hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ڡ / page 6 (10)

standardisation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2018-02-17 Sat

#3218. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפ3515̤ through --- ѸΥڥ󥰡 [slide][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][norman_conquest][chaucer][manuscript][reestablishment_of_english][timeline][me_dialect][minim][orthography][standardisation][digraph][hel_education][link][asacul]

ī㡼󥿡ɶdz֤Ƥֺ֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡ⡤53򽪤ޤ210ڡˤ˳줿3515̤ through --- ѸΥڥ󥰡פѤ饤ɻ˥åפƤޤ
ϡѸΩڥ󥰤濴˿ʤΤ褦Ω֤ɤΤ褦ˤ줬λˤƲäƤȤˤʤäޤݥȤȤưʲ3Ŧޤ

Υޥˤɸֻڥ󥰤˱
ȤƼ˴Ťڥ󥰤͡ʲ
Ѹڥ󥰺ɸಽ

ΤȤơɸŪڥ󥰤ˡȤȯۤƶḽŪʤΤǤ뤳ȤǧǤΤǤϤʤȻפޤʲ饤ɤΥڡȤ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ褫Υפޤơ󥯽ȤƤɤ

1. ֺ¡إڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡ3515̤ through--- ѸΥڥ
2.
3. (1) Υޥڥ
4. ΥޥѸޤǤά
5. 515̤ through (#53, #54), 134̤ such
6. 6ñǤߤѸڥ
7. busy, bury, merry
8. Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales Ƭ
9. 7ܤμܴ (#2788)
10. (2) ڥ󥰤͡ʲ
11. (3) ڥ󥰤κɸಽ
12. ޤȤ
13. ʸ

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2018-02-13 Tue

#3214. 1410ǯ夫30ǯˤƤ Chancery English ˨ [standardisation][chancery_standard][reestablishment_of_english][monarch][hundred_years_war][spelling][koine]

1410ǯ夫30ǯˤơɸѸľܤĤʤäƤȤ Chancery English ˨꤬Ф롥ɸѸηͤǡ̵뤹뤳ȤΤǤʤפʻǤ롥
ѸδȿɸѼηĬήϡ1413ǯ Henry IV 󥰥ɷȤƽƱѸǰĤȤϤޤ롥1417ǯˤ϶̼ (Signet Office) Henry V μѸȯԤϤ᤿1422ǯˡǤϥɥξ¤ȹ礬׾θȤƱѸѤ褦ˤʤäεĻϿѸǽ񤫤褦ˤʤΤ⡤ۤƱ1423ǯǤ롥ơ1430ǯˡˡģ̼ɤαѸѼήǡEast Midland ˴פĥ͡ (koine) Ūʽ񤭸դ˺ѤΤǤLancaster īηαѸѤˤĤƤϡ#1207. Ѹν񤭸դ ([2012-08-16-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
λĬήˤơ Chancery Standard ȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤѼʤˤѤΤҲŪƶϤķ缫Ȥ䤽μդǤä礭Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade (274) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Chancery English has a precursor in the form of English used by Henry V's Signet Office, the king's private secretariat which travelled with him on his foreign campaigns. It is significant that the selection of the variety which was to develop into what is generally referred to as the Chancery Standard originated with the king and his secretariat: the implementation of a standard variety can only be successful when it has institutional support.


⤦1ġHenry V ѶŪ˱ѸѤطʤˡŪäΤǤϤʤȤܤ٤Ǥ (Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade 274)

. . . the case of Henry V possibly reflects not so much a decision made by an enlightened monarch and his council as political and practical motives: by writing in English, Henry first and foremost identified himself as an Englishman at war with France, while at the same time seeking to curry favour with the the English-speaking merchants, who might be prevailed upon to finance his campaigns.


1410ǯ夫1430ǯˤƤαѸθѲˤɸѸطʤˤϡҲŪϤư餯ͿƤȻפ롥λɸŪʤΤȤƺѤƤȤˤʤ¿ֻ֤嵭Τ褦˺̤ƤǽȤȤΤäƤɬפ
ֻ󤲤Сlight knight ˤߤ <gh> 2Ż (digraph)ʬ˷θȤ <t> ǤϤʤ <d> Ѥ뽬1;ñ̾ˤߤ I ʸѡ¾ which, should, such, much, but, ask ʤɤ Chancery English ħݻƤ롥֤ˤĤƤϡ2;ñ̾ȤƤ ye/you3;ʣ̾ȤƤ they, them, theirƵ̾ȤƤ self/selvesؼ̾ʣ thosetho ˡˡ -ly-liche ˡˡʬ -n λѤ䡤ưθʣ̵-n ˡˤʤɡ¿󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥

Nevalainen, Terttu and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. "Standardisation." Chapter 5 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 271--311.

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2018-02-12 Mon

#3213. ָȿʹ֡׸ (HLC) νմߥʡɸѸȯãˤĤäޤ [notice][academic_conference][standardisation]

33ڡˤ4ˤ˺ػëѥˤƳŤָȿʹ֡׸ (HLC)մߥʡˤơ֡ɤѸ٤ȤƤɸѸȯãáֻʸˡ̻ŪʣŪɤפꤹ뤪ä򤵤ƤȤˤʤޤץ (PDF) Ǥ
ɸѸȯãŪ˳⤹ȤϡѸ줫ѸˤƤθáֻʸˡ˴ؤ̤ǶŪʻ夲ɸѸ夷ƤʤŪФơɤפΤȤФ졤ѤƤȤݤǤΥߥʡΥᥤ󡦥ơޤ֤ȤФˤȤäơɤ ȤϲפȤȤǡäդΡɤפ񸽤Ȥɸʱѡ˸Υᥤ󥰤˸Ƥ褦ȹͤǤޤ̻ŪʸؤƳȤռơäĤǤ
׻ݤȤƺʸϤ򡤰ʲ˷ǺܤƤޤޤ֤ΤǡϢĴʤƤͽǤ

䤿ѸˤĤƸȤۤȤơɸѸפǰƬˤƤΤ̤ɸѸϡɤѸפǤ⤢뤫顤оݤȤƺǤդ路ѼǤˤʤϤȡɸѸȤϲȶŪ˹ͤƤȡФȤ񤷤ɸѸɸѸȤˤ구ꤵȤäƤ褯ɸѸϲ鸽ߤ˻ޤǾѲѰۤ򷫤֤Ĥ͡ʷ¸ߤƤΤǤ롥ޤɸѸ켫Ȥ⡤Τ褦ʣѼΤʤ鸽Ƥ˾λʪäɸѸɤѸפȤۤκõˤϡ̻ŪʣŪʻȤɬפ롥
ֵܹνǤϡɸѸвγά20ʹߤθػˤ˾Ȥ餷Ƽ20ȾФޤǤθؤ϶ŪǤꡤͻоݤȤʤѼϤܾۤɸѼä20Ⱦ21ˤơҲؤȤäѼ¸ߤȤؤȤʤꡤ¿¿ͤʸ򰷤ȤΤǤŻҥѥȤεѤڤɤȤʤäơvariationism ȸƤФʣŪʸѤΩƤѸءѸˤˤƤɸѸ줬вΤǤ롥ǯѸˤʬǤϸ˶ᤤʸ˶Ѹθ椬赤ӤӤƤƤ뤬ϤΤ褦ʲǯ֤θؤ͡Ĭήή̤Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ǯɸѸвǤ褦ˤʤäƤȤȤϡ΢֤СޤɸѸ줬л뤵ĬäȤȤǤ롥ǤϡΤ褦ʰҿɸѸϡġɤǡɤΤ褦ˡʤиΤɸѸεȯãˤϤҤɤʤ꤯ͤäƤꡤҤǤϤʤűѸΥȥ˴Ťˤ񤭸ɸη顤ѸˤɸѸδʤȸѸˤ뿷ɸѸηؤưͳơѸ˿ʤ⡤䤿ΤɸѸ줬ȯãƤˤ򳵴Ѥ롥
³ơáֻʸˡγ礫Ѹɸಽ˴ؤŪʻ򡤼ȤƶѸ夲ɸѸˤ˹äƤꡤʣŪʻɤ߲ɬפ뤫򼨤äˤĤƤϡꥹѸȥꥫѸˤƤ줾ֽפɽ魯ɸŪʸȤʤä autumn fall Ρʪ̤פηаޤɤֻȤƤϡdoubt <b> Τ褦ʡۻפ夲˼Ҳؾ΢ˤĤƹͻ롥ʸˡȤƤϡɸѸˤ3ñ -s ˴ؤƤɸѼˤȯãӤʤ顤ʸˡ˿ʻ󶡤
ǸˡʾεƧޤɸѸ줬ŪʻʪǤʾ˼ҲŪʻʪǤ뤳ȡƸԤΰ̣ˤƤΤߡɤѸפǤ뤳Ȥǧ롥ΤȤơɸѸ䤽ġθįݤˡ̻ŪʣŪʻȤ뤳Ȥǿȯǽ򼨤

Referrer (Inside): [2018-03-05-1]

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2018-02-09 Fri

#3210. 夬ˤĤ졤񤭸դεϿŪäդФȤ񤷤ʤ뤫ݤ [standardisation][evolution][writing][methodology][genbunicchi]

ɸϤդʤΤ˸ؤ evidence ȤƹͤƤߤȤ⤷ΤǤϤʤǰƬ֤ƤΤϱѸǤꡤ٤ƤθƤϤޤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦ʤȤϾʤ̸θˤƤϤޤΤǤϤʤ
̾¸ǽʸ¿ϱʸǤ뤳Ȥ¿ƤʸȤϡ񤭵줿λˤƤȤʸظǤꡤäդ򤽤ΤޤȿǤƤΤȲ᤹뤳ȤϤǤʤ夬ˤĤ졤Ȥ櫓ˤΤΤ褦˸ʸλʸȯãˤϡĤޤ񤭸դäդκṲ̄ޤäƤ褦ʸˤäƤϡ񤭵줿ϿäդμΤФȤäưפˤʤäƤ롥ΤȤơ֤ȤȤˡäդ evidence ؤΥݾڤ褦ˤʤäƤ褦ˤߤ롥
ǶˤơɸȤΤȯãƤ¤롥񤭼ϡȯãƤʸˤơȤϸŪ˳֤Τɸǽ񤯤Ȥ;ʤ롥ȡθԤܤˤƤΤΤʸϡΤ˱ʸ٤äդȿǤƤǽ⤤ȤϤμ줬ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤˤäƶ줿ѼԼäѼ郎ȿǤƤˤʤȤ⤤롥ΰ̣ǤϡΤ褦ʾڵ򤫤ΡǤΡŪäդФȤ񤷤ʤäƤȸΤǤʤΤȤơ֤ȤȤˡǤäդ evidence ؤΥ˸褦ˤʤäƤȹͤ롥
˵³СʸʸΤȤƤ⡤夬ˤĤ pragmatic mode 뤤 informal discourse syntactic mode 뤤 formal discourse ؤȿܤ "syntacticization" ηŦ Givón Τ褦Ԥ⤢ (Schaefer 1277) äդεʤ pragmatic/informal ϡsyntactic/formal ظḽν񤭸դȤƤʤȤϤ롥
嵭Υץ饹ȥޥʥŪ礹ȡŪäդؤΥӥƥϡȤ3ʤ2ⲼȤ餤ΥڡǿʤǤȤϸʤ̸ŪˤΤ褦ʰ뤫ɤϲ⤷ʤ˸ؤ evidence ȤưŪͤơޤǤϤʤ

Schaefer, Ursula. "Interdisciplinarity and Historiography: Spoken and Written English --- Orality and Literacy." Chapter 81 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1274--88.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-08-1]

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2018-02-08 Thu

#3209. ɸಽ7Ĥ¦ [standardisation][sociolinguistics][terminology][language_planning][reestablishment_of_english][spelling_reform][genbunicchi]

ɸಽͤäơ1ȤߤҲ𤷤ƤMilroy and Milroy (27) ˤȤäơstandardisation ȤϸˤǤդѰ۲ǽ뤳Ȥˤۤʤ餺βˤ7ĤʳǧȤselection, acceptance, diffusion, maintenance, elaboration of function, codification, prescription Ǥ롥ϸŵŪʡ#2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]) ˴Ťơ̩ΤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥Haugen ϡselection, codification, elaboration, acceptance 4ʳ̤Ƥ
Milroy and Milroy 7ʳȤȤߤѤɸѸηŪʬϡ⤷ΤȤƤϡNevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade ͤͥƤ롥ǤϤäѤ鸽ɸѸȯãˤƤ뤬ƱˡDZѸˤˤ羮͡ʡɸಽפڤ뤳ȤǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥̤ĤΡɸಽפϡ餫ΰ̣ǸĿͤ佸ĤˤͰŪǤǧαĤߤؤƤ롥Ūˤϡ10Υեå粦ˤ줿űѸθŪʺѡʥƥäơˤ䡤Chaucer ʹߤν񤭸դȤƤαѸκѡʥե󥹸ƥäơˤ䡤12 Orm ֻפ䡤19 William Barnes ˤ Dorset dialect Ѥߤ䡤ꥫΩ̿ʹߤ Noah Webster ˤ֥ꥫڤϤʤɤޤ (Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade 273) ߤ˼䵬ϤϰۤʤΤΡΤäȤײ (language_planning) Ȥ٤Τ򡤡ɸಽפλߤλȤ Milroy and Milroy ήȤߤڤäƤޤȤȯۤϡ¿Ǥ롥
ܸˤǤСɸηȤ濴ŪΤߤʤ餺̾ʸױưѴꡤ޻ʤɤ͡ʻ⡤̣ǤɸಽȤƥƥ饤ȤȤˤʤ

Milroy, Lesley and James Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 2nd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 1991.
Nevalainen, Terttu and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. "Standardisation." Chapter 5 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 271--311.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-03-31-1]

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2018-02-06 Tue

#3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ [terminology][sociolinguistics][standardisation][koine][dialect_levelling][language_planning][variety]

ΤȤѸɸಽ (standardisation) ˤΤߤʤ餺ɸಽˤĤưŪ˹ͤ뵡¿äƤ롥˴ϢѸȳǰ褦ȡҲؤѸ콸 (Trudgill) 򳫤Ƥߤ齸᤿ĤνѸȤ˺Τ˵Ƥ
ޤϡѸ˴ؤƤФ "Standard English" ȤѸ줫ʡ#1396. "Standard English" Ȥϲ ([2013-02-21-1])#2116. ֱѸפεۣ ([2015-02-11-1]) ⻲ȡˡ

Standard English The dialect of English which is normally used in writing, is spoken by educated native speakers, and is taught to non-native speakers studying the language. There is no single accent associated with this dialect, but the lexicon and grammar of the dialect have been subject to codification in numerous dictionaries and grammars of the English language. Standard English is a polycentric standard variety, with English, Scottish, American, Australian and other standard varieties differing somewhat from one another. All other dialects can be referred to collectively as nonstandard English.


ǻȤƤ "polycentric" ȤѸˤĤƤϡ#2384. polycentric language ([2015-11-06-1]) ȡ#2402. polycentric language (2) ([2015-11-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
ˡ"standardisation" ȤѸ줫Ť뼰ˤĤѸ򤿤ɤäƤߤ

standardisation The process by which a particular variety of a language is subject to language determination, codification and stabilisation. These processes, which lead to the development of a standard language, may be the result of deliberate language planning activities, as with the standardisation of Indonesia, or not, as with the standardisation of English.


status planning [language determination] In language planning, status planning refers to decisions which have to be taken concerning the selection of particular languages or varieties of language for particular purposes in the society or nation in question. Decisions about which language or languages are to be the national or official languages of particular nation-states are among the more important of status planning issues. Status planning is often contrasted with corpus planning or language development. In the use of most writers, status planning is not significantly different from language determination.


codification The process whereby a variety of a language, often as part of a standardisation process, acquires a publicly recognised and fixed form in which norms are laid down for 'correct' usage as far as grammar, vocabulary, spelling and perhaps pronunciation are concerned. This codification can take place over time without involvement of official bodies, as happened with Standard English, or it can take place quite rapidly, as a result of conscious decisions by governmental or other official planning agencies, as happened with Swahili in Tanzania. The results of codification are usually enshrined in dictionaries and grammar books, as well as, sometimes, in government publications.


stabilisation A process whereby a formerly diffuse language variety that has been in a state of flux undergoes focusing . . . and takes on a more fixed and stable form that is shared by all its speakers. Pidginised jargons become pidgins through the process of stabilisation. Dialect mixtures may become koinés as a result of stabilisation. Stabilisation is also a component of language standardisation.


focused According to a typology of language varieties developed by the British sociolinguist Robert B. LePage, some language communities and thus language varieties are relatively more diffuse, while others are relatively more focused. Any speech act performed by an individual constitutes an act of identity. If only a narrow range of identities is available for enactment in a speech community, that community can be regarded as focused. Focused linguistic communities tend to be those where considerable standardisation and codification have taken place, where there is a high degree of agreement about norms of usage, where speakers tend to show concern for 'purity' and marking their language variety off from other varieties, and where everyone agrees about what the language is called. European language communities tend to be heavily focused. LePage points out that notions such as admixture, code-mixing, code-switching, semilingualism and multilingualism depend on a focused-language-centred point of view of the separate status of language varieties.


diffuse According to a typology of language varieties developed by the British sociolinguist Robert B. LePage, a characteristic of certain language communities, and thus language varieties. Some communities are relatively more diffuse, while others are relatively more focused. Any speech act performed by an individual constitutes an act of identity. If a wide range of identities is available for enactment in a speech community, that community can be regarded as diffuse. Diffuse linguistic communities tend to be those where little standardisation or codification have taken place, where there is relatively little agreement about norms of usage, where speakers show little concern for marking off their language variety from other varieties, and where they may accord relatively little importance even to what their language is called.


Ǹ˵󤲤2 "focused" "diffuse" ϸ춦ƱΤѼˤĤѤеηƻǡ¤ʳǰȴȿͤȤȻȤľŪɽǡɸಽ٤ιؤƤ롥Ѹˤʸ̮ǤСѸ a diffuse variety Ǥꡤʶ˸ѸűѸ focused varieties ǤȳɽǤ롥"focused" ΤʤǤ٤ꡤ٤ι⤤Τ "fixed"㤤Τ򶹤̣Ǥ "focused" ȤʤСʶ˸ѸԡűѸϸԤɽǤfixed focused ζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#929. Ѹ󥰥ɸδפȤʤäͳ ([2011-11-12-1]) ⻲ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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2018-01-29 Mon

#3199. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפ2ֱѸΥե٥åɽ --- űѸΥڥ󥰡 [slide][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][oe_text][standardisation][runic][alphabet][grapheme][grammatology][punctuation][hel_education][link][asacul]

#3139. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפΤΤ餻 ([2017-11-30-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡī㡼󥿡ɶǡ5ˤ錄ֺ֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡϤޤäƤޤ127ڡˤ˳줿2ֱѸΥե٥åɽ --- űѸΥڥ󥰡פѤ饤ɻ˾夲Ƥޤ
ϡե٥åȤηǧĤġűѸ줬ɤΤ褦ɽ֤줤Ҳ𤹤ƤǤݥȤϰʲ3Ǥ

Ѹν񵭤ϥե٥åȤĹˤ1ήȤƤ
ǸŤαʸϥ롼ʸǽ񤫤Ƥ
ȯȥڥ󥰤δ֤ˤ餫ЪΥĤĤ⡤űѸˤϴˤɸಽã줿

ʲ饤ɤΥڡȤ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ¿Υڡˡܥ֥ؤΤʤ󥯤ŽƤޤΤǡ󥯽ȤƻȤȻפޤ

1. ֺ¡إڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡ2󡡱ѸΥե٥åɽ --- űѸΥڥ
2.
3. (1) ե٥åȤεȯã (#423)
4. ե٥åȤη (#1849)
5. ե٥åȤҲʸȤƻϤޤäȤ;
6. (2) űѸΥ롼ʸ
7. ʬ񤭤Ω
8. (3) űѸΥޥ󡦥ե٥åȻѤħ
9. Cædmon's Hymn ɤ (#2898)
10. 餫¸ߤȯȥڥ󥰤ЪΥ
11. űѸΡɸಽ
12. űѸ쥹ڥ󥰤θؤαƶ
13. ޤȤ
14. ʸ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-25-1]

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2017-12-17 Sun

#3156. γȱѸפΤޤȤ [slide][new_englishes][world_englishes][model_of_englishes][variety][history][link][timeline][standardisation][prescriptive_grammar][prescriptivism][asacul]

γȤŪŸϡѸȱѸ̤򤱤̤뤳ȤΤǤʤȥԥåǤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤơ饤 (HTML) ˤޤȤƤߤޤɤȤƤϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ޤ

ȯŸ
(1) Ѹɸಽϲ岡ơѸˡֵῴϡפ⤿餷ǡ
(2) Ѹ¿Ͳ򾷤Ѹˡֱϡפ⤿餷
ߤ̤αѸΤδäۤ


ܺ٤ϳơΥڡܥ֥εƼؤΥ󥯤˭٤ĥäƤޤ

1. γȱѸ
2.
3. (1) ȯŸ
4. Ϣǯɽ (#777, #1377, #2562)
5. (2) Ѹεῴ --- ɸಽϲ
6. ɸಽȵϲ
7. 18εϼ
8. ʸˡȯ
9. ʸˡ
10. (3) Ѹα --- ͡ʱѸ
11. ͡ʱѸѼ
12. ѸѼνʬˡ
13. 21ῴϤȱϤΤ᤮礤
14. ޤȤ
15. ʸ

¾Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1])#3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ ([2017-11-12-1]) ɤ

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2017-12-02 Sat

#3141. 16󥰥ɤμΨ [literacy][demography][spelling][standardisation]

#3101. ѸμΨ ([2017-10-23-1])#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ16衼åѤǤ϶٤˳Ƚ졤ʸɤ߽񤭤Ǥ͡¿ʤäƤȤϳΤΨȤƶŪʿͿ뤳Ȥ񤷤ԻԤκ麹˽ʤɤ礭̲뤳ȤǤФǤʤ⤽¿פ並椬äΩäƤȤ𤬤롥ȤϡˡŪ˽̾ǤͤʸɤळȤǤȤΤǯǾʳؤθˤС񤯤ȤɤळȤϤޤä̤ι԰٤ǤꡤξԤϢưΤȹͤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ǡڥƥ꡼ (317--19) ϡ͡ϰ褫μǽϤ˴ؤŪʾ󤻽ơΨŪ˵Ȥˡʤη̤ȤơʲθƳФƤ롥ޤԻԤμΨκۤˤĤƤϡۤ礭ʤäΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥͡ǯδ֤ˤ˰ưνޤԾǤϤɤǤʪŽФƤпȼԤǤäƤ⡤ʸ򸫴ƤϤ
Ψ˽ˤĤƤϡäȤǤƤ⡤줬Ū˳Τ褦ʻ˳Ϲ⤤ǽϤ׵ᤵŻˤĤȤϤʤäˡϿȤƤĤˤΤǤ롥Ǥܤɤߡڤ¿褦ǤϤ롥
褯ϿλĤäƤԻ˸ꤹС⤤ΨؤԻԤϰ¸ߤ16ΥͥĥǤ33%ۤɤä1530ǯΥ衼Ǥ20--25%ۤɤäΥ衼ΨϡƱޤǤˤ41%ˤޤķ;夬äƤ롥
16³17˥󥰥ɤμΨ˾徺Ȥϴְ㤤ʤγȽڡ¾μҲŪװξ徺˹׸Ƥ뤬νװϤޤѸֻɸಽˤŪ˴ͿƤΤǤ롥褤罰ܳŪʸܤϤ᤿ȤˡɸŪֻ褦ˤʤäΤ

ڥƥ꡼ɥ롼ˡ ʡˡذȤ̿ͥ󥹤ܤ١ҡ2015ǯ

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2017-11-12 Sun

#3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ [slide][printing][history][link][hel_education][emode][reformation][caxton][latin][standardisation][spelling][orthography][asacul]

ѸˤˤѤȯΰյˤĤơ饤 (HTML) ˤޤȤƤߤޤɤϰʲ̤Ǥ

1. ƥ٥륯ˤѤΡֲɡסʡȯפǤϤʤ
2. ѤϡפͻӤǶȤƤαѸƬ岡
3. ѤϡֻɸಽˤαƶͿ

ܺ٤ϳơΥڡܥ֥εƼؤΥ󥯤˭٤ĥäƤޤ

1. ѤȯȱѸ
2.
3. (1) ѤΡȯ
4. ѡʤˡˤ
5. Ϣǯɽ
6. Johannes Gutenberg (1400?--68)
7. William Caxton (1422?--91)
8. (2) ȤƤαѸ
9. פȰѤͻ
10. ռβ
11. (3) ֻɸಽؤι׸
12. ְѤƳֻɸಽʤؤε
13. ֻɸಽϤޤǴ˿ʹԤ
14. ޤȤ
15. ʸ
16. : Prologue to Eneydos (#337)

¾Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1]) ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-19-1] [2017-12-17-1]

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2017-11-11 Sat

#3120. ²˱Ѹΰʪ뤳Ȥˤ Caxton [caxton][printing][standardisation]

Ѹ˾塤William Caxton (1422?--91) ϱѸưդʪȤƹΤƤ롥Caxton ϡ1476ǯ˥ȥߥ󥹥˰򹽤ܳŪ˰Ȥ򳫻ϤεȲȤȤƺǤʤȤϡïФơǽ񤫤줿ɤΤ褦ʽʪ뤫Τˤ뤳ȤǤ롥Caxton ϲ²͵ʾͤŪʤꡤ餬ɤߤäƤޥ󥹤ʪѸǡ˰뤳Ȥ˷᤿
Ūιʤξ˾Ȥ餻Х֥Τ褦ʤΤäKnowles (60--61) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

William Caxton was a businessman who operated for a long time from Bruges, in modern Belgium. At that time the Low countries were ruled by Burgundy, and Caxton's Burgundian contacts put him in a good position to exploit the aristocratic book market. When he transferred his printing press to England, he set it up in Westminster, which was not only close to the Chancery, but also the ideal place for him to contact his aristocratic customers. With the benefit of hindsight we know he was successful. But in the 1470s it must have been far from obvious that publishing in the vernacular was going to succeed at all. Publishing in Latin for an international readership might have looked more promising, but Caxton's competitors in this area failed . . . . Nor was the aristocratic market promising, for England was at the time embroiled in the internal dynastic struggles known as the Wars of the Roses. The fall of an aristocratic patron could have serious consequences for a businessman who was dependent on him to determine what was fashionable, and thus for the credibility of his literary publications.
   Aristocratic taste determined what Caxton decided to publish. He published the works of Chaucer, Gower and Lydgate rather than Langland and the northern poets . . . . In 1485 he published Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur. Some 28 of his 106 publications were translations from other languages . . . . However, taste determined not only what to publish, but the kind of English used. Caxton praises English influenced by French and denigrates native English. In his preface to the second edition (1484) of The Canterbury tales . . . he praises Chaucer, the 'laureate poete' who had 'enbelysshyd, ornated and made faire our Englisshe' which before was 'rude speche and incongrue'.


ºݡCaxton ܤĤ󥰥ɤǤαѸȤȤϡѸɼؤεϤäȤ顤θ⥤ꥢɥĤե󥹤ۤȯŸ뤳ȤϤʤäΰѤˤ⤢Ȥꡤ衼åѻԾƤˤƥΰΤۤͭ˾ä⤷ʤCaxton ϤФʤäΤǤ롥̤Ȥơ16ˤƥ󥰥ɤǽǤ줿ʪΤѸʳθΤΤϤ鷺1ۤɤäȤʥڥƥ꡼p. 206--08ˡ¯ΰŰǡ󥰥ɤ¾٤ðۤäȤõƤ
Caxton θΥ󥰥ɤΰȤιѸɸಽΤʤˤ᤿ʪäȤϴְ㤤ʤΰ̣DZѸ˾פʿʪǤϤ뤬طʤˤ Caxton εȲȤȤƤҤȺͳФؤäƤΤǤ롥
Caxton αѸ˾ɾˤĤƤϡ#241. Caxton αѸ1475ǯ ([2009-12-24-1])#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])#1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
ڥƥ꡼ɥ롼ˡ ʡˡذȤ̿ͥ󥹤ܤ١ҡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-19-1] [2017-12-01-1]

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2017-10-23 Mon

#3101. ѸμΨ [literacy][demography][emode][standardisation]

#3043. ѸμΨ ([2017-08-26-1])#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1]) ǡѸҲμΨˤĤˤϿ (116--17) ꡤƥ塼ī濴Ȥ16--17Υ󥰥ɤμΨߤƤߤ褦

ȥλҤɤ⤿ˤȤäƤϹ餬ҲŪɬפǤäԤˡΧȤˤʤˤϤˡʤäޤԻԤξͤλҤɤ⤿ˤȤäƤɤ߽񤭤ȷ׻ΤɬפǤäϹۤǡ͵ؤβǤҤɤ˹뤿ˤϡȷפǤγ褦ʽи礻ͤФʤʤäΤǤ롥ϤؤǤϻҤɤϫƯϤȷפ­ˤɬפäΤǡҤɤ⤬ɤ߽񤭤򽬤¼Įνع˹ԤäȤƤ⡤Ż˽̳ؤû֤ǽ뤳Ȥ¿äɤ߽񤭤ƤԲķȤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ깩ȤηиŪʵѡμμΤۤפȹͤ뤳Ȥ¿ä
λΥ󥰥ɤǤϥȥء͡͵̱ؤ濴˼Ψ夷켷˥ȥޥؤμΨϤۤܰ졻%˶դƤءͷ̱ؤǤȾ褦ˤʤ롥ؤϤ̱μΨ㤯켷Ǥ졻%%ã٤ǤäȿꤵƤ롥


ޤǿפǤ뤷ؤˤäƿͤۤʤȤä櫓ʤΤǡμΨĤळȤưפǤϤʤλΰѤڡʪ̤ȯԡפ˸岡줿ɽ񽬴θʤɤˤꡤ¤˿͡μΨ夷ƤȤϴְ㤤ʤɸֻϺ⡤ޤˤλνäȤ碌ƳǧƤ

Τҡؿ⡡ƥ塼īˡ١Ͻн˼2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-12-02-1]

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2017-07-03 Mon

#2989. Ѹ줬ǤϤʤΤϲ⸽ߤƱ [variety][world_englishes][model_of_englishes][purism][standardisation][hel_education]

Ѹ˺ѤῴϤȱϤcf. #2073. θѼ˺ѤῴϤȱϡ ([2014-12-30-1])ˤݤˤϡѸˤμΩġѸˤˤơѸϾʣ Englishes äΤǤꡤñ English ȯۤޤ줿Τϡʹߤɸಽ (standardisation) ȤҲŪʥץƤΤȤǤ롥ơζʹߤǤ顤ºݤˤϽѼ¸ߤ³षѸ줬˳ȻˤĤѼ郎äƤΰ̣ˤơEnglish ȤϤεǤꡤѸμ֤ϲ⸽ߤ Englishes äΤǤ롥
Ǥϡ21αѸ졤̤αѸˤĤƤϤɤῴϤȱϤȤƯƤȤܤ21ˤơ䤿 English ٤ʤΤEnglishes ٤ʤΤˤäơGooden (230--31) ʸϤ

   After undergoing many changes at the hands of the Angles and Saxons, the Norman French, and a host of other important but lesser influences, English itself has now spread to become the world's first super-language. While this is a process that may be gratifying to native speakers in Britain, North America, Australia and elsewhere, it is also one that raises certain anxieties. The language is no longer 'ours' but everybody's. The centre of gravity has shifted. Until well into the 19th century it was firmly in Britain. Then, as foreseen by the second US president John Adams ('English is destined to be in the next and succeeding centuries [ . . . ] the language of the world'), the centre shifted to America. Now there is no centre, or at least not one that is readily acknowledged as such.
   English is emerging in pidgin forms such as Singlish which may be scarcely recognizable to non-users. Even the abbreviated, technical and idiosyncratic forms of the language employed in, say, air-traffic control or texting may be perceived as a threat to some idea of linguistic purity.
   If these new forms of non-standard English are a threat, then they are merely the latest in a centuries-long line of threats to linguistic integrity. What were the feelings of the successive inhabitants of the British Isles as armies, marauders and settlers arrived in the thousand years that followed the first landing by Julius Caesar? History does not often record them, although we know that, say, the Anglo-Saxons were deeply troubled by the Viking incursions which began in the north towards the end of the eighth century. Among their responses would surely have been a fear of 'foreign' tongues, and a later resistance to having to learn the vocabulary and constructions of outsiders. Yet many new words and structures were absorbed, just as the outsiders, whether Viking or Norman French, assimilated much of the language already used by the occupants of the country they had overrun or settled.
   With hindsight we can see what those who lived through each upheaval could not see, that each fresh wave of arrivals has helped to develop the English language as it is today. Similarly, the language will develop in the future in ways that cannot be foreseen, let alone controlled. It will change both internally, as it were, among native speakers, and externally at the hands of the millions in Asia and elsewhere who are already adopting it for their own use.


ǤϸŪ (linguistic purity; purism) ˤĤƤ⿨Ƥ뤬äʱѸȤΤϡñɽ English ȤΤϡ¸ߤΤ¸ߤȤСŪ˲ؤΤ뤤ϡ¸ߤʤȤСֱѸפȤϽѼνΤˤĤ줿Ū̾ˤ̣ Englishes 뽸̾Τ
ϱѸθߤ̤ˤäơ¤˥ƥ󥰤Ǥ롥#2986. ˤѸѤΥޡ ([2017-06-30-1]) ȹ碌ơǥåѤˡ

Gooden, Philip. The Story of English: How the English Language Conquered the World. London: Quercus, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-23-1]

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2017-01-07 Sat

#2812. ХαѸ˾ΰյ [history][standardisation][lme][monarch][sociolinguistics]

󥰥ɻˤˤν𤲤1ȤСХ (the Wars of the Roses; 1455--85) ʤ̾դϡ Sir Walter Scott (1829) ΤΡˡε²֥ХϤ Lancaster ȤХ York Ȥ2ɤʬơ̷ѾäǤ롥30ǯˤ錄襤ξȶȤϿԤɤϵ뤬Ȥ Lancaster Ȥ Henry Tudor Henry VII ȤƲ̤˽Ȥˤʤä襤Ǥϵ²¤ᡤ϶뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ˾ͳ餬ҲŪƬȤʤä
Хϡ󥰥ɤæ餷ƶؤߤʤƤϴȤơкѡҲ˾ΰյդƤ뤬ѸˤδϤɤΤ褦ɾǤGramley (98--99) ϼΤ褦ɾƤ롥

. . . the series of wars that go under this name [= The Wars of the Roses] sped up the weakening of feudal power and strengthened the merchant classes since the wars further thinned the ranks of the feudal nobility and facilitated in this way the easier rise of ambitious and able people from the middle ranks of society. When the conflict was settled under Henry VII, a Lancastrian and a Tudor, power was essentially centralized. From the point of view of the language, this meant that the standard which had begun to emerge in the early fourteenth century would continue with a firm base in the usage which had been crystallizing in the London area at least since Henry IV (reign 1399--1413), the first king since the OE period who was a native speaker of English.


ɾˤȡ14Ⱦ˻ϤޤäƤѸɸಽ (standardisation) Хη̤ȤƲ졤滺餬ƬȤˤꡤ15ȾʹߤɥפȤƤä䤷ʤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤȤѸɸಽˤäȤץǤꡤѤˤȤꤽγϤ "the early fourteenth century" Υɥˤäȹͤ뤳ȤǤʡ#1275. ɸѸȯȼҲ񡦷кѡ ([2012-10-23-1]) 򻲾ȡˡθ塤ХޤǤ1Ⱦδ֤ˤɸಽϿʤǤޤǴʲäΤ褦ɸಽ䤫˿ʤǤȤˡХȤҲŪưꡤɸಽȤߤ벦滺餬礭ʱƶϤĤ˵ڤǡư¥ʤ줿ȤȤ
¾ŪαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#119. ѸˤΤϥޥͥߤ!? ([2009-08-24-1])
#208. ȳ̿ȳ̿ȱѸˡ ([2009-11-21-1])
#254. ڥ̵Ṳ̃ȱѸˡ ([2010-01-06-1])
#255. ȱѸˡ ([2010-01-07-1])

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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2016-12-17 Sat

#2791. John Adams ΥꥫѸˤ¡ʤ̴ [ame][webster][standardisation][academy][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][elf][popular_passage]

Noah Webster ꥫѸϰ̤˿ʤôäȤϱѸ˾褯ΤƤ뤬ظDZƤäΤΡ1ͤζ̣оʪȤ˺ƤϤʤʤꥫ2 John Adams (1735--1826) Ǥ롥Adams ϡѸ٤ǥߡΩ뤳Ȥ˰ߤ򼨤ƤäȤ Jonathan Swift ΥꥫǤȤäȤο˽ä1780ǯ95˥ॹƥफIJĹ˰ƤơꥫˤѸȤνפ⤯񤤤Ƥ롥Baugh and Cable (355) ˰ѤƤʸϤƸ褦

   The honor of forming the first public institution for refining, correcting, improving, and ascertaining the English language, I hope is reserved for congress; they have every motive that can possibly influence a public assembly to undertake it. It will have a happy effect upon the union of the States to have a public standard for all persons in every part of the continent to appeal to, both for the signification and pronunciation of the language. The constitutions of all the States in the Union are so democratical that eloquence will become the instrument for recommending men to their fellow-citizens, and the principal means of advancement through the various ranks and offices of society. . . .
   . . . English is destined to be in the next and succeeding centuries more generally the language of the world than Latin was in the last or French is in the present age. The reason of this is obvious, because the increasing population in America, and their universal connection and correspondence with all nations will, aided by the influence of England in the world, whether great or small, force their language into general use, in spite of all the obstacles that may be thrown in their way, if any such there should be.
   It is not necessary to enlarge further, to show the motives which the people of America have to turn their thoughts early to this subject; they will naturally occur to congress in a much greater detail than I have time to hint at. I would therefore submit to the consideration of congress the expediency and policy of erecting by their authority a society under the name of "the American Academy for refining, improving, and ascertaining the English language. . . ."


Ǹ "refining, improving, and ascertaining" ɽƤ뤬Ͽǯ˥󥰥ɤμͤͤƤ#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 򤹤۵뤷äȤ Swift "Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining" ΤʤǤ롥ΰ̣ǤϡAdams μĥϤޤäΤǤϤʤषȤ⤤롥ޤΤ褦Ƥˤ⤫餺ɤϥꥫˤƤ⥢ǥߡΩʤäȤ⡤Adams μĥϤʤ
Adams ꥹˤƥꥹѸ˴ؤĥ򤷤ƤΤǤϤʤꥫˤƥꥫѸ˴ؤĥ򤷤ƤȤפǤ롥Adams ϡꥹǤΥǥߡΩεñʤ֤ȤǤϤʤꥫȤŷϤǤδ˾ߤȤơμĥ򤷤ƤꥫѸؤλΤȤäƤ褤Ʊͤ Webster ưǼꥫѸؤοAdams ʤˡǼȤȲǤ
ʤΰѤ2ˤ롤ѸϼʹߡθȤʤȤ Adams ͽϸäब󤲤Ƥ͸ס󥰥ɤαƶϡꥫιݴط̤ͥʤɤͽκ⡤ŬڤȤۤʤФ˾ȼƤȤפȡǤϤ뤬Adams ηŴ㡤٤餺Ǥ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-08-1]

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2016-11-29 Tue

#2773. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (2) [standardisation][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar]

ε ([2016-11-28-1]) ³ԡϡѸˤˤɸಽȵϲλߤâʸˡȯνǿʤǤäΤϤʤȤ䤤ˤĤƹͤƤߤν֤˴ؤϤޤɤʤͻƤߤͤϤꤽ
ޤŪ¤ƳǧƤ褦ˡ褽âʸˡȯνǿʤȤȤϸդʤФʤʤΤϡ줾ɸಽϲδ֤ˤʤ饪Сåפʬ뤳ȤääƤʸˡϤޤꡤʸˡäƤȯϤޤäȤ褦ʿ͹ŪʶڤΤ褵ǧ櫓ǤϤʤϼԤǽ餫3ڤʬλ֤򤫤 "divide and conquer" 褦ȷײ褷Ƥ櫓Ǥʤ
1ĹͤΤϡνɸಽϲμȤߤ䤹ȴϢƤΤǤϤʤȤȤɸಽϲȤȤоݤȤʤΤϡƤäդ񤭸դǤ롥ϡ񤭸դ˴ؤ뵬§ۤꡦɽڤ䤹Ȥ𤬤äθ̤⡤񤭸դȤ³ŪΤ˻Ĥۤɾ䤹ɸಽϲŪȤΰҿ⳰˼ȤˤäȤСθ̤Ϥޤܤ˸Ǹ졤ĤäƤʤȺΤǤ롥ȤСäֻǤ⸫䤹Ūˡü᤯դȤȤˤʤꤽ
ˡäŪǤϤ뤬Ϥ񤭸աפȶӤĤǤʸˡåȤȤʤ롥ƽ񤭸դʡáˤȹʡʸˡˤСѸ줫ɸಽϲβϺ¤ΤȤã줿Ȥˤʤ
ˤ⤦ʤȤʤСåȤ񤭸դäդذܤۤĤƤʤ͡äդȤȤϡźǤ롥ºݡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) ξ׷ϡǧȯ (rp) ȯãȤʤϤºݤǧȯѤ褦ˤʤäͤϡߤ˻ޤǾɤǤꡤ¿ΰ罰ȯϡפƤʤĤޤꡤȯɸಽϲϡäʸˡ٤ơƤפȤϸ񤤡ʤäȤ⡤äʸˡȤơɤޤǡƤפΤϲŪˤФƤפ褦˻פˡ
Ѹˤˤɸಽϲϡ嵭Τ褦ˡȤθ̤θ䤹мȤߤ䤹νǿʤȤȤǤΤǤϤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-05-1]

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2016-11-28 Mon

#2772. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (1) [standardisation][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][emode][pronunciation][orthoepy][dictionary][lexicography][rp][johnson][lowth][orthoepy][orthography][walker]

ѸѸȾФˤƵäѸɸಽȵϲĬήˤĤơ#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ ([2012-09-15-1])#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ ([2012-09-22-1])#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 濴Ȥơstandardisation prescriptive_grammar γƵˤƤήˤĤħŪĶ̣ϡΥСåפϤˤ衤âʸˡȯν˵ϲλߤʤƤȤ
󥰥ɡƥꥹ줿ѸɸಽܻؤƤǽϡää16ȾϸäƤȤϤθ17ˤƤϡֻε§첽˾Ƥ褦ˤʤääȤֻϡ17--18ޤǤˤϤ褽褷Ƥꡤ1755ǯ Johnson μνǤϤᲡȤߤƤ褤ʴϢơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ɸಽϲΥåȤȤʤäΤϡʸˡǤ롥18ˤϵʸˡνǤ꼡Ǥ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1]) 繥ɾ
ơ٤18Ⱦ19ˤơȯפؤΤ꤬褦ˤʤ롥Ū (orthoepy) ؤδؿϡ#571. orthoepy ([2010-11-19-1]) ǽҤ٤褦16鸫ΤŪˡȯפԤʤ٤ȤĬ͡δ֤Ǥˤ狼˹ޤäƤΤ18ȾԤʤФʤʤä礭ʹ׸ʤΤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) Ǥ롥
ȯפμĥʤ褦ˤʤäΤ18ȾȤŪ٤äȤˤĤơBaugh and Cable (306) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The first century and a half of English lexicography including Johnson's Dictionary of 1755, paid little attention to pronunciation, Johnson marking only the main stress in words. However, during the second half of the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century, a tradition of pronouncing dictionaries flourished, with systems of diacritics indicating the length and quality of vowels and what were considered the proper consonants. Although the ostensible purpose of these guides was to eliminate linguistic bias by making the approved pronunciation available to all, the actual effect was the opposite: "good" and "bad" pronunciations were codified, and speakers of English who were not born into the right families or did not have access to elocutionary instruction suffered linguistic scorn all the more.


ǤϡḽѸɸಽȵϲλߤáֻޤˢʸˡȯȤǿʤǤäΤϤʤˤĤƤεǡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-05-1] [2016-11-29-1]

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2016-11-13 Sun

#2757. Ferguson ˤҲŪʡȯŸפٹ礤 [standardisation][writing][sociolinguistics][methodology][typology][world_languages]

Ferguson ϡ "language 'development'" ¬ˡƤƤ롥'development' Ȱ䤬뤳Ȥ鼨褦ˡϿʲŪʸѤ˴ŤƤ櫓ǤϤʤҲŪȯŸٹ礤¬ȤߤǤ롥Ferguson (23) Ū˵󤲤ƤΤϡֽ񤭸դλѤٹ礤 ("the degree of use of written language") ȡɸಽ١ ("the nature and extent of standardization") 2Ǥ롥
1ܤλɸǤֽ񤭸դλѤٹ礤פˤĤƤϡ绨Ĥ W0, W1, W2, W3 4ʳǧȤ (23--24) ʳߤʬ̤ꡤ̤صŪʻɸȤäƤ褤

W0. --- not used for normal written purposes
W1. --- used for normal written purposes
W2. --- original research in physical sciences regularly published
W3. --- languages in which translations and resumés of scientific work in other languages are regularly published

2ܤλɸǤɸಽ١פϡäȹäƤ롥λɸˤ2Ĥ¦̤ꡤ1ΤΤ "the degree of difference between the standard form or forms of a language and all other varieties of it" (24) Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤѼ֤κٹ礤˴ؤ¦̤ǤʴϢơ#1523. Abstand language Ausbau language ([2013-06-28-1]) #1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ˡ
2¦̤ "the nature of the standardization and the degree to which a standard form is accepted as such throughout the community" (24) Ǥ롥Ferguson (24--25) 3ʳꤷ

St0. --- "a language in which there is no important amount of standardization" (ex. Kurdish) (24)
St1. --- a language which "requires considerable sub-classification to be of any use. Whatever scheme of classification is developed, it will have to take account in the first instance of whether the standardization is unimodal or bi- or multimodal, and in the case of more than one norm, the nature of the norms must be treated" (ex. bimodal Armenian, Greek, Serbo-Croatian, Norwegian; multimodal Hindi-Urdu) (25)
St2. --- "a language which has a single, widely-accepted norm which is felt to be appropriate with only minor modifications or variations for all purposes for which the language is used" (24)

¬ΤλɸȤƹӺǤϤ뤬ʬ䤹ǤͥƤ롥
Τ褦¬ͤ˴ŤơʶƱΡˤҲŪ෿褦Ȥߤϡۤˤ⤢롥#1519. ҲŪ෿ؤƻ ([2013-06-24-1]) #1547. μҲŪ°7 ([2013-07-22-1]) ׻ȡ

Ferguson, Charles A. "The Language Factor in National Development." Anthropological Linguistics 4 (1962): 23--27.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-10-1] [2016-11-14-1]

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2016-11-10 Thu

#2754. εǽ --- ŪķȳŪ [sociolinguistics][official_language][standardisation]

ȤˤȤäơ (national language) β̤礭ȤȤñ̤򼫳ФԤϡưɸಽʤɤ̤Ū¸褦ȤưȤƤϡŪķ (internal cohesion) ȳŪ (external distinction) 2बäHaugen (927--28) λŦŪͤƤ롥

[The nation] minimizes internal differences and maximizes external ones. On the individual's personal and local identity it superimposes a national one by identifying his ego with that of all others within the nation and separating it from that of all others outside the nation. In a society that is essentially familial or tribal or regional it stimulates a loyalty beyond the primary groups, but discourages any conflicting loyalty to other nations. The ideal is: internal cohesion---external distinction. / Since the encouragement of such loyalty requires free and rather intense communication within the nation, the national ideal demands that there be a single linguistic code by means of which this communication can take place.


ȤˤȤäơο͡Τα߳ʥߥ˥ϡɬܤǤ롥顤ɬŪ˸׵᤬롥ŪķΤιפɬǤ롥ȤˤȤäƤϡο͡賰ο͡ȤƱ褦˱߳˥ߥ˥뤳ȤǤƤϺ롥ϡ͡ʬ¦ιȤ˰ĤƤΤԹäơΤ褦гŪʥߥ˥ʤ٤Ψˤ뤿ˡȤ¾ιȤεफʤ٤ۤʤ뵬Ѥ褦Ȥ롥ֳṲ̄ΤιפɬǤ롥
ȤŪķȳṲ̄ƹꤹȡ¾ιȤɱŪϤƱ褦ˤǹꤹ褦ˤʤơˤơֹȡפȡֹפŤ뼰äƤäΤǤ롥
ʤߤˡ#2743. ʾȸ ([2016-10-30-1])#2746. ʾȸ (2) ([2016-11-02-1]) ǹͤƤ褦ˡʾ⥳ߥ˥ƻΰǤȹͤȡʤ줬ŪķȳṲ̄ȤظäƤΤʬ롥ΰʸκǸʸǡ"a single linguistic code" "a single monetary system" ֤Ƥ⡤ΤޤǤ

Haugen, Einar. "Dialect, Language, Nation." American Anthropologist. 68 (1966): 922--35.

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2016-11-08 Tue

#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤ [greek][terminology][dialect][standardisation][koine][literature][register][language_or_dialect][dialect_levelling]

Haugen (922--23) ˤСdialect Ȥñϡͥ󥹴˥ꥷ줫ؽѸȤƼѤ줿Ǥ롥OED ΡפθǤν1566ǯȤʤäƤꡤǤϱѸޤΡפɽ魯ȤѤƤ롥ե󥹸ؤϤΩ16ǯۤä褦ǡǤϥꥷɾ abondante en dialectes ɽƤ롥1577ǯαѸǤϡ"Certeyne Hebrue dialectes" ȸŵ˴ؤΤǤꡤ1614ǯ Sir Walter Raleigh The History of the World Ǥϡꥷ "Æeolic Dialect" ڤƤ롥ѸǤλȤȤƤϡΤ褦˸ŵΡפؤ dialect ȤѸ줬Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿ä褦顤ˤбѼñ̤ˤѤ褦ˤʤäΤ
ꥷä᤹ȡŵˤ줷ɸ८ꥷʤΤϤʤɸŪʽפνΤΤߤäդ٤ϡΡפϡäդȤƤФƤǤϤʤ񤭸դȤƤФͿ줿̾äȤǤ롥Τˤ̾̾ˤ䤫äΤǤϤäºݾϡˤäƻȤʬ񤭸դζʬɽ魯Τä㤨С˽ˤ Ionicβλˤ Doricˤ Attic ʤɤȤäǤ (see #1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1]))
Υꥷν񤭸դνϡϡäդν˴פäƤ˰㤤ʤԤϡӸŪ˺ƷǤŤʳ "Common Greek" ʬ줷̤νǤ롥ŵ᤮ȡäդνϾäꡤܼŪ˥ƥͤǤꡤ٤ä koiné ˤä֤Ƥä (= koinéization; see #1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])) ơ줬ꥷ줽Τ (the Greek language) ǧ褦ˤʤä
ĤޤꡤŵˤޤȤȡ"several Greek dialects" "the Greek language" ȿܤȤˤʤ롥פΰ㤤äơƸŪ줷Ρ줬ָפʤΤǤ롥褳Ūʰ̣򤵤٤ dialect ʤ languageˤȤѸ줬˱ѤڤӡѸ츯ʣ⤿餹ȤˤʤäʣˤĤƤϡεǡ

Haugen, Einar. "Dialect, Language, Nation." American Anthropologist. 68 (1966): 922--35.

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