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genitive - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2017-05-22 Mon

#2947. A's X is better than B Ȥ¤ [genitive][syntax][shakespeare][variation]

A's X ȤɽθǡB's X ̣ΤȤơX ά줿 B's ȤɽѤ륱϶ḽˤ⸫롥㤨СA's X and B's A's X is better than B's Τ褦ʹ¤Τ褦ʾˡ2ܤ B ˽ͭʤ 's Ĥñ B ȤҤ٤ɽ⡤ޤǤ̤˸줿㤨СA's X and B A's X is better than B Τ褦ʹ¤ǤŪ X B ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤʹ¤ȤФʤΤ¤ˤѸ줫ѸޤǹԤʤƤ
Jespersen (302) Ѹ줫Ȥưʲ󤲤Ƥ롥

His top was dokked lyk a preest biforn (like that of a p.) [Ch., A., 589]
Hys necke he made lyke no man. [Guy of Warw., 8054]

ι¤϶ˤ³ä Shakespeare ¿ѤƤȤ𤬤롥Jespersen (302--03) ¿ȤȤˤθҲ𤷤ƤΤǡѤ褦

   Al. Schmidt has collected a good many examples of this phenomenon from Shakespeare. He considers it, however, as a rhetorical figure rather than a point of grammar; thus he writes (Sh. Lex., p. 1423): "Shakespeare very frequently uses the name of a person or thing itself for a single particular quality or point of view to be considered, in a manner which has seduced great part of his editors into needless conjectures and emendations". I pick out some of his quotations, and add a few more from my own collections:---

Her lays were tuned like the lark (like the lays of the lark) [Pilgr., 198]
He makes a July's day short as December (as a December's day) [W. T., i., 2, 169]
Iniquity's throat cut like a calf [2 H. VI., iv., 2, 29]
Mine hair be fixed on end as one distract [2 H. VI., iii., 2, 318]
I know the sound of Marcius' tongue from every meaner man [Cor., i., 6, 27]
My throat of war be turned into a pipe small as an eunuch [ibid., iii., 2, 114]


Ūˤϡ嵭 A's X is better than B 餤ǡ A's X is better than B's ⤢ꤨΤǡξ¤ŪѰ۷äȤˤʤ롥ϡΰѤǤ⿨Ƥ̤ꡤѰۤ Shakespeare ʤɤˤƼͳѰۤäΤ뤤ϽŪʺۤȼäƤΤǤ롥⤷ 's ȤʷǤ̵ͭʸˡʸΤܿȤʤꤦΤǤСʸؾΥƥ󥰤Ȥʤ

Jespersen, Otto. Progress in Language with Special Reference to English. 1894. London and New York: Routledge, 2007.

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2016-10-22 Sat

#2735. must ȤȤѤ needs [adverb][genitive][adverbial_genitive]

Ѹǡܾۤ must ȶ롤ȤƤ needs ˡ롥must δްդ򶯤ơ֤ɤƤ⡤ҤȤ⡤ɬפ̣롥ʸ󤲤褦

He must needs come. ʤȶĥäƤʤ
Needs must when the Devil drives. ؤʢѤ̡
A man needs must lie down when he sleeps. ʿ̲ͤˤϤǤⲣˤʤʤФʤ̡

needs εϸŤűѸ̤롥űѸ̾ nēd (need) °ʷ nēdes ͳ褷ɬפǡɬפ̣#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲ ([2009-07-18-1]), #723. be nihtes ([2011-04-20-1]) ǿ줿Ū° (adverbial_genitive) ˡǤ롥ѸϡMED nēdes (adv.) 򻲾ȡ
űѸˤŪͿ (adverbial dative) ˡˤ nīede, nēade ƱѤƤꡤѸ줫ѸˤƤ nede, need ʤɤη¸³OED ˤиǤѸȤϤʤäƤʤѸϡMED nēde(e (adv.) 򻲾ȡ
ǤŪˤϡneed Ūʸ°ͳ needs ˡ¾塤֤뤳Ȥˤʤäneeds ˤĤơ14--15ˤ behoveth Ȥⶦ14ʹߤˤϸΤ褦 must < ME motan) ȤΤ߶뷹ޤäǤ⡤AV. Gen. 19. 9 This one fellow came in to soiourne, and he will needs bee a Iudge. ʤοͤɤȤʤˡĤͤ˻λդȤʤȤˤΤ褦 will Ȥζʤɤ⤢롥Τ褦ˡǤϡִǤפްդȸ롥
ѸǤ needs ϶¤θΩʤªƤ뤬¤ϡűѸȯλ򤯤ȴƤΩɤʸŻǤ롥

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2016-10-21 Fri

#2734. ͭ̾ hers, his, ours, yours, theirs -s [personal_pronoun][genitive][inflection][suffix]

Ѹǡ?ΤΡפ̣ͭ̾ϡ1;ñ mine -s դyours, his, hers, ours, theirs Τ褦ˤʤ (it бͭ̾줬¾ʤˤĤƤϡ#197. its Ωˡä! ([2009-11-10-1]) 򻲾ȡˡüŪˤС̾νͭʤӡ?ΤΡפ̣ -'s ̾ˤѤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤬̲ΤϤۤɸŤʤ15ΤȤǤ롥Ǥϡˤϡͭ̾ɽϲäΤ
űѸѸǤϡ;̾νͭʤΤޤ޽ͭ̾ȤƤѤƤꡤξ17ޤǸ줿ˤСͭʤ your, her, our, their ʤɤΤޤ޽ͭ̾ȤƤѤƤȤȤѸǤϡͭ̾Ȥ̤κ⸽졤¹ԤѤ褦ˤʤäǤϡ hers, ours, yours, ours ˤĤʤ -s դ֤a1325 Cursor Mundi ˸¤߽Ф롥
Ǥ -s ʤ -n դ hern (hers, theirs) ᤯ ?a1200 Ancrene Riwle Ǹ졤Ѹˤ hisn, yourn, ourn, theirn ⸽줿 -n ȼ֤ϡmy/mine thi/thine ˸褦ʸؤȹͤ12;ñˤĤƤϡűѸ mīn, þīn ˽ͭ̾ȤƤˡǤ¸ߤˡ -n ϸǤ˸ꤵʤɤơŪǤϤʤ
ŪˤϡѸ˸줿 -s ĺνͭ̾줬15ʬۤ򹭤ư̲ɸȤƸѸäȤˤʤ롥

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2016-08-02 Tue

#2654. a six-foot man a ten-mile drive ˻ĤʻĤäƤʤ˸űѸʣ°ʷ [inflection][genitive][plural][case][adjective][oe][dative]

ѸˤϡɸΤ褦˿ñ̤ФʣƻȤʤɽ롥#1766. a three-hour(s)-and-a-half flight ([2014-02-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŵŪˤñ̤̾ʣȤʤ㳰⤢뤬̤ˤ *a six-feet man *a ten-miles drive ȤʤʤʤʣˤʤʤΤ
¤ϡηŪˤʣ°ʤ̾ĤǤ롥äơ衤ʤʣäȤ˲ѲŪñƱ夤ƤޤäȤΤμǤ롥
űѸǤϡΤ褦ɽˤñ̤ɽ魯̾ʣ°ʤ˶ޤ줬̾򽤾Ƥfōt mīl ξˤϡΤޤޤñʤη֤ǤϤʤʣ°ʤη֤˶ޤ fōta, mīla ȤȤѸˤʣ°ʤɽ魯 -a /ə/ ؤȿʿ˸ˤϴ˾ṳ̈Ȥơ֤ȤƤϲ⺯פĤȤʤΩäΤʣ°ʤεǽӤӤˡΤΤϷȤƼѤ졤ߤ˻äƤ롥Ѹͽۤʣ *six-feet *ten-miles ˤʤäƤ餺츫Ե§ʸˡˤߤ뤬ϸűѸʸˡܤʤΤǤ롥
űѸ̾γʶޤη֤Τ褦ȤʤäƸѸ˻ĤäƤϡʤ㤨С#380. often <t> ǤϤʤ <n> ⤷ ([2010-05-12-1]) ǿ줿 whilom, seldom, often θΡ첻ɡפαˡĤƤʣͿʸ -um ѷΤ򸫤뤳ȤǤ롥ޤalive ʤɤˤϡűѸֻ on līfe ˵§Ūˤߤ줿ñͿʸ -e ʤȤֻĤäƤ롥ۤˤϡLady Chapel ladybird 1 lady ̵Τ褦ˤߤ뤬ĤƤñ°ʸ -e դƤ줬˿ʿüˡŪˤϺפĤƤʤǤ롥
ʾ塤Algeo and Pyles (105) 򻲹ͤˤƼɮ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-04-10-1]

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2015-10-19 Mon

#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ [onomastics][personal_name][word_order][syntax][metonymy][genitive][preposition][sobokunagimon]

ɸϡ̾פθ뤷ƤܸüԤˤȤäơѤʵǤ롥ܸǤϡڰϺסѸǤ John Smith ȤʤΤϤʤ
üŪˤСξˤ뽤、θκۤͳǤ롥Ǥñʡַƻ̾פȤ˴ؤƤѸǶ̤Ƥ뤬ʬʤĹΤˤʤȡܸǤϡֽ、פȤʤΤФơѸǤֻطפ⤫٤Ф狼褦ˡ、ܽפθȤʤ롥ڲȤΰϺפܸǤϡڡʤΡ˰Ϻפ뤬֥ߥȤΥפѸ褦Ȥ John (of) Smith Ȥʤ롥֤ΡפǤС*Smith's John Τ褦˽ͭʡʸŤ°ʡˤѤСܸˡֽ、פȤʤ⤢äΤǤϤʤȤ䤬롥ʤμʤ򤱤줿Τ
ε#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ (surname) Ѥ褦ˤʤäͳ1Ĥϡ̾ (first name) ΤߤǤϿʪǤʤǽޤäǤ롥ɤȤƤǶΤǤ̱ΤˤʪϽפʥ٥Ǥɤ John ʤΤ̤ɬפϤäǡȥ˥ߡθ̾俦̾ʤɤŬʼ̻ȤѤơ֡ΥפʤɤȸƤ֤褦ˤʤäκݤαѸǤθϡä̾ʤɤѤˤϡX's John ǤϤʤ John of X ̤ä̾ England's king Ȥϸ鷺 the king of England ȸ̤Ǥ롥ڤΰϺפ֤ΡפάơڰϺפȤʤäꤵΤƱͤˡ John of Smith ֻ of ά John Smith Ȥʤäȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʴϢơ°ʤȱ°ʤ̻ŪʬۤˤĤƤϡ#1214. °̾ΰ֤θ경ˡ ([2012-08-23-1])#1215. °̾ο of ȯã ([2012-08-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ˤäꤵֻ줬æȤٻ뺬ȤƤϡof ǤϤʤȤƤ⡤Uppiby (up in the village), Atwell, Bysouth, atten Oak ʤɤֻߤᤤѻ뤳Ȥ󤲤롥#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե󥹸줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1]) ˾Ȥ餷Ƥ⡤󥰥ɤˤե󥹸 de Lacy ʤɤϤ̤ǤäΥѥˤǼǼԤϽͭο̾¿äȤ¿פʤλˡֻϤ褽üƤȤˤʤ롥
ѸγϤȡե󥹸 de 䡤бɥĸ von, van ʤɤϡФп̾˻ĤäƤ롥Ρ֤Ĥʤפֻο񤤤ϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤ褦

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2015-03-02 Mon

#2135. nowadays [genitive][plural][adverb][etymology][plural][semantic_change]

ɸϲ椷ơֺǶᡤẢפɽŪʸ֤Ọ̇̄ͭյ򤹤뤿ˤϡΩΤɬפ롥츫Ȥ now + a + days Ȥˤߤ뤬ʤ줬ֺǶᡤẢפ̣Τ
Ҥͤȡnow ͽ̤ now Ǵְ㤤ʤa 괧ǤϤʤֻ on μˡdays ʣǤϤʤñ°ʷͳ褹 (cf. #81. once twice -ce Ȥϲ ([2009-07-18-1])) ñ°ʷͳ褹 days ϡűѸ줫ߤŤɽǤꡤߤǤ nights ˡˤ椷Ѥ褦ˡñȤŪˡˡ (in the daytime) ΰդѤƤñȤŪѤΤǤֻ on (> a) λ٤ɬפʤϤ#723. be nihtes ([2011-04-20-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŪʸˡʬŪʸˡ礷 "on days" ɽΤ蘆ä "now on days" ɽǥȤˤѤ褦ˤʤȡȯֻξ nowadays ʣŪ1Ȥǧ褦ˤʤäΤȻפ롥OED ˤȡnow on days nowadays, ޤ adaysñ°ʸȼʤ nowaday ʤɤδϢ֤14ˤäƽФƤ롥MED nou-a-daies (adv.) (Also nou-daies) nou-a-day (adv.) ⻲ȡ
äơnowadays -s ϵŪˤñ°ʸȤȤˤʤ뤬ߤüԤľǤʣȤߤʤƤΤǤϤʤɽ these days αƶʤɤθȡβ᤬Τ褦˻פ롥˴ؤ OED ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Adverbial use and adverbial phrases.

For adverbial use of an original genitive singular form, which was later probably apprehended as a plural, see DAYS adv. In prepositional phrases of the noun which occur in adverbial use, it is not always clear to what extent variants with final -s simply show the plural of the noun and how far they reflect the influence of DAYS adv. (especially in early use); compare by days at Phrases 1b(b), on days at Phrases 1d(b), ADAYS adv., NOWADAYS adv.

Beside the regular dative, an endingless dative form also occurs in Old English, especially in adverbial use; compare e.g. forms of TODAY adv.


Ǥϡñ°ʷͳ褹 nowadays ʤ "these days" ΰ̣Ĥ褦ˤʤäΤ츻˽ΰ̣ "now in the daytime" ۤɤǤꡤadays ʬ now ʺߡˤꤷƶƯ򤷤ƤĤޤꡤ֤ΰȤƤΡ֤ޤ˺פɽɽäȤ֤ޤ˺פθ̩Ȥ³ʤǡֶˡ§פα¿ȤʤꡤֺޤϰϡǶᡤẢפȤˤ̣ȯŸΤȹͤ (cf. #992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) #1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1]))ߤζŪʴФȤƤ nowadays ˤ days ʬ these days ƱʣȤǧƤΤξɽ̻ŪȯŸϷŪˤ̣Ūˤۤʤ뤳Ȥդ

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2015-01-08 Thu

#2082. 夷ʤä° *the knight of his [genitive][article][syntax][do-periphrasis][timeline][synthesis_to_analysis][double_genitive]

ѸˤˤϡѲABBAȤѲˤäƤޤ븽ݤ뤳ȤꡤϤФФݤޥΰˤʤ館ơ֥衼͡ (Duke of York) ȸƤФ줿衼ͤʼٻξ˾夲ơ줫鲼̤򸫤лϲѤäƤʤ츫̵̣˸뤽ιưˤⲿͳäϤǡֱѸˤˤΤ褦ѲȤˤϤظˤɤʰ̣Τͤʤ礭ʿ¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ롥פȤΤζǤä


괧ȼ°ʹ¤˴ؤʸνФǡ (179) ʾΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ѸˤΤʤ "Duke of York" ŵϡ#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1]) #491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1]) ǤߤʿʸǤ do ˡȯãȿǤ롥16˰٤ȯã17ˤϿषɡ夹˻ʤäۤˤϡ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1]) #1479. his °ʤο ([2013-05-15-1]) 󤲤롥
äƤ°ʤȤ a knight of his this hat of mine Τ褦ʹ¤Ǥ롥ѸǤ *a his knight *this my hat Τ褦˴졦ؼȽͭ̾ܤ뤳ȤǤŪ°ʹ¤ѤȤƵǽ롥ι¤εΩˤĤƤϽ⤢뤬a his knight Ȥ饹ȤѸ°̾ his ֤ of ȤȤ˸褦ˤʤäȤ⤬ͭϤǤʵp. 183ˡ̾űѸ줫ѸˤƤ°ʹ¤ȯãǤϡ°̾줬֤뤫 of ִ뤫Τ줫ä°ʤξˤϡξäƤޤäȤȤ
°ʤȯãϡ14ȾФ a man of þair (a man of theirs) ΥפϤޤꡤ̾νͭԤ򼨤 an officer Of the prefectes ؤ⹭ä100ǯˤϡؼȼ this stede of myne Υפ괧ȼ the fellys of Thomas Bettsons Υפ줿4ԤΤǸ괧ȼΤΤߤष17˾äƤä
ϡκǸΥפ˴ؤ "Duke of York" θݤDȤǽƤȯȳΩˤäưŪ˲ǽȤʤäΤΡǽŪˤϡְ̣Ū괧 the ɬʤ (192) ԲǽȤʤäΤȤʬϤ롥DȤǽƤȯȳΩϡ#1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ ([2013-03-03-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ°ʤȤع¤ȯãΤͭŪ˴ؤ븽ݤȹͤ졤°ʤȯã⤽礭ȤߤΤʤª٤ȤĥˤĤʤcf. #1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])ˡ  *
괧쥿פοˤĤơϰ̣ŪɬƤ뤬Ϲʸ;ȸƤ褤⤷ʤyour car üŪɽǤȤ虜虜Ū the car of yours ɽɬפϤʤȤʵp. 193ˡ
"Duke of York" ظˤ礭ʿ¤õȤΤϡΤ˱Ѹˤ礭̥Ϥ1ĤǤ롥

塡ֱѸˤΤʤ "Duke of York"ס츦θߡ١ϩˡˡҤĤ˼2013ǯ179--96ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-12-1]

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2014-08-27 Wed

#1948. Addison clipping Ƚ [clipping][shortening][slang][prescriptive_grammar][shortening][clipping][swift][genitive][clitic][complaint_tradition]

εǤϡ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) ˤĤƸSwift ƱͤǤ Joseph Addison (1672--1719) ⡤򤸤ˤۤƱ򷫤깭Ƥ롥

Joseph Addison launched an attack on monosyllables in the Spectator (135, 4 August 1711):

The English Language . . . abound[s] in monosyllables, which gives an Opportunity of delivering our Thoughts in few Sounds. This indeed takes off from the Elegance of our Tongue, but at the same time expresses our Ideas in the readiest manner.


He observes that some past-tense forms --- e.g. drown'd, walk'd, arriv'd --- in which the -ed had formerly been pronounced as a separate syllable (as we still do in the adjectives blessed and aged) had become monosyllables. A similar situation is found in the case of drowns, walks, arrives, 'which in the Pronunciation of our Forefathers were drowneth, walketh, arriveth'. He objects to the genitive 's, which he incorrectly assumes to be a reduction of his and her, and for which he in any case gives no examples. He asserts that the contractions mayn't, can't, sha'n't, wo'n't have 'much untuned our Language, and clogged it with Consonants'. He dismisses abbreviations such as mob., rep., pos., incog. as ridiculous, and complains about the use of short nicknames such as Nick and Jack.


ư -ed ˲ä -es Ჽͭʤ 'sܼ n't ̤˵󤬤äƤ롥 Nick Jack ˤޤ̷褬ڤǤ뤫顤ϤϤθȤΤȤˤʤäƤ롥
Addison ˤȤäƤԹʤȤˡ񤵤Ƥܤ¿ϸɸѸdzΩ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Addison ˤ Swift ˤڳñ첽ɤޤܵǷäƤΤϤ狼ʤषˤϤӤֱѸפɤ٤ǥߡΩ뤿θ¤Ȥơ̤˵󤲤Τñ첽䤽¾κ٤ʹܤȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ⤷ȤȡǤϤΤΡܼŪưŪäȤȤˤʤϼŪʸϡƤȤޤǤDzȤ餽þ뱿̿Ǥ롥ϡͤŤƤ뤫ݤ̤Ȥơ礭ŪΤμʤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿褦˻פ (cf. #468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]))
ʤͭʤ 's his ξάǤȤ Addison λŦˤĤƤϡѸˤΩ줫϶̣˴ؤơ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1])#1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])#1479. his °ʤο ([2013-05-15-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.

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2014-05-22 Thu

#1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν [reflexive_pronoun][personal_pronoun][genitive][celtic][celtic_hypothesis]

#47. ͭʤŪʤmyself himself ([2009-06-14-1]) ǺƵ̾ -self ν֤εõäεΤȤϰۤʤ⤤Ĥ롥Ĵ٤ȤŤʸǸߤϤɤΤ褦ɾƤΤ狼ʤȸбɽͿƤΤǤϤʤȤ⤬äȸαѸؤαƶƤ Preusler (187) ΰѤ롥

Im Altenglischen und noch überwiegend bei Shakespeare und in den heutigen Mundarten dient das einfache Personalpronomen als Reflexiv. Daneben kommt schon altenglisch Versärkung mit self vor, doch erst seit der ersten Hälfte des 13. Jh.s das Possessiv mit self. --- Das Kymrische kennt seit alters beides, my hun ich selbst neben fy hun mein selbst. Die Neigung zum Possessiv ist hier so stark, daß es sich in allen Personen durchgesetzt hat. --- Die Pluralformen zeigen auch den Plural von hun: ein hunain wir selbst usw.; im Englischen treten die Pluralformen erst seit der Mitte des 16. Jh.s auf.


Ǥϡ1, 2;Τ myself, yourself ʤɤ°ʷͳ뤫⤷ʤhimself ʤɤͿʷͥȤʤäаޤʤޤǸʬǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡѸʣˤ -(e)s yourselves themselves ФΤ16ˤƤ˥ȸδͿäȲꤹΤǤСʤλޤDZƶٱ䤷ΤȤ䤬롥εϡȸƶμꤶ¿ιܤ˶̤ꤲƤ뵿Ǥ롥
ܿȤ쳰ŪװǤϤʤŪɽŪȤƤϡmē selfum -> mī self -> myself βּ岽⤬󤲤롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ self ιѤ褦

OE self ̾ŪƻȤ̾̾źƤ򶯤롤ƻѲ򤹤ǤäȤͿʡгʤۼˤο;̾줬ƵŪѤȤźơhim selfum Τ褦ʷ򸫤뤳Ȥ¿ä12Cˤʤ self- θϡ餯ȴ褦ˤʤä̡æη򸫤䤬 HIMSELF Τ褦˰ˤʤꡤ God self ȤäȤ God himself Ȥ褦ˤʤä mē selfum, þē selfum ȯޤä mī self, þī self Ȥʤꡤ self ̾ȴ mi self, þi self (MYSELF, THYSELF) ȹͤ롥ʣ -selves (cf. OE wē selfe we ourselves) ȤʤΤ⡤self ̤̾Τ褦Ѳ褦ˤʤä̤Ǥ롥


Preusler, Walther. "Keltischer Einfluß im Englischen." Indogermanische Forschungen 56 (1938): 178--91.
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

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2013-08-17 Sat

#1573. amidst -st [preposition][genitive][phonetics][analogy][-st]

#1554. against -st ([2013-07-29-1]) #1555. unbeknownst ([2013-07-30-1]) ʤɤε˰³-st źäꡥ
amidst ϡűѸ on middan ͳ褹Ѹ amid Ū°ʸ -es ղä amiddes ꡤˤ -t ղäǤ롥amid ν ?a1200 Layamon Ǥꡤamiddes 14Ⱦ˽ФƤ롥Ѹ줫ϡMED amid(de, amiddes (adv. & prep.) 򻲾ȡ
-t źä amidst ˤĤƤϡOED ʸĤФ "1565 T. Stapleton tr. Bede Hist. Church Eng. 66 Warme with a softe fyre burning amidest therof." Ǥ뤬amidest ֻ15鸽Ƥ褦 apheresis ʸƬüˤη̤ȹͤ myddest ̾ȤƤǤϤ뤬Ϥ15ʸڤƤꡤamidst ߤ˱ƶäƤǽ롥̣ΤϡOED "midst, n., prep., and adv. θ C1 ˤȡ14 m 줿ֻǤϤ뤬mydmeste Ȥ֤ʸڤ뤳ȤǤ롥

 1. In the middle place. Obs.
 Only in first, last, and midst and similar phrases recalling Milton's use (quot. 1667).

[c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. Prol. 1 In the whiche gospel it is profitable to men desyrynge God, so to knowe the first, the mydmeste, other the last.]
1667 Milton Paradise Lost v. 165 On Earth joyn all yee Creatures to extoll Him first, him last, him midst, and without end.


first, last, and midst Ȥ礬ȤꡤǾ -st ȤϢۡʤ Coda ǤβˤѤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
-st θź (paragoge) against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst ʤɤΤˤϡ̣Ūˡִ֡פǾϢۤ줦ǤͭƤ褦ˤפ뤷ǽȤƤⶦ̤Ƥ롥Фλ⡤-(e)s ޤơ褽Ѹ줫ѸˤƤλ˥ѥѥȸƤ롥ʤ⡤餫 (analogy) ѤƤǤ롥
ʤѸˤ amid amidst λȤʬˤĤơ (70) 국ξԤȤʸŪǡ١ˤԤΤۤ12ܰʾ٤򼨤amidst ϥꥹѸǹޤȤħ롥ޤOED ˤȡ"There is a tendency to use amidst more distributively than amid, e.g. of things scattered about, or a thing moving, in the midst of others." Ȥ̤ꡤamidst ϸŪʰ̣Ȥ줬¤Ȥ -st βŪʽŤỌ̇̄ζĴȤΤ˲餫δط򵿤ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
-st źäˤĤƤϡۤˤ[2013-07-29-1]εˤĤν򻲾ȡ

ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-08-18-1]

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2013-07-29 Mon

#1554. against -st [preposition][adverb][genitive][phonetics][link][-st]

츻Ūˤ against again ֤ä -st ϲʤΤ
űѸǡagain ongēan ʤɤη֤졤ֻͿʤ뤤гʤۤˡƬȤƹǽƤʿԤơ򼨤°ʸȼä ongēanes ʤɤη֤ԤʤƤ[2009-07-18-1]ε#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲפ򻲾ȡˡѸˤʤȡֻȤƤ again ϡ۷ agains Ӹ³ against ȤȤ˶礷ϤᡤѸɸΩβȤƤεǽ˸ꤵƤ椯ȤȤʤäѸֻȤƤɸŪϰ̤ΩΤϡǤȯ against ä
ơagain ľ -(e)s źäϡҤ̤ꡤ첽°ʸȤƤ뤬ʤ t źäϤɤΤ褦OED against, prep., conj., adv., and n. θ츻ˤȼΤ褦ˤ롥

The development of excrescent final -t . . . was probably reinforced by the fact that the word was frequently followed by te, variant of THE adj., and perhaps also by association with superlatives in -st; compare similarly AMONGST prep. 1a, AMIDST adv., BETWIXT prep.


رѸ츻ŵ٤εҤ⡤OED ˱äƤ뤬­롥

-t Ϥ餯Ǿ -st ȺƱ줿ź (cf. AMIDST, AMONGST, BETWIXT), ޤ agains þe agains te against(e) þe (cf. hwīls þat whilst þat) ȤʤʬϤˤΤ -st ˽κǽ Layamon Brut Otho (c1300) aȝenest ȤƸCaligula (?a1200) Ǥ toȝinesˡ Trevisa 1400ǯʹ London αѸǤϹѤ졤16CȾˤʸȤƳΩagain, against Ȥ ModE -g- ֤ȯ ON αƶˤ롥


Brut νϡMED ayēn(e)s (prep.) 1(b) ꡤ"c1300 Lay. Brut (Otho C.13) 22476: He dude ase a wisman and wende a3enest [Clg: to3eines] him anon." Ǥ롥
嵭ꡤagainst -st źäˤĤƤϡ(1) Ǿ -st Ȥ䡤(2) ľ괧θƬҲ˴ؤʬϡȤƤƤȤȤǤ롥ƱźäȤ amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst ʤɤ뤬νлߤεǽŪ-st ̵ͭˤ̣㡤3ҲϢ³βŪյʤɤͻơŪ٤ϢơűѸ ongēan tōgēan(es) ˴Ťơ-t źä줿֤15 toȝenes ȤƽФƤ뤳ȤդäƤ
ۤ against ˤź (paragoge) ˤĤƤϡ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡޤwhilst ˤĤƤϡ#508. Dracula ˸ whilst ([2010-09-17-1])#509. Dracula ˸ whilst (2) ([2010-09-18-1])#510. ꥫѸˤ whilst ξü ([2010-09-19-1]) betwixt ˤĤƤϡ#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1])#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1])#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1])#1399. Ѹˤ between ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2013-02-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ

߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

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2013-05-15 Wed

#1479. his °ʤο [genitive][clitic][synthesis_to_analysis][syntax][metanalysis]

his °ʤˤĤƤϡ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1]) Ǽ夲αѸ˾ν#1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])
ԤǤϡJanda Allen θΰ㤤˸ڤJanda ܸ̾ (enclitic) ȤƤ -'s ȯã޲𤷤¤Ȥơhis °ʤ򤪤ɾΤФơAllen Ū -es °ʤŪʬ (metanalysis) ˤ꽽ʬȤơhis °ʤδͿɾʤξԤεˤϰĹû뤬his °ʤѤ褦ˤʤäʳǰʬϤȤȤϴְ㤤ʤ
his °ʤνиȯãˤĤƤϤ˵ɬפhis °ʤοˤĤƤϤޤܤʤhis °ʤϡűѸѸ˨꤬졤15ʹߤˤʤꡤ17ޤ¸³18溢ޤǤˤѤ줿ѤȤʤäطʤˤϲäΤ
Janda (247--48) ϡΤ褦Ƥ롥

Though 'very rare in the North and infrequent in the rest of the country, [it] gains ground considerably in the 15th century and remains a popular means of expression right down to the 17th' (M:161). 'The use of his . . . as a sign of the genitive . . . had its widest currency in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries' (P:196). Use of the construction declined gradually thereafter, so that it was virtually lost by the mid-eighteenth century. It has been conjectured that '[t]he pronoun form dropped out partly perhaps because of the antipathy of most stylists from the sixteenth century on to "pleonastic" or repetitive pronouns' (T:125)--and, in general, to any analyticity (periphrasis) in English where it diverged from Latin syntheticity. (247--48)


Ĥޤꡤ16ʹߤʸԤ (1) his °ʤΤľĹ(2) ƥΤ֤ѸʬäǤϤʤȤޤJanda ̤βս (250) ǡ-'s Ȥɽδ㤬ΩȡǽŪˤ⡤h 첻μ岽ˤ벻ξṳ̈ơ˲Ūˤ his °ʤʬŪ˲᤹ʤʤäΤǤϤʤȤݤΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ʸŪӲŪʾȤ߹碌ˤꡤhis °ʤ -'s ΤۤŪ˹ޤ褦ˤʤäȤȤβ뤿ˤϡξˤĤƤܺ٤ʸڤɬפ

Janda, Richard. "On the Decline of Declensional Systems: The Overall Loss of OE Nominal Case Inflections and the ME Reanalysis of -es as his." Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Ed. Elizabeth C. Traugott, Rebecca Labrum, and Susan Shepherd. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1980. 243--52.
Allen, Cynthia L. "The Origins of the 'Group Genitive' in English." Transactions of the Philological Society 95 (1997): 111--31.

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2013-03-15 Fri

#1418. 17 its μ [personal_pronoun][genitive][emode][bible][shakespeare][speed_of_change]

űѸο;̾ηϤˤơñ°ʷñ°ʷƱ his Ǥꡤ줬ѸǤѾ줿16its 졤17 his ִƤäˤˤĤơ#198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1]) dz⤷
Baugh and Cable (243--44) ˤСѸ줫Ѹˤơñ°ʷ his ʤȤơits ʳˤ͡ʤΤƤƤˤߤ two cubits and a half was the length of it nine cubits was the length thereof Τ褦ʱŪɽ (#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc.פε[2012-10-24-1]򻲾ȡˡShakespeare ˤߤ It lifted up it head (Hamlet) The hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long, / That it had it head bit off by it young (Lear) Τ褦ʼʤƱ it 򤽤ΤޤѤˡHolland Pliny (1601) ˤߤ growing of the own accord Τ褦괧 the ѤˡʤɤǤ롥
̾°ʤȤ夷Ƥ 's ζϤʵ۰Ϥϡ;̾Ǥ򤱤äΤ餯줫Ϥޤä itsit's apostrophe s ΤĤΤ1800ǯޤǹԤʤˤλѤϡ16˽㤬Ƥǯ֤ϡѤȤϤߤʤƤʤä褦17νˤƵ®˼Ƥä㤨С17ȾǤϡ (The King James Bible) ǤλѤϳ̵ǤꡤShakespeare First Folio (1623) Ǥ10ˤʤäJohn Milton (1608--74) Ǥ⤤ä褦John Dryden (1631--1700) ǤϤǤ his ȴƤ

Görlach (86) ⡤17äƤ its ε®ʼƤˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The possessive its . . . is the only EModE innovation; his, common for neuter reference until after 1600 . . ., did not reflect the distinction 'human':'nonhuman' found elsewhere in the pronominal system. This is likely to be the reason for the possessive form it . . ., which is found from the fourteenth century, and the less equivocal forms of it or thereof, which are common in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries . . . . But its . . . obviously fitted the system ideally, as can be deduced from its rapid spread in the first half of the seventeenth century.


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-14-1] [2015-05-20-1]

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2013-03-14 Thu

#1417. °ȯã [genitive][clitic][synthesis_to_analysis][metanalysis][corpus][ppcme2][syntax]

Ѹʹߤ apostrophe s ϡ̾ˤĤȤߤʤϡ̾ˤĤܸ (enclitic) ȤߤʤۤΤǤ롥ȤΤϡthe king of England's daughter Τ褦° (group genitive) ȤƤˡǧ뤫Ǥ롥apostrophe s ϡ³˷Ūñ̤Ȥϡ췲³Ūñ̡ʤܸ (clitic) Ȥߤʤɬפ롥
apostrophe s εȹͤ -es ϡѸˤϡΤ̾ˤĤ޸ä줬̾ܤ°ʤˡΤϤʤηϲäΤѸˤǤ˵ƤǤ롥
Ĥθ (Janda) ˤС°ʤؤȯŸʳǡ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1]) ޲ȤƺѤΤǤϤʤȤñ㲽ƼС(1) °ʸ -es ȿ;̾ñ° his Ȥ̵ƱȤʤ¤ȡ(2) ľ̾̾ȤƤ his °ʤȤ2ؤäơΤ褦㼰ǽȤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ

king his doughter : king of England his doughter = kinges doughter : X
X = king of Englandes doughter


Allen ϤƱդʤPPCME2 䤽¾ѸƥȤͿ뤢Ƥ̡his °ʤ޲ȤʤäƷ°ʤȤ븫ˤϡڵ塤̵Ȥ롥Allen ϡȤ櫓"attached genitive" Ū -es °ʡˤ "separated genitive" his °ʡˤȤδ֤ˡĶ˱Ƥʬ۾κʤȤ򺬵ˡѸ his °ʤ "just an orthographical variant of the inflection" (118) Ǥȷ롥
Ǥϡ°ʤȯã his °ʤ޲ȤΤǤϤʤäȤȡ¾ˤɤΤ褦ʷꤨΤAllen ϤȤơ"the gradual extension of the ending -es to all classes of nouns, making what used to be an inflection indistinguishable from a clitic" (120) ƤƤ롥14ޤǤ°ʸΧ -(e)s 褦ˤʤꡤ줬Ϥ޸ȤƤǤϤʤ̵Ѳܸª˻äΤǤϤʤȤޤǽη°ʤϡThe grete god of Loves name (Chaucer, HF 1489) þe kyng of Frances men (Trevisa's Polychronicon, VIII, 349.380) ˸褦ʡм򼨤 of ȼä귿Ǥꡤʣ̾ȤǤ褦ɽǤ롥줬Ȳ򤵤졤ľ˽ͭ򼨤 -(e)s ĤȤΤϤޤäԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ
Allen ϡ16Ⱦ鸽 his °ʤʿŪ her °ʤ their °ʤˤĤƤϡǤ-(e)s ˤ뷲°ʤΩʬ (metanalysis) η̤ǤꡤŪɽˤʤȸƤ롥ΰʬϤ"spelling pronunciation" ʤ "spelling syntax" (124) ȸڤƤΤ̣
Allen ηѤ褦 (124)

A closer examination of the relationship between case-marking syncretism and the rise of the 'group genitive' than has previously been carried out provides evidence that the increase in syncretism led to the reanalysis of -es as a clitic. There is evidence that this change of status from inflection to clitic was not accomplished all at once; inflectional genitives coexisted with the clitic genitive in late ME and the clitic seems to have attached to conjoined nouns and appositives before it attached to NPs which did not end in a possessor noun. The evidence strongly suggests that the separated genitive of ME did not serve as the model for the introduction of the group genitive, and I have suggested that the separated genitive was an orthographic variant of the inflectional genitive, but that after the group genitive was firmly established there were attempts to treat it as a genitive pronoun.


Allen Appendix I ˤơMustanoja (160) his °ʤȤƵ󤲤ƤűѸѸ줫[2011-07-25-1]ǵ󤲤ˤ¿路ǤƤ롥
ʤ°ʤˤĤƤϡBaugh and Cable (241) ˤñʸڤ롥

Janda , Richard. "On the Decline of Declensional Systems: The Overall Loss of OE Nominal Case Inflections and the ME Reanalysis of -es as his." Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Ed. Elizabeth C. Traugott, Rebecca Labrum, and Susan Shepherd. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 243--52.
Allen, Cynthia L. "The Origins of the 'Group Genitive' in English." Transactions of the Philological Society 95 (1997): 111--31.
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2013-03-03 Sun

#1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ [causation][language_change][speed_of_change][generative_grammar][lexical_diffusion][grammatical_change][auxiliary_verb][syntax][genitive][case]

Ѳ뤤ʸˡѲ®٤ˤĤƤ speed_of_change γƵǼ夲ƤۤȤɤѲ®˴ؤҲŪװŦˤȤɤޤꡤŪˤäƤʤä#621. ʸˡѲοʹԤα߳ꤵ®١ ([2011-01-08-1]) ǡ̤Ѳ®٤ˤĤơ餤Ǥ롥
ʸˡǤϡҶθ콬˴ؤᥫ˥ Primary Linguistic Data (PLD) ȤФϤδ顤ŪʸˡѲƤεͼԤ Lightfoot Ǥ롥Lightfoot 2006ǯʸĹǯˤ錄󤷤Ƥ롥

Changes often take place in clusters: apparently unrelated superficial changes occur simultaneously or in rapid sequence. Such clusters manifest a single theoretical choice which has been taken differently. If so, the singularity of the change can be explained by the appropriately defined theoretical choice. So the principles of UG and the definition of the cues constitute the laws which guide change in grammars, defining the available terrain. Any change is explained if we show, first, that the linguistic environment has changed and, second, that the new phenomenon . . . must be the way that it is because of some principle of the theory and the new PLD. (42)


Ѥ1ʸˡѲˤƤϡϢѲ«ȤʤäƱˤ뤤ϵ®롤Ȥ롥̤ΰѤ⼨

[I]f grammars are abstract, then they change only occasionally and sometimes with dramatic consequences for a wide range of constructions and expressions; grammar change tends to be "bumpy," manifested by clusters of phenomena changing at the same time . . . . (27)


ʸΤʤǡLightfoot ϡcan, may, must ʤɤˡư첽 (auxiliary_verb) Ϳ¿θˤû֤16ޤǤ˴λȡdo-periphrasis ([2010-08-26-1]) 18ȡ2Ĥΰ츫ȴϢʤѸˤˤʸˡѲV-to-I operation ȤξüˤäƴϢŤ뤳Ȥ롥ޤѸˤˤפǤʤοȸȯãδطˤĤơsplit genitive, group genitive, of ˤ뱪Ū°ʡ-'s ˤȤꡤѤ뤳ȤǰϢʸˡѲϢŤǤȼĥ롥
«Ȥʤäơסֵ®ˡפȤΤLightfoot θѲˤƺǤפʼĥ1ĤǤ롥Ǥ餯Ū˷ӤĤƤΤóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȹͤƤ롥óȻˤƤϡϢܤ«Ȥʤäơ׾ʤȤȻʳˤƤϡֵ®ˡ׿ʹԤȤƤ롥Lightfoot θѲȸóȻϡѤޤǰۤʤ뤷оݤ㤦ΤϳΤ"clusters" "bumpy" Ȥ̤ΥɤϸѲħɽ路Ƥ褦˻פƤʤʤ

Lightfoot, David W. "Cuing a New Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 24--44.

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2012-11-23 Fri

#1306. for the nonce [etymology][inflection][metanalysis][terminology][sir_orfeo][oed][dative][genitive][ormulum]

for the nonce ʤäơ¤ϡʬˤȤ礬롥The team is called "the Lions," at least for the nonce. Τ褦˻Ȥ롥ɽˤϡ괧 the ΤĤƤζ޷̾Ĥߤ졤츻Ū˶̣
ߤη֤ľܤˤĤʤϡ1200ǯ餤κȤ Ormulum ˤ forr þe naness ȤƸ롥3θƬ n ϡľ괧νѸǤñͿʶ޷ þen θ n ʬ (metanalysis) 줿ΤǤꡤ촴ΰȺƲᤵƸߤ˻äƤ롥ĤƤñͿʶ޸ճʤȤDzŪĤäƤǤ롥
ζϡŪˤ̣Ūˤ⸽ѸǤ *for the once б뤫Τ褦˸뤬Ūˤ3 onceone's [2009-07-18-1]ε#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲפ򻲾ȡˤѸ°ʤ˴Ťɽľͳ褹Ȳ򤹤ˤ롥OED ˤС°ʷϳΤ˴ŪˤϴͿζϡषűѸ˸ to þam anum νѸ to þan ane ʤɤӤ٤one ͿʤޤɽȤƻϤޤäΤǤϤʤȤ夷°ʷϡͿʷִ줿Τȹͤ롥ִͳȤƤϡְ١פ̣Τ°ʤͳ褹 anes, ones ¤ǡͿʤͳ褹 ane, ene Ѥ줿Ȥ顤ξԤθؤäΤǤϤʤ
ѸǤϡʬϤη֤η֤¸ƤꡤMED ˤ ōnes (adv.) θ5 nōnes (n.(1)) θ1ξˡζ礬ϿƤ롥ԤˤСߤ׻ˡפȡ¤ϡפθΤۤˡոȤ "indeed" ۤɤθ䡤ΧŪȤƤΰ̣δˡȵܤƤ롥դ뤤ȤƤBliss Sir Orfeo (Auchinleck MS, ll. 51--56)

Þe king hadde a quen of priis
Þat was y-cleped Dame Heurodis,
Þe fairest leuedi, for þe nones,
Þat miȝt gon on bodi & bones,
Ful of loue & of godenisse;
Ac no man may telle hir fairnise.


Ȥưʳˤ⡤nonce ˤϡ׻ΡפȤƻȤƤˡ롥̾ȤȤ˰ʣơؤνѸȤ nonce-word ׻ˡnonce-form ׻ˤʤɤȻȤˡνϡOED Ի James Murray 1884ǯ OED Ǥ񤭤ѤȤǤ롥

1884 N.E.D. Fasc. 1, p. x, Words apparently employed only for the nonce, are, when inserted in the Dictionary, marked nonce-wd.


OED ˤλݤܤܤƤΤ顤OED ˤ뼫ˡȤäƤ褤

Bliss, A. J., ed. Sir Orfeo. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-16-1] [2014-11-11-1]

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2012-08-24 Fri

#1215. °̾ο of ȯã [word_order][syntax][genitive][lexical_diffusion][statistics][synthesis_to_analysis]

ε#1214. °̾ΰ֤θ경ˡ ([2012-08-23-1]) ǡѸˤ、̾Ф°̾ΰ֤θĤˤĤƸ֤Ǥ֤Ǥ졤°̾줽ΤΤƱ˿षƤäȤ¤˺ƤϤʤʤ°̾Ѥ A's B B of A Ȥof ˤ뱪ȯãԤ򶼤θطϡɤ鸫С礫ʬϤ (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤѸˤĬή˾äѲǤ롥
Fries (206) ͿƤɽϡűѸ줫Ѹˤ3°ʡ°ʡof °ʡˤ줾ɤ٤γѤ줿򼨤ͤǤ롥򥰥ղƤߤ

 Post-positive genitive'Periphrastic' genitivePre-positive genitive
c. 90047.5%0.5%52.0%
c. 100030.5%1.0%68.5%
c. 110022.2%1.2%76.6%
c. 120011.8%6.3%81.9%
c. 12500.6%31.4%68.9%
c. 13000.0%84.5%15.6%


Development of Three Types of Genitive

դϡ3°ʤθबǤ롥űѸνˤƸ°ʤहˤȤʤä°ʤĹθ13 of 쵤˳礷°ʤ֤Ƥ椯of γˤĤƤϡMustanoja (74--76) ܤ

Fries, Charles C. "On the Development of the Structural Use of Word-Order in Modern English." Language 16 (1940): 199--208.
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-19-1]

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2012-08-23 Thu

#1214. °̾ΰ֤θ경 [word_order][syntax][genitive][lexical_diffusion][statistics]

#132. űѸ줫Ѹؤθȯã ([2009-09-06-1]) Ⱥε#1213. Ūΰ֤θ경ˡ ([2012-08-22-1]) ˰³Fries θξҲ𡥺ϡ°̾줬、̾Ф֤뤫֤뤫ȤˤĤơ
c900--c1250ǯȯŸˤĤơΤ褦ʷ̤줿 (Fries 205)

 c. 900c. 1000c. 1100c. 1200c. 1250
Genitive before its noun52.4%69.1%77.4%87.4%99.1%
Genitive after its noun47.6%30.9%22.6%12.6%0.9%


Development of Genitive Before Its Noun

᤯13ˤϡ°֤̾ĤƤȤ狼롥
Ϣơ17Ⱦ°̾ǤϤʤ̳̾ñǤʣǤˤ¾֤̾ƤΤޤ޽ȤѤ (ex. school teacher, examination paper) 뤬、ΰִطꤵƤʤԲǽʤǤ (206)
ޤǤưľŪȴŪΰִط°̾、̾ΰִطˤˤĤƸƤȤˤʤ뤬٤ȤѸνޤǤˤϸѸŪʸ˸ꤷƤȤ狼롥ѸϡθĤʤȷŤƤ褤

Fries, Charles C. "On the Development of the Structural Use of Word-Order in Modern English." Language 16 (1940): 199--208.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-19-1] [2012-08-24-1]

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2011-07-25 Mon

#819. his ° [genitive][synthesis_to_analysis]

޸ˤ餺;̾°ʷ֤ƽͭ򼨤 his-genitive ȤäˡŤѸΤƤ롥ϸűѸ줫鸫롥Mustanoja (159) 󤲤Ƥ뼡θűѸ줫ǤϡEnac his cynren "Enac's posterity" ΰդɽ魯

we gesawon Enac his cynren (Ælfric Num. xiii 29)


Τ褦ˡưŤǤ롥ͭ̾ϰ̾ȰۤʤΤʶ޸ʤΤ̤Ǥꡤ°ʤˤϡ;̾°ʤѤΤ°ʰʳˤ⡤ʤˡб;̾γʷ֤ȤϸűѸˤǤ⤢ä he Ninus, hym Olofernus ʤɡˡ
ѸǤ⡤his °ʤϤĤ⸫Ĥ롥Mustanoja (159) ˵󤲤Ƥ򼨤

- þe cnapenchild hiss shapp (Orm. 4220)
- Hengest his sone (Lawman B 16772); þat wes Hengest sune (A)
- Loth his eldeste sone (Lawman B 23248)
- ine Winchestre his toun (Lawman B 19630); Winchastre tun (A)
- Felyce hir fayrnesse (PPl. B xii 47)
- sche hadde be kyng Alexandre his lemman (Trev. Higd. I 155)
- þe whiche kyng his prayers to God þat day were moche worthy (Trev. Higd. VI 349)
- Gwenayfer his love (Lawman B 22247)
- at þare ditch his grunde (Lawman B 1589)


Ǹ2ϡhis Ω̾줬줾̵ؼðۤǤ롥㤫狼褦ˡLawman B Trevisa ˤ Higden Polychronicon ΥƥȡξȤˤǤ㤬¿ʳǤ15ޤǤι¤ϵǤ롥15ʹߤˤʤȡι¤٤ᡤ17ޤ¸³롥ʤؼ̾˸֤ her °ʤϾʤʤڤ뤬ʣб°ʤ *her *their Ϥʤ
Ѹ his °ʤεˤϽ⤢롥

(1) űѸνͭͿ (possessive dative) ü칽ʸ˴Ť䡥㤨Сher Romane Leone þæm papan his tungan forcurfon (OE Chron. an. 797) ǤϡͭͿ þæm papan äƤ椯 tungan his ˤ뽤Ƥ롥
(2) his Ϥμ is °ʸ -es, -is ƱȤʤΤǡ°ʸ촴ڤΥ줿ΤȲǤΤǤϤʤ
(3) űѸˤǤ Enac his cynren Τ褦б빽ʸäȤ顤ʬŪɽѤ뷹Ѹʹߤ˷³ȯŸΤȹͤΤǤϤʤ
(4) ե󥹸бɽ (ex. pour escaper de Deu sen ire [Gilles de Muisis i 20]) αƶե󥹸Ǥ¿ʤ

Mustanoja (161--162) ϡ(4) ӽʤ顤(1), (2), (3) Ȥ߹碌ٻƤ롥
ѸˤŪʷ礫ʬ (synthesis to analysis) ؤĬήͤСhis °ʤȯȯŸϤޤää٤ȤǤϤʤषʤѸѤƤäΤΤ̣ۤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2009-11-11 Wed

#198. its ε [spelling][personal_pronoun][punctuation][gender][genitive]

ε[2009-11-10-1]ǡ;̾ its ˡˤĤƿ줿˵󤲤 Shakespeare (First Folio ed.) ΰѤǤϡits ǤϤʤ it's ȤֻѤƤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤFirst Folio ǤΤȤƤߤȡapostrophe it's 9㡤ʤ its 1㡤ǧ롥 it's Τۤ٤⤫äȤˤʤ롥
apostrophe ̵̤ͭȤơ⤽ its ͭ̾ȤƻȤ褦ˤʤäȼΤŪ餷its ν16ǤꡤθűѸ졦Ѹλϡhis ѤƤ his ϡ[2009-09-29-1],[2009-10-25-1]Ǥߤ褦ˡͳ;ñη֤Ǥꡤ;ñ his žѤȤ櫓ǤϤʤƱͤˡŪˤ him ϻ;ñͿʷǤȤȤ˻;ñͿʷǤ⤢ä
Ѹˡʸˡ ( grammatical gender ) ѤƼ ( natural gender ) ̾졦̾Υƥ꡼ȤƳΩƤȡʿ͡ˤ͡ˤΤΤȤƱ̾η֤ͭƤ뤳Ȥ˰´Ƥ롥ºݤˡChaucer ̾η [2009-10-25-1] ǤϡűѸͿʷä him ϻѤäƤ롥ơѸˤ줳ߤϤ´äΰϤϡ°ʷä his ˤڤ his ֤Τϡit Ȥʷ̾νͭʸȤ夷Ƥ -s դ褦Ȥñȯۤ˴Ťƺ줿 its ä
ȤƤ him his ξüִΤۤˤ⡤ͤͤζ̤Τˤ褦ȤϤϡԻ˱ƴط̾ who which Ȥʬ褦ˤʤäˤߤ롥⡤ѸǤ롥
ʾطʤ its 16˸졤17ˤϤۤܳΩֻǤ it's 19ޤǻȯŪˤߤ줿ѤȤƸߤˤޤǺĤäƤ롥it is it has ξάȤƤ it's ȡ̾νͭʤ its ϡȯƱȤ⤢ꡤߤǤѸüԤˤȤäƺǤ褯ְ㤨ֻΰĤǤ롥Τ褯ְ㤤ˤĤƤε׻ȡ

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