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standardisation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2020-04-21 Tue

#4012. եå粦αѸ˾ΰյ [history][oe][anglo-saxon][alfred][monarch][standardisation]

եå粦 (King Alfred) ϡꥹ巯Τʤͣ粦 (the Great) 򴧤ƸƤФ̾Ǥ롥ꥹ˾Ǥɾ⤤ȤϤ褯ʬ뤬ΡֱѸ˾ΰյפȤ顤Mengden (26) β⤫3ۤȴФƤߤ褦

(1) 󥰤οߤ᤿Ȥˤꡤ󥰥ɤιȤƤαѸϰ̤ݤä

ˤ if ǤϤ뤬⤷եå粦󥰤餱Ƥ顤󥰥ɤιȤƤαѸ줬졤ɬŪ˶ʹߤαѸŸ⤢ʤäȤˤʤ롥Ѹ줬˾äȤȤ⡤ʤȤҿŪʸȤƤϰ̤ݤ³뤳Ȥ񤷤äեå粦ξϡDZѸ˾夭ƽʰյġ

(2) פοʤˤꡤ¿αѸʸ߽Ф˻Ĥ

ϡΤˤХեå粦αѸ˸ΰյȤ٤⤷ʤ϶פʤ뤳Ȥˤꡤܤ̤͢Ȥ櫓༫Ȥ¿쾯ʤؤäȤűѸؤΤפǤex. Gregory the Great's Cura Pastoralis and Dialogi, Augustine of Hippo's Soliloquia, Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae, Paulus Orosius's Historiae adversus paganos, Bed's Historia ecclesiastica) Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Martyrology ΤȤϤޤäȤ롥

(3) 2η̤ȤơűѸˤơѸ˾̤αѸ컶ʸ߽Ф졤񤭸դɸಽʹԤ

³̤αѸ컶ʸλФϡϤѸ˸ΰյ礭Ȥ٤Ǥ롥ޤ񤭸դɸಽˤĤƤϡθѸæɸಽ˶ѸκɸಽʤɤŪĬήͤȤѸ˾ΰյ뤳Ȥؤʤ

Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-23-1]

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2020-02-05 Wed

#3936. h-dropping ȽȥꥷѸ [greek][loan_word][renaissance][inkhorn_term][emode][lexicology][h][etymological_respelling][spelling][orthography][standardisation][prescriptivism][sociolinguistics][cockney][stigma]

Cockney ȯȤΤ h-dropping ˤϡŪطʤ롥ѲȯֻδطüѡҲŪɾʤ͡ʴͻɬפꡤѸ˸ˤƺǤä1ĤȤäƤ褤ܥ֥Ǥ h γƵǰäƤȤ櫓#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
h-dropping ؤ (stigmatisation) ޤäΤ17ʹߡä˵ϼǤ18ΤȤǤ롥ֻɸಽˤäƸ츻Ū <h> 경ȯˤƤб /h/ ¸٤ǤȤϤ줿h ϡɸŪֻ츻μʡᶵܡˤ̵ͭ¬롤ҲŪʥȥޥȤƤεǽΤǤ롥
Minkova ˤСλΩĥͥ󥹴ˡΤȯ h ޤ८ꥷ줫μѸ줬̤ήƤȤ⡤h-dropping ̵ܤϢ򶯤뤳Ȥ˹׸Ȥ#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΤ15--17ˤϥꥷγؽѸ줬¿ѸήθäϹ⤤ܤȶӤĤƤꡤֻȯ h ޤޤƤ뤫ɤΤäƤ뤳Ȥϡοͤζܤ򼨤Х᡼ȤʤꥷѸ¸ߤϡ17ʹߤ h-dropping ȽΤΩƤ򤷤Ȥ櫓ѸŪ΢դ줿ƶ٤ŦȻפMinkova (107) Ѥ롥

Orthographic standardisation, especially through printing after the end of the 1470s, was an important factor shaping the later fate of ME /h-/. Until the beginning of the sixteenth century there was no evidence of association between h-dropping and social and educational status, but the attitudes began to shift in the seventeenth century, and by the eighteenth century [h-]-lessness was stigmatised in both native and borrowed words. . . . In spelling, most of the borrowed words kept initial <h->; the expanding community of literate speakers must have considered spelling authoritative enough for the reinstatement of an initial [h-] in words with an etymological and orthographic <h->. New Greek loanwords in <h->, unassimilated when passing through Renaissance Latin, flooded the language; learned words in hept(a)-, hemato-, hemi-, hex(a)-, hagio-, hypo-, hydro-, hyper-, hetero-, hysto- and words like helix, harmony, halo kept the initial aspirate in pronunciation, increasing the pool of lexical items for which h-dropping would be associated with lack of education. The combined and mutually reinforcing pressure from orthography and negative social attitudes towards h-dropping worked against the codification of h-less forms. By the end of the eighteenth century, only a set of frequently used Romance loans in which the <h-> spelling was preserved were considered legitimate without initial [h-].


Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2019-12-04 Wed

#3873. ֻɸಽ경餳ѸνηϤʣˤʤä [spelling][standardisation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][writing][orthography]

17αѸֻζ岽ɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤ Scholfield (160) ηˤɸ̷˿Ƥ롥ֻѤʤʤäƤޤäȤˤꡤֻȯбطʤηϤϡ֤ФƤзФĤۤƤ줫ƤΤȤƶ⡤ϱѸνηϤ˸¤餺ɤνηϤˤƤϤޤϤȤ

Thanks to the completion of the fixing of lexical spellings associated with standardization, four centuries brought little apparent change to English writing. However, when we look more closely we see that, as happens sooner or later for all writing systems that have been standardized in the same way round the world in national languages, due to sound change, the letter-sound correspondences become ever more complex. The choice of English not to naturalize loanword spellings and only incompletely to apply reason to resolve inherited variation exacerbated this. In essence the fact that the spelling of English words has 'not changed' much in recent centuries disguises the fact that, as a consequence, the English writing system, in the sense of the letter-sound correspondences, has massively changed and become even more complex, while morphemic reference has strengthened. By contrast the appearance of writing was never quite so firmly standardized and has changed rather more due to technological change and the impact of universal psychological requirements.


Ѹֻɸಽ경ȤˤꡤѸηϤˤȯֻбطƩˤʤäƤȤΤϡ̣ǥͥƥ֤ʻŦΤ褦ʹ롥ѤФݥƥ֤˲򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥Ѹֻɸಽ경ϡѸηϤɽʸŪʤΤɽʸŪʤΤؤȥեȤȤǤ롥ԤθǤϱѸηϤΥȥԡ礷Ƥ褦ʹ뤬ԤβǤϤषȥԡϸƤȤǤ
ʲεǤĥƤ褦ˡḽѸֻδܸϡɽȤɽˤΤ

#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1])
#2312. Ūɽܻؤֻפ ([2015-08-26-1])

Scholfield, Phil. "Modernization and Standardization since the Seventeenth Century." Chapter 9 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 143--61.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-21-1]

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2019-12-02 Mon

#3871. åȥɱѸˤ wh- ǤϤʤ quh- ֻʸ Alexander Hume [scottish_english][scots][standardisation][spelling][orthography]

ε#3870. Ѹˤ wh- ʤ q- ֻ ([2019-12-01-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡ̤ Older Scots ˤƤϡѸƱͤˡwh q ǻϤޤֻǽ񤫤Ƥ16ˤʤȥ󥰥ɤɸŪֻαƶåȥɤˤڤӡquh- ʤɤֻϡ¤äֻȤ졤ʪФμȤʤä
1617ǯåȥɤǤֻǰƬ Orthographie and Congruitie of the Briþan Tongue 路 Alexander Hume ϡܤΤʤ quh- ֻʸHume ϤֻʪФμȤʤääϪƤ⤤롥ΰä Crystal (53) Ѥ褦

. . . to reform an errour bred in the south, and now usurped be our ignorant printers, I wil tel quhat befel my-self quhen I was in the south with a special gud frende of myne. Ther rease [rose], upon sum accident, quhither [whether] quho, quhen, quhat, etc., sould be symbolized with q or w, a hoat [hot] disputation betuene him and me. After manie conflictes (for we oft encountered), we met be chance, in the citie of baeth [Bath], with a doctour of divinitie of both our acquentance. He invited us to denner. At table my antagonist, to bring the question on foot amangs his awn condisciples, began that I was becum an heretik, and the doctour spering [asking] how, ansuered that I denyed quho to be spelled with a w, but with qu. Be quhat reason? quod the Doctour. Here, I beginning to lay my grundes of labial, dental, and guttural soundes and symboles, he snapped me on this hand and he on that, that the doctour had micle a doe to win me room for a syllogisme. Then (said I) a labial letter can not symboliz a guttural syllab [syllable]. But w is a labial letter, quho a guttural sound. And therfoer w can not symboliz quho, nor noe syllab of that nature. Here the doctour staying them again (for al barked at ones), the proposition, said he, I understand; the assumption is Scottish, and the conclusion false. Quherat al laughed, as if I had bene dryven from al replye, and I fretted to see a frivolouse jest goe for a solid ansuer.


ֻͥˡåȥɤϼˤ줿ΤǤ롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-10-29-1] [2021-05-13-1]

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2019-11-30 Sat

#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶ [spelling][j][v][punctuation][standardisation][apostrophe][capitalisation][punctuation]

ƥ줬ѸʤҤƤϸθѸˤν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶˤĤƤϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 褯ΤƤ롥ƥϡҿΤȤƥͥ󥹴˱ѸɸಽΤܤˤʤäȤϳΤƱΥ衼åѤǤե󥹸졤ڥ졤ꥢ⡤Ѹν񤭸դ˾ʤ̱ƶͿƤѸˤǤ⤢ޤ궯Ĵ뤳ȤϤʤ̣˽פʻ¤Ǥ롥
Scholfield (158) ˤСŦƤ롥

<i> <j><u> <v> ζ̤ϡƥǤϤʤڥ䥤ꥢˤä̤ˤ¥줿cf. #1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]), #2415. ޿Ūɽֻ׼ John Hart ˤפơ ([2015-12-07-1])
long <s> οϡ餯ΦαƶǤcf. #584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])
ݥȥե (apostrophe) ƳΦ
ʸ (capitalisation) Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäΦ
Φθ줫ѤȤˡѸǤֻѸ첽˼뷹⡤嵭νƱ򼨤
ΰΤ⥤ꥢե󥹤ʤΦ褿Τä

Scholfield (158) ΰʲλŦϡ֥ƥ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶװʾˡ֥衼åѽ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶפؤܤƤ롥

. . . those with influence over how English writing developed were at least in the sixteenth/seventeenth centuries motivated to locate English as a modern European national language perhaps rather more than as another classical language.


ѸϡۤΥǥȤƤƥǰƬˤƤŪŨмԤĶϼԤȤ뤷ƤΤϡƱΥ衼åѤνäȤȤˤʤꤽ

Scholfield, Phil. "Modernization and Standardization since the Seventeenth Century." Chapter 9 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 143--61.

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2019-11-29 Fri

#3868. ѸֻˤߤѰۤθ§ [spelling][standardisation][orthography][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

ñγơˤϷޤä1Ĥֻ롥ϸɸѸɤ߽񤭤򽬤äƤ䤿ˤȤäơޤΤȤǵ٤ʤʤ doubt ˤȯʤ <b> Τʤ one /wʌn/ ȯΤʤɡͤùߤɤϤ뤬ʤ줳ñֻ1Ĥ˷ޤäƤ2Ĥ֤ʤΤʤɤ䤦ȤϤʤɸŪֻ뤤ϡֻ 1Ĥ˷ޤäƤΤȻפǤ뤷Ǥʤפ⤫٤Τ񤷤⤷ʤæ餹٤ơְִ㤤פȤΤˡ (orthography) ȯۤκǤ롥ֻΡѰۤθ§ (the principle of invariance) ȸƤФ롥Cook (12--13) Ѥ롥

The principle of invariance
One implicit assumption about the modern English writing system is that a word is always spelled in the same way, regardless of its sound correspondence: scissors has to be spelled <scissors> not <sizerz>, even if the latter corresponds more accurately to its pronunciation /sɪzəz/. A written word is seen as fixed and unchanging. A limited dispensation from invariance is afforded to proper-names, as in Vivian, Vyvyen, and Vivien, Vivienne (with a gender difference between the first two and last two in British English); the possessor of a name can insist on how it is spelled or said, say Keynes /keɪnz/ for the economist or Menzies /miŋgɪs/ or C. J. Cherryh with final silent <h> for the novelist. / This insistence on invariance is comparatively new in English, and is often at odds with consistent letter to sound correspondence rules.


ѤκǸˤ褦ˡºݤˡѰۤθ§פ餵ƤˤʹߤȤäƤ褤250ǯۤɤδ֤ȤäƤѰۤθ§פǤΩƤ褦ȤƤаޤֻ̾ɸಽפȾΤ졤ѸˤƤƻΤϼ¤ĹäѸ˴ˤ䤫˻ϤޤꡤѸޤǥ³ΤǤ롥γάˤĤƤϡ#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ˤ衤ѸˤˤơѰۤθ§פϿΤǤȤ¤õƤ

Cook, Vivian. "Background to the English Writing System." Chapter 2 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 5--23.

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2019-11-18 Mon

#3857. رѸ춵٤Ϣ9֤ʤѸΥڥ󥰤ˤۻ¿Τ [rensai][notice][silent_letter][consonant][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][sound_change][phonetics][etymological_respelling][latin][standardisation][sobokunagimon][link]

1114ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ12ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ9Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤѸΥڥ󥰤ˤۻ¿ΤפǤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ12



ۻ (silent_letter) ȤΤϡclimb, night, doubt, listen, psychology, autumn ʤɤΤ褦ˡڥ󥰾Ͻ񤫤ƤΤˡбȯʤΤ򤤤ޤñΥڥ󥰤򤯤ޤʤõȡ¤ a z ޤǤΤ٤ƤʸˤĤۻȤѤƤ㤬󤲤Ȥ⤤졤ѸؽԤˤȤäƤϼ¤˿ȶʤΤǤ
εǤϡۻȤΤǽ餫¸ߤ櫓ǤϤʤޤˤΤʤƤݤǤ뤳ȡġۻλϰۤʤ˰ۤʤװƤΤǤ뤳ȤפҲ𤷤ޤ
ϢܵɤۻŪطʤγѤĤǤȡܥ֥ǽ񤤤ƤΤ褦򡤱ѸˤΤʤΤ˰֤Ťʤ򤹤뤳ȤǤϤǤ

#2518. Ҳۻ ([2016-03-19-1])
#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1])
#34. thumb ֤ȯ ([2009-06-01-1])
#724. thumb ֤ȯ (2) ([2011-04-21-1])
#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ ([2014-07-12-1])
#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1])
#2590. <gh> ޤñˤĤƤס ([2016-05-30-1])
#3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ ([2018-06-12-1])
#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respelling ([2009-08-21-1])
#1187. etymological respelling ζ ([2012-07-27-1])
#579. aisle --- ʤֻȯ ([2010-11-27-1])
#580. island --- ʤֻȯ ([2010-11-28-1])
#1156. admiral <d> ([2012-06-26-1])
#3492. address <dd> ˤĤ (1) ([2018-11-18-1])
#3493. address <dd> ˤĤ (2) ([2018-11-19-1])

δ졡֤ʤѸΥڥ󥰤ˤۻ¿ΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ12桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ111462--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-10-1]

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2019-11-10 Sun

#3849. ֻ츻ء [etymology][lexicology][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][writing][grammatology][orthography][standardisation][terminology]

츻 (etymology) ñθ츻򰷤ʬǤ뤳ȤϼμϰϤ̩뤳Ȥϰճ񤷤ؿѸؼŵ٤ etymology ιƤߤ褦

etymology ̸͡ʸ츻ʳءˡˡ츻Ȥϡ衤η̸ȯͤỌ̇̄Ѳˤǽʸ¤ꤵΤܤ뤳ȤˤäʸޤʸκǸŤθ̣ʤΡֿΰ̣ (etymon) ؤǶǤ etymon Ʊˡΰ̣ˡȯãˡޤƸ츻ȹͤ뤳Ȥ¿Τ褦˸εط餫ˤ뤳ȤŪȤ츻ؤϡη֤Ọ̇̄оݤȤˤƸ (lexicology) ΰʤޤ etymon 餫ˤˤơŪʸ (historical linguistics) Ӹ (comparative linguistics) ˡ̤ѤȤ̱²ؤˡ͸ųؤ̤Ѥ롥äƸ츻ؤϡñ濴ȤȯãˡʸˤȤȤǤ褦


嵭ˤȡ츻ؤȤϸεȯã餫ˤʬȤȤˤʤ뤬⤽ȤϷỌ̇̄δϢŤʥ˥եȥ˥եηˤˤäΩäƤΤǤ뤫顤ɤδϢŤεȯãɵ椹뤳Ȥ츻ؤŪȤȤˤʤ롥ǸΡַפȤΤϡȤȯΤȤǰƬ֤Ƥ褦ʤ˻ˤäƤϡʸɽ줿ֻ⤳˴ޤޤΰѤǤϸֻʤεȯãˤˤĤŪˤϿƤ餺츻ؤԿǤ뤫Τ褦˸򤵤줫ͤʤֻ츻ؤνפʸоݤǤ뤳ȤŪ˼ĥ뤿ˡֻ츻ءס"etymology of spelling", "orthographic etymology" Τ褦Ѹ줬äƤ褤
¿αѸ츻ŵ OED ˤơֻ츻ŪʵҤͿƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥ñֻεȯã򵭽Ҥ뤳Ȥò츻ŵϤʤѸֻ츻ؤ˭ǡΩʬȻפΤ
ʱѸ˸츻̤ˤĤơʲε⻲ȡ

#466. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ ([2010-08-06-1])
#727. 츻ؤμΧ ([2011-04-24-1])
#1791. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ (2) ([2014-03-23-1])
#598. Ѹ츻ؤά (1) ([2010-12-16-1])
#599. Ѹ츻ؤά (2) ([2010-12-17-1])
#636. 츻ؤγԤȤƤ OED ([2011-01-23-1])
#1765. ܤǽ¤ƤѸ츻ؤ Klein αѸ츻ŵ ([2014-02-25-1])

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

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2019-10-14 Mon

#3822. رѸ춵٤Ϣ8֤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻ϸߤ˰ۤʤΤ [rensai][notice][vowel][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][me_dialect][sound_change][phonetics][standardisation][sobokunagimon][link]

1012ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ11ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ8Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻ϸߤ˰ۤʤΤפǤ
Ѹϥڥ󥰤ȯδطȥ졼ȤǤϤʤȤޤϤȤ櫓첻ˤĤƤϤޤޤȤСmat mate ǤƱ <a> Υڥ󥰤ѤƤʤ顤Ԥ /æ/Ԥ /eɪ/ ȯ褦ˡ1ĤΥڥ󥰤Ф2ĤȯбƤϤˤޤդƱȯǤۤʤ륹ڥ󥰤֤뤳Ȥϡmeat, meet, mete ʤɤƱָפФ狼ޤ
εǤ <u> 첻ܤ줬ɤ첻б뤫ͤƤߤޤŪˤ bus /bʌs/, bull /bʊl/, busy /ˈbɪzi/, bury /ˈbɛri/ ȤñˤȤꡤˤƤΤ褦ʡԿԤʡץڥ󥰤ȯбƤƤޤäΤ򡤱Ѹˤδ⤷ޤˤ񤤤褦ˡָߤΥڥ󥰤ϡۤʤ˰ۤʤװѤ³ŪƤ̤λѡפǤطʤˤϡäȶäͳޤ򤭤򤪳ڤߤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ11



ϢܵȴϢơܥ֥ΰʲε⤴

#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1])
#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1])
#570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1])
#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#563. Chaucer merry ([2010-11-11-1])

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ8󡡤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻Ϥ줾ۤʤΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ11桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ101262--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-03-1]

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2019-09-02 Mon

#3780. Foley ˤɸѸȯŸפε [standardisation][hel_education][demography][me_dialect][black_death][printing][caxton]

䤿ʳؤӡѤƤɸѸ (Standard English) ˾夤ȯŸƤȤϡѸˤκǽץơޤ1ĤǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ standardisation ε濴͡˼夲ƤʤȤ櫓#3231. ɸ˼­򤪤 Blake αѸ˻ʬ ([2018-03-02-1])#3234. ָȿʹ֡׸ (HLC) νմߥʡɸѸȯãˤĤäޤ ([2018-03-05-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ѸɸಽˤϡɤαѸˤγǤɬ夲ؤγ路 Foley ν񤤤Ƥ "The Development of Standard English" Ȥ1᤬֤褤ʸϤǤ롥򲡤ʤ顤ʽŪɸѸȯŸ˾ˤޤȤƤ롥3ڡˤ錄ΤǡѤΤˤ褷ûϤʤȤιɤȤƤȤʤΤǡPDFѰդƤ
εҤƤ1ĤϡɸѸΥ١ȤʤɥѸ줬κʪǤ뤳ȤˤĤơŪаޤʬ䤹ƤƤ뤳ȤȤŪǤ¿ʬ˴ޤǤɥαѸ줬14--15ΤˡкŪ˱ɤƤο͸ήŪǤˤϡ14Ⱦι¤˵͸ήưιޤؤäƤˡ15ˤϡʤǷкŪ˽äüԤ⡤¿ɥξήؤήߡ̤ȤơκȤƤΥɥѸ줬Ωơ줬ɸѸΤȤʤäƤäΤǤ롥
⤦1ܤ٤ϡѸˤ˸ꤵʤŪΩ줫顤ɸಽ3Ĥξ󼨤Ƶ᤯äƤǤ롥1ĤϡкŪŪͭϤϰθ졦ɸȤʤȤȡ⤦1Ĥϡθ졦꡼ȽĤΤΤǤ뤳ȡǸˡʸä졦ɸȤʤ䤹ȤβǤ⡤ʲľܰѤƤ

To summarize, the rise of Standard English . . . exhibits a number of important general points about the how and whys of language standardization: first, if economic and political power is centralized in a particular area, the language of that area has a strong likelihood of being the basis of the standard, as the center imposes its hold upon the periphery (Standard French based on the Parisian dialect is another example of this); second, the standard is likely to be based on the speech of economically and politically powerful social groups, the elite, as their speech becomes imposed upon or diffused to lower status groups; ability to speak this dialect now becomes emblematic of higher social standing and thus a desirable skill, a kind of symbolic resource further empowering the elite, who may control access to the dialect through the education system, as is clearly the case in most modern nation-states; and third, a language or dialect which is the basis of literate forms and other cultural activities is a strong candidate for an imposed standard (Standard Italian based on the Tuscany dialect of Dante exemplifies this). (Foley 403)


Foley, William A. Anthropological Linguistics: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-16-1]

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2019-08-21 Wed

#3768. ִ¿ͤʲߤʤ롤٤μʡ [standardisation][japanese][writing][alphabet][grammatology][kanji][romaji][me_dialect]

ε#3767. ܤ̡ ([2019-08-20-1]) ˰³İθѤˤĤơİϡܸɽΥ޻αưˤͿƤʤäإܥ󼰤ܼȤˤͤùޤʤä褦Ʊβοͤǡإ޻٤񤤤ڤؿ󤻤ҲˤϤäȤʤäȲۤƤ뤬ʰġp. 176--77ˡ޻ȼҲϢŤƹͤƤ᤬롥̸޻䥫ʤǽ񤭼äƤİˤȤäơܸ򤽤ƱˤʤȤפäΤ⤷ʤ
(177) ϡİΥ޻Ѥ䲾̾ѡӤ΢֤ȤƤδѤˤĤơΤ褦˰ѤƤ롥

¸٤סʰȬˤǡֺ椬ɽ̾ȤʤĤƹԤޤ޻񤭤ȤʤĤƹԤĤơΤޡ񤭽Ф줿顤ܤθ줬ɤդȤˤʤǤ餦פȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ȯ򤽤Τޤޤ˽񤯤褦ˤȡˤ⤿餵ΤϺʬǤʤȤǧȤȤǤ롥ҲΥ᡼ȤϢưƤΤǤϤʤ϶İˤȤäƤϡְפȤ¿ͤʲߤʤ롤פμʤäΤ⤷ʤ


źθˤˤơʤ븢ϤäƤƤ⡤͡äդ¿ޤळȤǤᤷϤʤ񤭸դˤơΤ褦äդ¿ߤʤ뤳ȤϤǤ롥ºݡʸĶҲ¿Ǥϡ񤭸դɸಽ̾ΤȤˡޤˤΤȤԤʤäƤΤǤ롥κݤˡɽʸѤۤȯ¿ߤʤ䤹ȤϤޤǤʤɽʸϡ̤ȯ򥹥ȥ졼Ȥɽ路Ƥޤˡȯ¿ʤȤ񤷤ŪˤСɽʸɽʸȤǤϡԤΤۤɸಽ˸ƤȤȤ⤷ʤ¿ʤȤƤɽʸȤȤ館ŪͤƤȻפ
˽Ҥ٤Ƥȯ򤽤Τޤޤ˽񤯤褦ˤȡˤ⤿餵ΤϺʬǤʤȤǧפϡ䤿ˤⶦ䤹ΤǤϤʤѸˤߤСѸޤˤΤ褦ʺʬλäΤǤ롥θˤƤɸŪֻȯãƤȤˤʤ롥#929. Ѹ󥰥ɸδפȤʤäͳ ([2011-11-12-1])#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1])#1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1]) Ϥ me_dialect γƵ򻲾ȡ

ϯضİܸζ١ʿ޼ҡʿ޼ҿӡ2008ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-26-1]

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2019-04-30 Tue

#3655. Ȥͣι׵᤹ͳ [sociolinguistics][standardisation][language_planning]

ŵŪʶȤϡǸŪѤͣΡֹפ׵᤹롥ʣθѸǤ륹٥륮ʥʤɤιȤϾʤ餺¸ߤ뤬ʹߤˤ򿶤֤СȤۤȤܻؤ餫ˡ1ȡ1פäȤϡ§Ȥ1ĤθѼֹפȤƤޤĤꤢʤͭƤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʶḽιȤ˽°Ƥ䤿ΤۤȤɤϡΤȤΤȤȤ򤷤ƤꡤƼ䤹뤳Ȥ򤷤ʤƤʤȤͣι׵᤹ΤʤΤ
ǶᡤѸɸಽˤˤĤƺƹͤ뵡񤬤ꡤHaugen θŵŪʸɤľƤߤˡȤܻؤȤϡ"internal cohesion" "external distinction" ǤȤŴͤɤʸߤĤʸ̮⥫СĤġѤ褦

   The definition of a nation is a problem for historians and other social scientists; we may accept the idea that it is the effective unit of international political action, as reflected in the organization of the United Nations General Assembly. As a political unit it will presumably be more effective if it is also a social unit, it minimizes internal differences and maximizes external ones. On the individual's personal and local identity it superimposes a national one by identifying his ego with that of all others within the nation and separating it from that of all others outside the nation. In a society that is essentially familial or tribal or regional it stimulates a loyalty beyond the primary groups, but discourages any conflicting loyalty to other nations. The ideal is: internal cohesion--external distinction.
   Since the encouragement of such loyalty requires free and rather intense communication within the nation, the national ideal demands that there be a single linguistic code by means of which this communication can take place. . . . On the other hand, a nation feels handicapped if it is required to make use of more than one language for official purposes, as is the case in Switzerland, Belgium, Yugoslavia, Canada, and many other countries. (Haugen 927--28)


ȤŪˤ "internal cohesion" ܻؤгŪˤ "external distinction" 롥ɸ첽ȤδľСȤϡƱ Haugen Τ褦˸Ф "minimum variation in form" "maximum variation in function" ׵᤹ΤȤȤˤʤ̱ΤŪݤˤϡǻ̩ʥߥ˥ɬפǤꡤäͣζ̸줬ȤΤĤʤ⡤ˤ狼䤹
Ϣơ#2742. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ ([2016-10-29-1]) ȡ#2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Haugen, Einar. "Dialect, Language, Nation." American Anthropologist. 68 (1966): 922--35.

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2019-04-21 Sun

#3646. ܸμҲŪͤ [japanese][dialect][dialectology][standardisation][sociolinguistics]

49ΤȤˤʤ뤬俷ʹī11̤ˡܸ졡ʿѲפꤹʸǺܤƤԤϡܸؤȤǡ̾ΰͺǤ롥μҲؤιֵ礤˳ؤФƤŪΤʬ̾դˤ긽ݤʬ䤹⤷ƤΤ̥Ϥäβ⵭ǤϡμҲŪͤʬפҲ𤵤ƤֲʤʤʤޤʬबǤפȤääƤλͥϪȤ櫓ʢμȤ򺣤ǤϤäȳФƤޤˡܸμҲŪͤ¤ˤ줤ɽʬǤ롥

 ෿ؤɾȤ
1෿Ǥо?ޥʥͥ
2෿ҤоΩ̸ξΩ
3෿ڤо?ʿץ饹̸ͥ


ʬɽǤҤ٤ƤεҤ䵭ϿΤϤĤλǤԤʤƤäơ2෿ΡֵҤоݡפȤϡ1෿3෿λȤŪʸ̮򤹤٤ֵҡפǤ롥
ϡΤȤƤʿδ֡Ͽष˸ؤäƤǤ⡤㤤ͤ϶̸Ȥ褦ˤʤä̸λѼԿϡ1١¸5١ʿ9٤Ȥߤ롥̱Ⱦ̸Ȥ褦ˤʤžäΤƥӤʤɥǥαƶ礭ꤨǤϤʤϤޤ졤ή˹⤢롥ؤ١ؤä١ʰäˡΡؤ١ʤɤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥徼¤ʿλϡΤȤƶ̸줬ʤǽषƤĤĤ⡤ܸüԤΤˡڤꤹȤ꤬ޤ줿ȸäƤ褵
Ϣơ#1786. 츢ȸλࡤλ ([2014-03-18-1])#2029. ܤ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-16-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿¾ƶȿǤʲεɤ

#2073. θѼ˺ѤῴϤȱϡ ([2014-12-30-1])
#2074. ѸѼαǥ ([2014-12-31-1])
#2132. ȴաar ȴաeru դա ([2015-02-27-1])
#2133. ȤФѲΤȤ館 ([2015-02-28-1])

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2019-01-29 Tue

#3564. 17ؼԤˤֻɸಽؤι׸ [orthography][orthoepy][spelling][standardisation][emode]

Brengelman ϡ17˳ΩѸֻɸಽϡȼԤμˤΤȤؼԤʤȥܤԤˤθӤǤȹͤƤ롥ϡ#1384. ֻɸಽ˹׸Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ȤǤ롥ֻɸಽϡ17ȾФ򼨤Ĥ٤äݤBrengelman (334) Ѥ褦

Above all, it is significant that the English spelling system that emerged from the seventeenth century is not a collection of random choices from the ungoverned mass of alternatives that were available at the beginning of the century but rather a highly ordered system taking into account phonology, morphology, and etymology and providing rules for spelling the new words that were flooding the English lexicon. / Printed texts from the period demonstrate clearly that, during the middle half of the seventeenth century, English spelling evolved from near anarchy to almost complete predictability.


ǤϡؼԤ϶Ūˤɤˡβ⤿餷ΤΩä5Brengelman (347) ꤢ褦

1. The rationalization of the use of final e.
2. The rationalization of the use of consonant doubling, including the use of tch and ch, dg and g, ck and k.
3. The rationalization of the use of i and j, v and u.
4. Resolution of the worst problems relating to the use of i, y, and ie.
5. The almost total regularization of morphemes borrowed from Latin, including those borrowed by way of French.


βϡġñ٥ǤߤзʤΤˤʤŪˤֻθɤ򤰤ȸŪˤƤ줿
ֻɸಽ˴ؤ Brengelman νפͤˤĤƤϡ#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1])#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1])#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) ([2015-10-30-1]) ǤڤƤΤǤΤ׻ȡ

Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-29-1] [2021-12-28-1]

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2019-01-16 Wed

#3551. Ѹɸಽ an/a, mine/my, in/i, on/o ˤ n [standardisation][emode][variation][article][preposition][personal_pronoun][prosody]

ѸˤϤäȱѸɸಽ (standardisation) ܻؤ줿ɸಽȤ Haugen ˤ "maximum variation in function" "minimum variation in form" ΤȤǤʡ#2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1])ˡԤüŪˤС1ĤñˤĤ1ĤηȯֻˤбƤ٤Ǥꡤʣΰ۷ (allomorphs) бƤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤʤȤΩǤ롥
ɸεǽΥڥϡn ķ֤츻ŪǤϤ뤬ѸǤ n æ۷֤̤ѤƤꡤä˱ʸʤɤǤϲ䱤ΧԹ˻ȤʬΩѰۡפäŪ˰ܲ⡤ŪԹΤ¿ͤĤƤΤ褷Ȥ߷פäȤǤ
ȤѸ˱ѸɸಽʤǤȡȤϵդˡŪͳˤƷŪŻ뤹߷פƬ⤿Ƥ롥ɸγƸϡn ̵ͭδ֤Ǽͳɤ뤳Ȥʤʤꡤ줫η֤ɸȤƺѤʤФʤʤʤäΤǤ롥n Τ֤ʤ֤줬Ф뤫ϸˤäưۤʤäƤ괧1;νͭ̾Τ褦ˡѤʬۤŪʸˡŪΤ˵ꤵ줵ξ֤¸뤳Ȥ⤢ꤨΤ褦ʸġθο񤤤ΰ㤤졤ŪʻۤȤƤϡͳѰۤȤƤΰ۷֤¸ߤ줾η֤1ĤηޤäͿȤȤȤʤä
a my Ǥ n Τʤ֤Ф졤in on Ǥ n Τ֤Ф줿Ȥ㤤ϡŪˤĤΤ񤷤ɸಽˤ۷֤Ȥ礭ʸ߷פδϡɽŪʰ㤤ˤʤȤȤˤʤαԤ󼨤 Schlüter (29) ꡤϢսѤ褦

Possibly as part of this standardization process, the phonological makeup of many high-frequency words stabilized in one way or the other. While Middle English had been an era characterized by an unprecedented flexibility in terms of the presence or absence of variable segments, Early Modern English had lost these options. A word-final <e> was no longer pronounceable as [ə]; vowel-final and consonant-final forms of the possessives my/mine, thy/thine, and of the negative no/none were increasingly limited to determiner vs. pronoun function, respectively; formerly omissible final consonants of the prepositions of, on, and in became obligatory, and the distribution of final /n/ in verbs was eventually settled (e.g. infinitive see vs. past participle seen). In ME times, this kind of variability had been exploited to optimize syllable contact at word boundaries by avoiding hiatuses and consonant clusters (e.g. my leg but min arm, i þe hous but in an hous, to see me but to seen it). The increasing fixation of word forms in Early Modern English came at the expense of phonotactic adaptability, but reduced the amount of allomorphy; in other words, phonological constraints were increasingly outweighed by morphological ones . . . .


ɸθ n æ۷֤ˤĤƤϡ#831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1])#2723. ֻ on ˤ n æ ([2016-10-10-1])#3030. on foot afoot ؤʸˡȽز ([2017-08-13-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ괧#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1]) ȤϢʵ롥

Schlüter, Julia. "Phonology." Chapter 3 of The History of English. 4th vol. Early Modern English. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 27--46.

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2018-11-25 Sun

#3499. "Standard English" "General English" [standardisation][koine][sociolinguistics][terminology][writing][speech]

ε#3498. hybrid Englishes ([2018-11-24-1]) ǿ줿"Standard English" "General English" Ȥ2ĤѸ̤ʥ褦˻פ롥ξԤɬΤ˶̤Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤǰȤƤΩΤ򤷤ƤGramley (129) ϡѸΥɥŸѸɸಽ (standardisation) 䶦̲ (koinéisation) ưȴϢơ2ĤѸ˸ڤƤ롥

Although the written standard differed from the spoken language of the capital, the two together provided two national models, a highly prescriptive one, Standard English (StE), for writing and a colloquial one, which may be called General English (GenE) (cf. Wells 1982: 2ff), which is considerably less rigid. The latter was not the overt, publicly recognized standard, but the covert norm of group solidarity. It was GenE which would evolve into a supra-regional, nationwide covert standard. Both it and StE would eventually also be valid for Scotland, then Ireland, and then the English-using world beyond the British Isles.


ξԤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ

 Standard EnglishGeneral English
Normsovertcovert
Mediawritingspeech
Prescriptionmore rigidless rigid
Fixing/focusingfixedfocused
Related processstandardisationkoinéisation


ɸಽ˴ϢƼѸˤĤƤϡ#3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ ([2018-02-06-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Wells, J. C. Accents of English. Vol. 1. An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1982.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-26-1] [2020-03-12-1]

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2018-11-20 Tue

#3494. Ѹˤˤ񤭸դøդɸಽв [standardisation][historiography][speech][writing][world_englishes]

Ѹν񤭸դɸಽӤäݤղȡ#3237. ɸಽ ([2018-03-08-1]) Ǽ褦ʤΤˤʤ롥ϡ#3458. ɸѸγΩ ([2018-10-15-1]) ˴ŤơѸäդɸಽˤդʧʤ顤ξǥˤɸಽвƤߤפΥդβǡ

Standardisation Cycle of English, Vers. 2

οޤǤϡäդɸಽǼƤ롥ʤߤˡɸಽΥդȤϡषɸಽΥդȤ٤ΤˤСɸŪǤʤּ˱äƥץåȤդȤäƤ褤ͣɸΤʤ¿ΤYι⤤Ȥ˥ץåȤ졤ͣɸबơݤY㤤Ȥ˥ץåȤ롥
äդϡѸˤ̤ƾ¿ͤǤäǡ#3458. ɸѸγΩ ([2018-10-15-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡɸŪäդظư16鸽ƤΤ¤ǤꡤϲޤʬƤɽƤߤʥդΡɸಽܻؤäաסˡˤƱѸ줬ŸƤˤĤơΡɸŪäաפ "World Englishes" Ȥ¿ΡѸؤʬƤƤ¤ꡤɽΤˡ徺ƤߤʥդΡæɸಽäաסˡ
٤СΥդˤ⤤Ⱥٹ줿Ȥפ˱Ѹˤɸಽ (standardisation) æɸಽ (destandardisation) ζ֤ǡɸಽפ򷫤֤ƤȤפǤ롥

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2018-10-15 Mon

#3458. ɸѸγΩ [speech][standardisation][variety][sociolinguistics][cockney][shakespeare][bible][emode]

Ѹˤˤɸಽ (standardisation) ȤС1Ū˽񤭸դɸಽǰƬ֤Ƥ褦˻פ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤񤭸դɸಽˤĤƤ͡˾Ҳ𤷤ƤäդɸಽˤĤƤϰä#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ ([2018-07-05-1]) Ǥȯɸಽ夲ƤꡤäդɸಽΰϤΤΡäաפȡȯפȤƱǤϤʤäդˤϡȯʳʸˡäʤɤ¾¦̤⤢롥
äդɸಽˤĤơϲۤΡɸѸγΩ (93) ˵Ƥ복פѤ롥

񤭸դɸѸϴ15ȾޤǤˡɥ濴˷졤θ嶵ڤˤȤʤäƵ®˹ޤäȹͤƤ뤬äդɸϤޤκˤϤʤEModE ˤʤäƳΩ16ˤʤäƵ濴˾ή顤ʸ͡ǻȤ줿äդɸȤƳΩϥɥdz۳θդǤ뤫鳬ǤäơƱɥǤ⡤سθդɸȤʪǡ˥åˡ (Cockney) Ȥȯãޤʸˡ⼭ʤΤȤǡɸϡ줫ߤȯʸˡξ̤˷礱̣ǼͳʱѸǤ⤢äΤ褦ʱѸξطʤо줷ΤޤǤʤʸػ˾κȥԥ (William Shakespeare, 1564--1616) Ǥ롥ͤαѸϡάͶ¤ǡѸ2ĤθȸƤФƤ롥


ݥȤϡäդɸಽ񤭸դɸಽ1ۤ٤ƻϤޤäȤǤ롥ޤδפȤʤäѼ郎ɥλ۳θäȤפǤ롥ɸಽκǽˤϡѼȤưͤǤϤʤ٤ѰۤƤִˤפΤäȤäƤ褤ʤȤ⸽ɸѸθ򤽤˸ФȤǤ롥䤿γؤǤֱѲáפϡ500ǯΥɥξήΤ٤˵ĤȤȤǤ롥

ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-20-1]

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2018-07-05 Thu

#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ [standardisation][prescriptivism][pronunciation][walker][rp][phonetics][dictionary][ipa]

#2772. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (1) ([2016-11-28-1])#2773. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (2) ([2016-11-29-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤˤɸಽϲήΤʤȯåȤˤ줿ΤϺǤ٤ä18Ⱦȯ񤬽ǤϤ᤿ΤäܳŪȯ "codification" ߤ줿ΤϤ1塤IPAInternational Phonetic Alphabet; ݲɸʸˤ߽Ф줿19ȾΤȤäơή2021ؤ³Ƥ롥Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade (307--08) βѤ褦

It is only relatively recently that the norms of standard British (or rather English) English pronunciation were first systematically codified. Attempts were made to that effect in pronunciation dictionaries in the late eighteenth century by Walker (1791) and, in particular, Sheridan (1780). However, a more detailed codification did not become possible until the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) came into existence and began to be used by Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones and their fellow phoneticians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Jones' works ran into a large number of editions, An Outline of English Phonetics, first published in its entirely in 1918, into as many as nine. His English Pronouncing Dictionary came out in 1917 and underwent a series of revisions first by Jones himself, and later by A. C. Gimson and Susan Ramsaran (14th edition, 1977). Its sixteenth edition, prepared by Peter Roach and James Hartman, came out in 2003. The most comprehensive recent work in the field is John Wells' Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (1990), which shows both RP and General American pronunciations.


ѤǤϡȯεϲȤʤä18ȾǤȤ櫓ƶϤäΤȤ Walker Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) 򻲾ȡWalker θȤ Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ̾󤲤Ƥ뤬ȯܥ֥ǤȯˤȤ˲٤ȤʤäˤʤäƤ
ȯɸಽϲȤϤäƤ⡤񤭸դȷӤĤ䤹ֻʸˡȰۤʤꡤȯäդΰ°ΤʤΤǡɸಽϲ˾ȤƤñΤǤϤʤޤܻؤ٤ŪʥåȤǤ롥

Nevalainen, Terttu and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. "Standardisation." Chapter 5 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 271--311.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-31-1] [2018-10-15-1]

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2018-06-02 Sat

#3323. ֤ȤФεϰռϡưǤ [prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][standardisation]

ܸء٤5ǡɸܤζ̸פꤹýԤǤ롥Ѹˤˤɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤƴؿäƤˤȤäơŤʾˤǤ롥ƬϤܸɸˤĤƤͤʤΤɮԤα (21) ʸϤκǸǸεϤˤĤưŪʥȤĤƤ롥

ȤФεϰռϡưǤεϤɤΤˤΤȤѡפܤäƤȡƤȤˤĤƤߤʤǵƤȡ̡֥ȡХȥסͤڤʤΤ⤷ޤ


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äȤСإǤ⡤Τ褦ʵԤʤ٤Ǥ롥ҸؼԤΤʤˤ⵬Ϥؤ٤˴ؤƲٺ⤽ؼԤȤƸ椫Υл԰1ѼԤˤʤ櫓ǡ¿쾯ʤ쵬ϼŪ¦̤碌Ƥ롥ҼȵϼϳǰŪ֤ΤǤϤ졤ĿͤΤʤǤ³Ǥꡤ߰¸ƤȸʤʤΤ
ϡʰռˤΤΤ֤Τʤǰܤ椯ΤǤʾ塤θѲɤˤˤƤ⡤濴Ū˰٤ʤΤǤϤʤȤФεϰռϡޤư̤üԽĤ߽ФƤʪǤ롥
Ϣơ#1684. ʸˡȵʸˡ ([2013-12-06-1])#1929. ؤΩ줫鵬ϼŪѤɤ٤ ([2014-08-08-1])#2630. ϼѸˡʵҡˤ礹뤳ȤˤĤơ ([2016-07-09-1])#2631. Curzan ۩ָǤꡤϼɤǤס ([2016-07-10-1])#3047. ؼԤȵϼԤäɬס ([2017-08-30-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ͺ硡ܸȡɸ졦̸١סܸء375桡ýɸܤζ̸ס񱡡2018ǯ6--22ǡ

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