3ñΥʬۤƤΤǤϤʤȿ¬ޤΰŪʬۤϡľ do ˡ (do-periphrasis) षľɸŪ -s 礷Ƥäޤ˰ܹԴκˤߤ줿ĤʤŪʬۤȷŤ
Wright εϹäƤ뤬ʤȤѸΤϤ¤ꡤ˱͡ʥѥबƤϾäƤäȤϳΤǤꡤ19Ⱦ West Oxfordshire ˸Ū˾嵭Τ褦ʾäȤƤ⡤äˤϤʤ

Wright, Laura. "Some More on the History of Present-Tense -s, do and Zero: West Oxfordshire, 1837." Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 1.1 (2015): 111--30.

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2015-06-06 Sat

#2231. ưβ˸ -st- [preterite-present_verb][phonetics][conjugation][inflection][-st][dental_suffix]

ư (preterite-present_verb) ˤĤƤϡ#58. ưθ߷Ȳ ([2009-06-25-1]) ȡ#66. ư ([2009-07-03-1]) ǤߤƤθűѸˤǤ wāt (to know) mōt ΥѥįƤȡˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥ưβϡѲưǤ뤫Τ褦˻ (dental suffix) դΤǡ줾 *witte, *mōtte ʤɤȤʤꤽʤΤºݤ˸űѸʸڤ֤ wiste/wisse, mōste ʤɤǤʰʲɽǤϡϢβս֤ǼƤˡ-st- Τ褦 s ΤϤɤ櫓

Present Indicative
Sg. 1wātmōt
2wāstmōst
3wātmōt
Pl.witonmōton
Present Subjunctive
Sg.witemōte
Imperative
Sg.wite 
Pl.witað 
Preterite Indicative
Sg. 3wiste, wissemōste
Pl.wiston, wissonmōston
Preterite Subjunctive
Sg.wiste, wissemōste
Infinitivewitan 
Infl.inf.to witanne 
Pres.part.witende 
Pa.part.witen 


wiste ΰ۷Ȥơwisse Ȥ֤ߤΤǤ롥Hogg and Fulk (301) ˤȡ

In the pret. of wāt, forms with -st- are more frequent than those with -ss- already in EWS, except in Bo, although -ss- is the older form, reflecting PGmc *-tt- . . . . Wiste was created analogically by the re-addition of a dental preterite suffix at a later date; such forms are found in the (sic) all the WGmc languages. Pa.part. witen is formed by analogy to strong verbs . . . .


ޥĸǤϡꤷ褦 *witte, *mōtte ƷƤ뤬 -tt- -ss- ؤѲ褦ԤűѸʸڤ wisse ϢʤäȤȤƤθ˻ t դƲǤ뤳ȤΤűѸǰŪ˸ wiste Ȥ櫓Ǥ롥ơmōste ϲư֤ȤƤ wiste äΤȤ (Hogg and Fulk 306)
̤˲ưβϡ츻ŪˤϡŲפȾΤ뤳ȤǤ뤬wiste, mōste ˴ؤƤϡηаޤ˴դߤơֻŲפȸƤ٤ΤǤϤʤ

Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-11-26-1]

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2015-05-31 Sun

#2225. hear -- heard -- heard [verb][conjugation][inflection][high_vowel_deletion][i-mutation][analogy][sobokunagimon][dental_suffix]

ɸγѤϸѸǤԵ§Ȥ뤬ʬǻ (dental suffix) 뤳Ȥ顤Ե§٤㤤ȤߤƤ褵Ǥ롥ưϸűѸǤϼѲ1°ޤ˵§ŪưǤꡤ hīeranñ˷ hīerdeʬ (ge)hīered ȳѤ
űѸưζηϤȤդ٤ϡѲ1ưΤʤ hīeran פΤΤϲλľ첻礱Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥Ʊ1° fremman (to perform) fremede 첻ȼnerian (to save) nerede 첻ȼϡűѸΩĻ hīeran פ fremman פ nerian פȤϰۤʤ벻ФƤǤ롥Ѹ *heared ʤ heard βʬθˤϡűѸ̤ǤϽʬǤʤ˸ŤޤʤФʤʤ
Ѳ1ư˶̤Ūطʤϡ⤫ĤƲʬΤ *-ida Τ褦 i ղäȤǤ롥 i Ȥʤäơ촴첻 i-mutation 뤳ȤȤʤä i ϡܺ٤Ͼά뤬 fremman ФƲ fremede Τ褦 m ñҲȤʤäƤ뤳ȡ nerian ФƲ nerede Τ褦 i üƤ뤳ȤȤط롥
ˤȤäƽפʤΤϡhīeran פ fremman nerian פȰۤʤꡤĹ첻˻Ҳ³촴äƤȤΤĹ̵ι첻 (/i/ /u/) ³ˤϡι첻æȤ "High Vowel Deletion" (high_vowel_deletion) űѸλƤʤ*hauzida > *hīridæ > hīerde ȤȯãꤵƤ (Hogg, Vol. 1 222--23) High Vowel Deletion θ̤ˤĤƤϡ#1674. Ѳȶ޸οʿˤĤƤŪͻ ([2013-11-26-1])#2017. foot ʣϤʤ feet (2) ([2014-11-04-1]) Ǥ̤󤲤ʤ鿨ƤΤǡȤ줿
ƸűѸβ hīerde Ϥ줿衤Ʊϩ򤿤ɤϤäʬϡͽۤ *(ge)hīerd ǤϤʤʸڤΤ첻줿 (ge)hīered Ǥ롥ϡfremman nerian פη̤ȹͤ (Hogg, Vol. 2 263)
ơűѸѸˤơʤƲʬˤˤƤϡĹ첻2ҲפȤŤäƤȤ顤#1751. ʣ1Ǥβû̡ ([2014-02-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡĹ첻û礿븽߶޷Ǥϡ d 礱Ƥ뤿˲ϽŤʤ餺ûƤʤˤꡤߤ hear heard 첻㤬롥
ʤƱṽ¤ hīeran פ¾ư줬űѸʹߡhīeran Ʊ褦˿äƤȤȡǤϤʤdēman ƱפǤϤ뤬ˤʬ deemed ǤꡤŪ˴˵§ŪǤ롥ϡѤƯ̤Ǥ롥
Ѳ1γѤˤĤƤϡ#2210. think -- thought -- thought γѡ ([2015-05-16-1]) ⻲ȡ

Hogg, Richard M. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 1. 1992. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2015-05-14 Thu

#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ [verb][conjugation][tense][auxiliary_verb][indo-european][grammaticalisation][category][language_change][causation][future][sobokunagimon]

ɸμݤμ䤬󤻤줿ΤǡˤĤŪʴͤƤߤѸưˤϡνɽ魯ΤŵŪѤ롥Ʊͤˡߡʤ뤤סˤνŪɽ魯ˤϡưŵŪ˸߷dzѤ롥̤ν˴ؤƤϡư̤Ȥƶޤ褦ˡ¸ߤʤ will, shall, be going to ʤɤΡʽ˽ưѤȤŪˡȤƤ롥ĤޤꡤѸˤṲ̄Ϥˤ衤Ṳ̄ϤʤȤäƤ褤ñˡ̤פȤѸǤϡ졤֤ΤΥ٥ˤַפˤĤƸ򾷤ǽ뤳Ȥ顤ѸʸˡǤϤѸ줬򤱤뷹ΤǤϤʤ
ʽ˽ưѤŪ뤤ϱṲ̄ɽϡ餯űѸʹߤ will shall ʤɤŪˡŪʵǽĽư줬ջ֤̳ΰ̣ᡤñ˻֤ȤƤ̤ɽ魯ˡؤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ȥˤλˤϡñ̤ɽ魯ΤòɽϡŪˤŪˤʤˡŪʰ̣ȼ鷺̤ɽʤϷ礱ƤȤäƤ褤űѸǤϡŪˤϸ߷ʤ뤤ΤˤˤѤ뤳ȤǸߤΤߤʤ餺̤ΤȤɽ魯ȤǤΤǤꡤƥ꡼ˤơ丽ߤȶ̤٤ʬȤƤ̤Ȥȯۤϴäθ will ʤɤѤ̤ɽиǤ⡤夫λƥ꡼ΤȤ館礭Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤѸǤ̤Ȥʬ⤤Ƥ봶롥Ѹ̤Ȥǰ¸ߤʤȸڤΤϡŪˤϸ᤮Τ餤褦˻פ
嵭Τ褦ˡűѸλƥ꡼ϡŪˤСʤФСָߡפȸƾΤˤ2ʬʤäƤǸѸδ뵿ʤƼºݤ˴󤻤줿ˤϡʤűѸǤ̤ʤäΤʤư̤ζޤȯãʤäΤȤ䤤Ǥ롥μľΤϤ䤹ʤŪʳ٤4ŦƤ
ޤμˡߡ̤3ʬˡȤḽŪʻ֤δǰȻפ뤬֤ΤȤ館뤤ϤθؤȿǤǤƥ꡼ǡɬ⤳ȤƤ褤Ϥʤܿͤޤ᤿¿θͤˤȤäơ3ʬˡλִФ϶ˤƼ˻פ뤬줬ˤȤäƤ̵ͣλִѤǤȤߤʤȤϤǤʤޤ˷3ʬˡλִѤѤ줿ȤƤ⡤3ʬˡ줤ˤΤޤ޸ξˡƥ꡼ȤȿǤΤʤΤɤǤ롥ϥԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ˴ؤǤꡤ̤ǤȽҤ٤ˤȤɤƤ
2ܤˡ¾ΰˤ⡤ܸˤߤ褦ˡ̤ɽϡƤջ֤̳ʤɤˡŪʵǽķʸˡ뤳Ȥˤȯ뤳Ȥ¿Ҥ̤ꡤϱѸˤˤƤѻ줿Ǥꡤɤ̸ŪˤߤΤΤ褦Ǥ롥ߡ̤3ʬˡǤϡ̤Ťߤäξˤ֤Ƥ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ뤬⤷ȸ첽ǤξԤνŤߤϡФаۤʤΤ⤷ʤʤȤ⤤Ĥμ׸ˤ򻲾Ȥ¤ꡤ̤ϲ椷ƸȯŪǤꡤŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿
3ܤˡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȤ2ʬˡϡʸš˱Ѹ˸¤餺ޥ˶̤פħ1ĤǤ롥ޤƱ²ϸŤҥåȸƱ2ʬˡäƤꡤĸˤƥ꡼Ʒä褷Ƥ롥̤ưĸ̤ȸƤӤΤäΤʤäΤ뤤ϡäȤơŪʤΤʤΤŪΤʤΤĤޤꡤ嵭μϡűѸФ٤ˤȤɤޤ餺ĸФƤ٤Ǥ⤢롥ĸ餫餭줤ʲߡ̤3ʬˡλäƤΤɤȤδ֤褬롥
Ǹˡ׿ʤȤ뤳Ȥ餬󥸥󥰤ʲǤȤǡ׿ʤȤʤä뤳Ȥ϶ˤ񤷤ΰ̣ǡűѸˤƤʤ̤ȯãʤäΤ򼨤Ȥϡ˾ŪʺȼѲŪΩ줫ϡϤפǤϤ롥#2115. ݻȸѲؤ񹳡 ([2015-02-10-1]) Milroy θѲ˸ڤʤ󵯤褦ˡʤѲΤƱͤˤʤѲʤäΤȤ⡤ä٤

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2015-05-06 Wed

#2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ [phonetics][consonant][assimilation][conjugation][inflection][3sp][verb][paradigm][oe][suffix][sobokunagimon][have][v]

ɸΤ褦ˡѸ have Ե§ѲưǤ롥has -s 뤷, had -d ⤢뤫顤Ե§Ȥϼ㴳Ե§Ȥ٤ʤ *haves *haved ǤϤʤΤ
ŪˤߤСߤǤϵƤʤ haves haved ¸ߤűѸ˾Ȥ餷ƤߤȡưϽ˵§Ūʶޤ򤹤ưǤϤʤä٤˵§ŪǤꡤ̤ϻ¾ε§ѲưȹͤƤƺ٤ʤűѸ䡤Ȥ櫓ѸǤϡhaves haved ֵ§Ūפʽ֤Τ˹ԤƤΤǤ롥
űѸ habban (have) ζɽϡ#74. /b/ /v/ ְ㤨!? ([2009-07-11-1]) ǷǤʲ˰۷֤ޤ᤿ɽƷǤ褦

habban (have)Present IndicativePresent SubjunctivePreterite IndicativePreterite SubjunctiveImperative
1st sg.hæbbehæbbehæfdehæfde 
2nd sg.hæfst, hafasthafa
3rd sg.hæfþ, hafaþ 
pl.habbaþhæbbenhæfdonhæfdenhabbaþ


Pres. Ind. 3rd Sg. βսߤȡűѸ has ֤Ȥơhæfþ, hafaþ 2󤬤äȤ狼롥 Τ褦2ҲܤԤηǤϡѸ˺ǽλҲ f æhath ʤɤη֤ hath ϶Ѹޤ³
3ñθ -(e)th -(e)s ѲаޤˤĤơ#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1]) Ϥᡤ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#2156. C16b--C17a 3ñ -th -s Ѳ ([2015-03-23-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲ƤܲδؿǤ븽Ѹ has Ȥ֤ľܤεϡhath ζ޸ִ˵ϡűѸ Northumbria ˳ǧ hæfis, haefes ʤɤ˵٤ -s ĸűѸν֤ϡѸˤϤ¿η֤ȯãf 첻˶ޤ줿Ķæꡤfs Τ褦2ҲܤĶæʤɤơŪ has Τ褦ʷ֤Ϥ줿hath has 鿰æϡΤ褦ˤۤʿŪǤ롥Ϣơhave of ˤĤơ³줬ҲǻϤޤȤ˿æ뤳ȤѸˤƤߤ줿ye ha seyn (you have seen) o þat light (of that light) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿 (p. 411ˡ
ʤ had ˤĤƤϡ#1348. 13ʹߤ v ([2013-01-04-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡ¿θ v νϤȤǤ롥#23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1]) 碌ƻȤ줿
MED hāven (v.) ԴѤʰֻꥹȤǡhas had ֤ΤƤ餤

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2015-03-23 Mon

#2156. C16b--C17a 3ñ -th -s Ѳ [verb][conjugation][emode][language_change][suffix][inflection][3sp][lexical_diffusion][schedule_of_language_change][speed_of_change][bible]

Ѹˤư츽߿;θ -th -s ѲˤĤƤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ󡤤˴Ϣ Bambas ʸɤߤκǿθ̤ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ⤷ʤˤ褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥
ѸˤǤϡ1600ǯդξȤ The Authorised Version Լˤ3ñ -s ̵Ǥ뤳ȤФˤ롥Bacon The New Atlantis (1627) ˤ -s ʤȤΤƤ롥顤ʸŪʸǤ -s ϸŪˤȤ򤱤Τ̤äΤǤϤʤȤ¬Ωġ Jespersen (19) ϤΤ褦ʰոǤ롥

Contemporary prose, at any rate in its higher forms, has generally -th'; the s-ending is not at all found in the A[uthorized] V[ersion], nor in Bacon A[tlantis] (though in Bacon E[ssays] there are some s'es). The conclusion with regard to Elizabethan usage as a whole seems to be that the form in s was a colloquialism and as such was allowed in poetry and especially in the drama. This s must, however, be considered a licence wherever it occurs in the higher literature of that period. (qtd in Bambas, p. 183)


Bambas (183) ˤСꥶ٥īλʸȤΥƥȤ򹭤ĴƤߤȡºݤˤ1590ǯޤǤˤʸŪʸˤƤ -s ǧƤꡤ򤵤ƤͻҤϤʤθ⡤Ŀͤˤä٤ΰ㤤礭ΤΡ-s 򤱤줿ȹͤͳϤʤȤJespersen θϡ-s βᾮɾǤȡ

The fact seems to be that by the 1590's the -s-form was fully acceptable in literary prose usage, and the varying frequency of the occurrence of the new form was thereafter a matter of the individual writer's whim or habit rather than of deliberate selection.


ơ17 -th -s ˼äƵˤʤäƤäȸ롥Wyld (333--34) ۩

From the beginning of the seventeenth century the 3rd Singular Present nearly always ends in -s in all kinds of prose writing except in the stateliest and most lofty. Evidently the translators of the Authorized Version of the Bible regarded -s as belonging only to familiar speech, but the exclusive use of -eth here, and in every edition of the Prayer Book, may be partly due to the tradition set by the earlier biblical translations and the early editions of the Prayer Book respectively. Except in liturgical prose, then, -eth becomes more and more uncommon after the beginning of the seventeenth century; it is the survival of this and not the recurrence of -s which is henceforth noteworthy. (qtd in Bambas, p. 185)


Bambas Ϥˤ۵Ĥ򾧤롥Wyld θϡ-eth βᾮɾǤȡĤޤȤ Bambas ϡ1600ǯ򶴤ǯδ֡-s -th ŪˤԤԤִȤήǤϤ뤬ξ¸λȤߤΤŬڤǤȤոΰո٤ΤϡBambas ȤԤä16ȾФ17ȾФˤƤλʸˤĴ̤Ǥ롥Bambas (186) ɽƸ褦

AuthorTitleDateIncidence of -s
Ascham, RogerToxophilus15456%
Robynson, RalphMore's Utopia15510%
Knox, JohnThe First Blast of the Trumpet15580%
Ascham, RogerThe Scholmaster15700.7%
Underdowne, ThomasHeriodorus's Anaethiopean Historie15872%
Greene, RobertGroats-Worth of Witte; Repentance of Robert Greene; Blacke Bookes Messenger159250%
Nashe, ThomasPierce Penilesse159250%
Spenser, EdmundA Veue of the Present State of Ireland159618%
Meres, FrancisPoetric159813%
Dekker, ThomasThe Wonderfull Yeare 1603160384%
Dekker, ThomasThe Seuen Deadlie Sinns of London160678%
Daniel, SamuelThe Defence of Ryme160762%
Daniel, SamuelThe Collection of the History of England1612--1894%
Drummond of Hawlhornden, W.A Cypress Grove16237%
Donne, JohnDevotions162474%
Donne, JohnIvvenilia163364%
Fuller, ThomasA Historie of the Holy Warre16380.4%
Jonson, BenThe English Grammar164020%
Milton, JohnAreopagitica164485%


ץåȤȡʲ̤ˤʤ롥

Incidence of -s in Prose between C16b and C17a by Bambas

δ֤Ǥǯ0.5789%ΨǾ徺Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ط0.49Ǥ롥ΤȤƤϱ夬˰㤤ʤġΤФĤˤ롥ΤȤᾮɾɾ⤹٤ǤϤʤȤΤ Bambas η

Bambas, Rudolph C. "Verb Forms in -s and -th in Early Modern English Prose". Journal of English and Germanic Philology 46 (1947): 183--87.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
Wyld, Henry Cecil. A History of Modern Colloquial English. 2nd ed. London: Fisher Unwin, 1921.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-02-21-1] [2015-05-06-1]

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2015-03-20 Fri

#2153. Ŭˤ륫ƥ꡼Ȥؤ [exaptation][tense][aspect][category][language_change][verb][conjugation][inflection]

ε#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1]) Ǽ夲ĸ줫饲ޥĸˤȤؤˤĤơܤ롥ĸΥƥ꡼Ƥ Present, Perfect, Aorist ζ̤ϡޥĸˤƻȿΥƥ꡼ιװȤƤ Present, Preterite 1, Preterite 2 ζ̤ؤȰܹԤŪʶ̤ݻޤޤˡŬäȤˤʤ롥ޤбγά޼Ū˼ȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥

(Indo-European)            (Germanic)

   PRESENT  PRESENT

   PERFECT  PRETERITE 1

   AORIST   PRETERITE 2

ޥμѲưˤĤƤϡĸ PERFECT AORIST ϷŪ˴ͻ礷Τǡޤμ褦 PRETERITE 1 2 ζ̤ϤĤƤʤѲưϤäݼŪǤꡤĤƤ PERFECT AORIST ηŪפĤʤ顤2 PRETERITE ؤȵǽ򥷥եȤʤĤޤ곰Ŭˡ2 PRETERITE ˤĤƤϡ#42. űѸˤϲθ촴ढä ([2009-06-09-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ȤǡĸǤưΥƥ꡼첻 (ablaut) ˤäɸ줿e-grade PRESENT o-grade PERFECT zero-grade 뤤 ē-grade AORIST ɽűѸΤĤζѲư PRESENT, PRETERITE 1, PRETERITE 2 η֤ߤȡbīt-an -- bāt -- bit-on, bēod-an -- bēad -- budon, help-an -- healp -- hulpon ʤɤȤʤäƤ롥ĸʹߤ첻ѲˤľܤϸˤʤäƤ뤬űѸ3ζѲ˸뤽줾첻ΰ㤤ϡĸ e-grade, o-grade, zero-grade κб롥Ĥޤꡤ3ζѲϲŪˤ³Ǥ롥äơޥĸˤܼŪѲƤäΤϷ֤ǤϤʤǽȤȤˤʤ롥餯ϰĸζ̤Ƥˤʤ˵ڤӡݻ줿ŪΩ̤Υƥ꡼ʤȿζ̤˿˱Ѥ줿ȤȤ
Lass (87) ˤȡγŬϰʲΰϢβФꤵƤ롥

(i) loss of the (semantic) opposition perfect/aorist; (ii) retention of the diluted semantic content 'past' shared by both (in other words, loss of aspect but retention of distal time-deixis); (iii) retention of the morpho(phono)logical exponents of the old categories perfect and aorist, but divested of their oppositional meaning; (iv) redeployment of the now semantically evacuated exponents as markers of a secondary (concordial) category; in effect re-use of the now 'meaningless' old material to bolster an already existing concordial system, but in quite a new way.


ĸˤ¸ߤʤäƥ꡼ޥĸˤƿȯ줿Ȥ̣ǡγŬϤޤ "conceptual novelty" λȤ롥

Lass, Roger. "How to Do Things with Junk: Exaptation in Language Evolution." Journal of Linguistics 26 (1990): 79--102.

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2015-03-12 Thu

#2145. Ѹ3ʣ -s (6) [verb][conjugation][emode][number][agreement][3pp][nptr]

ɸˤĤƤ 3pp γƵǼ夲ƤϢ뵭Ҥ⤦1ĸĤΤǡʲ˵Ƥ#1301. Gramley αѸ˳Υѥ˥󥵥ȡ ([2012-11-18-1]) ȡ#2007. Gramley αѸ˳ܼ ([2014-10-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Gramley (136--37) ΰѤǤ롥

Third person {-s} vs. {-(e)th} is a further inflectional point. This distinction is one of the most noticeable in this period [EModE], and it may be used as evidence of the influence of Northern on Southern English. In ME Northerners used the ending {-s} where Southerners used {-(e)th}. In each case the respective inflection could be used in both the third person singular present tense as well as in the whole of the plural . . . . While zero became normal in the plural, in the third person singular present tense there was no such move, and the two forms were in competition with each other both in colloquial London speech and in the written language.


ƱѸ˽ѥ˥󥵥ꡤ6ϤΤ­ (p. 8) ˡ˾ܤ⤬ܤäƤͭѤǤ롥ޤǤ Northern Subject Rule (= Northern Present Tense Rule; cf. nptr, #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])) ˤ⿨ƤꡤδϢ Lass (166, 185) Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg (283, 312) ؤθڤ⤢롥
NPTR ˤŬѤ줿̤Ȼפʣ -s 󤲤Ƥ

they laugh that wins (F1--3, Q1--3; win F4) (Shakespeare, Othello 4.1.121)
whereby they make their pottage fat, and therewith driues out the rest with more content. (Deloney, Jack of Newbury 72)
For if neither they can doo that they promise & wantes greatest good (Elizabeth, Boethius 48.11)
Well know they what they speak that speaks (F1; speak Q) so wisely (Shakespeare, Troilus 3.2.145)
when sorrows comes (F1), they come not single spies. (Shakespeare, Hamlet 4.5.73)
As surely as your feet hits (F1) the ground they step on (Shakespeare, Twelfth Night 3.4.265)


Shakespeare ǤǤˤäʣ -s 줿äꤹ㤬뤳Ȥ顤ˤʸŪ뤤̻ŪʴްդꤽǤ롥

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
Nevalainen, T. and H. Raumolin-Brunberg. "The Changing Role of London on the Linguistic Map of Tudor and Stuart England." The History of English in a Social Context: A Contribution to Historical Sociolinguistics. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Mettinger. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 279--337.

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2015-03-09 Mon

#2142. Ѹˤ3ñʣθʬ [map][laeme][lalme][me_dialect][me][3sp][3pp][verb][conjugation][nptr]

ɸ䤤˼ü᤯ˤϡɽǻ­Görlach (68) ˤɽΰˡ

 SouthMidlandNorth
Present Indicative3sg.-(e)þ-(e)þ-(e)s
pl.-(e)þ-(e)n-(e)s


Ͽ޾˼ȡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) ̤Ȥʤ뤬ܤʬۤȤˤ LAEME ʽѸˤ eLALME ʸѸˤ򻲾ȤΤǤ (cf. #1622. eLALME ([2013-10-05-1])) ʲǤϡξȥ饹줿ϿޤβŽդ褦ʥåȤ礭ʲˡޤϡ1150--1325ǯ򥫥С LAEME ꡤ3ñʺˤʣʱˤθʬۤ򤽤줾켨

LAEME: 3sp 's' and 'th' LAEME: 3pp 's', 'th', 'n', 'e', and zero
LAEME: 3sp 's' and 'th' LAEME: pp 's', 'th', 'n', 'e', and zero


ξϿޤ˽ޤִݤ -s ˽ޤĻͳѤ -th ɽʣθǤ¾˹ѤߤƤ뤬 -n ɽˡʣ̾ܤưθ߷ -e ޤϥθȤ "Northern Present Tense Rule" (NPTR; cf. #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])nptr) ʬۿޤ򸫤褦

LAEME: NPTR pp 'e' and zero
LAEME: NPTR pp 'e' and zero


Ǥϼ˸Ѹʬۤ˰ܤ롥eLALME ǤϡμऴȤ̡Ͽޤޤ3ñ顥

eLAEME: 3sp 's' eLAEME: 3sp 'th'
eLALME: 3sp 's' eLALME: 3sp 'th'


ʬۤ褯ѤǤꡤޤ̤ -s ˡޤ̤ -th ʬۤƤΤ狼롥ʣˤĤƤϡ-s, -th, -n, -e (or zero) 4ˤĤƳơϿޤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

eLAEME: pp 's' eLAEME: 3pp 'th'
eLALME: pp 's' eLALME: pp 'th'
eLAEME: pp 'n' eLAEME: 3pp 'th'
eLALME: pp 'n' eLALME: pp 'e' or zero


ʬۤ褯ѤǤꡤ -s ʺޡˡ -th ʱޡˤͥ -n ʺޡˤĥƤ뤳ȤƼ롥ŪˡѸȸѸʬ۴֤Ūʺϸ뤬Ūˤ礭ѲϤʤȤäƤ褤  *

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

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2015-03-08 Sun

#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγ [verb][conjugation][emode][language_change][suffix][inflection][3sp][bible][shakespeare][schedule_of_language_change]

#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ173ñζ޸ -th -s ؤ֤äƤäϡλ夫ʹԤƤִηаޤ򾯤Ҳ𤷤褦
űѸǹԤʤƤ3ñ -s ̤ˤСѸ -s Ƹ줿Τ14ΥɥΥƥȤˤƤǤ롥Ϥޤä15˽٤ȯŪΤ16--17ˤƤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ȿǤƤ褦ʥƥȤˤơ٤ޤäƤä褦-s ϡ褽1600ǯޤǤɸȤʤäƤȻפ뤬16ΥƥȤˤɤ줬ߤΤ¤Ǥ롥Ť -th 첻ȼä -eth ȤƲ-s ϲʤäᡤξԤϱΧŪǻȤʬ줿פ (ex. that hateth thee and hates us all) 㤨СShakespeare ǤϻʸǤϤۤȤ -s ѤƤ뤬ʸǤ -th 롥ȤϤξ٤ϡΧŪװʸŪװʾ˸ĿͤޤϺʤʤ˰¸뤳Ȥ¿쳵뤳ȤϤǤʤdoth hath ʤ٤˹⤤ˤĤơŷФ餯ͥǤ³-s ٤줿ȤȤϡŪħ1ĤȤõ
Lass (162--65) ϡִΥ塼ˤĤƼΤ褦󤷤Ƥ롥

In the earlier sixteenth century {-s} was probably informal, and {-th} neutral and/or elevated; by the 1580s {-s} was most likely the spoken norm, with {-eth} a metrical variant.


켣 (217--18) ˤȤ̤˸ƤߤȡThe Authorised Version (1611) Bacon The New Atlantis (1627) ˤ -s ʤȿФ Milton (1608--74) Ǥ doth hath ̤ˤ -th ʤShakespeare ǤϡJulius Caesar (1599) ʬۤ˸¤äƤߤȡ-s Ψ do have ǤϤ줾 11.76%, 8.11% ʳΰ̤ưǤ 95.65% ȰݤƤ롥
Ȥ櫓16--17ξڵ˴Ťˤդ٤ϡ#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1]) Ǹ褦ˡɽ -th ȤäȤƤ⡤줬Ǥ [s] ȯƤǽȤȤǤ롥
ִΥ塼ˤĤƤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ

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2015-03-03 Tue

#2136. 3ñ -s ʸˡˤʬ [generative_grammar][syntax][agreement][3sp][verb][inflection][agreement][conjugation]

#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1]) ǡʸˡˤʬϤȽŪ˼夲ϤʤȤ䤤ˤƤʤȤȽǤꡤŪʬϤȤȽƤ櫓ǤϤʤषϼưΰ (agreement) ưζޤˤäɸ˰ŪŬѤǤ롤Ūˤ줿ʬϤTime flies. ȤñʸʸˡʬϤäȡʲιʸڤʤʸˡǤΩˤäƵǽƤΥ٥νۤʤǽϤˡ

Syntactic Analysis for 3sp

ǾʸΤ IP (=Inflectional Phrase) Ǥꡤ I (=Inflection)˼Ȥʤ NP (=Noun Phrase)˽ҸưȤʤ VP (=Verb Phrase) ġNP time I s Ψ (government) 礦طˤȤ졤ΨطҤΰפȿϢƤ롥NP time ˤϡ[+ 3RD PERSON] [+ SINGULAR] ȤͿƤꡤI 񤵤 [+ PRESENT] ȶĤơs Ȥ޼Ф롥
οޤǤϤޤǤƤʤΤܼư (affix-hopping) Ȥ§ŬѤơs VP fly ˰ưǸ˲DzĴ time flies Ȥ¸Ȥ롥פˡΨطˤ NP I ΤȤǡ;Ργͤȹ礵졤٤ưפȶ޼ s 򤵤Ȥ롼ʼºݤˤϡ3ñΤۤľˡǤ뤳ȤɬܾǤϾάˡΥ롼1ķƤȡ¸¾쵬§ѤơϢŪʸǤʸ "Time doesn't fly." 䵿ʸ "Does time fly?" ʤɤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤ롥
ʬϤɸ฽Ѹ3ñ -s ˤޤĤȷ֤Ӥ꤫ǤȤϤ뤬ʤΤ褦ʸݤΤȤȤʤʸˡϡֲפ֤ɤΤ褦ˡפ䤤Τդ֤ʤפ䤤ˤϡϤŪʻѤۤʤ

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2015-02-27 Fri

#2132. ȴաar ȴաeru դ [japanese][lexical_diffusion][language_change][verb][conjugation][ranuki]

ܸƤѲΤʤǡǥʤɤǤ礭夲ƺǤ褯ΤƤΤˡ֤ȴաפ롥ȴդˤĤܥ֥Ǥϡ#1864. ȴդٸ̡ ([2014-06-04-1]) Ǽ夲٤ǡѲεˤĤ¿ΤȤʬäƤƤ롥ˤĤƽפƶͿƤɤߤ䤹ȤƤϡ˾ΤϤʤ
ȴդȤϡưβǽˤĤơŪɸǤָסֵפ֤פȴơָסֵפȤʤäƤƤ븽ݤؤΤˡ֤פȴƤ褦˸뤬ǤϤʤȤͤ⤢롥Ѳɽǵ mirareru mireruokirareru okireru ȤʤꡤæƤΤ mi(ra)reru, oki(ra)reru Τ褦 ra ǤȤȤߤʤȤΤˤǤ뤬 mir(ar)eru, okir(ar)eru Τ褦 ar æƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ºݡar ȴաפȤϡưʳβǽޤΤԹ礬褤ưΡɤפɸŪʲǽϡŤɤޤ (yomareru) Фơɤ (yomeru) Ǥϡ֤פæƤȤϸʤΤΡyom(ar)eru Τ褦 ar ȴäƤȤϸ롥̩ʰ̣Dzǽ֤פȴΤϡư졤Ըư졤ѳưΤߤǤꡤ¾ˤĤƤϤȴդȤƾΤŬڤǤϤʤΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤar ȴդȸƤǤСưǤưǤưγѷˤ餺ŪʲǽФƸ߹Ȥ褦ˤʤäƤ뿷ǽβ򡤰ӤҤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Τ褦ˡar ȴȤʬϤȯŸӾˤǽưη֤ӤƵҤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ñʵˡ롥ǽưν߷ϡȤȤʤưθ촴ؤ eru դǤɽФ褤ưγѷ˸¤餺ָ (mir-u) ָ (mir-eru)ֵ (okir-u) ֵ (okir-eru)ɤ (yom-u) ɤ (yom-eru)ּ (tor-u) ּ (tor-eru) ӤƳФʤѳưϡ (kur-u) Фơ (kor-eru) Τ褦˸촴ؤ뤳Ȥաˡaru ȴʬϤϡָסֵסɤޤסּספʤŪʲǽͳʤȿǽƳФʤeru դʬϤϡǽΤȤưν߷ȤƿǽƳФȤʰ塤pp. 22--23ˡ
߿ʹθѲˤϤ褯뤳ȤȴդⵯϰƳȸŤǤϾ½鵭Ͽꡤ餯ѲϤΤʳܤܤС쳤ǤѤƤȴդʬۤŤηϩɤ߲򤯤ȡʤɤμ᤯Ϥޤꡤ줬ơᵦʤɤ濴ήǤΤΤ褦ĹѥǹͤȡȴղϰưΥԸư첽ȤĬήΰôäƤꡤ켫Τǯ³ƤưγѷδάΤʤ˰֤Ť롥

ͺܸ쥦å󥰡١ȽŹҴȿӡ1999ǯ

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2015-02-07 Sat

#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ [verb][inflection][agreement][conjugation][paradigm][morphology][3sp][3pp][sobokunagimon]

ɸϡѸؽԤ٤ϤѤʵɽʤǤ롥ѸǤư3;ñ߷ȤƸ촴 -(e)s դΤ§ȤʤäƤ롥(1) 줬3;ΤǤꡤ(2) 줬ñǤꡤ(3) ߤǤȤ3Ĥξ郎٤·äȤˤΤղäȤ§ʤΤǡѸؽԤˤȤäƽˤʸ̩ˤ (4) ľˡǤȤɬסˡ伫Ȥ⡤Ѹä񤤤ꤹݤˤϡȤ櫓ư줬Υ줿ʤɤˡ§׵ᤵפ򤦤ä˺Ƥޤ3ñ -s ȤϲʤΤΤ¸ߤΤȳؽԤԻ׵Ĥ˻פΤ϶ˤƼǤ롥
Ѹˤ3ñ -s ϱοȻפäƤ롥ŪʴϡưΰפȤϤʸݤΰȤơεʬϤʤ줦롥Ω줫ϡ㤨ʸˡǤ InflP ȤǽƤΤȤǼ̾ȶ޼Ȥδط򵭽Ҥ뤳ȤǡɤΤ褦ʾư -s ղä뤫Ǥ롥Ͼˤʤ3ñΤȤ -s դΤͳ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ǽΩ줫ϡ-s ̵ͭˤꡤ(1) 줬3;Τ12;Τζ̡(2) 줬ñʣζ̡(3) ߤ󸽺ߤζ̤Ū뤳ȤǤ롤롥㤨С줬 Johnhe ǻؤ뤤 John and Marythey ǻؤΤ줫Ǥͽۤʸ̮ˤơ̾ʬʹʤäȤƤ⡤ʸ߻Ȥǡưθտʹ뤳ȤǤСפǤ롥Τ褦ǽ¤ˤơ-s ̵ͭϵǽŪȤȤǤä3ñ -s Ȥ§ⵡǽŪǤ뤳ȤǤ롥
Ǥ3ñ -s Ρ֤ʤפˤƤʤǽȤǽݤΤǤСä3ñ -s ĤȤˡǤϤʤ¾ˤ͡ˡͤϤʤ3ñ -p Ȥ -g ǤϤʤΤʤ3ʣ -s ǤϤʤΤʤ3ñ -s ǤϤʤΤ뤤ϡβǽ򤹤٤Ȥ߹碌ŬưΥѥǤ⡤Ʊ褦Ѥ­Ĥޤꡤ嵭εǽŪϡ3ñ -s ĸѸΥѥ˸¤餺Ʊ褦Ѥ­¾ΥѥˤѤƤޤȤȤǤ롥ɡǽŪϡʤѸ줬ˤä3ñ -s ĥѥͭƤΤʤ
ŪǤ쵡ǽŪǤ졤Ūʴεϡ3ñ -s ˴ؤͿ褦ȤϤƤ뤬ΰʤƤˤܼŪ䤤ˤƤʤ̻ŪʴߤС֤ʤפؤϤäƤǤ롥
̻Ūʲˡɸȯ⤦褦֤ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤפȤˤϡ֤ʤ3ñȤݥΤ;פʸĤʤФʤʤΤפȤռ롥¾ΥݥǤΤޤޤǤ褤Τˡʤ3ñ˸¤äݤʤȤ򤷤ʤФʤʤΤȡȤ̻ŪʻռȿФǤ롥̻Ūˤϡ3ñ -s ĤȤϡۤȤפʤȤ٤Ȥ¿ʤΤǤ롥ष䤦٤ϡ֤ʤ3ñʳǤϲĤʤʤäƤޤäΤפǤ롥
Ǥϡ򤭤ΤȤäȤơűѸư lufian (to love) ľˡߤζɽǤ褦

lufian (to love)SingularPlural
1st personlufielufiaþ
2nd personlufastlufiaþ
3rd personlufaþlufiaþ


ζɽʬ褦ˡűѸǤ3ñ˸¤餺1ñ2ñ1ʣ2ʣ3ʣǤⲿ餫θդƤѸδϡ3ñΤߤ˸դ3ñȤ̻뤷ƤޤűѸǤϡʤλ⤽ѸˤѸˤʬŪˤ뤬ˤ줾ο;ΡȤ߹碌Ʊ٤ˡ̡פǤꡤˤ줿դʤФʤʤäС3ñߤΤ褦⤤ݥä櫓ǤϤʤ
űѸΡ֤٤ƤΥݥ̡פȤ⤤뤳ΥѥϡѸ줫Ѹˤ礭Ƥ롥űѸʹߡ޸֤褦̵ˤơ岽ĤˤϾüȤ礭ʲѲĬήʹԤ嵭 lufian ǤС1ñ lufie θϼ岽α¿ȤʤꡤѸǤΤʸ첻⤿ʤ love Ȥʤä lufian Τ⡤ƱλҲ첻岽üɡָ love ؤȯŸο;ΤǤⶦ̤θűѸʣ lufiaþ ϡ޸ˤ첻μ岽üη̡3ñ lufaþ ȷŪͻ礷ƤޤäȤطƤȤ櫓Ѹǡ³ˡߤΥѥͳ褹 n Ȥ loven Ȥ֤ѤȤ n Τ岽ü䤹äᡤѸޤǤˤϤ褽Ǥ love ؤ夤2ñ lufast ˤĤƤϡ޸ȤƾüϤΤҲ2ĤäƤꡤǤФۤܤΤޤޤηǸѸޤĤϤäȤ2ñб̾ thou 餯ҲŪװ¸߰յ򼺤Ω you ؤϤƤ˵ڤǡ-ast ζ޸Τ뵡򼺤ѤȤʤä2ñζ޸ϡ2ʣб you Ʊ񤤤򤹤뤳ȤˤʤäᡤΥݥؤ love
Ĥ3ñ lufaþ Ǥ롥˾üˤҲäƤˡѸޤǤϤۤܤΤޤޤݤ줿Ѹͳ褹 -s ϤȤ -þ ֤ȤѲäΤΡ̤ȤƤ -s üˤꤷҲäᡤ줬ѸޤĤä¾Υݥζ޸Ūʼ岽üα¿Ȥʤäꡤ¾μפʸִƤʤɤơĤˤϾääΤФ3ñ -s ϲŪ˶ǤǰꤷƤȤͳǡɤʡˤޤ޺ޤĤäΤǤ롥3ñ -s ľˡߤζޥѥˤǸĤȤ롥
ƽҤ٤뤬̻Ūʻռϡ֤ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤפǤϤʤ֤ʤ3ñʳǤϲĤʤʤäƤޤäΤפǤ롥Ρ֤ʤפγάϾǽҤ٤ƤºݤˤϸġΥݥˤĤƤäʣʷаޤ롥ѸˤǤϡ޸οʿ (levelling of inflection) ȤΤ絬ϤʲΰüȤơפʣǤ롥
3ñ -s ϢνˤĤƤ 3sp γƵ򡤴Ϣ3ʣ -s ȤѸ˾ˤĤƤ 3pp γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

ʸ嵭2017/03/15(Wed)ϢơҤΥ֥ȾεȤ֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤ񤤤ƤޤΤǡȤ

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