ְʼδѸظإͥ28ƤޤδοǸ롤ȤФΡɸಽסڰʼδѸظإͥ # 28 ۡǤ
ԤΰͤȤƴؤäᴩظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡˤĤ YouTube ǾҲ𤵤Ƥޤhellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥ⡤ο֤ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡؤΥĥäƤޤ
hellog #4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1])
heldio #361. ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤ɤߤɤ
heldio #363. ظɸಽͤ٤Ѹɸಽ2ܤͤҲ𤷤ޤ
ܽκħϡƱɮԤγơ줾ͤФƵѤƥȤäƤ뤳ȤǤƼɮԤͤȯɽƽǤϤʤ餬Ȥˤδ顤ۤʤˤФưäƤȤݤǤ奢ˤСּɮԴ֤¿ĥåߡפȤȤǤμ¸ŪʻߤϡܽƤƤоȸˡ (contrastive_language_history) ΥץθȤޤ嵭 YouTube Ǥϡ֡ʵˤǥĥåߤ륹פȤƥƥåפǾҲ𤷤ƤޤʾСˡ
ŪˤϤɤΤ褦ʥĥåߤԤʤƤΤܽѤƤߤޤޤϺˤܸɸಽ˴ؤ͡5ϡȤФȸʸספꡤʸפȤȤ館ֽȤФʸΤʸΤΤ˸ؤפȤսФơ䤬ѸˤΩ줫鼡Τ褦ʥĥåߤƤޤ (p. 82)
ڱѸˡġۡ17ȾΥɤλӤ롥ܤʸϤν𤬡ƥܸʸ̮ǤʸΤ椻ˤѸƱΤ椻ˤؤڤؤĤĤäȤСå˥塼ȥ (1647--1727) ϡ1687ǯ Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica إץԥ٤ƥǽ1704ǯˤ Optiks ظء٤ѸξμͤƤϤޤꡤѸӲǽǤ롥äȤܤξˤƱ2ѼǤΤФơɤξˤϥƥȱѸȤ2ǤꡤľӤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤĤθѼ郎̤ҲŪǽȤϽʬӤ롥
伫ȤαѸɸಽ˴ؤ͡6ϡѸˤˤɸಽ١פˤ3ĤɸಽȤȤǰФơɥĸˤȤԻ˼ŪʥĥåߤƤƤޤ (p 107)
ڥɥĸˡġۡɥĸˤξ⡤ƱλĤɸಽȤꤹ뤳ȤǽǤϤ롥1ϡΡʸء1170~1250ǯˤɽɥĸǡˤϤ٤Ķϰäλ줬θ˼ѤϤ14ʹߤԻˤƸŪʸɥĸǽα졤˥륿Ф18Ⱦ˥ɥĸʸϸɸಽ뤹롥줬2ȤȤ롥3ȤȤǤɸಽϡSiebs ˤإɥȯ (1898) ʹߡ饸ȥƥӤȯãȤȤ˿ʹԤƤä
衤˸ԤˤĤƤ뢤˸ԤȯˤοȤȤϡؽѤǤϰŪǤϤޤǤǤޤǤƤΤ褦ʳۤѶŪȯDzƤȤΤΡоȸˡפǤΥĥåߤ⡤ǤʤŪķȯŪʤΤǤ̤ܽơΡֳؽŪĥåߡפƤƤޤҤΥΥڤߤ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ
ε#4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ǤϡѸɸಽˤĤ2ܤͤǺܤƤ롥1Ĥϻ߷Ļرءˤˤ7ϡѸɸಽν --- 20ʹߤ濴ˡפǡ⤦1ĤΡ6ϡѸˤˤɸಽ١פǤ롥
⤽ɸѸ (Standard English) ȤϲȤŪˤĤƤϻ⤤ͤ³Ƥޤˤ褯ʬäƤʤʲεʤɤϡǺߤפȤ⤤롥
#1396. "Standard English" Ȥϲ ([2013-02-21-1])
#3499. "Standard English" "General English" ([2018-11-25-1])
#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ ([2012-09-15-1])
#3232. ۲줿ŪѼȤƤɸ ([2018-03-03-1])
#4277. ɸȤͥ줿ΤȤǤϤʤҲŪʼΤȤǤ ([2021-01-11-1])
#1275. ɸѸȯȼҲкѡ ([2012-10-23-1])
#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩäơ ([2012-09-06-1])
衤ɸѸȤϡֳ̤Ѹפۤɤ̣Ѹ줫ϤޤäȻפ뤬ˤβǤĤΤޤˤҿ (prestige) ɤҲŪʼ깤ΤĤ֤餤ѸפȤϰ̤ˤؤäƤޤäΤ褦˻פ롥ɸפΰ̣ΩŪʤΤդΤΤƤƤޤäΤǤϤʤ餯Ƥ濴ϡѸ鸽ѸˤƤ
ƤHorobin (73--74) Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Henry Cecil Wyld (1870--1945) ؤήΤʤ˸ƼäƤ롥
The application of the adjective standard to refer to language is first recorded in the eighteenth century, a development of its earlier use to refer to classical literature. A desire to associate English literature with the Classics prompted a wish to see the English language achieve a standard form. This ambition was most clearly articulated by Jonathan Swift: 'But the English Tongue is not arrived to such a degree of Perfection, as to make us apprehend any Thoughts of its Decay; and if it were once refined to a certain Standard, perhaps there might be Ways found out to fix it forever' (A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue, 1712). By the nineteenth century, the term Standard English referred specifically to a prestige variety, spoken only by the upper classes, yet viewed as a benchmark against which the majority of native English speakers were measured and accused of using their language incorrectly.
The identification of Standard English with the elite classes was overtly drawn by H. C. Wyld, one of the most influential academic linguists of the first half of the twentieth century. Despite embarking on his philological career as a neutral observer, for whom one variety was just as valuable as another, Wyld's later work clearly identified Standard English as the sole acceptable form of usage: 'It may be called Good English, Well-bred English, Upper-class English.' These applications of the phrase Standard English reveal a telling shift from the sense of standard signalling 'in general use' (as in the phrase 'standard issue') to the sense of a level of quality (as in the phrase 'to a high standard').
From this we may discern that Standard English is a relatively recent phenomenon, which grew out of an eighteenth-century anxiety about the status of English, and which prompted a concern for the codification and 'ascertaining', or fixing, of English. Before the eighteenth century, dialect variation was the norm, both in speech and in writing.
Horobin ¾ͤˤƤ⤽ʤΤWyld ȽĴǻդˤ⤷ʤȻפ
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
͡ʸˤɸಽˤȤܤǤޤ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ

Ԥ1ͤȤƴؤäܤǤ5ǯλ֤ưǤǤȯɽȤȤʤäǴ褬Τ褦ʷǷ¤ޤȤ櫓оȸˡפȤϡֳθؤư路ΤǤϤʤ줬ȼΡ (p. 4) ȤƶĴƤȻפޤ㤨бѸܸ٤褦ʡоȸء (contrastive_linguistics) ǤϤʤѸֻˡפֻܸˡפ٤Ƥߤоȸˡ (contrastive_language_history) ȤǤ
ܤħ3˹ʤäƽҤ٤ȡΤ褦ˤʤޤ
(1) Ҳ˸ؾθŤƿ1ġָɸಽ (standardisation) ˾ƤƤ
(2) ʩ5ɸಽβҡˤȤɤޤ餺оȸˡפλФƤʤ٤֤оȤ
(3) ܽθȤʤäǤȤ촶Ƹ٤ŪȤ¿ʥ쥤ȤƳ
ܼϰʲ̤Ǥ
ޤ
1оȸˡסƳ
1ϡƳɸηˤоȤȤȡʹ ԡ Ϻ δ
2ϡʩ --- Ƹˤγά Ϻ δ졦 ԡ ԡ
2ˤˤɸಽλȤо
3ϡܥȥॢåפɸಽʽë ʡ
4ϡɤμ¼ ˡ
5ϡȤФȸʸס Ϻ
6ϡѸˤˤɸಽס δ
7ϡѸɸಽν --- 20ʹߤ濴ˡʻ߷
8ϡեɸȤ --- ˳Ȥե ԡ
9ϡˤɥĸʸϸ --- Ƚ𤵡ʹ ԡƣ á
10ϡɸಽμ֤λ --- ƥŬλ
11ϡʸȥ衼åѸΤϤޤǡ ɧ
Ȥ
hellog ǤɸಽϷ֤夲ƤޤѸɸಽˤϳΤäʤȤ⤢ޤǺΡоȸˡŪʵ̤ơ¾ӤǤӤȤ⤷¿ŤȤǤޤ
оȸˡפȤɤϡ2019ǯ328˳Ť줿ˤƸ˽ƤϪܤޤʡ#3614. 3 HiSoPra* ΤΤ餻 ([2019-03-20-1]) ȡˡθ塤#4674. ֽѸˤóȽλߡס ([2022-02-12-1]) 𤷤褦ˡǯ122ҤȡȤХեΥݥָˤȸŪץå --- оȸˡפλפˤơԼ3ͤǤä뵡ޤܽǤεȤ館оȸˤǤä뵡ͽǤ
hellog ɼԤγͤ⡤оȸˤȤץܤƤФȻפޤ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ롡ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ
ѸνηϤˡּҲءפƤߤɤʤCoulmas ʸϡΤ褦ʻߤǤ롥
ǥ䥳ߥ˥ȯãƤȼưѥѲˤꡤᤤ衤ѸνդϤɤΤ褦ѲƤΤïˤȤäƤ̤ΤΰǤϤ뤬Coulmas (271-72) ĤƤ롥
The admittance of spell checkers and electronic dictionaries in ever-lower grades at school could alter public attitudes toward the importance of spelling.
By virtue of easy access to materials in other languages and automatic translation software, language contact in the written mode has acquired a new dimension.
Non-native written English text is made public on an unprecedented scale.
Communities of vernacular writing are more easily formed. To what extent is this potential actually exploited?
More people partake in word play (Leetspeak, Lolcat) and Internet memes like Doge.
Non-standard and loaded spellings (e.g., imagiNation, a book title prior to Scotland's independence referendum) and cacography (wot? magick, marshall law) can gain currency in ways unimaginable only a generation ago (by 'going viral'). The exposure of the reading public to text on the Internet that has not gone through the traditional filters has grown exponentially. Will this have an effect on what is considered Standard English?
The authority the written word was traditionally accorded could be undermined and the grip of norm-preserving institutions (i.e., school, government printing offices, newspapers, dictionaries) on the language could weaken as a result.
New forms of writing practices evolve as the new media take hold in society. The handwritten CV is already anachronistic, while it is becoming more common for employers to screen job applicants' social media pages. At the same time, digital literacy is becoming ever more important for any employment and full participation in society.
Coulmas εƤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤΤϡΥǥ֤ˤƤޤޤ¿ɸŪʱѸɽӸȤˤꡤɸŪʽΰæʹԤΤǤϤʤȤ̤¾Ϥ뤷ɸफΰæϳؤⲿ餫ηǺѤ˰㤤ʤ٥ߤʤɤǵˤդ路Ȥߤ
Coulmas, Florian. "Sociolinguistics and the English Writing System." The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. London: Routledge, 2016. 261--74.
ε#4708. ѸŪǥη --- Strang, Quirk et al, Kachru ([2022-03-18-1]) Ǹ褦 Quirk et al. Kachru ˤͭ̾3ĤƱߥǥȤȤơStrang ˤ3ʬǥ뤬äȤStrang Ϲ¤ؤ˴ŤѸˤ̾1ĤǤꡤⲿ٤ɤǤѸʬ˴ؤ뵭ҤβսϤۤɥޡƤʤä褦ǡˤȤäƤʤʤȯä
Quirk et al. Τ ENL, ESL, EFL ϡStrang ζʬǤ A, B, C-speakers б롥ޤϡʬѤ (Strang 17--18)
At the present time, for instance, English is spoken by perhaps 350 to 400m people who have it as their mother tongue. These people are scattered over the earth, in far-ranging communities of divergent status, history, cultural traditions and local affinities. I shall call them A-speakers, because they are the principal kind we think of in trying to choose a variety of English as a basis for description. The principal communities of A-speakers are those of the UK, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. There are many millions more for whom English may not be quite the mother tongue, but who learnt it in early childhood, and who lived in communities in which English has a special status (whether or not as an official national language) as a, or the, language for advanced academic work and for participation in the affairs of men at the international, and possibly even the national level. These are the B-speakers, found extensively in Asia (especially India) and Africa (especially the former colonial territories). Then there are those throughout the world for whom English is a foreign language, its study required, often as the first foreign language, as part of their country's educational curriculum, though the language has no official, or even traditional, standing in that country. These are the C-speakers.
ޤǤ Quirk et al. ٤Ƥ⡤ۤȤƱҤȤäƤ褤Strang (18--19) ³ˤơA-speakers Τߤʤ餺 B-speakers ζƱΤ⡤ơΡɸѸפȯŸƤƤΤǤQuirk et al. Ϥ˿Ƥʤˡ
. . . we know that American English is different from British English and within the two, US English from Canadian, Boston from Brooklyn, Southern, Mid-Western or West Coast, or Edinburgh from Liverpool, Leeds or Newcastle. These examples introduce us to an important principle in the classification of varieties. In fact, in all the communities containing A- and B-speakers a special variety of English has developed, used for all public purposes, Standard English. By and large, with rather trivial exceptions, this kind of English is the same wherever English is used, except in one area of its organisation --- the accent, or mode of pronunciation. Different accents characterise the spoken standards of say, England, Scotland and the USA. In England special status is accorded to an accent characterised by its having no local roots, namely RP. Communities with only C-speakers are characterised by having no fully developed indigenous Standard so that they model themselves largely on the Standard (including accent) of one of the major English-speaking communities.
Strang ϡENL ESL 줾ɸѼȯŸȤˤƤޤȤᤢQuirk et al. Ϥδ롼ơQuirk et al. 롼δ Kachru ƤӼ夲Strang ήؤȲȤΤ褦
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
Kachru, B. B. "Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle." English in the World. Ed. R. Quirk and H. G. Widdowson. Cambridge: CUP, 1985. 11--30.
űѸɸ줬äɤȤˤĤƤϡǤˡ#3260. űѸˤɸಽ ([2018-03-31-1]) #4013. ָűѸɸפβ ([2020-04-22-1]) ǹͻƤŪˤϡָűѸɸ ("Standard Old English") ϡGneuss αƶϤΤʸ˴ŤȤǧƤаޤ롥ǯθǤϸűѸˤŪɸϵǤȲᤵ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
Ѽ郎ɸǤȸȤɤΤ褦ʴǤΤ褦˸ΤȤΤ Haugen ɸಽǥǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#2742. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ ([2016-10-29-1]) #2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥʤ Selection, Codification, Elaboration of function, Acceptance 4Ѽ盧äɸȤ櫓Ǥ롥
Haugen δ˽¤ꡤŪˡָűѸɸפȸƤȥ뤤 Ælfric θĿ (idiolect) ϡɸȤǧǤʤɸݤΤȤϲǽ⤷ʤɸ줽ΤΤǤϤʤHogg (401) ⤳ŦƤ롥
No matter how much we modify Haugen's criteria to accommodate a different age, it is difficult to see how we can describe Ælfrician Old English as a standard language. This is not to deny the validity of Gneuss's remarks in general, but it does seem as if he misunderstood their import. There is a viable alternative. This is to claim, following Smith (1996: 65--7), that we are dealing, in the case of Ælfric, with a focused language, rather than a standard language. the mark of a focused language is that rather than having fixed, codified forms, it contains a small amount of internal variation and as such it attract other varieties which have further variations of their own. But these other varieties then tend to adopt at least some of the forms of the focused and more prestigious language.
űѸˡɸפϤʤääΤϡ־줿 (focused) ѼˤʤȤȤǤ롥
Ϣơ#4014. ȥȸȥδط ([2020-04-23-1]) ⻲ȡɸಽε̤ˤĤƤϤ standardisation ɤ
Gneuss, H. "The Origin of Standard Old English and Æthelwold's School at Winchester." Anglo-Saxon England 1 (1972): 453--58.
Hogg, Richard. "Old English Dialectology." Chapter 16 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 395--416.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.
Ѹ˸ǤϡѸȤ櫓18ɸŪȯƱȿƤ18ȤСλפǤꡤˤĤƤФޤ˵ϼ (prescriptivism) λǤ롥#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) ɽȤơɸŪǵŪȯ뼭ȽǤ줿äɸŪϰҲϿ;ϤʤɤʤȿƤ
ͤƤߤСϼθȤΤϡ֡ȤȯˡѤ٤פȤǤϤʤ֢ȤȯˡѤ٤餺פ⤯Ȥ¿Ĥޤꡤػߤ٤Ȥ֢פɸŪʸɽ路ƤΤȲǤΤǤ롥äΤ뤳ȤϡʤΰŪʸ촷뤳ȤˤĤʤΤǤ롥ʸؾξڵ (evidence) ɥȤưΤɤǤ֤ȤäƤ褤Beal ʸϡޤˤΤɤǤ֤ϪƤƤ롥Beal (345--46) ηѤ褦
I hope that I have demonstrated that, even though the authors of these works [= prescriptive works] were prescribing what they viewed as 'correct' pronunciation, a proto-RP used by educated, higher-class speakers in London, they were often acute observers of the variants which were proscribed. In telling their readers which pronunciations to avoid, they provide us with a record of precisely those non-standard features that were most salient at the time. Such evidence can fill in the gaps in the histories of dialects, provide answers to puzzles such as those surrounding the reversal of mergers, and, perhaps most importantly, can provide time-depth to the 'apparent-time' studies so prevalent in current variationist work.
ʸؤˤƤϾڵ꤬ǽפǤ뤳ȤƹͤƤ롥
Beal, Joan C. "Marks of Disgrace: Attitudes to Non-Standard Pronunciation in 18th-Century English Pronouncing Dictionaries. Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology. Ed. Marina Dossena and Roger Lass. Bern: Peter Lang,2003. 329--49.
Ѹˤˤǽֻ (spelling_reform) ϤĤäȤ䤤ˤˤֲספȸƤ֤ˤϰտŪʱİ٤ǤʤФʤʤǤ㤨С#2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ Ormulum ֻֻפλʪȤȤˤʤ
ֻפȤϡ̤ˤСĿͤˤ뱿ưȤϽŪʼҲưؤΤǤϤʤ˽Сֻפκǽηϡ16Ⱦ17ˤƤΰϢ (orthoepy) ԤγưˤäȤäƤ褤餳Ѹ˾ܳŪֻԤäΤˤĤ Carney (467) Τ褦ɾäƤ롥
The first concerted movement for the reform of English spelling gathered pace in the second half of the sixteenth century and continued into the seventeenth as part of a great debate about how to cope with the flood of technical and scholarly terms coming into the language as loans from Latin, Greek and French. It was a succession of educationalists and early phoneticians, including William Mulcaster, John Hart, William Bullokar and Alexander Gil, that helped to bring about the consensus that took the form of our traditional orthography. They are generally known as 'orthoepists'; their work has been reviewed and interpreted by Dobson (1968). Standardization was only indirectly the work of printers.
ˤĤ Carney ϡŪ Brengelman 1980ǯνפʸ˰͵ƤȤäƤ褤Brengelman ʸˤĤƤϡʲεǤƤΤǡ碌ɤǤ
#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1])
#1384. ֻɸಽ˹Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1])
#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1])
#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (1) ([2015-10-30-1])
#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (2) ([2015-10-31-1])
#3564. 17ؼԤˤֻɸಽؤι ([2019-01-29-1])
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
ε#4570. ѸˤϹѸοؽƳΤˤɾƤ ([2021-10-31-1]) ϢươؤˤѸζܤˤĤƤ⡤ѸˤνɾƤ¤Ҳ𤷤Ƥ *
ʸʳؾʤֳʱѸ˥ꥭˤĤơȤʸˤơֱѸʤ˴ؤŪפˤҤ٤Ƥ (7--9) ǤϡֱѸ쥳ߥ˥סֱѸءסֱѸʸءסְʸפ4Ĥηγơ˳ؽɸãɸƤΤܤ٤ϡֱѸءפ˴ؤʸǤ롥Ʊʸ p. 8 Ѥ롥
ؽ
(1) ѸβλȤ
(2) ʸˡ
(3) ѸŪݶ̸ȤƤαѸ
ãɸ
1) ѸβλȤߤˤĤƤ롥
2) ѸʸˡˤĤƤ롥
3) ѸŪڤӹݶ̸ȤƤαѸμ֤ˤĤƤ롥
줾3ܤˤߤֱѸŪפϡޤäƱѸˤȤΰ褬äƤŪΰǤ뤳ȤϸޤǤʤƱֹݶ̸ȤƤαѸפ⡤ǯμҲŪθ줿ѸˤդȤʬǤ롥3ܤΤ1ĤôäƤפǤ롥ʤˤС12ܤαѸβʸˡ⡤ʤѸˤΰǤäʰʾˡ˥СƤ롥
Τ褦˱ѸˤܤαѸ춵ˤɾƤ뤳Ȥ餷ȤȻפѸˤѸ춵ˤ˹Ǥ뤳Ȥ줫⼨Ƥ¿αѸ춵طԤˤϡұѸˤ˴ؿƤФڤ˻פǤ
Ѹ춵ѸˤγǤϤΤƤ뤳Ȥʿ30ǯ2018ǯˤ˹줿ֹعؽƳΡʿ30ǯ˲⡡ԡѸԡʿ30ǯ7ǤϡѸˤνɾƤ롥ˤѸʤΤ뿷ƳΤˤơѸˤ䤬äǧƤȤȤ *
31ᡡƳײθפ7 (214--15) ˼Τ褦ʸ롥
7˸ǽϤθޤ顤ưʤɤˤƹʤϢȤޤꡤƳθ̤ȤȤˡܸȱѸθäɽŸʤɤΰ㤤䶦˵դطʤˤˤʸʤɤФ褦פ뤳ȡ
ܸѸطʤˤˤʸפؤ¥ˤϡܸˤѸˤθȤȤǤ롥θˡΤ褦³ (215)
θϡǽϤθ夬عˤؤӤμ䡤ΤˤǽϤΰ˴ؤפʲǤȤʿ28ǯ12鿳IJ˴ŤʤλƳƤȤΤĤʤˤĤƽҤ٤ΤǤ롥
춵ȱѸ춵ϡؽоݤȤʤϰۤʤ뤬˸ǽϤθܻؤΤǤ뤿ᡤ̤ƳƤƳˡ̤롥ƳعˤƻƳƤƳˡŬڤϢȤ뤳ȤˤäơѸ춵̤ܸħ˵դꡤ춵̤ƱѸħ˵դꤹʤɡܸȱѸθȤƤζͭħؤεդ¥ȤˤꡤǽϤθŪʰˤĤʤƤȤפǤ롥
ܸȱѸθȤƤζͭħؤεդפ¥ȤϡޤܤˤƱѸؤѸˤôäƤǤ⤢롥
ˡ32ᡡƤμ谷äƤθפ4ܤ (217)
4˸ɸŪʱѸˤ뤳ȡ͡ʱѸ줬Ū˹ߥ˥μʤȤƻȤƤ֤ˤθ뤳ȡ
ɸѸȤȤˡѸ (world_englishes) ¸ߤˤդʧ٤ȤƤ롥͡ʱѸ줬¸ߤºŤ٤Ǥ뤳ȤϡѸˤ̤ƺǤŪ뤳ȤǤ롥αѸ˸ˤơѸؤδؿޤäƤƤ뤳Ȥϡ#4558. ѸˤѸ ([2021-10-19-1]) ʤɤǤƤ̤Ǥ롥
33ᡡˤĤƤθפ2ˤϡľŪ˱Ѹˤ˴ؤʸǧ (219)
2˱ѸѤƤ͡濴Ȥοܿͤ͡衤¯ʪ졤ˡʸʳؤʤɤ˴ؤΤ椫顤̤ȯãʳ䶽̣ؿ¨ŬڤŪ˼夲ΤȤδθ뤳ȡ̸ά
Τ褦˱ѸˤϡؽƳΤˤɾƤꡤפ䤬ǧƤ뤳ȤĴƤ
Ѹ (world_englishes) ϡ쥤ǥ (linguistic_ideology) ȷӤĤ䤹Ѹε (cf. linguistic_imperialism) ⤽1ĤȿǤǤ롥ΤȤϡ#4466. World Englishes ؤ6ĤΥץ ([2021-07-19-1]) ǤƤ롥
⤽쥤ǥɤΤ褦˲᤹뤫#2163. 쥤ǥ ([2015-03-30-1]) 1Ĥθ Bhatt (293) θҲ𤹤롥ޤʬѤ롥
Language ideologies, broadly construed, refer to beliefs, feelings, and conceptions of language structure and use that to serve political and economic interest of those in power . . . . Under this view, language---English, for our purposes---is used as a resource to promote and protect the econo-cultural and political interests of those in power; however, it must be noted that language ideologies are rarely brought up to the level of discursive consciousness.
ʿС쥤ǥȤϡθȤθϤ˴ؤ뿮ǰηϤǤꡤռ˾뤳ȤʤतΤΡȤȤˤʤ롥Bhatt (293) ³ơΥǥκˤ3ĤεŪȤ
The three semiotic processes underlying the ideological representation of language variation are: iconization---the process that fuses some quality of the linguistic feature and a supposedly parallel quality of the social group and understands one as the cause or the inherent, essential, explanation of the other . . . ; fractal recursivity---the projection of an opposition made at one level onto some other level so that the distinction is seen to recur across categories of varying generality; and erasure---selective disattention to, or non-acknowledgment of, unruly forms of linguistic variation, those that do not fit neatly into predetermined paradigms of linguistic descriptions.
Ūʸ츦ϸ쥤ǥβΤ˹뤬Ǥ⤽⤽Τ褦ʸ츦椬θ쥤ǥΩӤƤǽˤꡤդפ롥ݡ餫θ쥤ǥΩӤƤʤ츦ʤˤϤʤȤäƤ褤
Bhatt, Rakesh M. "World Englishes and Language Ideologies." Chapter 15 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 291--311.
դäդ̤ΤǤȤԤϤäƤ롥ΤˤϽդ1ĤνפʵǽǤꡤ켫Τϴְ㤤ǤϤʤϡäդȽդϡɽ魯2ĤΩΤǧƤ롥ΤξԤδطϿ§ȤƸߤΩƤ롥ʤ봶ФäդİСդϻФȰۤʤäƤ뤷ǽˤƤⴰ˰פ뤳ȤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
äդȽդϸ§ȤƸߤΩΤǤꡤԥäȰפ뤳ȤϤʤȤȤĤġǤϱѸˤǤξԤϤɤΤ餤ΥƤΤ뤤ߴäƤΤȤȤȤܸˤǤȤΡָʸԡ˰ספǤ롥
ܸˤ٤ФȤĤΰոѸˤˤƤϡѸ줬դդ줿Ȥ줬ƱäդɤΤ餤褯ȿǤƤСŪ褯פ褦˻פ롥ܸǤδʸʸʸ´ʸʤɡäդ礭æդѤƤѸǤϤۤɤ礭ʰæϤߤʤä
ѸˤλǤСդäդ˺ǤܶᤷƤΤѸä⤷ʤȯΤޤֻ˾äȤǤ⡤դ˰ҿͿɸ줬¸ߤʤäȤǤ⡤ξΤܶᤷƤȤ
ΩĸűѸ䡤³ѸˤƤϡξΤεΥŪ礭ä褦˻פ롥űѸαʸϡָʸءפȤϤƱäդɽ路ΤȤϹͤʤˤƤϡ֥ȥɸפ⸽졤ѸǽޤǤ٤αƶϤݤäѸ줫ѸˤƤϥƥեʤɤΰҿää̤ήդǤƱäդι⤤ʤ줿Τ褦ˤĤơSchaefer (1285--86) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
[M]ost of what has come down to us in writing should be considered as influenced by the very medium that allows us to look into these historical linguistic data. However, if we compare the poetic evidence from the early 8th century to the prose evidence from the 12th, it is probably the latter that brings us closest to what may be considered to mirror the spoken language of the respective period. Albeit that the former must have been heavily informed by the pre-Christian oral culture, its form most certainly does not reflect conceptually 'spoken' language. Moreover, English was only firmly reestablished in writing in the 14th and 15th centuries. In that period English in writing obviously profited very much from the literate languages Latin and French . . . . The influence of Latin continued well into the Modern period and hence made the disparity between prose writing in the then establishing standard and the actual spoken language even wider.
ѸˤǤϡषˤäդȽդεΥޤäƤƤȤͤ롥饸ƥӡͥåȤʤɤεѤ˻٤ơΤˤ륳ߥ˥Ūξδ֤ζܤ⽾ۤΤǤϤʤʤäƤƤ뤳ȤطƤ
ƱռεȤơ#3210. 夬ˤĤ졤դεϿŪäդФȤʤ뤫ݤ ([2018-02-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
Schaefer, Ursula. "Interdisciplinarity and Historiography: Spoken and Written English --- Orality and Literacy." Chapter 81 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1274--88.
ѸˤǤϡѸɸಽĹ֤ˤ錄äȿʹԤȤΤƤ롥ĹɸಽβλϤޤȽɤ֤ԥݥȤǻŦ뤳Ȥ14Ⱦ Chaucer λ˨꤬ߤ졤18εϼλˤ褽뤲줿ȤƤ
ɸಽȤϡδ餤С¿ȤȤǤ롥ֻǤСƱñФʣ֤֤ͣۤɸŪȤȤ14Ⱦ18ޤDZѸ줬ɸಽӾˤäȤȤϡʤλˤ¿쾯ʤ¿äȤȤǤ롥
Trudgill (2047--48) ѸɸಽӾˤߤ줿Ū¿ˤĤơ̾̾ʸԤ꼡Τ褦ȯȰѤƤ롥
"the precise regional dialect constituents of London English were not finally fixed in their present proportion and distribution during the 15th century, nor indeed for some time after the beginning of the following century" (Wyld)
"in London circles during the 16 c and 17 c many different usages [...] were jostled together" (Strang)
"the modern standard has a heterogeneous dialect base" (Lass)
"coexisting subsystems" (Samuels)
"rival pronunciations" (Wells)
"it is tempting to ask what dialects were not present in this Londonish-East Midlandish-Northernish-Southernish 'single ancestor' of Standard English" (Hope)
Ǥϡ¿ϲͳ褹Τ͡Trudgill ˤС (dialect_mixture) ȤΤȤǤ롥Ĺ֡ڤɥ¿οܽ͡³ƤɥޤäͤϤषɤǤꡤˤĤƸХɥϤޤΤĤܤäΤǤ롥Τ褦ʾǤϡκ礬֤Ǥꡤʿ (dialect_levelling) ˤ֤פȤȤ
ĹɸಽϡḽѸˤŪԵ§ȵ§ΤޤͤƤ褦˻פ롥ѸΤʬ§Ūǡ̤ʬԵ§ŪʤΤϡ¿嵭λ˵ȤäƤ褤
Trudgill, Peter. "Varieties of English: Dialect Contact." Chapter 130 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2044--59.
529ڡˤ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻10ҳȳǰѡ֤ޤ12ΥǤ褤轪פäƤޤԼͳ¿ΤʤäƤ˴פޤĤ̤ꡤ䥳Ȥ¿ޤ
Τäμݤϰʲ̤Ǥ
15Ⱦ?16ȾΥɤϡ衼åѤǻϤޤäƤҳȳǰѤȯȤ˾طʤˡȤȤơޤήȤȤơɬĤϺƤǤκޤǤˡѸϥɤιȤ뤲ƤΤΡгŪˤС줿ƥΰҸˡޤؤȤϤޤǤѸˤǤŪΩʤƱܤ褿٤λؤ館ޤ
ιֺ¤Ѥ饤ɤ˸ޤʲ˥饤ɤγƥڡؤΥĥäƤޤ
1. Ѹˤȸ츻10ҳȳǰѡ
2. 10ҳȳǰ
3. ܼ
4. 1. ҳ
5. ϩάǯɽ
6. ҳ夬⤿餷 --- Ѹˤδ
7. 1492ǯڥαɸ
8. 2. ǰ
9. Ѥάǯɽ
10. ƥ٥륯 (1400?--68)
11. ꥢࡦ㥯ȥ (1422?--91)
12. ѤȶȤƤαѸ
13. Ѥֻɸಽؤι
14. ְѤƳֻɸಽʤؤε
15. ֻɸಽϤޤǴ˿ʹԤ
16. 3. ΰ줿Ѹɤ
17. Table Alphabeticall (1604) by Robert Cawdrey
18. ޤȤ
19. ʸ
Υ11ϡ֥ͥȽספǤ2021ǯ731ڡˤ15:30?18:45˳ͽǤѸˤȤäơƥĤĤĤȤƼΩƤȤ⤬ƤƣλǤֺ¤ξܺ٤ɤ
ɸಽ (standardisation) ɸɤߤ뤫ȤϡҲؤνפʥȥԥåǤ롥ѸǤСɸѸ (Standard English) ȤϲȤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ͡ʷǰäƤ##1228,1237,1245,1247,1275,1396,3207,3232,3499,3780,4093εåȡˡ
ɸˤϰҿ (prestige) տ路ƤΤ̤Ǥ롥ʿɸ¾ѼְΤסְΤפȤäƤҲŪˤޤޤΤ褦դƤȤ̣ǡְΤפΤǤäơŪ¾ѼͥƤȤޤߤäơְΤפ櫓ǤϤʤԤΰ̣ˤơְΤפΤǤȺФƤޤȤ¿ˤդ٤Ǥ롥
ǤϡҲŪˡְΤפȤϤɤȤ¤ϰΤⲿȤʤΤǤ롥1ĤμȤƼҲ濴˿ƤꡤΥӥ뤿ˡͭ̾ܤ䤹ȤȤˤʤǤϡ̹դ̥ޥʡʤɤμह롥νȤ Horobin (72--73) ΤΤǤ롥
. . . many people today insist that Standard English is inherently superior. Such a view implies a misunderstanding of a standard language, which is simply an agreed norm that is selected in order to facilitate communication. We might compare Standard English with other modern standards, such as systems of currency, weights and measures, or voltage. No one system is inherently better than another; the benefit is derived from the general adoption of an established set of norms.
Another useful analogy is with the rules of the road. There is no reason why driving on the left (as in England) should be preferred over driving on the right-hand side (as on the continent and in the USA). The key reason to choose one over another is to ensure that everyone is driving on the same side of the road.
ɸϡƱդƤҲŪʼǤꡤ餳ҲŪʤΤǤ롥Ȥä¾Ѽ٤ܼŪͥ줿ѼǤ櫓ǤϤʤҲŪʼѤСɸȤʤѼѤ뤳Ȥ롥äƤޤС٤ʪǤ롥դä겡Ƥ
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
920ˡ2020ǯѸ˸ˤơ̴Żҥѥ䥪饤ȤäѸ˸ μȲǽפȯɽԤȤƻäޤZoom ǤΥ饤Ǥ߳˲ʹԤޤʴΤƤμŤޤǤäˤʤޤ߷ءˡȯɽԤβջʵءˤȵءˡӻüԤ٤ƤˤϡŤʵȥԥ졼ޤ鿽夲ޤ
ȥåץХåλ伫ȤȯɽǤϡLAEME & LALME ѤѸ˸פꤷơѸɽ2Ĥλ女ѥ LAEME eLALME Ҳ𤷤ޤ³ơΡ֥ǡ١Ѥˤ륳ѥ --- Early English Books Online 濴ˡפꤹȯɽǤϡѸɽ륳ѥ EEBO corpus Ҳ𤵤ޤǸˡˤCorpus of Global Web-Based EnglishGloWbEˤѤ World Englishes βǽפȤȯɽˤꡤ21 World Englishes ħ GloWbE ƳޤʢˤȤä̤ΤäΤǶäϢ³Ǥˡ
ơȯɽϥѥξҲȥǥˤȤɤޤ餺βǽѾաפˤޤǿ줿ƤǤꡤȯɽΥǥåǤϡѸ˸ˤƥѥѤϤɤΤ褦ʰյĤΤȤˡδοʵˤޤƧ߹褦˻פޤʻ֤СäȵȤǤˡ
Ѹ졤Ѹ졤21ѸȤ3ĤΰۤʤαѸоݤȤѥ¤٤Ƥߤ櫓ǤäƤ餤ȹͤ⤫ǤޤƱѸΥѥȤϤоݤȤ夬ۤʤǡʤλ⸡η̤⥤ե⤳ޤǰۤʤΤȤȤǤϡֳơλˤѸΡʼҲ˸Ū礭ۤʤäƤ뤫顤ϢươʸθԤԻ˥ѥΤ礭ۤʤ餶ʤפȤȤǤϤʤȻפޤ
դߤСƻΥѥɤΤ褦Ի졤ɤΤ褦˻ѤƤ뤫ѻ뤳ȤˤꡤλαѸΡʼҲ˸Ū⤭ĦˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤƻ头Ȥħ줤⤭ĦˤʤäƤ褦ǤС¤٤ƤߤСαѸ˵ҤȤʤˤʤСƻΥѥȼ³ߤʤΤŦƤСλظˤƩƸƤΤǤϤʤȡ֥ѥΤߤѸˡפΤ褦ʻߤǽȤʤäƤǤ
ˤߤƤޤѸɸԺߤʤΤǡñ褦ȤƤ⡤⤽ɤֻǸФ褤ΤȤȯ餷Ȥʤޤ (cf. #1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1])ˡºݡѸ켭 MED ǤñˤƤ⡤ϫ뤳ȤޤLAEME LALME Ǥ⸡եˤ͡ʹפϤʤƤޤϤμ丫ŤɬפǤΤǡñǤȤϸƤޤ¤ɸʤ櫓Ǥ顤פޤ
˽ѸǤEEBO ϸեʤˤȤäĤ䤹츫ȸΤΤ꤬褦ˤϸޤѸŪˤϤޤɸಽϺƤˤȤɤޤꡤɸಽã줿Ȥϻ𤬰ۤʤޤĤޤꡤɸȤܤΤƥåȤƤ⡤¤Ͻϳ줬¿ƤޤΤǤˤϼƤȤ lemma ⡤ºݤˤϻפۤ٤Ϲ⤯ޤȤ꤬äѤǤ
Ǹˡ21ѸνѼоݤȤ GloWbE ˤĤƤϡʥݥȡ˸Ѹ줬Ǥ顤ʤɸϤƸǤޤBNC COCA Τ褦ʡ̤ΡץѥȰۤʤΤϡ֤븡̤Ѽͳ褹¿ͤȤȤǤ
绨ĤˤޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤޤ
| ɽѥ | ˡʤɤȿǤ֥ѥΤ | ʼҲ˸Ū | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ѹ | LAEME, LALME | ˡ | ɸʤ |
| Ѹ | EEBO | ˡ츫Ȱפ | ɸȾüˤʤ |
| 21Ѹ | GloWbE | ˡפ | ɸϤ뤬εǽѼˤä¿ |
ε#4151. ɸಽȵϲδط ([2020-09-07-1]) ǰѤʸϤΤʤˡAnson ΰѤޤƤAnson ʸϡꥫѸˤ color, humor, valor, honor ʤɤ -or ֻȯŸˤ¾ŪĴǤ롥1740--1840ǯ˥ꥫȯԤ줿ʹΥॵץѤĴη̤ä˿ͤ롥ꥹѸֻ -our Ф륢ꥫѸֻ -or ϡ̤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) θӤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ϤۤɴñǤϤʤʲAnson (47) ˤĴΤޤȤʬǤ롥
Most obvious is the appearance of both -or and -our through the century, but gradual change can be detected from the -our extreme in 1740 to the -or extreme in 1840. Only small and sporadic change occurred around the time of Webster's strongest influence, which suggests that if he did contribute to the dropping of -u, his contribution was slow to take effect.
A key year appears to be 1830 --- after the appearance of Worcester's dictionary and the public attention, during the previous decade, to Webster's and Worcester's battle of dictionaries and spellers. . . .
On the whole, then, the American usage chart shows a slow but steady movement toward the -or spelling. No doubt the movement spilled at least into the first quarter of the twentieth century, when sporadic cases of -our were still to be seen. Aided by later dictionaries, which have looked to usage or other American authorities, the shift to -or is now virtually complete.
ĴɤȡWebster ʤȼԻä Worcesterˤֻؤαƶ1830ǯʹߤ˾Ϥ뤬ŪʱƶȤۤɤǤϤʤäȤ -our -or ؤΥեȤδϡ줫ͥ˿ǯԤʤФʤʤäΤǤ롥Webster ϡեȤοޤȤƤˤȤɤޤäƤȤ
λ㸦椫顤Anson (48) ϸѲɸಽȵϲδط˴ؤ뼡ΰƳФȤƤ롥
. . . usage and authority work mutually and each tends to influence the other and be influenced by it. A highly respected dictionary may influence the way an educated public spells debated words; on the other hand, no authority --- even Webster --- can hope to change a firmly entrenched spelling habit among the general public. The chances are good that, had the public not been moving steadily toward -or forms, we might still be spelling in favor of -our, despite Webster. While Webster may have served as a catalyst for some spelling changes, he was not, for spelling reform, the cause celebre many have assumed. Most of his reforms never caught on. Curiously, spelling reform on a large scale, like Esperanto and other synthetic languages, has never appealed to the public as have changes introduced organically and from within. Proponents of spelling reform argue quite convincingly that their proposals meet a real public need for simplicity, precision, and uniformity; yet often the public allows linguistic changes that work in just the opposite direction. Usage, then, is a highly resistant strain when it comes to 'curing the ills' of the language, and it ultimately determines its own future.
εμݤ˾Ȥ餻СΰƬ "usage" ɸಽȡ"authority" ϲɤؤƤ褤
Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.
ɸϡ#1245. ʣŪβȤƤνȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1])#1246. Ѹɸಽȵϼδط ([2012-09-24-1]) ǤƤǤ롥Ѹξ˴ؤǯͤɤǤȡεϲȤΤϡɸಽٿʤǤʤ¤ϤޤʤΤǤϤʤȤ¿ʤäƤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤϼθ̤ϴ¸ɸಽη˰첡äۤɤΤΤǤꡤɾƤϤʤȤǶɤ Percy (449) ƱݤεŸƤ롥
With increasing precision, scholars have independently established that mid-eighteenth-century prescription more often "reinforced" than "triggered" the stigmatization of specific grammatical variants. Studies of spelling have revealed similar trends. In general, such popular lexicographers as Samuel Johnson . . . and Noah Webster followed rather than established norms: in Anson's words, though "usage and authority work mutually ... no authority---even Webster---can hope to change a firmly entrenched spelling habit" (1990: 48)
In the case of double negation, it seems clear that "natural" standardization preceded explicit prescription. Sociohistorical corpus studies of late medieval English documented that double negation receded from educated usage long before eighteenth-century grammarians condemned it. Key contexts seem to be writing generally and professional language specifically . . . .
ʤƶϤΤĿͤ佸ĤǤ⡤λѼԤΤǤҲ߽ФήܼŪѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ뤤ϾʤȤƶˤϡƱդ롥
ΰѤǿƤ롤"double negation" ¤ϵϼषƤȤŪʻŦˤĤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1]) ȡ
Percy, Carol. "Attitudes, Prescriptivism, and Standardization." Chapter 34 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Oxford: OUP, 2012. 446--56.
Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.
ѸˤˤơɸѸ (Standard English) ľܤεϤɤˤ뤫֤ɤˤ뤫פȤ⡤षԤ֤ɤ֤ΤפȤǤ뤫顤ʸ롥դɸಽ Chaucer 14˲"Chancery Standard" 15Ⱦȯã˸ڤơդλɸಽȤ븫ŪˤϤ롥ɸѸľϢʤΤϡ֤ɤפǡ֤ġפʤΤȤϡɸಽ (standardisation) ȤϲʤΤȤܼŪȷӤĤʤʤ
Crowley (303--04) ϡɸѸη˴ؤͤνȤ "Renaissance Origins" ꤹƤ롥ɸಽΥߥ˴ؤ1ĤθȤơƶ٤ƤΤǡޤޤѤThomas Wilson, George Puttenham, Edmund Spenser Ȥ16̾ͤθդڤơϤΤɸѸ쵯ŸƤ롥
The emergence of the English vernacular as a culturally valorized and legitimate form took place in the Renaissance period. It is possible to trace in the comments of three major writers of the time the origins of a persistent set of problems which later became attached to the term "standard English." Following the introduction of Thomas Wilson's phrase "the king's English" in 1553, the principal statement of the idea of a centralized form of the language in the Renaissance was George Puttenham's determination in 1589 of the "natural, pure and most usual" type of English to be used by poets: "that usual speech of the court, and that of London and the shires lying about London, within lx miles and not much above" (Puttenham 1936: 144--5). In the following decade the poet and colonial servant Edmund Spenser composed A View of the State of Ireland (1596) during the height of the decisive Nine Years War between the English colonists in Ireland and the natives. In the course of his wide-ranging analysis of the difficulties facing English rule, Spenser offers a diagnosis of one of the most serious causes of English "degeneration" (a term often used in Tudor debates on Ireland to refer to the Gaelicization of the colonists): "first, I have to finde fault with the abuse of language, that is, for the speaking of Irish among the English, which, as it is unnaturall that any people should love anothers language more than their owne, so it is very inconvenient, and the cause of many other evils" (Spenser 1633: 47). Given Spenser's belief that language and identity were linked ("the speech being Irish, the heart must needes bee Irish), his answer was the Anglicization of Ireland. He therefore recommended the adoption of Roman imperial practice, since "it hath ever been the use of the Conquerour, to despise the language of the conquered, and to force him by all means to use his" (Spencer 1633: 47).
There are several notable features to be drawn from these Renaissance observations on English, a language which, it should be recalled, was being studied seriously and codified in its own right for the first time in this period. The first point is the social and geographic basis of Wilson and Puttenham's accounts. Wilson's phrase "the king's English" was formed by analogy with "the king's peace" and "the king's highway," both of which had an original sense of being restricted to the legal and geographic areas which were guaranteed by the crown; only with the successful centralization of power in the figure of the monarch did such phrases come to have general rather than specific reference. Puttenham's version of the "best English" is likewise demarcated in terms of space and class: his account reduces it to the speech of the court and the area in and around London up to a boundary of 60 miles. A second point to note is that Puttenham's definition conflates speech and writing: its model of the written language, to be used by poets, is the speech of courtiers. And the final detail is the implicit link between the English language and English ethnicity which is evoked by Spenser's comments on the degeneration of the colonist in Ireland. These characteristics of Renaissance thinking on English (its delimitation with regard to class and region, the failure to distinguish between speech and writing, and the connection between language and ethnicity) were characteristics which would be closely associated with the language throughout its modern history.
ѹͥ16ˡ(1) ŪŪ˸ꤵ줿ҿѼȤơ(2) äաաפȡ(3) ָ̱²פΤȤ߽Ф줿Ѹ졥줬ޤϢʤ "Standard English" ľܤεǤ뤳Ȥ¤ΤʤʸϤФƤ롥ȤɶȤƻȤۤɡɤ߱ΤʸϤƱΥȤȤץ쥼ơȵӤǡƤ⤹äȼƤޤ褦ʰᡥΤ褦ʸϤ褦ˤʤꤿΤ
嵭 Puttenham ͭ̾ʰˤĤƤϡ#2030. ꥹ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-17-1]) ǸʸƤΤǡ⻲ȡ
Crowley, Tony. "Class, Ethnicity, and the Formation of 'Standard English'." Chapter 30 of A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 303--12.
űѸΥȥ˴Ťաʼ˥ڥˤŪͤǤ뤳ȤˡФСָűѸɸ ("Standard Old English") Ȥɽʹ롥"(Late) West-Saxon Standard", "(Late) West-Saxon Schriftsprache" ʤ͡ʸƤ뤬ˤָűѸɸפȸ뤳Ȥ¿
ºݤΤȤָűѸɸפȤ˸䤹Ƥ̾Ǥ롥μҲؤδ餹СϤۤȤɡɸפȸƤ٤Ƥʤcf. #3260. űѸˤɸಽ ([2018-03-31-1])ˡɸ٤͡ꡤ"standard", "standardised", "fixed", "focused", "focusing", "diffuse" ʤɽѸ줬ΩƤ뤬Τ褦ʰϢμ٤ΤʤǡָűѸɸפɤդ˰֤ŤΤȤСͤλ䤿ŵŪ˻פ⤫٤ɸפΰ֤ΥƤ˰㤤ʤ͡ʽѸˤĤƤϡ#3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ ([2018-02-06-1]) ȡˡ
Mengden (28) ϡָűѸɸפͶ˴ؤơΤ褦մƤ롥
If a standard is understood as an institutionalized variety that, among other things, serves as a means of communication bridging several local and social differences in the usage of a language, the hypothesis of a Late West Saxon standard involves two problems. First, it is not falsifiable, because we have no clues as to how widely a deliberately regulated variety may have made its way outside the scriptoria. And second, the idea is implausible because it is not clear how a variety attested in a number of specialized scholarly texts should have spread into other areas of society given that literacy was limited to a rather small elite. What is plausible, though, and for this we do have evidence, is that there is an influential intellectual elite which has an enormous impact on the literary productivity in late Anglo-Saxon England, and who seem to have used the language of their works in a deliberate and comparatively uniform way.
εŪΤǤ롥ˡ̤βս (27) ǼΤ褦ˤƤ롥
. . . we are dealing with a set of texts covering a limited range of scholarly fields. It would be problematic to deduce the existence of a genuine standard language from the relative homogeneity of the Winchester texts alone. Indeed, the very fact that the documents representing "Standard Old English" all derive from a tight network of authors and instigators in a predominantly monastic context --- all in all a rather small, albeit influential, group of people --- speaks against rather than in favor of the wider use of their linguistic features outside these circles. It is therefore justified to speak of orthographic conventions characteristic of the Winchester school, perhaps of a West Saxon Schriftsprache, but it is difficult, if not impossible to make judgments about the scope and influence of the Winchester conventions.
ָűѸɸפˤĤơΤ褦ˤޤȤƤȥŪѰʽդϡ켫ΤűѸɸಽ˹ȤϤʤϸ¸ʸ˸űѸʸȾȿǤƤȤ¤ʾǤʲǤʤ
Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.
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