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standardisation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2012-10-03 Wed

#1255. "New Englishes" Υ饤ե [esl][standardisation][new_englishes]

Indian English Nigerian English ʤɡESLϰǹԤʤƤѸѼ "New Englishes" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ뤬ȯŸŪ˸ȰʲβФƤ롥ϰˤäƲФ®٤ϰۤʤ뤬褽̤Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤"New Englishes" Υ饤եȸƤǤ褤Mazzon (78--79) 󤹤롥

(1) indigenisation: Ѹ줬ŪӤǤϤʤŪӤΤ˼ʳ
(2) expansion: Ѽ郎¿ΡӤѤ褦ˤʤʳ
(3) a change from an exonormative model to an endonormative one: [2009-12-05-1]ε#222. ѸüԤƱߥǥ (2)פ Kachru ѸǤȤ "norm-dependent" "norm-developing" ؤȡüԤ٤ѲߤʳѼͭθˡϤϤɸѸ줫ΰæȤϤߤʤʤʤ롥ϰ׵˱٤äõ§ȯãʸؤʤɤ⸽褦ˤʤ롥"Indian" English ʤɤηƻ줫Ūʴߤä˵Ūʰ̣롥
(4) institutionalisation: عǥܡμͤʤɤˤäƹѤ졤Ѥ侩ʳѼ郎פʼҲŪǽ롥üԤƱѼؤΰ夬ʳǤ⤢롥

μˡ⤦1ĤʳꤷƤ褤⤷ʤɤ "New Englishes" ãƤ餺ã뤳ȤΤʤʳ⤷ʤ restriction ȤʳǤ롥ѼαѸλѤ¤졤ϸθϰ̤褷ơѸμҲŪǽ֤ȤʳǤ롥饤եν
ʳˤơŪѤɸѸؤ٤Ѳ(4) ˻ޤǡҿΤѼȤƤɸѸΩϡä˶ξʤɤǤѤʤ(4) ؿʤˤĤơϰɽȤȯãѼ郎ΰҿ᤹ܶ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥᤹ܶˤĤơɸѼȿѼФ륢ӥХȤ٤ҲΤʤƤΤǤ롥ǤϡꥹѸʤɤɸѼ郎ͥξħª졤ɤѸλѤ䤢ɤΤؤΥѥݡȤǧ롥¾ǡѼˤϹȼŪʰ夬졤ɤȤˤĤտ路ƤѼȤƤΥ᡼ʧ뤿ˡäƻѤ뵡롥ΥӥХȤʿ򡤤ؼԤ缺Ĵ (schizophrenia) ˤʤ館 schizoglossia (Mazzon 83) ȸƤESLϰΤɤäˤνŤפ鷺ˤϤʤˤѸǤϤ롥

Mazzon, Gabriella. "The Development of Extraterritorial Englishes." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 73--92.

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2012-10-02 Tue

#1254. ѸäդθѲϽ񤭸դߤäƤ뤫 [writing][standardisation][creole][celtic][contact][reestablishment_of_english][scribe][koine][do-periphrasis][celtic_hypothesis]

äդˤƤѲŪݼŪʽ񤭸դȿǤ줺ˡδѻԤܤ˸ƤʤȤǽϡʸؾ塤򤱤뤳ȤΤǤʤΤǤ롥㤨С줬ν񤭸դȿǤƤʤȤäơäդȤѤƤ⤷ʤȤǽǤOED νǯΰ˴ؤ뿵ʤɤϻʹ롥ΤʿǤϤ뤬򤢤ޤ˿䤷ʤȡʸ˳ǧʤǡʤ뤳Ȥ⡤äդǤϤ⤷ʤ󵯤Ǥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤޤϢȤơ񤭸վǡȤ礭Ѳä褦˸ˡϽ񤭸դڤؤ˵븫ѲˤбäդǤϡޤѲ˿ʹԤƤϤȤ롥
Ѹ᥯쥪βǤ⡤ˡ¤ѤƤ롥Poussa ϡ14ˤ Samuels ν񤭸դʬǤ Type II Type III ǡڤؤϡбäդεѲ򼨤ΤǤϤʤȤ񤭸դ˸ʤ̲äդˤƤϡKnut 衤쥪벽 koiné ³ƤϤȹͤƤ롥ơType III оϡ14Ūʥե󥹸ϰ̤βȡѸϰ̤θưŤ줿ѸɸಽĬήȿǤΤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

. . . if we take the view that the English speech of London had, since the time of Knut, been a continuum of regional and social varieties of which the Midland koiné was one, then it is easier to explain the changes in the written language [from Type II to Type III] as jerky adjustments to a gradual rise in social status of the spoken Midland variety. (80)


褦ʵϡǯ褦ˤʤäƤȸαѸ˵ڤܤƶˤĤƤʹ㤨С[2011-03-17-1]ε#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶפ򻲾ȡˡűѸɸ񤭸աLate West-Saxon Schriftsprache ߤäƤޤäƤΤΡűѸѸäդˤΥȸŪǤޤޤƤϤȤѸ줬ե󥹸ΤӤѸʹߤˡ褦䤯äդ񤭸դξ¤ȿǤ褦ˤʤꡤǤ˥ȸαƶƤ do-periphrasis ʹԷʸ塤Ƴǧ褦ˤʤäΤ롥
εϡʸؤˤƼֻܸѤƤ scribal error show-through Ȥäޤ餺äդƩƸƤޤ褦ʽ񵭾λ̵뤷Ƥ褦˻פ롥̻ʹ֤Ǥ롥񵭤˺ݤơäդȤȤʤɤǤ꡹ǻפ鷺äդϪ褷ƤޤΤȤΤǤϤʤ
äդ١񤭸դߤäƤȤΤϻ¤񤭸սڤؤˤäơ礭ʸѲä褦˸ȤΤˤ񤭸դ˸ʤȤǤäդǤϵäƤ⤷ʤ䵯äƤ˰㤤ʤȡѶŪƤƤ褤ͳˤϤʤʤƤѸ᥯쥪βȶǯΥȸƶδ֤˻褦򴶤Ǥ롥

Poussa, Patricia. "The Evolution of Early Standard English: The Creolization Hypothesis." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 14 (1982): 69--85.

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2012-09-25 Tue

#1247. ɸѸϸ෿ŪˤꤽˤʤѼǤ [standardisation][typology][personal_pronoun][negative][inflection][3sp]

ε#1246. Ѹɸಽȵϼδط ([2012-09-24-1]) ǡѸɸಽ̵ռμʲǤȤ Hope θҲ𤷤Hope ϤƤθ̷⤹롤ѸɸಽˤޤĤԼƱ˻ŦƤ롥ɸಽβΤΤϿ͡ΡּפǡָŪפʱĤߤʤΤη̤ȤƤɸѸϸ෿ŪˤϺǤ⤢ꤽˤʤԼʡѼǤȤHope (52--53) ϡȤ4󤲤Ƥ롥

(1) 3ñ -s ݻ෿ŪˤϺǤݻˤåȤ˶޸ĤäƤ롥եɸʤɡ٤ŪʸǤ⤳ΥåȤǤ̵ɸѤ롥
(2) Զѹդʿ;̾ηϡʲɽȡˡѸ ([2009-10-25-1])Ѹ졤νǤϡ꤭줤ηϤߤ롥(cf. thou / you, you / youse, you / you-all; [2010-10-08-1]ε#529. ɸѼ2;ʣ̾פ򻲾ȡ)

singularIshe / he / it
singular / pluralyou
pluralwethey


(3) what ȤƤѤƤʤطȤƤѤƤʤȡǤϴطȤƤѤ롥
(4) ԻѡǤѽФ##124,301,549 ε򻲾ȡ

ۤˤ⡤ɸŪֻȤơ-d, -'d, -t, -'t Τ褦ȯ˶ᤤΤǤϤʤष¿ξȯȤϤΥ줿 -ed Ф줿ʤɤ󤲤Ƥ (Hope 54--55 [fn. 8]) ෿ŪԼʸˡܤ󤲤ȤǡHope (53) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Thus, in each case, Standard English arrives at a typologically unusual structure, while non-standard English dialects follow the path of linguistic naturalness. One explanation for this might be that as speakers make the choices that will result in standardisation, they unconsciously tend towards more complex structures, because of their sense of the prestige and difference of formal written language. Standard English would then become a 'deliberately' difficult language, constructed, albeit unconsciously, from elements that go against linguistic naturalness, and which would not survive in a 'natural' linguistic environment.


͡ɸಽܻؤ̵ռβΤʤǡ෿ŪˤϤʤʡԼʸŪʤΤȤ̤Ȥơؤ֤Τ񤷤¦ˤȤäƤ϶ΤʶΤԹΤ褤˸ηϤǤꡤ顤ϤƳؤԤϰΤȤĬʤϼޤΤȤ
Τˡ˵󤲤줿ʸˡܤϡ෿ŪˤꤽˤʤΤΤ褦˻פ롥ȿȤСɤθ෿Ūˤ䤹ʸˡܤФǹƤ櫓ǤϤʤġιܤߤʿѤΰæϤǤ⤢षΤ褦ʰæäƤϤ෿ȤͤޤϤȤƤ⡤Hope ΡֽŪ̵ռˤҤͤϴߤ롥ε[2012-09-24-1]Ǥɸಽȵϼν̤ĴºݤΤȤξԤδطȤǤ

Hope, Jonathan. "Rats, Bats, Sparrows and Dogs: Biology, Linguistics and the Nature of Standard English." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 49--56.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-23-1] [2012-11-09-1]

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2012-09-24 Mon

#1246. Ѹɸಽȵϼδط [standardisation][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][negative][invisible_hand]

ε#1245. ʣŪβȤƤν񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1]) ǡɸѸȯŸ¿ο͡ˤŪ (selections) βǤȤ Hope ΰո󤷤ǤϡȤϰռŪʤΤʤΤ̵ռŪʤΤʤΤԼʤΤʤΤ̾ĿͤϰռŪǤԼǤȤ⤤뤬¿ˤȤʤ̵ռŪǤ꼫ǤȤ⤤롥
Hope ϡɸѸȯŸΤġΥӥХȤħˤĤơΤ褦˹ͤƤ롥ɸಽβϡ͡νĤ̵ռŪʸѤ˶ư "a 'natural' linguistic process" 뤤 "a language-internal phenomenon" (51) Ǥ롥ϡФɸಽȰ勞˰뤬¤оȤʤƤ뵬ϼȤΤ "language-external: a cultural, ideological phenomenon" (52) ǤΤ椵롥̤˼ҲŪǤȹͤƤɸಽ "natural" "language-internal" ȤߤʤΤϵ;Ϥϼȶ̤ǤϡԤʬϤǤϤʤʽŪ̵ռȤϡKeller θѲˤָפε򶯤۵롥invisible_hand γƵ򻲾ȡ
Hope (50) ϡѸɸಽȵϼδطԤԤΩĴطǤ롥

One of the paradoxes of the relationship between standardisation and prescriptivism is that prescriptivism always follows, rather than precedes, standardisation. It is therefore wrong to see prescriptivism as the ideological wing of standardisation: standardisation can be initiated, and can run virtually to completion (as in the case of English in the early seventeenth century), in the absence of prescriptivist comment. In fact, it is arguable that prescriptivism is impossible until standardisation has done most of its work --- since it is only in a a relatively standardised context that some language users become conscious of, and resistant to, variation.


18εʸˡǻŦƤε§㤨С¿ζػߡˤϡǤˤٴѤȤɸಽƤ餳ŦΤǤäơФи򤵤Ƥ褦ˡʸˡȤǤиä櫓ǤɬʤθϡɸಽȵϼƱƤ롤뤤Ʊ˺Ѥδְ㤨ƤȤ館Ƥ뤳Ȥˤ롥ɸಽȵϼȤ2Ĥβ̤ξԤδطǧ뤳ȤפǤ롥

Hope, Jonathan. "Rats, Bats, Sparrows and Dogs: Biology, Linguistics and the Nature of Standard English." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 49--56.
Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.

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2012-09-23 Sun

#1245. ʣŪβȤƤν񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸ [standardisation][dialect][writing][variation]

[2012-09-06-1]ε#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩäơפǡɸѸν񤭸դȯŸ¿ˤĤƿ줿Wright ԤʸΤʤǤȤ櫓ĥƤΤ Hope Ǥ롥񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸϡαѸˤǼĥƤ褦ľŪʲǤϤʤ¿ε͡ʸ콸ĤͿ֤ΤʣŪʲǤäȤĴ롥ˤƤϡܤ variation ΤʤɸȤʤ٤Τ򤹤԰٤ϡͣ selection ǤϤʤ¿ selections ȤƤȤ館롥[2010-11-10-1]ε#562. busy ֻȯפǡbusy ֻ顤ȯȤɸȤƸꤵ줿аޤ򸫤 selection ǤϤʤ selections ꤷʤФʤʤȤɽ魯
ڤΤ褤 Hope (51) ͤΤʤǤ⡤ä˼ĥʼβսѤ褦̣ǤϡWright ʸΤɽƤȤսǤϤʤ

. . . the 'selection' process of standardisation is not the selection of a single dialect, but the selection of single linguistic features from a range of dialects --- features which are then recombined into a new dialect which lacks a common ancestor. Standardisation thus becomes, not a unitary process operating on a single dialect at a single time, but a group of processes operating on all dialects over a much longer time. Selection becomes selections, and this accords much more closely with the observed nature of Standard English (the mixing of northern and southern forms, for example). Standardisation is not simply a set of decisions made by one identifiable group of late medieval bureaucrats: it is a complex of processes, growing out of the decisions made by a much wider range of writers in English (including, for example, the hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people involved in keeping and exchanging business records).


ϢơѲüԤѶŪʤ뤤ϺѡˤȤƤȤ館ͤˤĤƤϡ#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) #1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Hope, Jonathan. "Rats, Bats, Sparrows and Dogs: Biology, Linguistics and the Nature of Standard English." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 49--56.

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2012-09-22 Sat

#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ [language_myth][standardisation][prescriptive_grammar][history]

[2011-01-13-1]ε#626. ֥ե󥹸ŪʸǤפȤáפǡ16˻Ϥޤäե󥹸ɸಽή줬18γ̿ˤƺǹĬޤե󥹸ǽȤäؤȤؤäаޤ򸫤θȾǥꥹǤϡֱѸᥤꥹ̱ξħפȤռϤäȼ夤ȽҤ٤Watts ͤɤߡ奤ꥹˤбѸɸಽȿòΤˤꡤ18˻äĺãƤȤ狼äߡѸǽ䤽̩ܤ˴Ϣ뵬ϼοϡŪʥե󥹸פۤɷϤʤΤΡ̣Ǥ˿ƩƤȤͤƤߤȶstandardisation γƵȤ櫓Ƕε ([2012-09-06-1], [2012-09-15-1]) ɸѸȯŸȳΩˤˤĤƽ񤤤ƤϡʤȤ櫓18ɸѸϲĬΤͤƤߤ
Watts (34--35) ˤСѸ줫Ѹλˤơߤ˴طˤޤĤοääƤäפʿä󤲤ȡlanguage and ethnicity myth, language and nationality myth, language variety myth, myth of superiority, myth of the perfect language, golden age myth, myth of the undesirability of change Ǥ롥Watts ϡƻθѤϪ褹ɾ򽸤ᡤοäξĹǯ˿޼ (41) language and ethnicity myth language variety myth 17νˤǹԤΤФmyth of superiority, language and nationality myth, myth of the perfect language, golden age myth, myth of the undesirability of change 18Ⱦˤư쵤˿ĹƤ롥Ԥοäλ夬«ͤ줿ΤȤϼȤ礭ʿäޤ줿ΤȤ롥
λطʤˤϡȤ櫓ꥹιݼҲˤƬȡҤ⳰ؤθؼɬä1603ǯ James I ˤ륤󥰥ɤȥåȥɤβʳȤơ1707ǯˤξεIJ줷ꥹϳؤ⿷Ф̤ꥫ̱Ϥɽ򲡤ƥե󥹤йȤȤˡǤϥйĤġ쥤ɲҤΩɳؤ­äեꥫȥꥫǤǰפե󥹤䥪Ȥγμ⤤ä㤷ʤä
Τ褦ʹݸפΰ۾ȯãȿ̱褤η㲽ˤꡤꥹ϶ȥǥƥƥ㤷ɬפȤ褦ˤʤäȥǥƥƥ夲뤿ˡкѡˡʤʸ濴ǤɥϡѤƽ񤭤ȤɸѸŪ˿ʤǽ뤳ȤΤߤʤ餺񳰤ؤΤ餷ǤäƽФơ񤭤ȤɸѸ줬ҤξħȤƻ夲졥ȤȤ˵ϽĬήޤ줿ΤǤ롥
18Ⱦ˵ϼޤ줿ȤϤäƤ⡤ʤȤǡȤ櫓ǤϤʤWatts (30) ζĴ褦ˡΤ褦ʥǥȯãϡΤ褦ʤΩƤäƤεä

. . . any language ideology can only be formed
1 on the basis of beliefs about language, and attitudes towards language, which already have a long history, and
2 as a driving force behind a centrally significant social institution, the institution in this case being public education.


Watts, Richard J. "Mythical Strands in the Ideology of Prescriptivism." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 29--48.

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2012-09-15 Sat

#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ [standardisation][historiography][sociolinguistics][variation]

Milroy "Historical Description and the Ideology of the Standard Language." ϡѸˤˤ standardisation ȱѸػˤˤ standard ideology Ʊ˹ͻɤ߱ΤʸǤ롥variation ¸ߤξݤstandard ideology ˿äαѸ˵ҤȽ뤽˯ϡMilroy ʤǤϤΤΡ
Milroy ϡȯãɸѸΥǥϱѸ˸Ԥ򴬤ߡν񤤤ѸˤΤΤƱǥ˲ôƤȼĥ롥Ȥ櫓󥰥ɤ¾̥衼åѽȯãȼȽΤȤǡޥȤƤαѸĴ졤Standard English ϡ˲ (historicisation) Ƥ˲ΤʤǡAnglo-Saxon Old English ȤƱѸˤ˰֤Ť뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ̤ä Germanic 뤤 Proto-Indo-European ޤǤ⤬Ѹˤμ뤳ȤˤʤäޤѸι¤ŪѲϤäѤŪװˤ⤿餵줿ȤѲѤŪȤʤꡤѸ줬αƶƤȤ¤ϡѤǤȤͤ줿Sweet, Sisam, Skeat, Wyld ȤѸˤۤƤؼԤǤ顤ƶɤǤƤ Standard English ΥǥƤΤǤꡤߤǤ餳ξϾʤ餺³ƤȸäƤ褤
Milroy ϡ̤ο͡Τߤʤ餺Ѹ˸Ԥ⶯äƤɸѸΥǥ뤤 standardisation Ȥˡߤ˴Ϣ5ĤħǧƤ롥uniformity, respect for writing, invariability, prestige, carefulness Ǥ롥

(1) "the chief linguistic consequence of successful standardisation is a high degree of uniformity of structure" (13)
uniformity θȤơˡȸäˡΤ˶̤ʤδϸŪˤŪҲŪˤŪǤʤˡºݤˤϤѼüԤϤʤ֤ɸѸΩΤˤʤ롥
(2) "standardisation is implemented and promoted primarily through written forms of language" (14)
ˤꡤ񤭸нŤαѸ˵Ҥ¥ʤ롥
(3) "standardisation inhibits linguistic change and variability" (14)
ɸѸ줬Ѳ˼ޤʤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ®٤ϤäǤ롥ɸಽѲȤȤϡSwift Johnson λ夫龯ѤäƤʤ
(4) "the equation of the standard language with the prestige language" (15)
prestige language ȤϾͿˤääˤʤҤѼؤ"prestige" ȤǰʬϤʤҲŪƥ꡼ɽ魯ΤǤꡤΤϤ狼äƤʤкŪ˶̤볬ȽŤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ɬפ¿θ椬ɬפȤƤ복ǰǤ롥
(5) "carefulness and clarity of enunciation" (19)
RP Υ饸ɽ褦ˡȯ򤪤ʤˤϡޥ˴ƤꡤɤƤɬפ롥ۤɤޤäƤʤ¤ꡤ¸ʤȯǤ롥

ɸಽΥǥ츦Ԥˤʸ츦Ԥˤ˶򤫤ƤȤȤϽŤ¤Ǥꡤ򤤤˹뤫뤤ϾʤȤǧƤϡ츦ԤμץơޤΰĤǤ롥

Milroy, Jim. "Historical Description and the Ideology of the Standard Language." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 11--28.

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2012-09-06 Thu

#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩä [standardisation][chancery_standard][writing][bibliography]

ѸˤˤơѸ줫ѸˤƿʹԤ Standard English γΩϡ礭Ǥ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤standardisation 䡤Ȥ櫓 chancery_standard εǡϢ夲Ƥ
Wright (1--2) ˤȡ̤θˤϡMorsbach (1888), Doelle (1913), Heuser (1914), Reaney (1925, 1926), Mackenzie (1928), Ekwall (1956), Samuels (1963), Fisher (1977) ȤήȯŸƤ

Morsbach, Lorenz. Über den Ursprung der neuenglischen Schriftsprache. Heilbronn: Henninger, 1888.
Doelle, Ernst. Zur Sprache Londons vor Chaucer. Niemeyer: 1913.
Heuser, Wilhelm. AltLondon mit besonderer Berücksichtingung des Dialekts. Osnabrück: 1914.
Reaney, Percy H. "On Certain Phonological Features of the Dialect of London in the Twelfth Century". Englische Studien 59 (1925): 321--45.
Reaney, Percy H. "The Dialect of London in the Thirteenth Century". Englische Studien 61 (1926): 9--23.
Mackenzie, Barbara Alida. The Early London Dialect. Oxford: Clarendon, 1928.
Ekwall, Bror Eilert. Studies on the Population of Medieval London. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1956.
Samuels, Michael Louis. "Some Applications of Middle English Dialectology." English Studies 44 (1963): 81--94. Revised in Middle English Dialectology: Essays on Some Principles and Problems. Ed. Margaret Laing. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1989.
Fisher, John Hurt. "Chancery and the Emergence of Standard Written English in the Fifteenth Century." Speculum 52 (1977): 870--99.


äˡEkwall ƶ Samuels 񤭸ɸ Type 4 ȤƵ󤲤Chancery Standard ȤŪʸ˸ѸѼ郎ɸಽδפǤȤήȤʤäƤ ([2010-02-27-1]ε#306. Samuels Ѹȯã񤭤Ȥɸ4ספ򻲾ȡˡ
ǶǤϡѸ˸οŸȼҲؤؤδؿˤꡤSamuels ꤹ褦ŪɸѸȯŸȳΩȤǥǤϤʤʣʸݤȤŪˤȤ館ƤƤ롥ΤˡSamuels ¾ξνǤϡɸಽȯŸξܺ٤פ⤫٤뤳ȤϤǤʤ褦˻פ롥㤨СWright (2) 󼨤Ƥ褦ˡʲ꤬ޤ򤫤Ƥʤ

(1) ɤ٤δ֤ˤ錄äơɤΤ褦ʼΥƥȤˤơ֤äɸಽʤΤ
(2) Central Midland East Midland ɥؤΰ̱ˤܿ⤬Ƥ뤬ϡҲŪʴ顤ɤΤ褦ɾ뤫
(3) Chancery Standard ϡѼȤϡֻηϤˤʤΤǤϤʤȤС¾Τɤοʿ줿Ѽ (levelled varieties) ɸѸؤϤȤʤäΤ
(4) ɸѸθáäɸ񤭸դѤäϤɤΤ褦򤵤줿Τ΢֤ȤơϰŪʸäɸŪʸäϤɤΤ褦򤵤줿Τ

Wright ԤʸǤϡʾΤ褦꤬Ƥ롥绨ĤʷȤƤϡʲ̤Ǥ롥

Some of the papers presented here report data which displays not the familiar S-curve of change, but a more unwieldy W-curve (that is, changes which begin, progress, then recede, then progress again . . . ). Standardisation is shown not to be a linear, unidirectional or 'natural' development, but a set of processes which occur in a set of social spaces, developing at different rates in different registers in different idiolects. (6)


Wright, Laura. The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Introduction. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.

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2012-08-08 Wed

#1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2) [hel_education][standardisation][prescriptive_grammar][language_change][variation]

[2009-05-22-1]ε#24. ʤѸˤؤ֤פؤդäȥꥢDZѸˤ򶵤Ƥ Schmetterer αѸ˶ȤͤɤSchmetterer ϡѸˤΤʤǤѸȽѸˡȤ櫓1500ǯʹߤαѸɸಽηаޤؤӡ뤳Ȥɬפ⤹롥Ūμ夤Ѹ줫顤εʲؾФѸؤѤǤѻ뤳Ȥǡ줬경줿ŪʤΤǤϤꤨʤȤǧ˻뤳ȤǤȤĥǧȤˤĤơSchmetterer ϶Ū3󤲤Ƥ롥

(1) "language change is both inevitable and necessary in order to meet the requirements of the world around us" (372)
(2) "right" and "wrong" can be applied to language utterances only with the greatest possible caution" (372)
(3) "a language consists of various levels, regional, social, and temporal" (373)

Ȥ̻ŪѤ (change) ΤǤꡤŪҲŪŪװˤ궦Ūˤؤ (vary) ΤǤ롥Τ褦ήưŪоݤɾäȤΤϡ衤ԲǽǤ롥ʹ֤μҲˤζ̤ܼŪǤꡤˤĤƤ⤢٤εȤߵϡä˶ȤȤι̱ˤȤäơΤʤȤ򤷤褦ȤΤ顤ݤˤ⡤ƤǤ줿Τɾݤˤ⡤¤դʧʤФʤʤ
Ѥ⤹Сؤ⤹ΤǡĤʬ򤷤ǤεϤǤСΩġΤ褦ʸѤη˺ǤΩĤΤɬѸˤȤϤ鷺Ȥ˸ˤǤϤʤ

Schmetterer, Victor. "The History of the English Language and Future English Teachers." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 371--77.

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2012-08-05 Sun

#1196. Ѹˤ -ly ε§ط (2) [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][standardisation][prescriptive_grammar][emode][intensifier][-ly]

[2012-07-29-1]ε³ԡѸǤϡ##1172,992,984 εˤ褦ʶդñ줬³ȸ줿Ūʶ뤳Τ褦ʶդñ줬Ѹɸಽ䵬ϼĬήΤʤ񤵤졤äƤäΤ⡤ƱΤȤäˤϡŪ˵ǽη֡ŵŪ -lyˤäƤ٤ǤꡤƻƱΤΤȤƵǽΤʤȤ "correctness" ȯۤǻǤ롥Strang (138--39) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Secondary modifiers or intensifiers differed considerably. The old forms, full, right, were still in general use; newer very was known, but not used by everybody even in the 17c. For a more forceful degree of modification, wonderous and mighty were inherited, but such terms wear out quickly, and changes have been considerable. During II [1770--1570], pretty, extraordinary, pure, terrible, dreadful, cruel, plaguy, devillish, take on this role, and most of them have lost it again since. We must distinguish here the built-in obsolescence affecting such items at any time, from the particular factors operating between II and I [1970--1770]. These arose from a sense of correctness which prescribed that forms with the appearance of adjectives should not be used in secondary modification. Very was all right because it did not have this form; but instead of extraordinary, terrible, dreadful, etc., the corresponding -ly forms came to be required.


Strang ϡȤƤ extraordinary terrible Ѥϡո˺Ѥָ³ˡ§ ([2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספ򻲾ȡˤˤΤȤϡϼŪ "correctness" ˴ŤˤΤȹͤƤ褦2Ĥװ "distinguish" ɬפϤǰȤƶ̤٤ȤȤǤгΤˤ̤¤ˤϡξԤ䴰äƤΤǤϤʤոϤȤ櫓äաˤȯã䤹ǤϡؤΩؤ꿷ո줬ƤϵäƤ椯ǡϼϤäѤ񤭸աʸ˴ŤѤǤ롥Ǥϡ경褦ȤտޤǻǤ롥ξԤδطϿΤ褦ʴط˸뤬СʵϼˤʸŪʶΰ۾ȯãˤɽΤŬڤȤΤ褦˻פ롥ˤñλѤոȯãˤΩäƤФۤɡϤˤоݤȤʤ뤷΢֤Ȥơ -ly 줬夵褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤʤȤѲȯǤˤޤ줬Ǥ롤ȤȤ⤷ʤ

Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

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2012-07-29 Sun

#1189. Ѹˤ -ly ε§ط [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][standardisation][printing][prescriptive_grammar][productivity][emode][-ly]

[2012-07-12-1]ε#1172. ѸΥƥñפǡ-ly ȯãƤˤñ (flat_adverb) ȯãˤȹ碌άҤäơ#1176. -ly Ω ([2012-07-16-1]) ȡ#1181. -ly Ω (2) ([2012-07-21-1]) ǡ-ly 줬Ω礷طʤˤĤƽҤ٤ȯãΩȤΤϤҴ˷礱ɽǤϤ뤬̩ϡ (productivity) Ʊ餤񤷤ϡѸˤ -ly ε§ˤ뤬§ (regularisation) ΤΤ񤷤Ǥϵ§ȤѸؤοϤˡ-ly ɸѸǺǤ̤ܼȤǧ졤ʸˡؤƤ椯Ȥơˤ䤫ˤȤ館Ƥ
-ly ε§ˤĤƤϡNevalainen (244) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäҤ롥

The generalisation of the adverbial suffix -ly is usually attributed to the effects of standardisation. Fisher et al. (1984: 49) point out that adverbs were already regularly marked by the -ly suffix in the Chancery documents in the fifteenth century. The acceptance of the Chancery Standard was not, however, explicit outside the Chancery itself. At the beginning of the Early Modern English period, it was the printers and educators who began to assume dominant roles in the transmission of the written standard (see Nevalainen--Raumolin-Brunberg 1989: 83--88). The growing feeling for grammatical "correctness" that Knorrek (1938: 104) and Strang (1970: 139), for instance, refer to is well documented in Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar. Bishop Lowth writes in 1762:

Adjectives are sometimes employed as adverbs: improperly, and not agreeably to the genius of the English language. As, 'indifferent honest, excellent well:' Shakespeare, Hamlet, 'extreme elaborate:' Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poet. 'marvellous graceful:' Clarendon, Life, p. 18. (Lowth 1762/1775: 93)


ĤޤꡤѸνޤǤ˰̲ήθƤ -ly 줬Ѹλ˰ȼԤ䶵ԤˤѸɸಽư˸岡Ƶ§18εʸˡˤäܤ򲡤줿ȤаޤǤ롥Nevalainen ϡʸǡѸˤƤñ夫;ȤdzƤꡤĤޤ줿Τ⤢𤷤Ƥ뤬 (250) ˰ѤҤŪĬή褯ɽ路ƤȤ

Nevalainen, Terttu. "Aspects of Adverbial Change in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 243--59.

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2012-07-07 Sat

#1167. ܿʿǤϤʤˤ㤷 [contact][sociolinguistics][old_norse][history][standardisation][language_change]

űѸȸťΥɸȤθܿˤĤƤϡold_norse γƵǼ夲Ƥˤ뤬ѸˤˤƸťΥɸαƶȤϡǤפ1ĤǤ롥8ȾФ11ˤƵä󥰤Υ󥰥ɤؤάå̱꽻η̤ȤơűѸüԤȸťΥɸüԤͻ礬ʤߡ⺮򤷤̾졤³졤ֻʤɤεǽ䤽¾δܸ줬¿ťΥɸ줫űѸؤήߡޤ礤˿ʿΤ褦ˤƸ줿 Norsified English ȸƤ֤٤䡤αƶѸϡ14ʹߤαѸɸಽδפȤʤꡤѸˤϢʤäƤ롥
ťΥɸȤܿϡۤɽפʤΤǡѸ˳ǤɬơޤҤ绨ĤǤ뤳Ȥ¿⤽⡤ۤʤζƱΤɤȡĤǤ⤳Τ褦ʸŪʺ򤬿ʤΤʤΤűѸüԤȸťΥɸüԤδ֡ʿ¤˶¸椨˸줬򤷤Τ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤΤȤξüԽĤΤθŪŪŪкŪδطϤʤΤäΤμҲŪפ⤫٤ˤϡ˽񤫤ƤɽŪʵҤĶ˭ϤɬפǤ롥
˭ˡļҲؤθޤơűѸȸťΥɸθܿäɽ񤬸줿ͳΡإ󥰤Υ󥰥꽻ˤȱѸؤαƶ٤Ǥ롥ѡȤսϤĤ뤬ξüԤͻٹ礤ä˶Ʊ褬ʿŪǤäɤȤˤĤơΥǡˤ͡μҲŪط̤ʤ顤Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥս꤬ŪǤ롥

ʾΤ褦˹ͤξԴ֤ͻʿŪäȴñդƤޤ⡤ʿŪʻϰ⤢ФǤʤϰ⤢äǤξ֤ϰμҲˤäƤ礤˰ۤʤäƤΤǤ롥ơٻ⡤ͤ͡ʿãǡϰ˽뤷֤λˤϡ͡ʤƸˤäãܿǤƤΤȤϸѲͤ˽פʤȤǤ롥


ϡξ¦ο͡κʿ¤ˡȡ¤˿ʤȤˤꡤ⼡˺äȤΤŪäषĹ֤ˤ錄³Ū֤ˤƤܿǻ̩äΤǤϤʤȤƤϡɽͤΤǤϤ뤬ͤƤߤи̣롥
ܿεˤϡظˤüԤɤμҲŪʴط򤷤ƤȤɬפǤ롥ơΤˤϡˤμȸ´ȼäϤޤɬפʤΤǤ롥

ͳإ󥰤Υ󥰥꽻ˤȱѸؤαƶ١޽2012ǯ

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2011-11-12 Sat

#929. Ѹ󥰥ɸδפȤʤäͳ [popular_passage][me_dialect][standardisation][chancery_standard]

ѸϡλפȸƤФۤɡֺ餭줬񤭸դˤǡ¤ȿǤ줿Ǥ롥ۤɰۤʤäƤΤǤСϤΥ󥰥ɳϤο͡ϸߤ˥ߥ˥뤳ȤǤΤȤѤʵ䤬夬롥[2010-03-30-1]ε#337. egges or eyrenפǾҲ𤷤 Caxton ͭ̾ʰäɤȡʤȤ⥤󥰥ɤ֤ǤʬŪʰջ̤ξ㳲äȤŪǤ롥ܸͤС׿ͤǤ˼褦ʬ
ѸˤʤäƤȡˤ䤫ʽ񤭸դɸȤ٤ΤƤ롥ߤν񤭸ɸΤ褦ʸ경 (fixed) ɸǤϤʤषߤäɸΤ褦濴ظ (focused) ɸ˶ᤤϤ᤿񤭸ɸϡκäΤǤϤäǤפȤʤäǤ롥Ϥʤʤ١ȤʤʤäΤ
1Ĥˤϡʸ濴ϤȤƤΥɥä졤񤫤ƤѸ졤ä˸ʸѤƤ Chancery Standard αƶϤ롥ŪɸܻؤǡҲŪҤդƤԤθθˡ򻲾ȤȤΤϼȯۤǤ롥ɥϡŪˤξζܤΤʤȤФͥϤdzݤ롥
2ܤȤơܤιɺ碌 London, Oxford, Cambridge κ뻰ӤѤƤȽŤʤäƤȤ𤬤롥ˤäơϳŪʸŪʸҤդ뤳ȤȤʤä
3ܤˡŪˤξ֤˰֤Ƥ뤿ᡤξǤƤꡤβֺ餯󥰥ɤˤƥ󥬥ե󥫤ȤƵǽȹͤ롥ˤĤƤϡRanulph Higden (c. 1280--1364) ˤƥ˽ Polychronicon 1387ǯ˱Ѹ John of Trevisa (1326--1402) ꡤMossé (288--89) 鼡βսѤ褦

. . . for men of þe est wiþ men of þe west, as hyt were undur þe same party of hevene, acordeþ more in sounyng of speche þan men of þe north wiþ men of þe souþ; þerfore hyt ys þat Mercii, þat buþ men of myddel Engelond, as hyt were parteners of þe endes, undurstondeþ betre þe syde longages, Norþeron and Souþeron, þan Norþeron and Souþeron understondeþ eyþer oþer.


[2011-11-10-1]ε#927. ޥζޤοءפ衼åѤˤȸδŪʷӤĤˤ󥰥ɹȤ꾮ʥ٥ǤˤƴŪʰ̣ĤȤȤ򡤤3ܤλϼƤΤǤϤʤ

Mossé, Fernand. A Handbook of Middle English. Trans. James A. Walker. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1952.

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2011-09-15 Thu

#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ [caxton][printing][spelling][standardisation][cawdrey][johnson]

[2010-02-18-1]εְѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤפǵΰü򸫤Caxton 1475ǯ˱Ѹˤ⤿餷ǰΥƥΥϡɬ⤹ˤϱѸֻθ경ˤĤʤʤäषǽˤϡѤ줿ֻ¿ѤˤäƳȻȤ¦̤ʤǤϤʤäѸֻΤ褽ɸಽ17ȾФΤȤȤƤ뤬ʤۤɤĹ֡Caxton 150ǯʾǯפΤ
ĤˤϡѤϳΤʸ˾γ̿äμʸִ줿櫓ǤϤʤäȤȤ롥Ѹμʸֻ¿ȤƤꡤޤ᤿ʸΰ֤ŤѲȤƤ⡤16ʹߤ³Ƥꡤʸʻ¸ƤȤƨƤϤʤʤ

The two processes of production [prints and manuscripts] were in fact to co-exist for some centuries. Manuscript circulation became more generally confined to certain categories of text, and to particular milieux, while printing established itself as the swiftest and most economically viable method of disseminating texts in large numbers: school books, law books, books associated with the processes of sixteenth-century religious reform, for example. (Boffey 114--15)


ޤƳǤ⿢Ѥ̤ȯãλˤϡü· (justification) ãΤˡǤȤƤĴȤˡǤϤʤΤʤʸξάɲäȤޤޤˡʤƤthe that ѤȤƤ ye yt ϸ鷺⤬ʤǡ[2009-05-11-2]εֱѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷פ򻲾ȡˡonly ѤȤƤο̼ߤ onely, onlie, onlye, onelie, onelye, onelich, onelych, oneliche, onelyche, ondeliche, ondelyche ϡؤγ׿Ȥη³Ǥ (Potter 40) 16ϡRichard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) Τ褦ֻ׼ԤФΤ ([2010-07-12-1]εRichard Mulcasterפ򻲾ȡˡμºŪʱƶϺǾ¤ˤȤɤޤäƤ
17뺢顤ܤ˸ѤäƤ롥ֻɸಽ褤ܳʲΤǤ롥ޤˤеϤƤȤȤطʤˤ϶ŪɸಽοϤѤƤ1ܤϡCawdrey μ (1604) ڤ˱Ѹ켭³ȽǤ줿ȤǤ[2010-12-21-1], [2010-12-27-1]εϤȤ cawdrey γƵ򻲾ȡˡ2ܤˡThe King James Bible (1611) ʤɼԤΤڤȤ⡤ֻθ경ˤä礭3ܤˡ17ȾФ (the Civil War) 礭ͿƤ롥ˤѥեåȤ줿Ϥޤ˻֤ɤƤˡü·ŪǤäȤƤ⡤ʣȤ֤ȤʤäΤǤ (Potter 40)
ơλפ18ˤϡֻͣ졤Johnson μ (1755) äƱѸֻθ경Ȥ˾Ĥ˲̤줿Τä

Boffey, Julia. "From Manuscript to Modern Text." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 107--22.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

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2011-01-21 Fri

#634. ǯֻ (1) [spelling_reform][standardisation]

[2010-12-24-1]εǡֱѸֻפԤͳפͤȤǥ֥쥹Ȥ⤷͡ʸ󼨤줿Τ򸫤ξ English Today Ƿ깭줿ֻɤǤߤȯüäΤ Crystal 1998ǯʸǤ롥ǯ1997ǯˡ®ˡ Phonography ߽Фֻױưؤ¡ʤϤĤ Isaac Pitman (1813--97) ׸100ǯפ줿ΤơCrystal Pitman ζӤɾʸä
ʸǡCrystal Pitman ֻפȤŪФǮդϤλƤ뤬ֻפαưΤΤˤĤƤ䤫٤򼨤Ƥ롥[2010-12-24-1]ˤ⵭Crystal ֻ׼ԤͳȤưʲ󤲤Ƥ롥

(a) ǤŪˡȤˤĤƤͤϿˡ˽ˤ
(b) ɽֻ䤷ʤ硤ɤαѸѼȯϤȤƺѤ뤫Ȥ꤬
(c) ֻκˤäƲȤ "communication barrier" ( see [2009-05-13-1] )
(d) Ʋ׼ԤϼβװƤΤΤȹͤ뤿ᡤ׼Դ֤Ŷפʤ

ʸǤ5󤲤ƤꡤΤ嵭βվ񤭤2Ͻʣ뤬3ϰۤʤäƤ롥5ʲ˰Ѥ롥

(1) "the lack of any official body capable of acting as a clearing-house for linguistic ideas" (14)
(2) (a) "the 'immense dead weight of vested interest opposition' from those who have already mastered the traditional system, and who publish in it" (14)
(3) (d) "'the great diversity of projects for improving our spelling which are put forward by reformers, who have never agreed on any single scheme'" (14)
(4) "this remarkable growth [of English in the past century] has taken place despite the existence of the irregular spelling system. . . . It has not put people off. . . . but the learners learn on regardless." (17)
(5) "the growth of the language in fact militates against any spelling reform becoming successful. The more international any language becomes, the more difficult it is to achieve agreement about matters of usage . . . [T]he language has become so international that any attempt to control its use would require unprecedented levels of cooperation." (17)

(1)--(3) ϡºݤˤ Pitman The Life of Sir Isaac Pitman 路 Baker pp. 210--11 ǿƤͳȤȤ(4)--(5) Crystal ȤΤΤǤ롥
Crystal αѸѤϻ˸ǧȽ뤳Ȥ뤬ȽԤ㤨 (4) Τ褦夲ƤΤ褦ɾΤ(4) ϡԵ§ֻˤ⤫餺ѸϸˤʤäǤϤʤȤǤ롥
̣ΤϡCrystal ѸɸಽˤΤʤֻפ֤ŤƤ뤯Ǥ롥Ѹθä18ȾФ Dr Johnson μäƤ٤⤿餵줿˵ϱʸˡ Robert Lowth Lindley Murray ˤäƤ褽Ʊ˳Ω줿ȯˤĤƤ⡤ۤƱ John Walker ȯ蘆졤٤ɸಽã줿Ǥϡˡ ( orthography ) ΤǤ롥줬 Pitman 19ֻפ֤줿Ūʸ̮äȡCrystal Ϥ (15) 19ˤϱѸؤϩϤǤ˸Ƥֻפ褽ˡѸ¤ؤȳ礷ƤΤǤ롥̤ȤơȤƤؤӤ䤹뤿ֻפʤ褦Ȥ19Ⱦ鸽줿ϡ¤ˤä΢򤫤줿Ȥ⤤롥
Crystal ֻפؤ䤫ʻϡ Cut Speling ʤֻװƤФƤ Upward ˤȿͶȤˤʤäμݤεǡ

Crystal, David. "Isaac Pitman: The Linguistic Legacy." English Today 55 (1998): 12--19.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 276--77.
Upward, Christopher. "In Defence of Spelling Reform." English Today 57 (1999): 31--34.

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2011-01-13 Thu

#626. ֥ե󥹸ŪʸǤפȤ [french][history][academy][language_myth][standardisation]

ե󥹸ϱѸ˾äȤפʳǤȤäƤǤϤʤѸΤߤʤ餺Ѹʹߤˤե󥹸ϱѸФ礭ʱƶڤܤƤ ( see [2009-08-22-1], [2009-08-19-1] ) ե󥹸αƶϤϸäμѤȤäľܤθŪƶФǤʤѸɸಽȤȤʤäѸˤƤϡ衼åѤˤե󥹸¸ߴϥꥹǤαѸɸಽε˾ʤ̻ɷͿ㤨СJonathan Swift 1712ǯ󼨤륢ǥߡΩȤ ( see [2010-12-02-1] ) ϡ˥ե󥹤Υǥߡ ( l'Academie française ) ΩˤʤäȯۤǤʴϢ뵭Ȥ[2009-09-15-1],[2009-09-08-1]򻲾ȡˡ
ե󥹸줬ѸüԤˤäƤɤΤ褦˸ƤȤϱѸˤνפʥȥԥåѸüԤ˸¤餺ս񡤤ƥե󥹸üԼȤˤäƥե󥹸줬ɤΤ褦˸ƤΤȤޤפǤ롥ϡ֥ե󥹸ŪʸǤפȤ͸դ---ؤΩ줫ϡֿáפȤ٤---ɤΤ褦ޤ졤ɤΤ褦˸ߤޤĤäƤΤLodge ˰͵򤷤Ƴ⤷
οäߤοƤȤ٤ϥե󥹤ʸɮ Count Antoine de Rivarol (1753--1801) Discours sur l'universalité de la langue française (1784) ˡͭ̾ "Ce qui n'est pas clair n'est pas franais" ʤ餶Υե󥹸ˤ餺פĤʹߡ19, 20Υե󥹿ͤ Rivarol ȤۤƱݤθ򷫤֤ƤƤꡤե󥹸ŪǤŪǤȤä⳰˳ΩƤä
óΩطʤˤϤĤμҲŪʻ𤬤äοä줿Ǥʤ񳰤ؤ⹭äƤäطʤȤƤϡФ륹ƥ쥪Ϳ1ۤ˹äȤ롥ꥢϥڥ椨ˡֲŪʸסڥƮե󥳤ȷӤĤ֥ޥåʸסɥĤϷפ碌̵ǼʸפȤäΥƥ쥪פǤ롥ե󥹸ϤǤˡŪʸפȤɾäˡΥƥ쥪פʹߤޤޤ夹뤳ȤȤʤä
Υƥ쥪פ̱²Υƥ쥪פƱͤ̾ϳͿΤե󥹸ϤǤ夷ƤǤϡοäϥե󥹹ǤɤΤ褦ޤ졤դΤ16Υե󥹤ˤե󥹸ɸಽưüȯ롥ե󥹸ɸ뤿˲ǥˤ뤫ȤϤۤ񤷤ǤϤʤä²äե󥹸줳äȤȤ졤줳ɸˤդ路ΤȤͤƤΤǤ롥1718ˤʤλפ褹ȡե󥹸򲦸²θϤ˵ȤϤŪǤϤʤȤ졤˥ե󥹸ߤŪʤȤάإեȤƤ椯18ե󥹳̿ˤäƶߤȡե󥹤ϡȤ̤Ρ̱礹뿷ħ᤿줬ɸե󥹸äΤǤ롥ȥǥƥƥΤˡɸե󥹸줬Ѥ줿ȤäƤ褤
ʾˤ顤ɸե󥹸줬ե󥹿ͤˤäơֹ̱ξħפȤǧƤȡñʤ⥳ߥ˥θǤʾդƤȤʬ롥椬Ρֹ̱ξħפפ⤫٤ʤͤȡե󥹿ͤΥե󥹸ؤλפʤƿäؤλפˤޤ˶ͳ褯ʬΤǤϤʤ
Ҥ뤬äƱѸɸಽβߤȥե󥹸ΤȤϤޤäۤʤäƤ롥ꥹǤϡֱѸᥤꥹ̱ξħפȤռϤäȼ夤
֥ե󥹸ŪʸǤפȤäؤΩ줫Τ뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤʾ˿äޤ칭ޤäƤŪΤ뤳Ȥ̣줬¾ɤΤ褦˸뤫ȤϡطʤȴˤƤʤΤǤ롥

Lodge, Anthony. "French is a Logical Language." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 23--31.

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2010-11-18 Thu

#570. bury 첻ʬ [dialect][me_dialect][standardisation]

[2010-11-10-1]εǡűѸ y ѸǤȯãˤ³[2010-11-11-1]εǤϡmerry ( OE myrig ) 夲ʣ Chaucer αѸ˺ߤƤ뤳Ȥ򸫤Ǽ褦ˡ礭ʬ3˶̤ƤѸΤɤȯֻɸѸȤ夹뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ϥäȹͤ롥
٤ηϤĤळȤǤ롥(1) <i> /ɪ/(2) <u> /y/(3) <e> /ɛ/ 3Τʤǡ(1) Ǥ¿ɸǼ bridge ( OE brycg ), kiss ( OE cyssan ), kin ( OE cynn ), lust ( OE lystan ), sin ( OE synn ) (2) 첻ϸѲƤ뤬blush ( OE blyscan ), church ( OE cyrce ), much ( mycel; for mickle see [2010-11-12-1] ) ʤɤκפĤƤ롥Ǥ⾯ʤΤ (3) Υפǡknell ( OE cnyllan ), merry ( OE myrig ) ʤɤɸȤäƤ롥
ơޤǤϸɸȤƺѤ줿֤ȤäʤƤˤη֤ϤɤʤäƤΤ󥰥ɤνϡѸʹߡߤ˻ޤ¸ߤ³Ƥ롥㤨СѸͳ褹 /ɛ/ ¸Ƥ븽ɸ bury ϡǤϤɤΤ褦ȯƤΤ
ʤȤˡUpton and Widdowson Map 1 ˤ buried 1첻ʬۤ޼ƤʸѸȤϤäƤ20ȾФλǤʬۤǤ뤳Ȥաˡˤȡ󥰥ɤǤ /ɛ/ ԤʤƤ뤬CambridgeshireǤ /ʌ/ ȯԤʤƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ޤDurham Ǥ㳰Ū /a/ ȯ⤢롥
ɸȯ /ɛ/ εǤ Kent ޤǡ/ɛ/ Ǥʤ /ʌ/ ԤʤƤȤΤ϶äǤ롥ɸȤʤ٤򤫤Ĥ󶡤Ƥʤ顤ɸŪȯѤ褦ˤʤäΤ̯<u> ֻ /ʌ/ бƤΤ顤ष§ŪȤ⤤롥
ʤϡɸѸη֡פˤߤ­ƤޤȤ¿θȡäȤ⤷ʤʣʡˤλ¤ФƤΤʤȼ´

Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.

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2010-11-10 Wed

#562. busy ֻȯ [spelling][lme][me_dialect][spelling_pronunciation_gap][standardisation][map]

ѸֻȯЪΥˤϼŪطʤ롥ŪΤĤˤĤƤ[2009-06-28-2]εˤ (2) ǼΤˤƤʤѸ𤬤äspelling-pronunciation gap ȤƸѸˤޤǻĤäɬ¿ʤˤϤƱѸŪʻ𤬤ä
busy ʵڤӤ̾ business ˤˤȤäƹͤƤߤ褦busy 1첻 <u> ֻʤ /ɪ/ ȯ򼨤ǡѸäΤʤǤǹ٤Ե§ʸȤäƤ
θõˤϡѸθʤФʤʤ[2009-09-04-1]Ǹ褦ˡѸΥ󥰥ɤˤΤʬ¸ߤ󤽤θűѸˤʹߤζѸˤ¸ߤ٤κϤȯãʤϤʤȹͤƤ褤Ǥ⡤Ѹ줬λפȸƤФ졤¸ߤܤΤϡ񤭸դɸबԺߤȤǡ񤭸դΤˤФɽƤǤ롥̻ϼäդΡ¤פ񤭸դξȿǤ̤Ȥ1ĤθФʣֻΩȤʤäʤκǤü㤬[2009-06-20-1]ǾҲ𤷤 through ֻǤˡ
14ʹߡˤ䤫˥ɥȯͤν񤭸ɸ餷ΤƤ롥αѸˤɸλߤζ줷ߤˤȤСѸϤνϤˤʤɥŪˤθǤꡤޤ񤫤ή͡ΤĤܤǤ⤢äɥפȤʤ礦٤Τʤ顤֤򤫤ơʬŪˤϿͰŪˡʬŪˤϼȯŪɸ餷Τ줭ΤǤ롥
嵭طʤ򤷤Ѹ첻äܤűѸ <y> ֻˡ/y/ ȯˤɽ蘆ƤֻȯϡѸγǤϤ줾켡Τ褦ɽФƤ

Dialect Map of ME Reflex of OE y

绨Ĥˤäơ󥰥Ǥ <i> /ɪ/Ǥ <u> /y/Ǥ <e> /ɛ/ Ȥʬۤ򼨤ֻ <u> ϥե󥹸ֻαƶǤˡäơűѸ <y> äƤϡѸǤˤä֤͡졤ȯ줿Ȥˤʤ롥ʲɽ򼨤򻲹ͤ˺ˡ

 Southwestern, West-MidlandNorth, East-MidlandSoutheastern (Kentish)
OE forms/y//ɪ//ɛ/
byrgan "bury"burybirybery
bysig "busy"busybisybesy
cynn "kin"kunkinken
lystan "lust"luste(n)liste(n)leste(n)
myrge "merry"muriemyrymery
synn "sin"sunnesynnesenne, zenne


ơ̤ν֤ɥ濴ȤϰǺä񤭸ɸब֤򤫤ƽ߽ФȤˡ夫ͤм¤̯˻פ֤¿θǤϡֻȯåȤɸȤʤä㤨Сmerry η֤ɸಽǤ롥ġθɸɤͳ褹뤫ϥȤ褦ʤֻȯåȤˤʤäƤΤ̤äȤθǤϡȯϤΤΤɸಽֻ̤ɸಽȤȤäbusy Ǥꡤȯ /ɪ/ ǽŪɸȤƺѤ줿ֻ <u> Ѥ줿ơΤϤʴطߤˤޤǼѤƤ롥bury ʤ̾ burial ˤƱͤλǡߡֻȯδطϤԵ§Ǥ롥
ʤߤˡϿޤϤ褽ΤΤǤꡤˤäƤ첻ʬۤΰۤʤΤºݤǤ롥㤨СLALME Vol. 1 dot maps 371--73 ˤ busy 1첻ʬۤƤ뤬<u> δԤ West-Midland ء<e> <i> 첻ĥФƤ롥ޤdot maps 972--74 Ǥ bury 1첻ʬۤƤ뤬Ϥ <e> <i> ϡֻפγǤѤѤȻ롥äˤ <e> <i> ϤȤ˹ǽŤʤäʬۤƤȤΤΤʤȤ
η֤ˤߤȤƤϡ[2009-07-25-1] ( one will / won't ) , [2010-03-30-1] ( egg ) 򻲾ȡ

סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ38ǡ
McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.

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2010-02-27 Sat

#306. Samuels Ѹȯã񤭤Ȥɸ4 [standardisation][chaucer][auchinleck][chancery_standard]

Ѹ14Ⱦ顤Ѹ˽񤭤Ȥɸ ( written standard ) Фκ顤Ѹ줬ޤǤΥե󥹸äʸؤΤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ깭Ѥ񤭤Ȥɸब褦ˤʤä񤭤Ȥɸȯãʣǡޤ޵깭Ƥ뤬νȯȤ Samuels ν񤭤Ȥɸ4פͭ̾Ǥ (165--70)ʲˡHorobin (13--15) 򻲹ͤˤޤȤƤߤ롥

Type 1: the Central Midlands Standard ȤƤΤ롥John Wycliffe Lollards ȷӤĤʤɤΥƥȤ˻Ĥ񤭤ȤС

Type 2: 14Υɥܷ˻Ĥ񤭤ȤСɥпȤμ̻ˤä1340ǯ˽̤줿 Auchinleck ܤΥƥȤޤࡥ¾ˡ(1) The Mirror: BL MS Harley 5085, (2) Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, MS 282, (3) Glasgow University Library MS Hunter 250 ޤࡥ1380ǯ˰ͤμ̻ˤäƽ̤줿(4) BL MS Harley 874, (5) Bodleian Library MS Laud Misc. 622, (6) Magdalene College, Cambridge, MS Pepys 2498 ʤɤޤࡥNorfolk Suffolk ɥذ̱͡θħȿǤƤ롥

Type 3: 1400ǯΥɥν񤭤ȤС(1) Hengwrt MS of The Canterbury Tales, (2) Ellesmere MS The Canterbury Tales, (3) Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, MS 61 of Troilus and Criseyde ʤɤκǽ Chaucer ܤޤࡥ¾ˤϡɥ󡦥ɤο丨ʪڿͤȤä̱Ͽ Thomas Hoccleve μɮ̾μܷޤࡥCentral Midlands ħ򼨤

Type 4: 15 Type 3 ֤񤭤Ȥɸࡥ"Chancery Standard" ȤƤФ롥1430ǯʹߡʸ̤˸Ƥ롥Central Midlands Τ North Midlands ֤äħ򼨤

Type 4 Type 3 ֤䡤Type 4 ߤν񤭤ȤɸȤʤطˤ뤫ˤĤƤ¿⤵˸椬ʤƤ

Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
Horobin, Simon. The Language of the Chaucer Tradition. Cambridge: Brewer, 2003.

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2010-02-18 Thu

#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ [caxton][printing][spelling][standardisation][german]

[2009-12-24-1]εǡ15Ⱦ Caxton England ˰Ѥ⤿餷аޤˤĤƽҤ٤̤ˡΰѤƳϡ15Ⱦ˿ʹԤƤѸֻɸಽʤȤƲᤵƤ롥ѸˤθŵΰĤȤ٤ Baugh and Cable ϡѤαƶ򼡤Τ褦ɾƤ롥

A powerful force thus existed for promoting a standard, uniform language, and the means were now available for spreading that language throughout the territory in which it was understood. (Baugh and Cable 201)


Caxton ˤѤƳֻɸಽ˹׸ɤϵ路ȤФƤƤ롥

The introduction of the press did not at first assist the adoption of the standard, but over time compositors became more familiar with it and helped to ensure its triumph. (Blake 205 as cited in Horobin 79)


. . . while the advent of the printing press was an important factor for the standardisation of written English, this was a gradual process which even by the close of the fifteenth century still remained unfinished. (Horobin 87)


ˡѤϤषޤĤäƤֻ variation ˹̤ɸಽ˵չԤή߽ФȤո餢롥

. . . it is an irony in the history of the development of the standard that the orthography of early printing represented a backward step when compared with the established conventions of chancery English. (Görlach 24 as cited in Horobin 79)


λܤεŪʰոȴϢơϥɥĸν񤭸ɸಽξפФʲΰѡ

The inflectional system remained unstable during the following Early New High German period. One of the major factors for the instability was ironically the growing standardisation of written language. To quote R. Keller, "the growth of a written standard language spread regional features to other areas and by making them supra-regional increased variation and thus morphological confusion" (German 410) (Hotta 27)


Ѹξ硤嵭ΰոϡCaxton ΰȼԤ spelling λȤܺ٤ʬϤƤߤȤϤʤ餫ˤʤʤεϡĤʸ˾νФ͡ɾǽǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ȥƶ̣

Horobin, Simon. The Language of the Chaucer Tradition. Cambridge: Brewer, 2003.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
Görlach, M. Studies in the History of the English Language. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1990.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Keller, R. E. The German Language. London: Faber, 1978.

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